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BDGM Table of Contents I. Program Abstract

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1. The CONS T Lines are not straight lines but rather a series of points that may or may not lie in a straight line These points are located on the longitudinal lines Each CONS T Line locates one point on each longitudinal line that has been defined The locations of the points are determined by a given Distance or Proportion ratio for distance from either the Ahead or Back bent The Distance or Proportion is constant to all points Note that although the Proportion remains constant for all longitudinal lines the actual distances Proportion multiplied by the lengths of the longitudinal lines from the bents to the points can vary since the length of the longitudinal lines from bent to bent may vary If the actual Distance is given the variation in the lengths of the longitudinal lines has no effect on the location of the points Since the CONS T Line is a series of points the RLG Intersect Code is meaningless and should be left blank Following are the input data requirements First and Second Code Required Input Data CONS DIST Reference Bent Distance CONS PROP Reference Bent Proportion a Reference Bent c c 12 A or B Enter the letter A if the Distance of Proportion distance is measured from the Ahead bent The letter B will indicate that the Distance or Proportion distance is to be me
2. Tl T Line 1 intersection with Longitudinal Line 2 data T 2 T Line 2 intersection with Longitudinal Line 2 data B 2L Bent 2L Ahead intersection with Longitudinal Line 2 data Note that T Line 3 is not shown in the abov xampl This indicates that T Line 3 was coded to skip the intersection with Longitudinal Line 2 In order to locate the output data for the intersection of T Line I with Longitudinal Line J first locate the output data of Longitudinal Line J Then find the Transverse Line Notation for T Line I in the column headed by T LINE The line on which the Transverse Line Notation T I is found contains the desired data Station of Intersection Point STATION The output data in this column is the station measured along the mainline of the point of intersection of the T Line or bent with the Longitudinal Line Since the point usually will not be located on the mainline the mainline station is found by projecting the point radially or perpendicular to the mainline Note that a plus sign has been included in the station for clarity and consistence with normal practice Elevation of Intersection Point ELEVATION The elevation listed in this column of output data is the finished grade Line bridge or bent intersection p crown whet transition Ifa ht rig surface with the Longitudinal Line oint relevat abolic c
3. in lieu of the SPAN DATA form Note that the SPAN DATA input can also be used in conjunction with the COORDINATE input data The solution for each span is completely independent of the solution for any other span The spans can be given in any sequence but it is common practice to enter the spans in the same order that they are positioned in the bridge Each span consists of two bents and from zero to twenty transverse lines Actually the bents are transverse lines but since the bent lines define the span the bent and transverse lines must be defined separately The bents and transverse lines of each span are intersected with each longitudinal line unless a line is coded to skip the intersection The Span Input Data consists of the following data E 1 Span Identification one input line 2 Bent Data two inp 3 T Line Data zero ut lines to twenty input lines An exception will be noted in the discussion of the T Lines A Span Identification 8 The Span Iden of the span and Remarks data are entered on one first input line of the should always contain da Span Identification inp SPAN tification that line SPAN instructions are adequate i Span Number Ese 7 8 NADIE 1 5 consists of data pertinent to t identify the span input form DATA input form ta except as noted on page 95 ut is n
4. ic crown is entirely different from the separately A level crown is a separately also rcular crown however a circular crown can be defined in most cases as a parabola with negligible error PARABOLIC CROWN The program has the capacity and all points outside the range o off from th dge or extent of the line is assumed to be along the cr through the parabola apex Data columns 45 79 and 5 12 o since no data is required in these 6 in c c 1 which follows the Cr required and should be completely input data for a parabolic crown Es Crown Code c c 2 4 In order to indicate to surface the program is to con data columns 2 4 of the input parabolic the Crown Code req 2 Distance from Crown to R L Gu or m This dimension is the di for only one parabolic roadway crown f the parabolic surface will be leveled parabola The profile grade control own point i e apex of the parabola The parabolic crown is assumed to be symmetrical about a vertical axis f the input form should be ignored spaces Also the Superelevation Data own and Lane Definitions is not ignored Following is the required the computer the type of finished grade sider a Crown Code must be given in form If the roadway crown is uired is PAR tter c c 13 20 Form xxxx xxxx feet stance from the apex of the parabola to the extent of the parabolic surface usually the gutter line Th
5. A parallel longitudinal line is a straight line that is parallel to some other longitudinal line reference line The reference line of the parallel longitudinal line must be a straight line i e chord straight taper or coordinate longitudinal line If the parallel line is referenced to a chord longitudinal line the parallel line will be a series of straight lines parallel to the chord line segments If the parallel line is referenced to a straight taper or coordinate the parallel line will be a straight line continuous throughout the range of the problem A parallel line cannot be referenced to a longitudinal line that is referenced to some other longitudinal lin Therefore the following types of longitudinal lines cannot be used as reference lines for parallel longitudinal lines since each line requires a reference line or the line is always a curve Ta Railing Lia Parallel 3 Parallel thru Intersect Ahead 44 Parallel thru Intersect Back 3 Curve Offset 6 Curve Taper A parallel line may be referenced to an arc longitudinal line provided the mainline is a tangent throughout the range of the problem i e th arc line in this case would be a straight line It is common practice to make all the beams in a span on a horizontal curve parallel for simplicity in detailing and construction The parallel longitudinal line can be used to define such beam line
6. Ref Call c c 7 8 The Reference Call is not required with longitudinal lines defined as curve offsets The curve offset longitudinal line is always assumed to be referenced from the mainline Therefore th Reference Call should be left blank R from Mainline c c 9 18 Form xxxxxx xxxx feet or m This dimension is the common radial distance from the mainline to the curve offset line when the mainline is a curve When the mainline is a tangent this distance is the perpendicularr distance from the mainline to a tangent of the curve offset that is parallel to the mainline Actually both definitions given for this dimension are synonymous If the distance is measured toward the origin the dimension is negative Otherwise away from origin the dimension is positive Mainline Control Station c c 19 28 Form xxxxtxx xxxx feet or m The Control Station is the mainline station of the point where the R from Mainline dimension is given This station is always required when defining curve offset longitudinal lines The Control Station may be of negative magnitude and this station is completely independent of any other station given in the input data Note that this station must be a mainline station and not a station along the E E a urve offset line A tangent to the curve offset line at the ontrol Station will be parallel to a tangent of the mainline cur
7. this 123 In given in Note that intersect not compu ch xampl the output of abov ongitudinal the dimensions A and B will be computed and Line two and four respectively r ine three has been coded Longitudinal ions used as ted since T Li nal Line five n Longitudi If coded to fer the Longitudina reference only e to skip all The dimensions C D one has been coded to skip F pa or are or bent Line is a Railing and the transverse line is inte lin the DT ne below Line 2 if OL 32 ongitudi r the transverse Note that the Rail nal ongitudi nal whe character ongitudi n the Engin dimension may not be measured along the transverse line the dimension A would be given in the output data of Longitudinal ine 1 and 2 ine 7 for illustration r becomes mor rsect the Railing line by turning rapidly at the railing TO PP dimension may be meaningless since the In the sketch line is ing r not coded to skip Longitudinal Line 1 rence line which is located between is defined out of location sequence as familiar with the above istics nal Li bent can ongitudi be used mor of this dimension nes and the skips of the longitudinal or T Lines f DT TO PP the sequence of the or In no case should the first na
8. Lin Y Coordinate Y Coordinate enc ts from which the Distances or measured in order to locate the points that is identified by measuri ts are not required when defining a ut actually will be coordina tes ng a th Referenc B bent alo T Line ca that defi to indica used to i character located f cause an Reference Bents A or B for poin designated as poi ng a Refer ne the te that ndicate other t rom the Distance Propor The data e tion ne n be located from eit PTPT the poi that the poi han Back be ror Message a A one for each point t one is give nt one O nal line That is ine longitudi her bent is indepe T Line nt is loca nt is loca or B is used nt Any charac nd termina n te the problem n in or point two r X Coordinate c c Form Ei eac ndent of the o ted from the Ahead bent ted from the to indicate ter other tha B n No must be given data column 33 is arbitrary W 13222 XXXXXX XXXX feet nt Back or Ahead ther point of the h of the two points ther A is used and B is ack bent Any hat the point is A or B will te that two The Reference Bent hichever point is or m or ratio ntered in this space of the input form depends on the
9. hat code ongitudinal Line Skips s parallel to the However from the Back bent Back bent but the Station and Skew the and therefore the Ahead bent can be defined as type bent Note is positive i that the Normal Ahead a PREV Distance bent station is greater than the input data are shown on the input spo EA Back bent station The form below 132 FORM OF INPUT SLDS 134 SKEW ANGLE 2 SIGN CONVENTION 13 9 Transverse Lines T Lines Transverse lines are lines that normally run across the bridge and are not classified as bent lines The program has the capacity for twenty such lines per span T Lines usually lie between the Ahead and Back bent However this is not a program requirement since the T Lines are allowed to be outside the range of the span Each T Line along with the Ahead and Back bent will be intersected with each longitudinal line and the various data of each intersection point given in the output T Lines can be used to represent most any type of transverse line Following is a list that shows several examples of T Line usage and the purpose for each usage ie Centerline of bearings The finished grade elevations output at the centerline of bearings can be used for substructure elevations when adjusted for slab beam de
10. nt of the Longitudinal Lines nput data shown on the input form FORM OF INPUT 113 he Ahead bent and located at a Normal Distance of 12 6 T Line 3 is from the Ahead bent T Line 3 has been labeled a construction joint T LINES F EXAMPLE This T ul a BTPT is defined by iden th Li IHD continued PTP example il T COOR PTP ustrates nes This 1 on Coordinates computed by coordinates axis system oriented Ines af is defined by giving n Lin of two po some othe must be f on which Note that sed to ent he X and Y means i r th u Number on lines T L that joins Lines 1 and T Line that twenty fee ongitudina This necessitates changing the he followi ng T Line i ine 2 is a the midpoints of Longit 4 T Lin is define from the Line 1 1 feet from The inp ut form he Back be input data for all three T L below PTPT PROP e 3 is a P d by a poin Back bent and a poin nt along Lo the type of T Li tifying two poin j PTPT COOR nts which we These om the same he bridge is two T Line input coordi Line T DIST PTPT PROP ne CS ES nates ut T Line udinal np al TP T DIS1 located ong located twenty fiv ngitudinal Line 3 ines is shown on the F
11. tudi nal nts of intersection of the bents and T utput of that Longitudinal Line will contain the line one of int depend on the n ersection ly below the points ine 0 in ngit ngit udina udinal Li ngit udinal Li ongit udinal Lin e e umber of 1 i EL For example ne one ne one T 1 The s listed the Lines wit Lines wer h the Longi defined i Lu tudi given nal on each line Ongi s nes a 2 ine given in eac nd the if T Li will da first dinal ta for the Next Line is g bine Line and data headings h Longitudinal n in the input data when n example Er headings for the data computed he bent and T Lines with the Longitudinal The are listed first and these data are The number Line output will 1 number of T Li has not appear i Back bent intersection wi he data for and in two 2 t iven 1n ters ongit ection da udinal Li ta is 1 data f repeat Note t or the Bac ed for eac hat when a refer and t nce line o herefor T Li nes ongitudina l L nly h the Lo ngitudinal n the Span Data i listed the data for t ne is given k bent h Longitudinal This process of lis and Ahead bent ine beg
12. red in data column on ac input data line This is used by the program for identification purposes A Line Number is required in data columns 2 and 3 of the input data lines This number is assigned to the T Line and will be associated with the output data of the T Lin when more than eleven T Lines are used per span make sure that the letter T and Line Number have already been ntered on eleven lines of the input form Following is the input data common to all types of T Lines T RLG Intersect Code c c 36 discussion on page 82 and the sketch on page 58 The RLG Intersect Code for the T Line functions in the same manner as the RLG Intersect Code for the bent lines No See the te that the intersection of a T Line and any type of longitudinal other than a 94 railing longitudinal line is found by extending the T Line straight regardless of the position of that longitudinal line When defining a CONS First Code T Line the RLG Intersect Code has no meaning and should be left blank 2 Remarks c c 37 50 This space is provided so that the user can enter any pertinent Remarks that describe the T Line The Remarks given here will appear in the output data to assist in the interpretation of the output Ba Longitudinal Line Skips c c 51 80 The Longitudinal Line Skips for the T Lines function in the same manner as the Longitudinal Line Skips for t
13. Th The diaphragms of Span la rd and beam lines are from the centerline of Bent 2 to line of the end bents The centerlines railings are defined for the purpose of computing lengths for rail spacings In addition the finished grade elevations at the intersection of nes with the bents will be given Since the centerline chord ter lines are used only as reference lines in this problem these lines ine chord 1 2 he purpose of this problem ute the following data centerline of bearings and diaphragms are set up as T Lines in each re located at the one third points of the The positions of the diaphragms in Span 2 are detailed in tch The centerline of bearings in Span 1 are defined as CONS DIST In Span 2 the centerline of bearings are defined as PARL DIST T Note that in many instances a T Line can be defined by several tions of T Line Codes in addition to the ones already stated is Finished grade elevations at centerline of bearings Lengths of beams and diaphragms Position of diaphragms along each beam Distance between beams al Long bent lines 130 Continued T ngs are located 6 inches The centerlin from th Bent 2 and 1 6 BaPa Pa Ry along the beams Diaphragms are perpendicular to beams are placed paral Beam spacings shown are concentric arc Entire bridge is in 3
14. ith 1 PARL T Line The PARL First Code defines a straight T Line that is parallel to paral r the Ahead or Back bent A T Line cannot be defined as being lel to any other type of line i e another T Line or referenc line is entered in data columns 4 7 of the A T Line is designated as parallel to a bent when the Code PARL T Line input data line The position of the PARL T Line can be defined by any one of three available options The option or method that is used must be indicated by the Second Code The thr Second Codes and the required input data for each are as follows First and Second Code Required Input Data PARL NORM Reference Bent Normal distance PARL DIST Reference Bent Distance Reference Lin PARL PROP Reference Bent Proportion Reference Lin Reference Bent c c 12 AorB The Reference Bent indicates the bent to which the PARL T Line is parallel Therefore this Reference Bent designation is always required with a PARL First Code regardless of the Second Code that is used Enter the letter A to indicate that the PARL T Line is parallel to the Ahead bent and the letter B is used to orient the PARL T Line parallel to the Back bent Any other character or number entered in this data column will cause an Error Message and terminate the processing of the problem
15. level superelevated lanes or parabolic c 121 rown elevation of the point of intersection of the T This elevation is computed first by determining the profile grade elevation of the station of the Then the elevation is corrected for the bridge rabola or superelevated n la or een e SUPE EVATION If a point is located exactly on the inside possible for the eleva was between lanes 3 and 4 For example is given as 15 0000 feet computed by the program to be 14 99999999999999 feet sixteen significant digits fo the elevation of the point is level located within the roblem i the lane dimensions this case lane 3 i e However the po The program assumes tha nstant throug of superelevation is given radial remains co in this type of error p of this possibility and adjus ion of that point to i e level with r the distance from the mainline An intersection point on r all computations edge of lane four be computed as if the outside edge o to the inside edge t from t h the he prog he main outsid wit t is not resents no p ts range of lan f the in hout the or pe the width supereleva some eleva Of al tion rate tions ane act is given 1 ually varies or for not radial or pe n the output may hav corrections would depend upon their loca Distan
16. A defined is parallel to the Back bent already defined The Ahead bent is defined further by giving the normal distance from the Back bent to the Ahead bent OR not both the mainline station of the Ahead bent Data columns 19 26 of the input data line should be left blank Following is the additional input data required to define a PREV bent a Station of Bent c c 9 18 Form xxxx txx xxxx feet or m If the station of the Ahead bent is known Normal Distance is unknown that station should be entered in this space The station may be of negative magnitude If the station is not known the Normal Distance must be given and this space is left blank If both the Station and Normal Distance are known either one may be given in its proper place b Normal Distance c c 27 36 Form XXXXXX XXXX feet or m If the Normal Distance from the Back bent to the Ahead bent is known Station of Bent is unknown that distance should be entered in this space The distance should always be positive since the Ahead bent is ahead of the Back bent by definition If the Normal Distance is not known the Station of Bent is given and this space is left blank LA PREV The SAME LA eyes by he Ahead be sed to defi quired ar here is no p Bent Use to define Ahead bent only SAME Bent type bent can o This code indica nly be used to define tes that the bac
17. Note that the PLA longitudinal line is not a chord line because he PLA line and Back bent is not the same point as he concentric circle with the Back bent The reference line of the PLA longitudinal line must be a straight i e chord or straight taper longitudinal line If the PLA line is referenced to a chord line the PLA line will be a series of straight lines parallel to the chord segments If a straight taper is used as a reference line the PLA line will be a straight line continuous throughout the range of the problem A coordinate longitudinal line shoul PLA 1 mainl d not be used as a reference line for a PLA longitudinal line The ine may only be referenced to chord straight taper and arc when ine is a tangent throughout range of bridge only longitudinal lines It is common practice to make all beams in a span parallel to some The PLA line reference line whenever the span is in a horizontal curve can be used to define such beam lines The PLA lines can be used in conjunction with PIB longitudinal lines see page 75 in order to make the parallel lines of adjacent spans meet at a common point at the bent common to both spans Any number of PLA longitudinal lines may be defined and used in conjunction with all other types of longitudinal lines Note that some other type of longitudinal line must
18. by a pivot lin However required nes Each pivot do not ac the ve are not sufficient line can have tually exist mus n a width of zero band of t therefore rtical no more superelevation ree adjoining lanes the bands wil curve data is t lanes are always associated with each pivot though only one or two may actually exist When the bridg that at least one pivot line and then two pivot lines and six In ha ne is bei which are ch band is l not same for line even or less thus effectivel t be defined ch limin Y ng defined three lanes than three Y a ting the ne are defined on the left side of t hest from origin side of the input form furt right nearest to origin he input form c c 45 79 superelevation ar be en the mainline The refer to the mai origin For ins toward origin The width and position of the lanes of superelevation are defi r or radial distances from the mainline to t if they ar giving the perpe the lanes from the mainline the mainline All However lane superelevation lanes nline but rat tance the mainline or outside ndicula The distances ar however to be defi inside and her to the terms EC If o hree lanes and pivot li 5 44 band of three lanes and pivot line are nly three lanes of and the outermost
19. defined on the ned the data to defin tered on the left side of the form outside thes even though all lanes may be outside used on the i relative position of both bands of superelevated lanes may be totally inside lanes should always nput form do not the bands to the negativ and positive if they ar away from origin measured the mainline ned by he edges of rd lanes are assumed to be of constant width range of the problem i e towa the origin measured away from the origin from lanes with varying widths are not allowed the width of any lane may be different from the width of any ot The pivot line may be in any one of its associated thr lanes of the pivot line must not be located outside the throughout the ner three The position of the mainline relative to the two bands of superelevation is not restricted within the two bands of superelevation That is defined th called transition lan Th relativ discussed on page 42 lanes of superelevation the mainline can be outside If only one band of three lanes is position of the mainline is likewise unrestric inside between or ted Each lane of superelevation may have a constant or varying commonly rate of superelevation which is independent of any other superelevation rates and transition input data requiremen Following is the inp
20. program t listing ca in additio he inpu n used All and Coordinates are given in feet dimensions n on the i against t Distances Angles are given in degrees he following discussion of the Output Data refer to the output data Stations in addition to the data computed by the nput data forms This input data he data entered on the input forms and nent part of the record of the problem The first page of the output data is a listing of the Layout Data which is given on the first page of the output is easily as zero The second page of t Lines also with headings that column is a w pr dime identifies the data in tha The input data forms recognized All blan he output da headi nsion or X t column as TR R X2 indicates a Taper Rate column The data listed i on the type of longitudinal lin Lines are used the additio nal amp Longit S Coordinate Radius udinal data when they appear in t output data of the precedi The input data of each span with headings is listed in t immediately preceding the computed output data for that span Bent Data identifies the data in tha The heading S N D P X given in the T Line input data indicates that the data in that column is a S or X Coordinate The heading A S D P Y identifies the data in that or Y Coordina STA NORM given in the Station o
21. to compute bent S Rema er ident h t inl tio Kew rks ifi he mainline ine at the to the outp n and Skew Angle of the be rogram will compute t Angles and Sta and Type a s the Ahead b Proportion Data contains the nd ES Bent ut his Bent de Type for e s the stat The Station kew Angle S data Th tions whe re repeats nt Data of the listed immediatel Bac 119 k bent is listed y following nt and first lowing he ou The the depending o Skew Angle is the tput data heading column as a listing of tation n the type te again contain the various computed data for each lines with the T Lines ntain the Span Number and Problem Number for The first A two signation ach of the ion of the and the bent that applies nt are not erefore the n they are not of the input B identifies and the data Longitudinal Line Output The data computed for the poi ines with a Longitudinal Line are given in the o Line The heading for the output of each Longitudinal Sequence Number Type and Remarks that were give defining the Longitudinal Line Following is a LONG INE 4 CRD BEAM The next line of the output data contains the at the points of intersection of t Line data f listed immediat All intersections with longi tersection point is or one in
22. Following is a list of the error numbers and the possible causes of each error ERROR NUMBER 1 CAUSE OF ERROR 1 1 The first card of the problem does not contain an sterisk in c c 1 a 2 An additional ID card has been indicated but not ound 2 1 The Location Data card is missing or not in correct sequence 2 The Reference Station is not in curve 2 3 1 The Horizontal Curve Data card is missing or out of proper sequence 2 The P C Station is ahead of the P T Station 3 A degr of curve is negativ 4 1 The Vertical Curve Data station card is missing or in improper sequence 5 1 The Vertical Curve Data grade and vertical curve length card is missing or out of correct sequence 2 The length of a vertical curve is negativ 6 1 The Crown and Lane Definitions card is missing or out of proper sequence 2 The S R values are not in increasing sequence 3 The inside lanes are not used and the outside lanes are used 127 ERROR NUMI 7 10 11 CAUSE OF ERROR The Superelevation Data card is expected but not found in proper sequence An illegal Superelevation Data Description code has been used The Description code does not contain CONST or START in the first Superelevation Data card More than ten Stations of transition superelevation are entered The last Description code of FINIS is missing when transiti
23. aa radial to the mainline Data columns 27 36 of the input line should be left blank when using the SKEW code Following is the additional input data required to define a SKEW bent Station of Bent c c 9 18 Form xxxx txx xxxx feet or m The station of the point of intersection of the bent with the mainline should be entered in this space of the input form This station may be of negative magnitude Skew Angle of Bent c c 19 26 Form xxx deg xx min XX X Sec The angle between the bent line and a line that is radial to the mainline at the Station of Bent should be entered on the input form as the Skew Angle of Bent The angle is entered in degrees minutes and seconds to tenths The sign convention of the Skew Angle is given on page 93 A negative angle is indicated by entering a minus sign before the first significant digit of the degrees 1193 SKEW BENT 2 PARL Bent A PARL type bent is defined by first defining a reference The bent is defined to be parallel to this reference line at a given normal distance from the reference line Th reference line can be another bent or any arbitrary line however the skew angle and mainline station of the reference line must be known The reference line will not be intersected with any of the longitudinal lines The Back and Ahead bents may be defined by this Type Code Fol
24. distance is measured perpendi 23 cular to the center line of the bridge 8 This distance is assumed to be the same for both left and right sides of the bridge and should never be given a negative value nor a value of zero A negative value is meaningless and a zero dimension indicates a level crown which can be defined by an easier method 39 Se R from M to Crown c c 21 28 Form xxxx xxxx feet or m This dimension is the distance from the mainline survey control line to the apex crown point of the parabolic crown The distance is measured perpendicularly to the center line of the bridge This dimension may be negative zero or of positive magnitude Therefore the survey line is not required to be along the crown point of the surface If the distance from the mainline to the crown point is toward the origin the dimension is negative otherwise away from origin the dimension is positive Probably in most cases the survey line will be along the center line of the crown surface and therefore this dimension will usually be zero 4 Distance from Crown to Control Point c c 29 36 Form xxxx xxxx feet or m This dimension is the perpendicular distance horizontal from the crown point to a point on the parabolic surface at which the vertical ordinate drop from crown point of the curve is known This usually turns out to be th
25. hat te n the inpu head bents nt common to the procedur ut form are provided so that the two defined k bent and the letter The bent that begins the should always be defined B in data column one be referred to as the Ahead bent line with the letter A must always be given when two spans must be defined s for defining the Back and identical Following is the input data required to define the bents T inte ne ne Li Li d i Hh th SH RLG Intersect Code git one the ben CA Ne This code is used to indica rsection the program is to consider with the railing longitudina te to the program which point of hen intersecting the bent If the bent WwW l lines of the span ht and i entered urn at extend straig 1 should be line is to t ference line of the nce lin to intersect is to a h a th fer E eae H H 5 5 H O H H Be nt LG Intersect Code s te that nes in t tersection is show tersection of the nes ne a ntersect the However line the railing lines s the RLG Intersect Code e intersection of the bent 1 iling line and extend radially from he railing longitudinal line the blank or given a value of zero i hould be le will in n A ske page 58 bent line wit nor on any longitudinal li the bent te he sam
26. longi ence Bent c c 12 AorB The Reference Bent is the bent from which the Distance of rtion distance is measured to locate the ANGL T Line This ence Bent is always required with an ANGL First Code dless of the Second Code Enter the letter A to indicate the ANGL T Line is going to be located by measuring from the bent and the letter B is used to designate that the nce absolute or proportional is measured from the Back bent ther characters are invalid and will cause an Error Message and nate the processing of the problem nce of Proportion c c 13 22 Form xxxxxx xxxx feet or m tio The data entered in this space of the input form depends on the d Code used with the ANGL T Line If the Distance must be measured along a longitudinal line and the Ahead or Back bent from a bent to the T Line is known the d Code can be given as DIST and the Distance must be along ame longitudinal line from which the Angle is going to be red Therefore the Distance must be measured along a straight tudinal line However the Distance can be measured in either direc If th Propo dista and t All o tion for either bent e Distance from the Reference Bent to the T Line is to be a rtion of the length of the longitudinal line along which the nce is to be measured the Second Code can be given as PROP he
27. mainline If the distance is reference line the dimension origin the dimension is posi Data columns 19 48 of the inp railing longitudinal In addition is the radial of the railing railing longitudinal line has a line Reference Call cannot be zero or Call be greater than the total number the Reference Call cannot be of the railing line 9 18 Form xxxxxx xxxx feet or or perpendicular distance from the another longitudinal line to the railing line is not referenced from the measured toward the origin from the is negative otherwise away from the tive 50 80 longitudinal lines are discussed on page 51 line data is entered The S ut form should be ignored when defining kip code c c 49 and Remarks c c An example showing how the railing on the input form is shown on page 74 On the following page is a sketch showing the characteristics of the railing longitudinal line Ta NOTE The same railing can be defined more than one time in one set of longitudinal lines and each time the railing is defined a different reference line can be used This may be advantageous when the transverse lines turn radially from different railing reference lines to intersect the railing line RLG LONGITUDINAL LINE D PARALLI zal E
28. rt O umber is given in data columns 2 and longitudinal lines For instance h line 04 in c c 2 3 of the r four 4 The longitudinal lines itudi nal ngitudinal line on the first input line and continuing with one long form should not be skipped i e defined on the line that con should be lef tains t blan The orde immaterial given in some left across will be able beneficial to Distance to data before selecting the order of t r in w Howeve the br to giv him Previo the END code k hich the longi no b form must be in numerical la nk T se ine per input line Lines on the lines are allowed between th his is required because th quence ter entering the last longitudinal line the code END hi A tudin 11 red in data columns 4 6 lines of the input form that must contain data is the nal lines which may vary from one to thirty plus one the E Type Code of the next input line al 1 emaining lines of the input form ines are listed on the input form is r as a general rul sort of location sequenc e e the longitudinal lines should be at e from left to right or right to idge After t inal he user becomes familiar with the program he lines in the order that will be most e the longitud The Engineer sho
29. uir nter th Y Coordinat the second es o line that th one i e the Y Coord suggested t enter these inate is e ha second coordinate inp in data col be used to f point t the blank spac coordinates is defined by coordi coordinates of point 2 are entered in nates an a the same da was used to X Coordinate is ent ntered in d b nter ered at a colu the coordina in data colu mns 25 32 ut line umn one nter th additional T adjusted on th CW n The only othe is the lett he input li ta requi er T whic da However next coordinates of the T Line input second poin Lines ar th used th Lin Numb E NEC subsequent T Lines I the two 1 F to enter the coordinates of the two points define o Following is a sketch showing the PT Sp TEA SPAN T LIN 106 PT T Li Y Coordinate of nput form dditional input two The X and ta columns of tes of point mns 13 22 and It is nes be used to red in the h should be put data line can t But if 2 3 must be ines required nly one T Line nes The SKI EW 4 SKI Station and S is completely only one type T Line is STAT n kew Angle with the mai independent of the be of SKEW Actual Lly since the STAT Second Code is not requi fo
30. Ahead Limiting Station P V I 1 Station m c c 12 21 Form xxxx xx If a portion or all it is necessary to give as the P V I station of the intersection of the two grades define the first vertical curve This station if the entire bridge is on a tangent of the bridge is in curve 1 P V I 2 Station m C c 22 31 Form xxxxtxx The program has the capacity for two vertical curves a portion of the bridge lies in a second vertical curve 30 the beginning of the elevation of nce this station tation should be urve The P V I hould be defined urve Data is assumed to be the XXXX feet or a vertical Station the G and G that is not required or XXxx feet ILE it is necessary to give as the P V I 2 Station the station of the intersection of the two grades G and G that define the second vertical curve This station is not required if the entire bridge is on a tangent nor when there is only one vertical curve Elevation Grades and Lengths of Vertical Curves 4 in c c 1 The Grades slopes that define the Vertical Curve Data are given by percentage i e one hundred times the tangent of the slope angle Each slope may be positive or negative A positive grade increases the profile grade elevation as the station increases A negative slope decreases the profile grade elevation as the station increases The Grades can be entered to six decimal positions of percent
31. Proportion ratio entered in this column of the input form ther criteria are the same as for the DIST Second Code Propo measu of a Angle longi nce Line c c 23 24 Form xx The number of the longitudinal line along which the Distance or rtion distance is measured and from which the Angle is red should be entered as the Reference Line Only the number straight longitudinal line is valid c c 25 32 Form xxx deg xx min XX X sec Enter in this space the Angle between the T Line and the tudinal line Reference Line This Angle always should be given be me Propo in degrees minutes and seconds to tenths and always should asured from the same longitudinal line that the Distance or rtion distance is measured along The Angle always should be L00 an acute 90 angle However the Angle may be of negativ magnitude Note that an Angle equal to zero makes the T Lin colinear with the longitudinal line and therefore a value of zero is invalid Note that a dotted line on the input form separates the columns for degrees minutes and seconds Data columns 33 35 should be left blank when defining ANGL T Lines LOL Following is a sketch showing ANGL T Lines and the sign convention of the required input data LOZ ANGL T LIN 103 The PTPT Point going to be defined by id
32. SILOS za al Ss SUMMARY OF LONGITUDINAL LINE INPUT RE DATA COLUMNS Mainline IR From Mainline Number of Ref line ormal dis tance from Ref line R From Station of Mainline IR dimen sion Skip Code Remarks 1 or blank Skip Code Remarks 1 or Skip Code Remarks 1 or blank R From Station of Taper Rate Skip Code Remarks Mainline IR dimen 1 or i blank sion R From Station of Radius Skip Code Remarks Mainline IR dimen 1 or blank X Coordi Y Coordi X Coordi Y Coordi Skip Code Remarks nate of nate of nate of nate of 1 or point 1 point 1 point 2 point 2 Bank SPAN DATA each span However exceptions can occur if more than eleven transverse lines are used in a span or if several spans are combined and entered as one span The program computes the output data in units of spans that is the first span is computed and the answers printed before the second span is considered etc The SPAN DATA input form is used to define each span of the bridge One input sheet is required for Therefore there is no limitation on the maximum number of spans that can be processed with each problem Normally the SPAN DATA input form s should always be used However when the coordinates of all the points on the bridge are known i e computed by some other method the COORDINATE input form can be used
33. The program will not assign a bent by default when an invalid character is found Normal Distance or Proportion c c 13 22 Form xxxxxx xxxx feet or m or ratio The data entered in this space on the input form depends on the Second Code used with the PARL T Line If the Normal distance from the bent to the T Line is known the Second Code can be given as NORM and the Normal distance entered in this space on the input form The Normal distance can be given in either direction from either bent If the Distance measured along a longitudinal line from the bent to the T Line is known the Second Code can be given as DIST and the Distance entered in this space on the input form This Distance can be measured in either direction from either bent and along any type of longitudinal line curve or straight If the distance from the bent to the T Line is to be a Proportion of the length from the Back bent to the Ahead bent of the longitudinal line along which the distance is measured th Second Code can be given as PROP and the Proportion ratio entered in this space on the input form The Proportion distance can be measured in either direction from either bent and along any type of longitudinal line e Reference Line c c 23 24 Form xx If the Second Code is DIST or PROP the number of the longi
34. by Su Es 94 NOTE EY Superelevation defined as Constant cannot be used in conjunction with superelevation defined as Transition Transition Superelevation Examples Four examples of the method of entering Transition superelevation on the input data form are given on the following four pages for the purpose of illustration only The examples do not represent actual cases of bridge transition SUPERELEVATION DATA continued EXAMPLE 6 3 TRANSITION SUPERELEVATION The example shown here is the Superelevation Data for Example 5 3 page 38 The entire bridge is assumed to be located within the transition range from station 18 00 to station 22 00 The sketch shows the given rates of superelevation of each lane at the stations where the rate of transi tion changes Note that the rates of superelevation of lanes 1 and 3 are the same at both stations no transition however it is required that these rates be given at both stations The input data is shown below FORM OF INPUT SUPERELEVATION DATA continued EXAMPLE 6 4 TRANSITION SUPERELEVATION his example is the Superelevation Data for Example 5 2 page 37 The stations and rates of superelevation are assumed and shown in the sketch The bridge is assumed to start at station 10 50 This is the reason that two stations
35. curve the centerline chord dimensions Example Number Two Example 2 is a three span bridge located on a tangent and 2 curve Note that Span 1 is located entirely on a tangent that Span 2 is located on the tangent and curve and that Span 3 is located entirely in the curve The Limiting Stations are chosen as 33 95 and 36 30 The P C Station is selected as the Station of Reference Point and a Reference Angle of 45 is arbitrarily used A value of 3 000 is assigned to the Reference Distance since the tangent portion will be defined as Curve No 2 The 2 curve will be defined as Curve No 3 Therefore Curve No 1 will not exist The Vertical Curve Data is shown in the sketch In this problem assume that the curb and railing lines are of no concern Therefore only one lane of superelevation is required to represent the bridge roadway Since at least three lanes must be defined lanes 1 and 3 will be given a zero width Lane 2 will be the roadway surface The information required to define the lanes and the superelevation transition are given in the sketch of this example All beams 4 are placed on chords of concentric circles The mainline arc is defined as a longitudinal line for use as a reference line and will be skipped in the output data Note that if the distance measured along the bent lines from the mainline to the beams is desired in the output data this Longi
36. different from the geometry that an Engineer requires in the construction of the same bridge However it is usually more beneficial to have all the geometric requirements in the design process computed in a single run of the problem Later the Construction Engineer can compute his geometric requirements in another run of the problem The information required by the program in order to process the problem must be given by the Engineer on a set of input data forms First it is important to determine all the different types of information the user desires the program to compute This may eliminate the possibility of having to run the problem again to compute data not included in the first run Next the input data required by the program to compute the desired output must be determined This involves choosing the number and types of longitudinal and transverse lines etc Finally this data must be entered on the input data forms and forwarded to the Data Processing Center The output data which include a listing of the input data are fully edited with numerous headings for ease in interpretation The accuracy of the output data depends directly on the accuracy of the input data That is if an error is made with the input data erroneous answers will surely appear in the output data It cannot be overemphasized that the entire input data should be thoroughly checked before processing and it is suggested that as a further check the input data forms be com
37. distances tudinal ine one are zero since in this case there is no tudinal Ongi If the T nce w raight line Line can be d tween t If ngitudi the T nal Li be Ko he program wil that T Li preceding ne un Line is ill be g ly a se If the fined a e he points would be give Line or ne this l not co ess it 1 Longi tudinal ine in the span or CONS PROP transverse since these types of T ries of unrelated points and not necessarily a points fall on a straight line then the CONS s some other type of T Lin and the distance n in the output a CONS DIST iven a value of zero line i the preceding as zero That is E point computed on tion with the immediately Lin Therefore this dimension is the distance has been coded TO PP dimension the distance to poi of intersec bent DE Y mpute s the to skip is given the last n tween adjacen ngitudinal Li ference lin in t Longit udinal Lines However if the preceding has b t ne only tersection of the T Line preceding the Longitudinal een coded to skip all intersections used as he distance given will be to the point of or bent with the Longitudinal Line Line that is skipped completely Following is a sketch showing the characteristics of dimension
38. for distance to point 1 is measured 1322 Distance to point 1 along a Proportion ratio for distance to X Coordinate of point 1 first line longitudinal line point 1 along a longitudinal line X Coordinate of point 2 second line 23 24 Number of the longitudinal line that Number of the longitudinal line that the Distance to point 1 is measured the Proportion ratio for distance to along point 1 is measured along 25 32 Distance to point 2 along a Proportion ratio for distance to Y Coordinate of point 1 first line longitudinal line point 2 along a longitudinal line Y Coordinate of point 2 second line 33 Bent A or B from which the Bent A or B from which the Distance to point 2 is measured Proportion ratio for distance to point 2 is measured 34 35 Number of the longitudinal line that Number of the longitudinal line that the Distance to point 2 is measured the Proportion ratio for distance to along point 2 is measured along ES Summary of SK First and EW T Line Input Data Requirements Second Codes and Input Data Summary of CONS T Line Input Data Requirements Data Column 4 21 SKEW STAT 13 22 Mainline Station of T Line 23 32 Skew Angle of T Line First and Data Column 4 11 CONS DIST 12 B from which the Distance i measured Second Codes and Input Data CONS PROP S Bent A or B from which the Proportion ratio for distance is measured 13 22 Dist
39. is a sketch showing the characteristics of the curve taper longitudinal line L00 E CTP LONGITUDINAL LINI E COORDINATI A coordinate longitudinal line is a straight line throughout the range of the bridge and therefore is completely independent of the mainline The coordinate line is defined by entering the X and Y coordinates of two points on the coordinate line The coordinates are assumed or computed by hand or another program Note that this program can be used to compute coordinates that can be used to define coordinate longitudinal lines in subsequent runs of the problem This type of longitudinal line can be used to represent most any kind of straight line on the bridge provided of course the coordinates are known i e curbs gutter beam and structure lines Any number thirty or less of coordinate longitudinal lines may be defined and used in conjunction with all other types of longitudinal lines Following is the required input data for defining coordinate longitudinal lines Type Code c c 4 6 The code COR is used to define a coordinate longitudinal line This code is required with every coordinate lin ntered on the input data form 2 Ref Call cuco 1 8 The Reference Call is not required with longitudinal lines defined as coordinate lines Therefore the Ref Call should be left blank 3 Coordinates c c 9 4
40. listed are probably usage given on the preceding page is by no means However used most often and they are listed for the purpose of illustrating how and why T Lines are used The i line of th inpu more addi than tional form provides eleve npu e input form a t data necessary to defin n excep n input ach T Line is red on one tion will be noted la data lines for en ter tering ven T Lines nes Can be a H additional Lines Identifica inpu solely to Lines the Line N Howeve form of be changed so SPAN DATA inpu when an F and he span si r T Lines tion ente or attaching T Lines to t 3 that two T Lines wil Lines must be defined in numerical umber c c 2 The letter T is requi a additio Bent Da nce a new span is no ng to be entered i to the bottom of can be used to ent nal input form is uld be left blank on t being d re goi tached form n a the Y used ny o inp h t r ne EL ta sho nt The SPAN DATA the T Lines If ne span ut form or an additional T he Span second SPAN DATA ned i e used Note that when using an addi he bottom of the SPAN h is given on the inpu ton whic f al sheet for T DATA input form orm will have to ll not have the sam sequence of number i JE ER h T Lin
41. located by Distances from Lines Second Code that is used with the PTPT T Line If the points that define the T Line ar the Reference Bents Ahead or Back along the Referenc longitudinal lines the Seco Distance from the Reference Bent c c 12 nd Code should be given as DIST and the to point one given in this column of the input form 104 The Distance can be measured from either bent in either direction and along any type of longitudinal line th If the distances from the Reference Bent to the points that define Line are given as Proportions of the length from the Back bent to the Ahead bent of the Reference Lines longitudinal lines the Second Code should be given a PROP and the Proportion ratio for point one entered in this column of the input form The Proportion distance can be measured from either bent in either direction and along any type of longitudinal line If the T Line is defined by the coordinates of two points the Second Code should be given as COOR and the X coordinate of point one entered in this column of the input form Reference Line c c 23 24 and 34 35 Form xx If the Second Code is DIST or PROP the number of the longitudinal line Reference Line on which each point is located must be given in these input data columns The number of the longitudinal l
42. must always be given when defining a PIB longitudinal line i e cannot be zero or left blank The Reference Call cannot be greater than the total number of longitudinal lines nor equal to the Sequence Number of the PIB line 3 R from Reference Lin c c 9 18 Form xxxxxx xxxx feet or This dimension is the radial distance from the concentric circle that defines the reference line to the concentric circle that locates the intersection of the PIB line with the Back bent If the distance is measured toward the origin the dimension is negative If the distance is measured away from the origin the dimension is positive Data columns 19 48 of the input form should be left blank when defining PIB longitudinal lines S page 51 for a discussion of the Skip code c c 49 and Remarks c c 50 80 An example showing how the PIB longitudinal line input data is entered on the input form is shown on page 76 Following is a sketch showing the characteristics of the new PIB longitudinal line CURV OFFS PIB LONGITUDINAL LIN E A curve offset longitudinal line is a circular curve that is independent of the mainline i e not concentric with the mainline The curve offset line is a continuous curve throughout the range of the problem The curve offset is always referenced from the mainline The mainline can be a circular curve or tangent t
43. ne Skip heading there line number numbers ar he ut Note tha a 1 3 the da nt to ud note tha inal li length of that ben will not be coded to skip a longit nal line longitudi given i longit ud n the ou inal line dimension give n in the o of For wit the intersec example t longitudi tion of t he dist nal ine n wW ben whe bee col Line will A n n Type nce f utput da he bent com nw TES ine n 1 with long longitudi itudinal 1 nal line coded to umn 49 of t Skip for not be in Code S he Longitudinal kip all i n is s ntersec the poin the poi kipped tions Line inpu if the Longitudinal ng the Ahead be k bent to the A ne when defini from the tput data Aachen is no t that longi tudinal 1 ine is Cre 5 8 tersected with the longit nt of he digit ta Line S bent data t re 0 and column Bac Also Distance lo y W to ta will be zero in with the next ngi hen a ben Previous the outpu tudinal 1 kip is nt the ead is Point t data ine N of i in given i If a lo ntersection tersection of nt ngit of he output udinal li data one ente he bent meaningless udinal in any eve r
44. one survey line the vertical alignment may consist of two pivot lines provided the bridge cross section is made up of superelevated lanes However the two pivot lines have the same elevation and both are defined by the vertical alignment input data This makes it possible for the Engineer to set up so called twin or double bridges as one problem rather than solving the bridges individually provided of course that the vertical alignment is the same for both bridges Following are the three possible variations in the vertical alignment 1 Tangent Ze Tangent Curve Tangent 3 Tangent Curve Tangent Curve Tangent It should be noted that any of the tangent portions may have a zero length range Following is a sketch showing the vertical alignment Bridge Cross Section The Bridge Geometry computer program provides for three types of bridge cross sections superelevation level and parabolic crown The user must define one of these types in order for the program to be able to compute the finished grade elevations No other type of cross section is allowed by the program The program has the capacity for one two or three lanes of superelevation with each pivot line when the bridge is superelevated The lanes of superelevation must be defined and the rate of superelevation given for each lane as part of the input data Each lane of superelevation must have a constant width throughout the range of the bridge however the width and rate o
45. part of the input form would be left blank Two types of superelevation may be used to describe the roadway surface Constant or Variable transition Superelevation Constant superelevation indicates that the superelevation rate of each lane remains constant throughout the entire range of the problem Transition superelevation indicates that the superelevation rate of a lane or lanes varies lineally between two known stations It is extremely important that the correct sign be used when entering the superelevation rates on the input form If the elevation of the roadway surface increases as the perpendicular or radial distance from the origin increases the superelevation rate is positive If the elevation decreases as the distance from the origin increases the superelevation rate is negative Note that the superelevation rates are given in inches per foot Since the input requirements are somewhat different the two types of superelevation will be discussed separately CONSTANT SUPERELEVATION If the rate of superelevation of all lanes remains constant throughout the entire bridge the Superelevation Data should be defined as Constant Only one line of the Superelevation Data is required to nter the necessary data Description c c 2 6 To define Constant Superelevation the Description Code CONST should be entered on the first line of the Superelevation Data under
46. read and printed Then the program computes the equation of each bent and intersects the two bents with the mainline in order to find the bent station and skew angle if this data is not given in the input data The bent station and skew angle are stored for future listing Intersect Bents with Longitudinal Lines The program solves for the intersection of each bent with each longitudinal line The intersection data coordinates angles stations etc are stored for future reference and listing In addition the equations of the variable longitudinal lines are computed i e chords etc Read and Process Transverse Lines in Span The program reads and prints the input data of each transverse line in the span At the same time the equations of the transverse lines are computed These equations are stored temporarily so that these lines can be intersected with the longitudinal lines Intersect Longitudinal and Transverse Lines Beginning with the first longitudinal line the program intersects the longitudinal lines with each transverse line After each intersection point is found the program computes the various output data station elevation distances angles After processing all longitudinal lines the program proceeds to a new span or terminates operation II PREPARING THE INPUT DATA In the following discussion refer to the blank input data forms in Attachment A FORM OF INPUT DATA The input data required by the progr
47. the ending station is the range two tation c c 10 19 Form xxxx txx xxxx feet or m he P C Station is the station that begins Curve No 2 and ends Curve No 1 This station is not required if only nge of horizontal curve exists The program will assign this ore 25 station the value of the Back Limiting Station i e the P C Station in this case is arbitrary However the P C Station should always be given if two or three ranges of horizontal curvature exist If Curve No 1 does not exist when Curve No 3 does exist the P C Station conveniently can be set equal to the Back Limiting Station since the P C Station is in this instance an arbitrary station Bi Curve No 2 c c 20 27 Form xx deg xx min xx xx sec This space is for entering the degree of c horizontal curve range two curve and No in the Loca n to Statio tat T No 2 horizo blank Limiting However ranges of exist whe be set eq tSp im ch ne T and ION Edi Polar Station the P T is Curve No zal range thr space the P T Limiting The following page contains the Horizontal the thr 3 Coro nter in this spac ee therefore tion Data Ehes Pos he program will i e Sta horizontal n Curve No ual to the A instance Station ZO 3 1 lt 3 ts Fo Station is the s begins Curve No ntal curve exis 3a this assi
48. us Point dime nsion uld be thoroughly familiar with the page 120 that is given in the output he longitudinal lines 70 71 Ten types of longitudinal lines are available to the user Following is a list of the different types of longitudinal lines Ir Chord 2 Arc 3 Railing 4 Paralle Dts Parallel thru Intersect Ahead 6 Parallel thru Intersect Back Ts Curve Offset 8 Straight Taper 9 Curve Taper 10 Coordinate Following is a discussion of the input data that is common to all longitudinal lines 13 Skip Code c c 49 Sometimes a longitudinal line must be defined solely for the purpose of being a reference line i e a line from which some other longitudinal line is referred dimensioned In this case it may not be desirable to have the intersection data of this longitudinal line in the output data Therefore to eliminate a longitudinal line from the output data the digit one 1 should be entered in the Skip code column Otherwise this data column should be left blank to obtain this intersection data in the output 2 Remarks c c 50 60 This space is for entering any identifying and pertinent 72 Remarks which describe each longitudinal line These Remarks will appear with the longitudinal line in the output data It is suggested that Remarks be used freely so that the longitudin
49. 10 00 and 11 50 with the same rates of superelevation are required i e the bridge began before the transition started The initial station 10 00 is n arbitrary station in this case where a the superelevation rates are constant b ack of station 11 50 However the initial station was required to be back of the beginning bridge station A sta tion equal to 10 25 could have been used for the initial station The input data is shown below FORM OF INPUT SUPERELEVATION DATA continued EXAMPLE 6 5 TRANSITION This example shows t for Example 5 5 page 40 elevation rate is constan nd station 22 00 i e a However these are statio E of superelevation must be station 20 00 and station is shown below SUPERELEVATION he Superelevation Data Note that the super t between station 21 00 full superelevation ns of change break in he rate of transition and therefore the rates given at these stations The bridge is assumed to be located between 23 00 The input data FORM OF INPUT SUPERELEVATION DATA continued EXAMPLE 6 6 TRANSITION SUPERELEVATION This example shows the Superelevation Data for Example 5 6 page 41 The top of the side walks slopes lanes 1 and 6 are constant at Y in ft The curb face slopes lanes 2 and 5 are con
50. 3 he Distance to Refer ne tually a circular curve he elevations an ridge looking ahead is in a In the tangent portion the Cc urve the gutter will conform The railing 1 The right gutter However radius of 1 500 feet and in the Cc will ine is always at a constant distance from the gu line in the tangent portion is pa rve portion the right gutter be defined as a curve offse u i e defined for longitudinal in the tange varying width width assigned to The li as a T Line Span 1 into Then define are given in this necessary to define the curbs and railing in relation to a working the railing lines the lengths along xample lines nt por grade elevations were being and or on h the tang defined tion of the lane ne separating in Spa two spans with two se o CL A ts of Lo g n f th e O N n ng portion and again for the c or the curve portion of the b e bridge and vice versa No computed the elevations int he curbs would have to be adjusted depending on f superelevation that represe e tangent and curve P C Sta alternate way to set up this p Station as a he radial line at the P C itudinal Lines No beams or xampl The purpose of the example is 158 will be defined as Curve No Point is not required curve will be defined 1 Curve No 3 are of no co
51. 8 Form xxxxxx xxxx feet or m Note that the input form has a separate heading format for LOL use when entering a coordinate defined longitudinal line The X coordinate of point one is entered in c c 9 18 and the Y coordinate of point one is entered in c c 19 28 The X coordinate of point two is entered in c c 29 38 and the Y coordinate of point two is entered in c c 39 48 The Skip code c c 49 and Remarks are discussed on page 51 An example showing how the coordinate longitudinal line data are entered on the input form is shown on page 77 On the following page is a sketch showing the characteristics of the coordinate longitudinal line LOZ COR LONGITUDINAL LINE OS LONGITUDINAL LINES EXAMPLE 7 1 CRD ARC RLG This example shows the longi tudinal line input data for a two span bridge with four beams The beams are placed on chords of circles concentric to the mainline The railing and gutter lines will also be defined in this example for illustration Note that the main line survey line is also entered as a longitudinal line The dimen sions required to define the longi tudinal lines are shown in the sketch Shown below is the longitudinal line input data entered on the input form FORM OF INPUT 104 LONGITUDINAL LINES continued EXAMPLE 7 2 PIA PIB CRD In this exampl
52. BDGM Table of Contents L Prostam Abstraet co 2a er ls pas 1 IL Description Gf Program cestas tia een ei 2 Horizontal Alignment 0 22 22 bed ek ker ehe Aula nee es 4 Vertical Alignment encia en a hed 6 Bridge Cross Section nu 2 ae ee ee are hr 7 Sine ie E A a as aa ler aed 8 Method of Solution cuore ias 2204 24 Laster eines bar ea ds 9 SOLILONSCQUEHE a A Grp aca TE bee se ee 10 Il Preparing the Input Data nassen u a A eee 12 Porm Ot Input Data rl se tn Dan ss et a el Dans 12 Sequence of the Input Data ss a ar e a EN A 13 Input Data Requirements ara ea a de 14 Layout Dat na N a iS ee NER 15 A Identifiestion yecto reed 15 B Location Data sun een ent 16 Example 1 Layout Data cotos vespa da 18 C Horizontal Curve Data tide dp 21 Example 2 Layout Data uretra ais 23 D Vertical Curve Data Sorrir cra 24 Example Murcia dit Bier bb 27 E Crown and Lane Definitions 222222202 nennen 30 Example 4 Parabolic Crown 0 32 Supereleyation A ae ran 33 CVE CROW 2 Brkt an es au bes ne a a Eee na een na Saul tar 36 Example 5 Superelevation oooo oooooooooo 36 F Superelevation Data ar se ee Dora 42 Example 6 Constant Superelevation 43 Transition Superelevation ten seiten es 44 Example 6 Transition Superelevation 46 Eoneitudinal Eines vun choad ede eevee ek od peeve le 51 A CHI u er radia BRE TAGS Ewh aad 53 B TO A AA A OE oe SA ae Sa eo 54 C Ra
53. Following is a sketch showing the characteristics of the PLA longitudinal line PLA LONGITUDINAL LIN E PARALLEL thru INT ERSECT BACK This type of longitudinal straight line parallel t 7 tion of the PIB o some longit line other udinal which will be coded longitudinal 1 p IB n is a in lin Eric CI ne to The posi intersection of a concen distance from the mainli line is the sum of t Note that the PIB longi rcle and the the concentric circle that defines the PIB he p dimensions of th udinal is determined by t Back bent referenc lin line line rsection of the inte the intersection of ne ne concent The referenc line i e chord or s is referenced to a chord line lin reference line the PIB line will throughout the should not be used as a referenc range of the probl of the PIB lo ngitudinal tudinal 11 traight taper longi the PII lines parallel to the chord segme nts be a st em lin B line will TF st raight be raigh A coordinate ne Ak t taper is line continuous udinal longit referenc and PIB t is not a chord line because PIB line and Ahead bent is not the same point as ric circle with the Ahead bent line he The radial line must be a st
54. NU OPEN PRINT TOPIC PRINT SETUP EXIT EDIT SUBMENU Ei COPY ANNOTATE BOOKMARK SUBMENU DEFINE MORE HELP SUBMENU HELP BUTTONS ABOUT MERLIN BDGM 3 0 RUN UTILITY EXITING THE RUN UTILITY OPENING DATA FILES IN THE RUN UTILITY RUNNING WIN BDGM 4 0 GRAPHICS UTILITY 5 0 PRINT UTILITY FILE OPEN EXIT VIEWING A RESULT FILE FILE VIEWER EXIT FIND FIND STRING PRINTING A RESULT FILE TABLE VIEWER iii I PROGRAM ABSTRACT TITLE BRIDGE GEOMETRY PURPOSE DESCRIPTION The purpose of this program is to solve the geometrics that are required in the design detailing and construction of highway bridges thereby relieving the Engineer of this time consuming task and removing the geometric limitations in the design of bridge structures The program solves the geometrics by intersecting a series of longitudinal lines that run basically parallel to the bridge with a series of transverse lines that lie basically across the bridge The computed data including the finished grade elevation at each intersection point is reported as the output data The longitudinal lines may be composed of beams gutters curbs railings etc whereas the transverse lines can be bents centerline bearings diaphragms construction joints splice points etc The input data is entered on forms provided for the Engineer METHOD OF SOLUTION The bridge is oriented on a user defined coordinate system of X and Y axes The longitudinal and transverse lines are set up in equ
55. OF INPUT EXAMP L E 2 3 Layout Data his example shows the Horizontal Curve Data requirements of 28 Example 1 1 on page 17 Example 1 2 on page 18 Example 1 3 on page 19 FORM OF INPUT 29 ERTICAL CURVE DATA The Vertical Curve Data consists of two lines on th The first line is for entering P V I Stations the seco to enter the beginning Elevation Grades slopes and Le Curves P V I Stations 3 in c c 1 The P V I Station is defined as the station o intersection of the tangents of a parabolic vertica stations are required in order to position the vert properly The P V I Stations may be of negativ stations should be given on the input form accordin following requirements P V I Z Station c c 2 11 Form xxxx xx The P V I rather the station of the beginning of the Ver Therefore this station must be located befor magnitude Z Station is not actually a P V I e input form nd line is used ngth of Vertical f the l curve These ical curves These g to the xxxx feet or m Station but tical Curve Data the bridge since the program will not compute a point located back of this station In esse is the origin of the grade data The P V I S on a tangent grade and not within a vertical c Z Station is an arbitrary station and always s by entering a value on the input form The end of the Vertical C
56. ORM OF INPUT 114 T LINES continued EXAMPLE 9 3 SKEW STAT ANGL PROP ANGL DIST The example shown here illustrates the ANGL and SKEW T Lines Transverse line 1 is defined as a SKEW STAT T Line This line intersects the mainline at Station 20 25 0 and at an angle of 8 with a radial line Transverse line 2 is an ANGL PROP T Line defined as being at an angle of 77 30 19 1 with Longitudinal Line 4 and at a Proportion 0 5439 of the length from bent to bent of Longitudinal Line 4 from the Back bent Transverse line 3 is an ANGL DIST T Line defined by a Distance of twenty one feet from the Ahead bent along Longitudinal Line 1 and at an angle of 85 with that same Longitudinal line The input data given in the sketch is shown on the input form below FORM OF INPUT SE T LINES continued EXAMPLE 9 4 CONS PROP CONS DIST PTPT COOR This example shows how the CONS T Lines are defined The PTPT COOR type T Line is also shown Transverse line 1 is defined as a CONS PROP T Line which will locate a series of points on the ongitudinal Lines at a Proportion of the length of each Longitudinal Line from the Back bent If the lengths of the Longitudinal Lines vary the distance from the Back bent to the points will vary since the Proportion remains consta
57. PARL NORM 109 Example 9 2 PTPT COOR PTPT DIST PTPT PROP 110 Example 9 3 SKEW STAT ANGL PROP ANGL DIST 111 Example 9 4 CONS PROP CONS DIST PTPT COOR 112 Coordinate Type Input Vu ds 113 IV Th QO tp t Data a Re ers o ee ta 115 Span Output Data e toes Ai eh ee 115 Bent Data sete Zs ant ee ne es gee tN 115 Longitudinal Line Output 42 224 correr ede ede whee bee ee eee 115 Coordinate Outpur Data q ee raya Den Saas Dann Aan eo ees Ae eens 122 V Error Messages oi beeen ee re a lan Een 123 VI Example Problems winters 2 2 RE oa sche eee ee ee irre 126 Example Problem 1 4 22 i 022 64 apartada 126 Example Problem 2 4 ictciscuhveed oben hee bes 143 Example Problem 3 AE A A i 159 Example Problem 4 z 2 52 522 usua eevee be ent 172 Blank Input Sheets 41 2440 Sa Sa as nn Er a a es a e loo e des ml 182 FOREWORD The Bridge Geometry computer program is referred to more commonly as the Skewed Bridge program primarily for the sake of brevity In fact this is the name that is shown on the input data forms and in the output data of the program This write up is primarily a user manual and does not include flow charts a program listing nor a comprehensive report on the method of solution However the method of solution is discussed in general terms so that the user will be able to get a general idea of the method of solution used by the program Since the source code can be obtain
58. Preparing the Input Data TRANSVERSE LINES The bents substructure lines center of bearings diaphragms splice points construction joints etc of the bridge are defined as transverse lines These transverse lines are defined in units of a span That is a span will consist of two transverse lines representing the two bents defining the span and a number of transverse lines within the span The number of transverse lines may vary from zero to twenty per span excluding the two bent lines There is no limit on the number of spans that may be defined in a problem USING THE PROGRAM The Engineer can use the Bridge Geometry computer program effectively in the preliminary and final design ofa bridge In the preliminary phase stations skew angles distances etc that are unknown can be computed by the program to assist in the preliminary layout In the final design phase the lengths of beams and diaphragms positions of diaphragms elevations for determining beam seat elevations and many other types of pertinent data can be computed by this program thereby assisting the Engineer in the design and detailing of the bridge In the construction phase the Engineer can easily use the program to obtain the elevations used to set the construction forms etc It is important to note that any bridge may be set up as a number of separate problems and processed at different times For example the geometric requirements in the design stage are quite
59. Railing line the angle is always given a value of zero city i e the transverse line is always radial or lar to the Railing line at the point of intersection sign convention for an output Skew Angle is the same as the ntion for a Skew Angle in the input data An angle between the transverse and Longitudinal Line has the same sign convention as the angle requ T Line X Coordina The line with data Thi given int Y Coordina The line with data Thi given in t Transverse The lines are easily rec iransvers ired in the input data to define an ANGL DIST or ANGL PROP te X X Coordinate of the point of intersection of the transverse the Longitudinal Line is listed in this column of the output s coordinate is dependent on the orientation of the bridge he Location Data of the input data te Y Y Coordinate of the point of intersection of the transverse the Longitudinal Line is listed in this column of the output s coordinate is dependent on the orientation of the bridge he Location Data of the input data Line Remarks REMARKS identifying remarks given in the input data of the transverse listed in this column so that the intersection point can be ognized Line Type or Code TYPE LINE column contains the First and Second Code of a T Line or the This Bent Typ This of the tra repeated f After
60. Reference Line has been used in a T Line card An angle of zero magnitude has been used with an ANGL First Code T Line More than twenty 20 T Lines have been defined A COOR type card is expected but not found An elevation error has been found A station computed by the program is behind the P V I Z Station A station computed by the program is outside the transition beginning and ending stations A Coordinate Point input card is missing The number of points in the COOR type card is in error The program has attempted to intersect two parallel lines Check the Longitudinal and Transverse Lines An attempt has been made to intersect a straight line and circle that do not intersect Check the Transverse Lines This error is caused by an internal date error i e an error that should not have happened The actual cause of this error is unknown A station has been found outside the Limiting Stations Check the Limiting Stations Bents and Transverse Lines 1129 Four VI EXAMPLE PROBLEMS Example Problems are given on the following pages for the purpose of illustrating the procedure used to enter the input data on the input forms In addition to the input forms that contain the input data a sketch of the bridge geometry and the output data will be given with each example Thes problems do not represent an actual bridge structure Th xamples ar de
61. age A Vertical Curve Length equal to zero is invalid The Lengths of Vertical Curves can be entered to three decimal positions A negative Vertical Curve Length has no meaning and therefore a negative value is not permitted a Elevation P V I Z c c 2 9 Form xxxx xxxx feet or m Enter in this space the profile pivot point or elevation control line grade elevation of the P V I Z Station This Elevation of the beginning of the grade data must always be given on the input form The Elevation of the P V I Z Station can be given to the nearest ten thousandth of a foot four decimal positions and may be of negative magnitude Ds Grade Z 1 c c 10 18 Form xxx xxxxxx This grade G is the slope of the tangent from the P V I Z Station to the P V I 1 Station This grade should always be given on the input form If the P V I Station is not defined no vertical curve the requirements of this grade are unchanged and this grade is then assumed to hold true from the P V I Z Station to the Ahead Limiting Station L V C 1 c c 19 25 Form xxxx xxx feet or m Enter in this space the length of the first or only vertical curve This vertical curve is assumed to be symmetrical about the P V I 1 Station Leave this space blank if the grade data contain no vertical curves d Grade 1 2 c c 26 34 Form xxx xxxxxx This grade G is the slope of t
62. al lines may be readily recognized in the output data Following is a discussion of each type of longitudinal line which includes the usage the required input data a sketch and example of each type 73 CHORD A Chord is by definition a straight line that joins two points on a circle Therefore a Chord longitudinal line is a straight line between two points on a curve that is concentric with the mainline The two poin ts that define the chord longitudinal line are the points of intersection of the concentric circle with the two defining bents Ahead and Back of each span Therefore the chord longitudinal line will vary from span to span if the mainline is a circular curve i e the chord long itudinal line will not be a continuous straight line but rather a series of straight segments chords If the mainline is a tangent the chord becomes a continuous straight line parallel to the mainline Note that a chord longitudinal line is directly dependent on the type of mainline curve tangent or circular If a bridge is on a curve it is common practice to place the beams on chords of concentric circles with the mainline The primary purpose of the chord longitudinal line is to define such a beam line A chord longitudinal line may also be used solely as a reference line i e so other lines
63. al spans of the bridge and enter then as one span thus eliminating a number of SPAN DATA input sheets In this case the intermediate bents can be defined and entered as transverse lines COORDINATE INPUT page 4 of Attachment A H D 498 C The COORDINATE INPUT form may be used in lieu of or in conjunction with the SPAN DATA input forms This type of input sheet is used when the coordinates of the points on the bridge are known and the stations elevations etc are desired Since the coordinates must be known computed by some other method or program this type of input will have limited use Sequence of the Input Data The input data forms for each problem should be in the following order 1 LAYOUT DATA one sheet 2 LONGITUDINAL LINES one sheet 33 SPAN DATA and or COORDINATE INPUT variable number of sheets 15 An exception has been noted on page 50 16 INPUT DATA REQUIREMENTS In the following discussion the required input data will be described in detail and examples used to illustrate the data that is entered on the input forms Refer to the example problems for more illustrations Each line on the input data forms represents a data type and this write up will refer to the data columns c c of each line Note that the data column numbers are given in the formats headings on the input forms Each position data column of the input line is for entering one character a number letter or special charac
64. always be defined for reference Following is the required input data for defining PLA longitudinal lines Type Code c c 4 6 The code PLA is used to define a Parallel thru Intersect Ahead longitudinal line This code is required with every PLA line entered on the input form Ref Call cuac 7 8 Forms xx The Reference Call is the Sequence Number of the longitudinal line to which the PLA line is referenced parallel to The Reference Call must always be given when defining a PLA longitudinal line i e cannot be zero or left blank The Reference Call cannot 87 be greater than the total number of longitudinal lines nor equal to the Sequence Number of the PLA line 3 R from Reference Lin c c 9 18 Form xxxxxx xxxx feet or This dimension is the radial distance from the concentric circle that defines the reference line to the concentric circle that locates the intersection of the PLA line with the Ahead bent If the distance is measured toward the origin the dimension is negative If the distance is measured away from the origin the dimension is positive Data columns 19 48 of the input form should be left blank when defining PLA longitudinal lines S page 51 for a discussion of the Skip code c c 49 and Remarks c c 50 80 An example showing how the PLA longitudinal line input data is entered on the input form is shown on page 76
65. am are entered on four types of input forms Following is a discussion of each type of input form A LAYOUT DATA page 1 of Attachment A H D 498 D The LAYOUT DATA must be the first input sheet of each problem Only one sheet of this type is required per problem The LAYOUT DATA input form consists of the following input data 1 Identification 2 Location Data 3 Horizontal Curve Data 4 Vertical Curve Data 5 Crown and Lane Definitions 6 Superelevation Data B LONGITUDINAL LINES page 2 of Attachment A H D 498 L This input data form is used to define the LONGITUDINAL LINES beams gutters curbs railings etc that are to be intersected with the bent and transverse lines of each span At least one sheet of this type must be used with each problem Usually only one sheet of LONGITUDINAL LINES is required per problem However on some occasions the longitudinal lines will not be continuous from span to span for instance when one span has five beams and an adjacent span has six beams and it will be advantageous to enter a LONGITUDINAL LINE input sheet preceding each span that has a different set of longitudinal lines 14 SPAN DATA page 3 of Attachment A H D 498 S The SPAN DATA input data form is used to describe a span the bents that define the span and the transverse lines that are in the span One sheet of this type is used with each span in the bridge However it is possible in some cases to combine sever
66. ance from the bent to the various points on Proportion ratio for distance from the bent to the longitudinal lines the various points on the longitudinal lines TIZ aS T LINES EXAMPLE PARL T definition thes Back or Ahead be to the has been T Line t bent and from the along Lo PARL PARL NORM This example shows how Lines ar DIST PARL PROP the ned defi T Lin By defined as a hat is parallel Back bent to t ngitudinal Line the leng does not Remarks construc of illus coded to Railing T Line E at a Dis th of Longitudi s are parallel nt T Line 1 PARL PROP to the Back located at 1 4t the distance he Ahead bent 4 Note that nal Line 4 this line is i have to be known In the dentified as a ion joint Fo ration T Line lines 1 and 8 hat is parallel tance of 25 ft inal Line 3 ongitud extend straight to in This diaphragm in the Remarks col r the purpose 1 has been tersect 2 is a to the Back be from the Back line is ide T Line the PAR nt a bent ntif L DIST nd located along ied as a lumn Note a PARL NORM T Line that is parallel Note tha in the Remarks column t this type of T Line is indepe Following is t tha Eo E nde he i t this T Line has been coded to skip Longitudinal Lines 1 and 8
67. asured from the Back bent All other characters are invalid i e cause an Error Message b Distance or Proportion c c 13 22 Form XXXXXX XXXX feet or m or ratio The data that is entered in this column of the input form depends on the Second Code used with the CONS T Line If the Distance constant for all longitudinal lines measured along the longitudinal lines from the bent to the points is known the Second Code can be given as DIST and the Distance entered in this column of the input form This Distance can be measured in either direction from either bent and along any type of longitudinal line If the distance from the bent to each point is to be a Proportion of the length of the longitudinal line that the distance is measured along the Second Code can be defined as PROP and the Proportion ratio entered in this column of the input form This Proportion distance can be measured in either direction from either bent along any type of longitudinal line Data columns 23 36 should be left blank when defining CONS T Lines On the following page is a sketch showing the CONS T Line and the sign convention of the input data 108 CONS T LINI E 109 I LINE INPUT DATA SUMMARY Summary of PARL T Line Input Data Requirements First and Second Codes and Input Data Data Columns 4 11 PARL NORM PARL DIST PARL PROP 12 Bent A or B to which t
68. at the Engineer wishes to head the output listing The project number county data and name or initials should always be entered Data columns 2 5 of the first line are reserved for the problem number This space should always be left blank by the Engineer since a number will be assigned to the problem from the log book of computer runs The problem number will be associated with any error messages and will appear in the output listing Any number of Identification lines may be used to enter remarks etc However when an additional line data type is to be used the code CONT must be entered in data columns 77 80 to indicate to the program that another Identification Data Type is to follow Therefore the last Identification line will not require the continuation code Also if only one Identification line is used for remarks the code CONT is not required 18 B LOCATION DATA 1 in c c 1 The Location Data consists of the data required to locate the bridge on a system of coordinate axes Limiting Stations c c 2 11 12 21 Form xxxx xx xxxx feet or m The Back and Ahead Limiting Stations define the range of the problem that is every point computed on the bridge must lie on or between these two stations Both of these stations are always required as part of the input data The purpose of the Limiting Stations is to protect against errors in the input data For example if an error is made when entering a transverse line
69. ata are to foll 13 16 This sig ow the code nifies that af us This number shoul of LAST coordinates ar two types of input data Coordinate Point ntification is used to identify each unit of should always b han thirty points are in a unit xcept in second remaining points after ts in the unit should be ente ld not be zero nor greater d on the first Coordinate sheet he second sheet of Coordinate input would than The red in data ninety ntered and no Span should be entered in data columns ter processing the unit of coordinate points the problem is to be te describe the u 48 These Rema Coordinate Poin Bach COO ut lines rdinate Poin nts that can t However inp Coo poi uni given in data columns 3 checked by the program each point ni R T CP DINAT inp b IN GaGa Ta F amy ut line ntered rminated rks that 1 2 Th any 4 xcept that only ninety nine are allowed number of units may be used However This number will appear in the output data input form contains thirty he X and Y coordinates of each point are entered on one is no limitation on the number of ere Any pertinent Rema t of coordinate points are entered in data columns 18 rks will head the output listing of each uni 30 th 117 sequenc Coordinate Point per A Sequ
70. ath will be pa axis The skew angle shou each case In this exampl thirty 30 degrees is ass the Reference Angl C sh of sixty 60 degrees No Reference Distance is not case i e the radius of used as the Reference Dist 24 w the bents of a lel to the Y axis ents are ll the bents are neath which is t if the Ref the complement bents and survey rallel to the Y ld be known in e a value of umed Therefore ould have a value te that the required in this the curve will be ance HORIZONTAL Since curves tangent The degree of curvature of each in degrees entered to the Horizontal Curve Data is curvature of each curve curve ranges straight Di T CURV DATA 2 in c c 1 the bridge may be located in as many as three horizontal used to enter the degr of and the P C and P T Stations that separate the Note that any of the thr curves may actually be a i e a curve with an infinite radius range is entered on the input form Note that the curvatures may be A tangent range of horizontal curve and seconds h of a second minutes a hundredt is defined practice curves horizontal necessary located tangent bridge is to define the bridge very and bridges o The vast majority o to Fo on located in on by entering a degree of curvature of zero 0 In actual rarely will be on three ranges of horizontal n two ranges of h
71. ation form and intersected by computing the solutions of simultaneous equations The data given in the output at the intersection points of the longitudinal and transverse lines is computed using the basic concepts of analytic geometry RESTRICTIONS RANGE The bridge may be located in one two or three combinations of horizontal curves and tangents The horizontal curves may be compound but not reverse curves work as two problems The survey line cannot be a spiral for the purpose of computing stations Vertical alignment is limited to two vertical curves with corresponding tangents The surface of the bridge may be level superelevated with one to six lanes in constant or transition superelevation or parabolic The maximum number of T lines is twenty per span with no limitation on the number of spans II DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM Bridge Geometry BDGM is a problem oriented computer program that can be used effectively to compute the geometric requirements for the design detailing and construction of highway bridges In addition the program is not limited to highway bridges since the geometry of railroad and pedestrian bridges is easily solved by this program The geometric solution of a problem fundamentally consists of intersecting a series of longitudinal lines that run basically parallel to the bridge with a series of transverse lines that run basically across the bridge In practice the transverse lines may be series of points centerl
72. beams also could have been defined as Chords or Arcs The purpose of this centerline of bearings of order The entire bridge is set up as one spa splice points are defined as T Lines w will be skipped For the purpose of i of Bent 4 is defined by coordinates y line ts 2 and 3 and al ular to the mainl Ben perpendic i e a The Span Outp Input T Input coordinates of the intersect ut Data have been computed be n it 11 splice points are parallel to S TO fo 170 example is to compute the elevations at the the end bents and splice points of the beams in to compute the slopes of the beam segments and top of beam elevations and th hin that span ustration th centerline of bearings and All the bent lines centerline of bearing Bent 1 kew Angle equal to zero Bent 4 is n points that will be given in the rehand and entered as Coordinate Type his is done in order to illustrate the usage of the Coordinate Type EXAMPLE PRO BL EM Continued 171 172
73. ce The distance listed in this col rom Point to Mainline DT TO ML umn is intersection of the T Line This distance is always to the mainline depending on the dista the mainline the main is loca mainline line mainline If origin side of on the side of zero the point Distance from Point The outpu nt of intersectio the Back ben T Line regardless wh poi to Lo data listed i n o his th E measu the type negativ therwise or ben nce is d O ted on the mainline Back DT TO Be n this column rpendicular the inp the la the the ma cted ar to reason to some to hb with the Longitudinal red on a radial or perpendicular corr tion from the point of Lin curve or tangent the point i If the dime BT is the distance fr f the T Line distance is meas 1 UL line or a combinati indicates tha ongitudinal necessarily If the point is ongitudinal Line ex will be zero if the ine ex located on the poin tended back from the on ahead of the Ahead bent tended forward from t tra r the Longitudina or bent ured alo with the Longitu Engineer it is the point f lane 3 of lane 4 this line may be ram uses line In e edge of e 4 r is aware ut data t the width of each lane of superelevation range of t
74. d therefore the outside limit of the outermost band of superelevated lanes This dimension may be equal to the S R 5 dimension in order to eliminate lane six but never less than that dimension For a quick check of the input data Crown and Lane Definitions uired to define the superelevated lanes it should be noted that all ensions except the two pivot dimensions entered on the input form uld be of increasing or equal magnitude from left to right NOTE Superelevation cannot be used in conjunction with Parabolic Crowns Superelevation Examples Six examples of superelevation lane orientation and the required input data are shown on the next six pages Note that the input data are 45 also shown on the input form for further illustration It is suggested that thes xamples be studied thoroughly since this is perhaps the most difficult aspect of the program to understand LEVEL CROWN If the roadway surface is level or the crown correction for finished grade elevation is to be ignored the only required input is the Crown Code of LVL in data columns 2 4 The rest of the Crown and Lane Definitions input data line should be left blank In addition the Superelevation Data 6 in c c 1 input data lines that immediately follow the Crown and Lane Definitions line should be completely ignored Note that the number and position of the lanes of superelevation are immaterial in this
75. e In addition straight taper lines may be used to enter splayed beans i e non parallel beams There is a special case of straight taper line usage when the rat of taper is set equal to zero In this case the straight taper is parallel to the main line For example assume a four span bridge with a short portion of one end span in a circular curve the rest of the bridge is on a tangent The aim is to make this a continuous unit and xtend the beams straight into the curve portion The beams can be set up as straight taper longitudinal lines with a zero taper rate No other type of longitudinal line can be set up for this type of usage except the coordinate longitudinal line However to define a coordinate line the coordinates have to be computed making this alternative somewhat cumbersome Any number thirty or less of straight taper longitudinal lines may be defined and used in conjunction with all other types of longitudinal lines Following are the required input data for defining straight taper longitudinal lines Type Code c c 4 6 The Code STP is used to define a straight taper longitudinal line This code is required with every straight taper lin ntered on the input data form 2 Ref Call c c 7 8 The Reference Call is not required with longitudinal lines defined as straight tapers Since the straight taper li
76. e the beams of each span are placed parallel to a chord of the centerline arc In order for the beams lines to meet at the intermediat bent the beams of span n must be coded as PIA longitudinal lines and the beams of span n 1 must be coded as PIB longitudinal lines For the purpose of illustration two sets of longitudinal lines will be given The first set will be used with span n and the other set used with span n 1 The input data are shown on the following page However it should be noted that all the longitudinal lines could be given in one set For example beam A could be defined twice in the same group of longitudinal lines as a PIA and PIB longitudinal line 105 5 In this case the PIA longitudinal lines should be skipped when defining the bents and T lines of span n 1 and the PIB longitudinal lines would be num 7 skipped in span n This would keep the output data from containing extraneous information T06 EXAMPLE AS Continued FORM OF INPUT only N span These longitudinal These longitudinal This input should immediately precede span lines are not common to some previous span n4 107 H1 w lines are used with span n only uv n assuming the lines are used with span n 1 This
77. e data are entered on the input form is shown on page 74 lowing page is a sketch showing the characteristics of the line 77 78 RAILING The rail ing line is a longitudin al some other longitudinal line from whi For example line if a railing line is ref ch the rail line is r line that is the same type as ferenced renced to the railing a curve line etc different That is the line or the ongitudinal is taper longitudinal Howeve will be an arc line line the r the longitudinal and transverse line and transverse line to which the railin from li be be 14 nt nt ne optional The railing line is used to post spacings the sidewal Therefore represents intersected with the gu K radially to inte he program is input data whic if a railing 1 the g wi tt rsect the railing lin feature of the railing line to consider is cont h will nt If a rail ing an arc longit udinal line ing line is r rail ing line wil l beac ne S S g e r th ture lines e n joints are ine is refer and struc constructio there is one characteristic of the raili from which it is may be intersected may be intersected is referenced and The sketch clearly s The option of whic rolled by the bent and be discussed on subsequent pages
78. e fashio n on line rsect all railing longitudinal tch showing this optional point of This code has no effect on the h other types of longitudinal nes located between the railing nd its reference lin Number c c 3 4 Form This space is for entering t XX he number of the bent This number can be in numeric or alphabetic characters and will appear in the output data Remarks Longitudinal c c 37 50 This space is provided so that the user can enter any pertinent Remarks that describe the bent output data to assist in the interpretation of the output Line Skips c c ES DL These Remarks will appear in the 80 by pass the intersection of the bent line with some partic is used to indicate The Longitudinal longitudinal 1 ine the digit 1 shoul immediate y be numbers that correspond to the longit immediate ow the longitudinal y be line four The digit one intersection is to be skipped Skip is left blank with longitudinal For example i 4 ld be entered in da ow the Longitudinal 1 Otherwise if s no ta Li the Longitudinal ul th Line Skip is used to instruct the program to ar at the Line the intersection of t t desired in the outp column 54 numbers 51 80 It is importa coded to skip a udi n 11 nal
79. e gutter line since most parabolic crowns are detailed at this point This distance should never be negative or zero Die Drop from Crown to Control Point c c 37 44 Form xxxx xxxx inches or cm This dimension is the vertical ordinate from the crown point to the point on the surface at the dimension Distance From Crown To Control Point This dimension should always be given in INCHES A value of zero should not be used because this would define a level crown A negative value will produce a concave parabola sag and a positive value will produce a convex parabola hump Parabolic Crown Example An example of a parabolic crown roadway and the required input data is shown on the following page EXAMPLE T ws pa PARABOLIC CROWN This example shows a typical parabolic roadway crown and the input data requirements Note that if the origin had been to the right of the mainline the dimension from the mainline to the crown point 4 feet would have been positive FORM OF INPUT 41 The program has the grouped into two bands controlled independently necessa both pivot lines Three as superelevated it is be defined If three la lanes must be defined lanes When lanes that conveniently can be give lanes The innermost rily be adjoining SUP ERELEVAT capacity fo each containing th r six lanes of ION
80. e to columns 10 nput Ko tal LIR Whenever lines of a span and or vice ve input data consists solel te input sheet shoul nput data the longitudin nter th COO rdinates of kn own coordinate input must be computed by th intersections of T The program requires that the bridge a ta be oriented on the same X and Y coordinate axis t data can be used in lieu of the program can comput or in conjunction wi hen compu rsa all i d follow the Lo 1 Le Ly of coordinates the various ou n the same problem no Span tudinal Line i lines are not ordinate inpu ng point d Coo of the Coordi the to T er he Span i ram nput data rdi ification nate Ide This input li se If more t sheet can b e data fining input data that consists e rdinate and Span input data are used in the same t data is immaterial at least o nate and Span inpu capacity for related coordi nput data ngi ne used when computi ongitudinal L nd the systen th the tput If Data nput ng the ine must ntirely nate points to be grouped by using two or more sheets of will skip to the beginning of a new page form consists o nate Identification and 8COOR in c c ne is given 1 5 d to enter th filled in a been enter n of t Number of Poin the last unit D
81. ed Long since t AEs he bent the data ne has in data tudinal he bent i The Type Code is used to indicate to the program how the bent codes available to the is going to be defined Engineer wit 1 SKEW 2 PARL 3 PSTA 4 PREV 5 SAME Skewed at a statio Parallel Parallel Parallel Same Ther fiv ar h which the bent can be defined n 117 to reference lin to reference lin to bent Bat a as bent JA of preceding span They are at a station at a normal distance normal distance or a station It is left to the user to select the code and data that can be used most conveniently to define the bent Following is a discussion and sketch of each Type Code the required input data of each type and examples pages 90 92 showing how the data are entered on the input data form 1 1 8 Iy SKEW Bent A SKEW type bent is defined by giving the Skew Angle and Station of the bent and mainline intersection Therefore the Skew Angle and Station of Bent must be known before this Type Code can be used to define a bent This Type Code can be used to define both the defi Codes can be used to define bents Back and Ahead bent The SKEW code is not used exclusively to ne bents that are skewed with he bridge i e the other Typ hat are not perpendicular or
82. ed by request a program listing can be obtained by listing or compiling the source Also since the program is written in Fortran IV programming language and contains numerous comments that describe the program functions the flow charts really are not essential in order to understand the procedure of the program solution It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the standard terminology of Highway Engineering and such terms as Station Superelevation Transition Survey line Degree of Curvature etc will not be defined in this report It should be noted that the term Mainline as used in this report is synonymous with the survey line and the term Bent is used to designate a substructure unit i e pier abutment etc This report then explains in detail the functions of the program and how the program can be applied effectively in order to solve the geometric requirements of a highway bridge BDGM TABLE OF CONTENTS APPENDIX I 1 0 2 0 USING MERLIN BDGM 1 1 BEFORE YOU BEGIN 1 2 ACCESSING THE MAIN MENU 1 3 THE WIN BDGM MAIN MENU INPUT UTILITY FILE SUBMENU NEW FILE OPEN FILE SAVE FILE AND SAVE FILE AS CLOSE ALL SCREENS EXIT EDIT SUBMENU USING THE KEYBOARD WITH INPUT SCREENS INPUT SCREENS OPENING INPUT SCREENS EDITING DATA FIELDS CLOSING INPUT SCREENS THE GO TO SUBMENU THE INPUT SCREEN INDEX OPENING INPUT SCREENS USING THE INPUT SCREEN INDEX MOVING THE INPUT SCREEN INDEX HELP MENU CONTENTS FILE SUBME
83. eference Line c c 9 18 Form xxxxxx xxxx feet or This dimension is the perpendicular normal distance from the reference line of the parallel line another longitudinal line to the parallel line Note that the parallel line is not referenced dimensioned from the mainline If the distance is measured toward the origin from the reference line the dimension is negative otherwise away from the origin the dimension is positive Data columns 19 48 of the input form should be ignored when defining parallel longitudinal lines S page 51 for a discussion of the Skip code c c 49 and Remarks c c 50 80 An example showing how the parallel longitudinal line input data are entered on the input form is shown on page 77 On the following page is a sketch showing the characteristics of the paral lel longitudinal line 85 AAY PAR LONGITUDINAL LINI EN Fl PARALLEL thru INTERSECT AHEAD This type of longitudinal line which will be coded PLA is a straight line parallel to some other longitudinal line reference line line line The position of the PLA longitudinal line is determined by the intersection of a concentric circle and the Ahead bent The radial distance from the mainline to the concentric circle that defines the PLA line the intersection of the intersection of is the sum of the w pr dimensions of the reference line and the PLA
84. en Such a T Line is data columns 4 7 of the T Line input data li mus can be defined by hod that is used line between two points defined by coordinates that determine the T Lin options The three Second Codes an follows First and Second Code PTPT DIST Poi Poi ct ct T PROP Poi Poi ct ct T COOR Poi Poi ct ct Reference Bent The Referenc The option or met CSG Firs ET dth 12 Ben Proportion distanc 3 PTPT T Line t Code is used to indica te that the T Line is fying two points on th i ne The be located on T Lin ndicated by entering two points the longitudinal i e a straight PTPT in if not lines The points is indica ut data fo e required inp Required Input Data any one of three availabl ted by the Second Code r each type are as e Ben Ben Reference Reference Distance Distance Li Li nc Ben Ben Reference Reference t Proportio t Proportio X Coordina X Coordina te te 33 A B and d Gy or ts are the ben S ar define the T Lin COOR Th Second Code T Lin Referenc Ben sinc i th i e indepe Eac Distance h point or ndent of the Ahead or excep Proportion distance from J Bac np k bent t coordinate point ne Lin Fh hh renc
85. enc of the points Number is not of is 1 Point Identification c c 5 8 This space is provided so that each point can be labeled with a short alphabetic or numeric code This information will be given in the output data of each point If the Sequence Number is sufficient to identify the point this space can be left blank Zee X Coordinate c c 9 18 Form xxxxxx xxxx feet or m Enter in this column the X Coordinate of the point This coordinate can be zero only when the Y Coordinate is not zero Dis Y Coordinate c c 19 28 Form xxxxxx xxxx feet or m Enter in this column the Y Coordinate of the point This coordinate can be zero only when the X Coordinate is not zero 4 Remarks c c 29 48 Enter in these data columns any pertinent Remarks that describe the point These Remarks will be given in the output data of each point The output data of each point consists of the following information a Sequence Number of point 2 Station of point 3 Finished grade elevation of point 4 Distance radial or perpendicular to mainline from point to mainline 5 X Coordinate of point 6 Y Coordinate of point Ta Point Identification 8 Remarks 118 IV TH F Di OUTPUT DATA Ln E of one of the example problems Elevations minutes and seconds to tenths The output data will contain t data give n be used to check as a perma
86. f superelevation of any lane is completely independent of any other lane One of the most important functions of the program is the ability to compute finished grade elevations within a varying rate of superelevation commonly called transition Like the width and superelevation rate the transition of any superelevated lane is completely independent of any other lane The program has the capacity to compute finished grade elevations when the roadway surface is a parabolic crown However a parabolic crown cannot be defined in the same problem with superelevated lanes and only one parabolic crown is allowed per problem In lieu of the superelevation or parabolic crown the bridge cross section can be defined as level In this case the program ignores the crown corrections and the elevations given in the output data will be profile grade elevations LONGITUDINAL LINES The beams gutters curbs railings structure lines center lines etc of the bridge are defined in the input data as longitudinal lines These lines may extend throughout the range of the problem or the longitudinal lines may be defined for one or more particular spans In other words the longitudinal lines may vary from span to span A minimum of one longitudinal line must be defined in each problem The maximum number of longitudinal lines is thirty There are ten types or codes by which the longitudinal lines may be defined These will be discussed in detail in the section on
87. fined as arc longitudinal lines in addition the centerline or survey line mainline may be defined as an arc The arc line may be used as a reference line by a Railing longitudinal line Curved girders can also be represented by arc lines Any number thirty or less of arc longitudinal lines may be defined and used in conjunction with all other types of longitudinal lines Following is the required input data for defining arc longitudinal lines 1 Type Code c c 4 6 The code ARC is used to define an arc longitudinal line This code is required with every arc line entered on the input form 2 Ref Call c c 7 8 The Reference Call is not required with longitudinal lines defined as arcs The arc longitudinal line is always assumed to be referenced from the mainline Therefore the Reference Call should be left blank Se R from Mainline c c 9 18 Form xxxxxx xxxx feet or m This dimension is the radial or perpendicular distance from the mainline to the concentric arc If this dimension is measured toward the origin the distance is negative Otherwise the distance is positive outside mainline Data columns 19 48 of the input form should always be left blank when defi ning an arc line The Skip code c c 49 and Remarks c c 50 80 are discussed on page 51 An example showing how the arc longitudi On t arc longi he foll tudinal nal lin
88. g Curve No must always be defined 2 must always contain the Reference Point S The range of Curve No rm tation that e If only one ra statio n this 38 45 the P 1 tion shoul Form Tl Sta curvature exist 1 does exist head Limiting S an arbitrary s t XXXX XX XXXX fee nds the nge n is not urvature of 2 is considered the main The range of Curve tation that is given 2 is from the P C or m range of Curve Curve No 2 of requir dy Us av station the val tion in t If CUB lue of the his case is arbitrary ld always be given if two or th Ahead ree does not he P T S tation si tation Station Station the degr Horizontal Curve Data xamples 1 1 125 3 26 shown to 11 The beginning station of Curve No and the ending station is assumed to be the Ahead Examples range thr tation can conveniently nce the P T Station xx deg XX Mmin XX XX sec of curvature of horizontal curve If this range of mainline curve does not exist should be left blank this 3 is Curve Data required for lustrate the Location Data 27 EXAMP L E 2 1 Layout Data his example shows the Horizontal Curve Data requirements of FORM OF INPUT EXAMP L E 2 2 Layout Data his example shows the Horizontal Curve Data requirements of FORM
89. gent remaining portion is on The tangent portion whic majority of the bridge will be se Data the a cir h con etc cula tain This example shows how a bridge is oriented on a system of coordinat e axes are of major portion and the r curve s the t up as curve two Ther must be in the tangent p Reference Point will be as the intersection poin lines of the bridge and Note that the skewed cor the bridge must be taken fore t selecting the Limiting S 22 he R ortio arbit fer N rari nce Point The ly defined ENOT road ners into tatio the unde at t acc ns survey rneath he ends of ount when EXAMPLE 1 2 Layout Data This example shows how a bridge that is entirely on a tangent can be oriented parallel to the Y axis Note that the Reference Angle is zero in this case The Station of the Reference Point is ahead of the bridge so that all the bridge will lie in the first quadrant The Reference Distance is assumed to be 1 000 feet and the assumed stations are shown in the sketch 23 F EXAMPLE 1 3 Layout Data This example shows ho bridge may be set up paral provided of course the b parallel In this case a parallel to the road under common practice Note tha Angle is made equal to of the skew angle 2 the line underne
90. ges of parabolic curves and tangents and the equation of the profile grade line is computed for each range and stored for future reference Crown and Lane Definitions If the roadway is a parabolic crown the program computes the parabolic constant and stores this constant along with the limits and position of the parabolic crown When the bridge surface is superelevated the program computes the width of each lane and stores this data along with the position of the lanes and profile grade lines Superelevation Data If the bridge surface is superelevated the rate of superelevation of each lane is read and stored If the bridge is in a varying rate of transition the rates of change of the superelevation rates are computed for each lane and stored along with the stations of the breaks in the transition rates This enables the program to compute the rate of superelevation in any lane at any station Read and Process Longitudinal Lines The program reads the longitudinal line data and computes and stores the equation of each longitudinal line that does not vary within the range of the problem This is repeated each time a set of longitudinal lines is defined in the input data Read and Process Span a The following program steps are repeated for each span in the bridge Span Identification The program reads and prints the information used to describe the span i e remarks etc b Bent Data The input data of each bent are
91. ght curve and vice versa In the sketch on the following page a right curve is shown at the top and a left curve is shown at the bottom Note that the directions of the plus and minus Y axes have been reversed in the sketch of the left curve and in addition the positions of the normally first and fourth quadrants have been interchanged If the sketch is rotated about the X axis and viewed from the back the left and right curves will appear to have reversed their directions In other words when a right curve is viewed from underneath it appears as a left curve Therefore since the direction from which a bridge is viewed has no physical effect on the alignment the solution of the problem should be and is completely independent of the direction of the curve Vertical Alignment In order for the program to compute the elevation of the various points on the bridge the vertical alignment Grade Data must be defined as part of the input data The bridge may be entirely on a tangent constant slope partly or wholly in a vertical curve or may occupy a portion of two vertical curves The Grade Data consist of the lengths of existing vertical curves slopes of the tangents station and elevation of an origin point and the stations at which the tangents intersect to form a vertical curve The vertical alignment defines the profile grade line which is also referred to as the pivot point line In contrast to the limitation of the horizontal alignment to
92. hat is a curve offset can be referenced f tha lane line portion or side of Occasi is not separa can be compute ac COO rdinates of each spa lines cho ina rds of c Any number onally concent tes from used to hord of t of the n and can nother ru urve offs thi a por A n n e E be defined and used i lines longitudina Fol lowing is lines Type Code C263 defi he bridge ne curb gut offset curv tersec be ts by 4 6 used to defi of the problem ty or less tions of com a tangent mainline as well as a circul tion of one side of a bridge will ric with the mainline the mainline roadway Th for instance ar mainl ine curv offset longi line However th ne curv offset li longitudinal with the lines coordi running t 93 Therefore of curve offset longitudinal n conjunction with all other types of longitudinal the required input data for defining curve offset beams can be se he program twice be on a curve when a ramp or tudinal ter and structure lines in such a The program does not have the capacity to longitudinal the bents nate t up as lines may The code COS is used to define a curve offset longitudinal line This code is required with every curve offset lin ntered on the input data form
93. he Bent A or B to which the Bent A or B to which the T Line is parallel T Line is parallel T Line is parallel 13 22 Normal distance from bent Distance from bent to T Line Proportion ratio for distance to T Line along a longitudinal line from bent to T Line 23 24 Number of longitudinal lines that Number of longitudinal lines that Distance is measured along Proportion distance is measured along Summary of ANGL T Line Input Data Requirements First and Second Codes and Input Data Data Columns 4 11 ANGL DIST ANGL PROP 12 Bent A or B from which the Distance is measured Bent A or B from which the Proportion ratio for distance is measured 13 22 Distance from bent to 1 T Line along a Proportion ratio for dista longitudinal line nce from bent to T Line along a longitudinal line 23 24 Number of longitudinal li that Distance is measured Num along and from whic he Angle is measured ber of longitudinal lines that Proportion ratio for distance is measured along and from which the Angle is measured 29292 Angle between longitudinal line and T Line Angle between longitudinal line and T Line 1107 Summary of PTPT T Line Input Data Requirements First and Second Codes and Input Data Data Columns 4 11 PTPT DIST PTPT PROP 12 Bent A or B from which the Bent A or B from which the Distance to point 1 is measured Proportion ratio
94. he bent lines See the discussion on page 82 Note that when an intersection is skipped the output will contain no data relating to that point of intersection Two codes are used to indicate how the T Line is going to be defined First Code and Second Code The First Code denotes how the direction or slope of the T Line is defined and the Second Code denotes how the position of the T Line is going to be defined There are five available First Codes From one to thr different Second Codes are available in conjunction with each First Code Following is a list of the five First Codes and the Second Codes that are available with each First Code Second Code I PARL NORM DIST PROP 2 ANGL DIST PROP Er PTET DIST PROP COOR 4 SKEW STAT 54 CONS DIST PROP From the above list it can be seen that there ar leven possible combinations of First and Second Codes For every T Line that is defined the user must decide how that line can be defined most conveniently That is what data is available to define the line and what Codes can best be used with the available data to define the T Lin The five available First Codes are discussed in detail on the following pages The required input data for each available Second Code is given in the discussion of each T Line First Code Examples of T Lines defin on the input form are given on pages 110 to 113
95. he problem and that rpendicul the rate ne If inline These e to the of the point is located on the positive line away from the origin s located nsion is om the dinal Line ng the Longitu dinal ine is a curve or s of both If the t is back of the na distanc Back ben Back be is negative t and located nt the point 1 the same Longitudi he nsverse line is the 122 the poi Line of the previ nt is located Ahead bent This Back bent traight this on the is not ous span on the distance will be the lengt Ahead bent the length of the the T Line intersection of ongitudinal Note that If Distance from Poi This dime he dis h of t he Ahe Longi E t tance given for the Ahead bent intersection point he Longitudinal Line from the Back bent to the ad bent is coded to skip the Longitudinal Line tudinal Line will not be listed in the output nt to nsion is Li or bent given for preceding this dista Lines are actuall st T be 10 From Ongi or be nt wi D Previous Point DT TO PP the distance from the point of intersection of h the Longitudinal Line to the point of the sam ne Thi ongitud T Line or bent with the preceding s distance then is measured along the T Line inal Line to Longitudinal Line All
96. he tangent from the P V I 1 Station to the P V I 2 Station Enter this grade only when the grade data contain a vertical curve s In the case of one vertical curve this grade is continuous from the P V I Station to the Ahead Limiting Station e L V C 2 c c 35 41 Form xxxx xxx feet or m The length of the second vertical curve is entered in this space However if there is no requirement for a second vertical curve this space should be left blank This vertical curve is assumed to be symmetrical about the P V I 2 Station o Grade 2 3 c c 42 50 Form xxx xxxxxx This grade G is the slope of the tangent from the P V I 2 Station to the Ahead Limiting Station and should be entered on the input form only when the grade data contain two vertical curves Vertical Curve Data Examples Three examples of the input data necessary to define the Vertical Curve Data are shown on the following three pages Ahead Limiting Station EXAMPLE 3 1 22 00 P V I Z Station 18 00 Elev 1000 0 In this example the bridge is assumed to be entirely on a tangent straight grade The only data that will be required are the P V I Z Station the Grade G and the beginning Elevation Note that the grade is assumed to extend to the Ahead Limiting Station FORM OF INPUT 35 EXAMPLE T w N P V I Z Station Ahead Limiting Station 142 00 Elev 500 0 Th
97. hould not be used with Transition Form nteri Th he no ha he he no ha he ra IE RE SI Reh tions Superelevation Rates ey Cc ma 17 XXXX FXX XXXX feet the s nitia ng e 1 1 her Description codes are valid tation of each brea station which is beginni nown bac he super at t of the e nown ahe he super tes at t Les can be gnitude 52 Fo 61 ng of k of t elevat he ini he i the bridge si nitial s or m k change i entered on t nce the the tial ion rates bac station nd of ad of elevat rm he last the bridge si the last station ion rates ahead of the last station XX XXXX inches per foot tation e k of the ini The last nce the i e tial the used to define the transition only six lines are provided on the input form of negativ The or m m The rate of superelevation of each lane defined in the crown and Lane Definitions input data must be given at each station of transition break that is entered in the Superelevation Data i e At Stations Six columns are provided on the input form to enter the rate of superelevation of the lanes The number in each heading indicates which lane of superelevation is to be entered in that column For example the superelevation rates of lane five ar ntered in the column headed
98. imension is the distance from the mainline to the outside edge of lane three This dimension defines the outer limit of the innermost or only bend of superelevated lanes The S R 3 dimension can be made equal to the S R 2 dimension to ffectively eliminate lane three but the value of S R 3 should never be less than S R 2 The S R 3 dimension should always be defined on the input form with superelevated roadways The preceding dimensions are required to define the position of the ner band three lanes of superelevation If these thr lanes ar quate to describe fully the roadway surface the outer band of three lanes need not be defined i e the remainder c c 45 79 of the input da th ta line should be ignored left blank However sometimes more than ree lanes of superelevation or two pivot lines are required to describe the roadway surface adequately In this case the outer band of thr superelevated lanes can be used as follows JR to Begin Outside S E c c 45 51 Form xxx xxxx feet or This dimension is the distance from the mainline to the inside edge of the innermost lane of the outer band of superelevated lanes and therefore the inside limit of the outer band 1 This innermost lane of the outer band will be lane four Note that lanes three and four are not adjoining lanes 7 This dimension whe
99. ine of bearings etc located on the longitudinal lines beams etc and do not necessarily have to lie on a straight line At the intersections of the longitudinal and transverse lines the program computes the following types of data Stations The station of each intersection point computed by the program is given in the output data In addition to the station the output data will contain the radial or perpendicular distance from the point to the survey line This distance together with the station locates each intersection point for the Engineer Elevations The elevations computed by the program at the intersection points are finished grade elevations i e top of bridge surface elevation at the intersection points These elevations which are essential in all phases of Bridge Engineering form an important part of the output data of each problem Distances and Lengths The distances or lengths between intersection points measured along the longitudinal and transverse lines are computed by the program and listed in the output This information is of considerable benefit in the detailing process Angles The angles between the longitudinal and transverse lines or skew angles are computed by the program and listed in the output data These angles can also be of considerable benefit when detailing the bridge Coordinates The X and Y Coordinates of each point of intersection are computed by the program in the solution of the longitudi
100. ine on which point one is located is given in data columns 23 and 24 and the number of the longitudinal line on which point two is located is given in data column 34 and 35 Note that both points of a PTPT T Line cannot be located on the same longitudinal line If the Second Code is COOR these columns should be left blank i e the coordinate input data is independent of the longitudinal lines Distance Proportion or Y Coordinate c c 25 32 Form xxxx xxxx feet or m or ratio The data required in this column depend on the Second Code and the data that is entered in data column 13 22 i e the same type of data should be entered in this column that was entered in data columns 13 22 If the Second Code is DIST the Distance along the longitudinal line given in data columns 34 35 from the Reference Bent c c 33 to point two should be entered in this column of the input form This Distance can be measured from either bent in either direction and along any type of longitudinal line If the Second Code is PROP the Proportion used to locate point two should be entered in this column This Proportion distance can be measured from either bent in either direction and along any type of longitudinal line LOS If th point one s If th line is req Lin hould be e is defined by coordi nates the ntered in this column of the i Lin d to
101. inni nput After he Ahead ben ting the inte with a nes coded to skip that been coded to skip n the output of th the the intersections of the same order that the T Lin intersec tion with the rsection point ongitudinal Line is ng wi th Longitudinal Line one 1 ine has been coded to be skipped ine will not inters r 11 udinal n e will c be ongit T Line skippe coded 7 Line those output is coded d in the o u o skip a Cp omit tio ngitudina n point data of t ted from the 10 ut for ea ch nal code u Line S to skip o with the ongitudi n nly ther o al ongitudi Ongi tudi nal ed our ines will ine outpu onl For example he in be give 4 t he bents and data y one intersectio used as a appear in the output data T Lines with that In contrast when a n point is if T Line two 2 is tersection data of this n in the output data of ines The Dista da the n discus T Line in par Lo ar sio or entheses Tra The data for ongitudin nces ta are given to st ten thousandth only one decimal position n of the data bent with a Station s Elevati fo a give Ongi If the f zero is Li al nsverse Line No
102. input would follow immediately behind the span input data and immediately precede the input data of LONGITUDINAL LINES continued EXAMPLE 7 3 STP PAR COR This example shows a three span continuous unit that has a portion of the last span in a curve The tangent portion has been set up parallel to the X axis and the beams are to extend straight into the curve portion The beams will be set up as PAR longitudinal lines that are parallel to the mainline tan gent The mainline will be defined as an STP longitudinal line for reference For the purpose of illus tration the mainline tangent will also be defined as a COR longitudinal line The input data are shown below 108 FORM OF INPUT 109 LONGITUDINAL LINES continued EXAMPLE 7 4 CTP COS ARC This example shows a span in a bridge of varying width The left side is controlled by a curve taper and the right side is controlled by a curve offset The CTP and COS longitudinal lines will be used to define the gutter lines Note that the curve taper and curve offset are tangent to the concentric arc at their Control Station The distances etc required to define the longitudinal lines are shown in the sketch Below is shown the input form with the re quired input data FORM OF INPUT
103. instance 46 CROWN AND LANE DEFINITIONS EXAMPLE T ul pp SUPERELEVATION This example shows a cross section of the superelevated lanes of twin bridges on a divided highway The dimensions are assumed and symmetrical about the mainline The actual bridge roadway surface will probably not exist as shown however the purpose of this illustration is to show the relative position of the lanes The input data are shown below FORM OF INPUT 47 48 CROWN AND LANE DEFINITIONS continued EXAMPLE 5 2 SUPERELEVATION Th xample given her shows the actual roadway surface gutter to gutter of double bridges on a divided highway Note that only three lanes are required to define the roadway surface however since two pivot lines are in volved six lanes with the two pivot lines must be given Lanes one four and six how ever will be given a zero width since they do not actually exist Lane five could have been defined as lane four or six and lane two and three could have been defined as lanes one and two The input data is shown below FORM OF INPUT 49 50 CROWN AND LANE DEFINITIONS continued EXAMPLE 5 3 SUPERELEVATION This example shows the required input data for the case of three lanes and one pivot line Note that the th
104. is example shows the required input data when the bridge is located in a vertical curve either partly or wholly Note that the beginning station of the actual vertical curve is 144 00 and the ending station is 148 00 FORM OF INPUT 36 EXAMPLE T w Ww This example shows the required input data when the bridge is located in a portion of two vertical curves Note that the tangent portion between the two vertical curves can be zero 0 however the curves must not overlap FORM OF INPUT Fl CROWN AND LANE 2 EFINITIONS 5 in c The Crown and Lane Definition Gis hs s input line is used to enter the data that is necessary to completely d transverse bridge surface finishe may be parabolic superelevated o input form has two formats for ref fine the type and limits of the d grade The bridge roadway surface r level no crown correction The The format used to enter a parabol left and the superelevated format rence when entering the input data ic crown is the topmost format to the is immediately below the parabolic format and encompasses th ntir required input to define a parabol line on the input data form Since the roadway surfaces will be discussed special case and will be discussed No provision is made for a ci data that is required to define superelevated lanes the two types of
105. istance from the mainline to the nnermost pivot line i This pivot point must be in lane one two or three Since this pivot point must be within the innermost band of superelevated lanes the Inside Pivot dimension should not be less than the IR to Begin Inside S E dimension nor greater than the S R 3 dimension The pivot point is that point on the superelevated surface where the Vertical Curve Data holds true This point or line is also commonly called the profile grade line This dimension should always be given a value on the input form As mentioned before the bridge roadway may have two pivot lines twin bridges for instance The pivot lin ntered here is the one nearest the origin and in the case of only thr lanes th only pivot line that needs to be defined S R 2 c c 29 36 Form xxxx xxxx feet or m 43 in ad The S R 2 dimension is the distance from the mainline to the outside edge of lane two and therefore to the inside edge of the outside adjoining lane lane three This dimension should always be defined and the value of the dimension must never be less than the S R 1 dimension If the dimensions S R 1 and S R 2 are made equal the width of lane two would then be zero and therefore lane two would not actually exist S R 3 c c 37 44 Form xxxx xxxx feet or m The S R 3 d
106. k bent is identical to nt of the previous span Therefore this code cannot be ne the Back bent of the first span of the problem revious span of that problem The only input data the Back bent B BB oa Gh oH re not requ T longitudinal her input data he SAM the Longitudinal Line Skips and Type Code SAME The RLG Intersect Code Bent Number Remarks etc ired F Di Type Code can be used even though a new set of lines may have been defined immediately befor Data Longitudinal y the Span the previous Ahead bent is not affected The Line Skips are required since the previous Ahead bent skips may no t be valid 124 SAME Bent Use to define ALL Back bent only SUMMARY OF BENT INPUT DATA RLG INT RLG INT Code Code Bent TYPE Code c c 5 8 and Input Data Bent Number Number Station Station of Refer of Refer nce Lin nce Lin if Normal Distance is unknown Normal Station Normal Distance of Bent Distance from Ref erence Line Longi Longi Longi tudinal tudinal tudinal tudinal tudinal Line Line Line Line Line Skips Skips Skips Skips Skips LAO 4127 BENT DATA EXAMP L T SKI EW PARL This example s t hat is required to define and PARL type bents tion of a
107. l Li that all Longitudinal of the Lo inal Line Angle or Th ngitud Skew Angle ANG angle listed i type of CONS D i e t IS ne be coded to skip all T F fectively intersections It is suggested Lines so coded be defined last in the input data S ie n this column of the output data depends on the transverse and Lo ngitudinal Line If the transverse line is a 1 of CONS PROP his type of T Line is a series of points and not a straight line T Lin the angle is always given as zero r 124 10 11 For all ot her types of T Lines and bents the angle depends on the type of Longitudinal Line If the Longitudinal Line is straight at the point of interse column is ction with the T Line or bent the angle given in this transvers intersecti is measur intersecti if the Lon coded to t intersect for simpli perpendicu The sign conve the acute angle between the Longitudinal Line and the line When th ongitudinal Line is a curve at the point of on with the transverse line the angl listed in this column d between a line radial to the Longitudinal Line at the on point and the transverse line i e Skew Angle However gitudinal Line is a Railing line and the transverse line is urn radially at the Railing reference line and extend to the
108. l to 2 and K is a constant representing the change in radius per unit of angle rotation 2 Intersect Lines The program intersects each longitudinal line with the transverse lines In addition the mainline is intersected with all bent lines The equations are solved simultaneously and thereby the X and Y coordinates are determined When solving for the intersection of a spiral and straight line the program uses a process of approximations 3 Compute Intersection Data After solving for the X and Y coordinates the program computes the station of the point and the distance from the point to the mainline Using this data the elevation of the point can be computed In addition other distances and angles are computed and printed in the output data Solution Sequence Following is a brief outline of the sequence of the program solution with comments to indicate the functions of each part of the program solution 1 Read and Process Layout Data one time per problem a Location Data The coordinates of the Reference Point Station are computed and stored along with the Limiting Stations Reference Angle and Reference Point Station b Horizontal Data The equations of the mainline P C and P T Station coordinates and Reference Angles are 11 computed and stored along with the degree of curvature and radius of each range of horizontal curve Vertical Curve Data The vertical curve alignment is divided into ran
109. llows Fi SKI Station rst and Second Code EW STAT Requi c c 13 22 Form T Line available T Line EW First Code defines a straight T Line that is at a known th SKEW T Line nlin Therefore nt and longitudinal lines There is red red Input Data XXXX XX XXXX feet and the Second Code for this there are no alternate Second Codes The required input data is as Mainline Station of T Line Skew Angle of T Line or m The mainline Station of the intersection of the T Line and mainline should be given in this column negative magnitude S egree Na tHe Data co kew Angle o the mainline he Skew Angle is given in degrees enths c c 25 32 betw Form xxx deg XX mi The Skew Angle that should be entered in t nput form is th n a line radial o angl Note that a dotted minute and second co lumns 12 23 24 Nu SKEW T Lines at the Station of the T Line a minutes and line on the input f lumns The sign co kew Angle is the same as for the bents Following is a sketch showing the SK SKEW T LIN T 107 The Station may be of n XX X SEC r his column of the r perpendicular nd the T Line seconds to orm separates the nvention for the 33 35 should be left blank when defining EW T Line 5 CONS T Line
110. lowing is the additional input data required to define a PARL bent Station of Reference Line c c 9 18 Form xXxxxtxx xxxx feet or m Enter in this space the station of the intersection of the reference line with the mainline This station may be of negative magnitude Skew Angle of Reference Line c c 19 26 Form xxx deg xx min XX X sec The angle between the reference line and a line radial to the mainline at the Station of Reference Lin should be entered on the input form as the Skew Angle of Reference Line The angle is entered in degrees minutes and seconds to tenths See page 93 for the Skew Angle sign convention A negative angle is indicated by placing a minus sign before the first significant digit of the degrees 120 Normal Distance m Cee 21736 reference line to the bent line the reference line Form XXXXXX XXXX feet or Enter in this space the Normal Distance from the If the bent is ahead of the distance is positive Otherwise bent back of th negative reference lin Ir PARL Bent PSTA Bent A PSTA type bent is defined by first defining a referenc The bent is defi ned to be parallel to this r station The reference lin line however th line must be known The reference line will any of the longitudinal lines The Back and a defined b
111. may be made parallel to the chord An example of this is when centerline arc In this case a chord longitudinal line of the all the beams in a span are made parallel to a chord of the centerline must be set up so that the beam lines may be referenced made parallel to the chord If there is no beam on the centerline arc then the chord is actually being used for reference only If the mainline is a tangent the chord longitudinal line may be used to represent other lines i e gutter curb centerline and structure limit lines Structure limit lines are such lines as the outside edges of the roadway slab or the outside edge of the sidewalks etc Any number thirty or less of chord longitudinal lines may be defined and used in conjunction with all other types of longitudinal lines Following are the required input data for defining chord longitudinal lines Type Code c c 4 6 The code CRD is used to define a chord longitudinal line This code is required with every chord line entered on the input form Ref Call c c 7 8 The Reference Call is not required with longitudinal lines defined as chords The chord longitudinal line is always assumed to be referenced from the mainline Therefore the Reference Call 74 should be left blank 3 R from Mainline c c 9 18 Form xxxxxx xxxx feet or m This dimension is the radial
112. ms o anai sense 56 D Parallel area es sr pen e ES m re la aa 59 E Parallel thru Intersect Ahead 4 2220 Gen ias 62 F Parallel thru Intersect Back 2 2 242 422 0er den 63 G Curve Ollset va DE Pia A Ende 65 H Straight Taper sen aan as a sl ee sr 67 I Curve Taper seteiare leo ee au r en aai 69 J Coordinate sat bd ode rettete 71 Example 7 1 CRD ARC RLG oo ooooo 73 Example 7 2 PIA PIB CRD orcos 74 Example 7 3 STP PAR COR 76 Example 7 4 CTP COS ARC 2222 77 Summary of Longitudinal Line Input Requirements Table 78 Span Data rio be ae A ee Diener 78 A Span Identification zus 24 eet nee 79 B Bent Data 3 22 4e 2 ii a e a A pd 80 1 ISKEW Bent 45422 eek ed 83 2 PARE Bent use 83 3 TRS TA Beit ne as 84 4 PREV Bent nn er a Asse neh una 85 5 AME Bent e ern 86 Summary of Bent Input Data Table 0 0 0 0 eee eee eee ee 88 Bent Datars A SAA PASA LER A id 89 Example 8 1 SKEW PARL 0 oooo ocoo ooo oo 89 Example 8 2 PSTA PREV o o ooooooo 90 Example 8 3 SAME PREV 04 91 C Transverse Lines T Lines ooooooooooooooooo o 93 1 A A Re BD ee ne 2 PANGE T Line es een ee 3 PIPE Tine ride riada 100 4 SKEW De een ed 103 5 ICONS Eimer 104 T Line Input Data Summaries Tables 106 Lines e e Dan N a ae Oe da Dan ERSTES 109 Example 9 1 PARL DIST PARL PROP
113. n defined must always be equal to or greater than the S R 3 dimension previously discussed S R 4 c c 52 58 Form xxx xxxx feet or m The S R 4 dimension is the distance from the mainline to the outside edge of lane four and therefore to the inside edge of the outside adjoining lane lane 5 This distance should not be less 44 10 TL reg dim sho than the DR to Begin Outside S E dimension however the two dimensions can be made equal in order to eliminate lane four when desired Outside Pivot c c 59 65 Form xxx xxxx feet or m This dimension is the distance from the mainline to the outermost pivot line Since the outside pivot point must be within the outer band lane 4 5 or 6 of superelevated lanes this dimension should not be less than the R to Begin Outside S E dimension nor greater than the S R 6 dimension n E S R 5 c c 66 72 Form xxx xxxx feet or m The S R 5 dimension is the distance from the mainline to the outside edge of lane five and therefore to the inside edge of the outside adjoining lane lane six This distance should never be less than the S R 4 dimension however the two dimensions may be equal in order to eliminate lane five S R 6 c c 73 79 Form xxx xxxx feet or m The S R 6 dimension is the distance from the mainline to the outside edge of lane six an
114. nal and transverse line equations in order to compute the aforementioned data These coordinates are the result of the orientation of the bridge on a system of coordinate axes in order to facilitate the solution of the problem BRIDGE LAYOUT In order to solve the geometric requirements the bridge must be placed on a coordinate system of X and Y axes After the Engineer has defined the orientation of the bridge in the input data the longitudinal and transverse lines can be set up in equation form by the program and the solution of the problem then becomes basically one of solving simultaneous equations Bridge Location The location of the bridge on the coordinate system is defined by a Distance Angle and Station In addition the range or extent of the problem is controlled by the Limiting Stations i e a protection feature The data used to define the location of the bridge is shown in the sketch below Note that by varying the Distance Angle and Station the bridge can be placed in almost any position on the coordinate system However the location of the bridge must be defined so that the survey line does not pass through the origin Note also that the portion of the coordinate system in which a program solution is valid is designated by the sketch Horizontal Alignment The horizontal alignment is defined by giving the degree of curvature of each range of horizontal curve and the P C and P T Stations that separate the range of the cur
115. nce d the roadway c rn crown taper throughout the gutter will be a to a Curve Taper tter rallel to the is a curve wit n a utter and railing lines must be defined twice urve portion The ridge will be skipped te that if finished he shaded portion the nts the roadway tion will be defined roblem is to divide Bent Line additional T Lines to compute the data line and Example 4 is a three span conti tangen Angle equal to zero The Reference Po to place the entire bridge in the first selected as 22 00 and 25 00 The main feet from the Y axis by the Reference Curve No 2 with a zero deg of curv portion of two vertical curves The G are given in the sketch of this exampl The centerlin are readily known beam B The bridge is placed parallel Example Num nu in 1 Di at ra e ber Four ous unit bridge that is located on a to the Y axis by using a Reference t Station is chosen as 25 00 in order quadrant The Limiting Stations are ne is placed at a distance of 1 000 stanc The tangent is defined as ure Note that the bridge is ina de Data and parabolic crown dimensions is defined by coordinates since the coordinates This definition by coordinates is for illustration only since this beam could have been defined more conveniently as a Chord or Arc Beams A and C are defined as parallel to Beam B These
116. nd Sta the known nowever toa line t has a known S nat kew Angle and Station be he Back since the Normal Distance Note that t Station of tive i e Bent is The Skew Angl Back bent are un this bent is parallel nt will be defined as hows the input data SKEW e given Therefore PARL is known he Normal Distance is nega less than Station of Reference Lin Skew Angle and Station of bent are known Ahead be given nt can conveniently be as a SKEW bent The Railing therefore Th the Ahead the defined longitudinal lines and their ref illustrating the RLG Intersect straight and intersect the Rail Code Note that the Back bent is ing line Bent 5 Ahead has bee urn radially a he ref line of the Raili nd extend to ne Railing of longitudinal ne ng a tw whether located b n the Raili intersected with the bent intersection with longitudinal xtended straight no turn Note tha 4 line four This is done by e of the Longitudinal Line Skips The input data is shown below o 128 rence lin coded are shown for the purpose of 1 RLG Intersect Code left blank RLG Intersect Code to extend n coded to intersect the Railing Any other type not ng line and its reference line
117. ne is always referenced from the main line the Reference Call should be left blank defining a straight taper longitudinal line R from Mainline c c 9 18 Form xxxxxx xxxx feet or m This dimension is the distance from the mainline to a point on the straight taper line and is measured normal perpendicular to the mainline or mainline tangent If the distance is measured toward the origin the dimension is negative otherwise th dimension is positive Mainline Control Station c c 19 28 Form xxxxxx xxxx feet or m The Control Station is the mainline station of the point where the R from Mainline dimension is given This station is always required when defining straight taper longitudinal lines The Control Station may be of negative magnitude this station is completely independent of any other station given in the input data Note that this station must be on the mainline and not a station along the straight taper line Taper Rate cc 29 38 Form xxxxxx xxxx ft 100 ft or m 100 m The Taper Rate is the variation of the distance from the mainline to the straight taper line per one hundred feet along the mainline The Taper Rate is actually the tangent of the angle between the mainline and straight taper line multiplied by one hundred The Taper Rate sign convention is shown in the sketch below Data columns 39 48 of the input form should be left blank when The Ski
118. nt The T Line shown here locates the first tenth point of each Longitudinal Line Transverse line X is defined as a CONS DIST T Line which locates a series of points a Distance of six inches from the Ahead bent along each Longitudinal Line Here the centerline of bearing of each beam at the Ahead bent is being located T Line X PTPT COOR is shown here for the purpose of illustrating how the Coordinates of the second point can be entered on the input form between the T Line input lines The input data is shown below on the input form FORM OF INPUT Ihe The COORDINATE n the bridg hand or by some ot te input da The Coordinate i ut data points o coordina Span inp Lines and T COORDINAT Therefore th E TYPE INPUT input form is used to Mer u That udinal np program is data from the point the first data sheet output data for longit Coordi defini Coordi nate i ng na hough the co Alt always be defined when usi of coordinates problem th when The prog analogo Coordinate input da when a new unit into units uenc seq ram nas US ta noth la The COORDINATE i lines They A Coordina are Coo te Ident The Coordi related poin CS the following ca Coordinate i thirty points hav Coordinate Identificatio be left blan nin Th
119. o tal curves are infrequent bridges will be completely in only one range of refor in order to save the Engineer s time it is only the ranges of curvature in which the bridge is e if the bridge is entirely in one curve or ly one degree of curvature is required Likewise if the two curves or curve and tangent it is necessary Ly two degrees of curvature etc rizon Th curv define r exampl r n Adjoining curves or adjoining curve and tangent are assumed to be tangent at the P C and P T Stations If there is only one range of curvature it must always be defined as Curve No exist If always be defined as Curve No 1 or Curve the range t reason that was selecte Curve T this s The be Limiti curve T theref one ra In this case 3 would not one of the ranges must 2 and the other curve as either Curve No No 3 For greater program efficiency Curve No 2 should be hat contains the major portion of the bridge This is the the tangent portion of the bridg xample 1 1 page 17 d as Curve No 2 2 Curve No 1 and Curve No there are two ranges of curvature in No 1 c c 2 9 Form xx deg xx min XX XX sec should be entered in the space blank to be the Back P C Station of he degree of curvature of curve range one pace If this curve does not exist leav ginning station of Curve No 1 is assumed ng Station and
120. of super levated lanes is not required in this example The input data is shown on the input form below FORM OF INPUT 55 CROWN AND LANE DEFINITIONS continued EXAMPLE 5 6 SUPERELEVATION This example shows how the curb face and top of sidewalk are entered as lanes of superelevation so that finished grade elevations may be ob tained on these surface planes There fore it will probably be of benefit to the Engineer if he became thoroughly familiar with this example Six lanes of superelevation are required Pivot point cannot be outside its associated thr lanes nor can there be overlapping lanes and therefore two pivot lines are also required However since only one pivot line actually exists the two pivot lines required must be de fined as the same line This in effect makes the two bands join at the pivot lines which are at the inside edge of lane four and at the outside edge of lane three Lane four actually will be a continuation of lane three The input data is shown below 56 FORM OF INPUT 57 S UPERELEVATION DATA 6 in c c 1 The Superelevation Data input form line is used to enter the rates of superelevation of the various superelevated lanes This data is not required with Level and Parabolic Crowns and therefore this
121. ome always be defined when using railing e referenced to the other type of uld not be referenced to chord is a circular curve Fo lin red input data for defining railing longitudinal llowing is es line 1 Type Code c c 4 6 The code RLG is used to define a railing longitudinal This code is required with every railing line entered on the input form 2 Ref Call c c 7 8 Form xx The Reference Call is the Sequence Number 2 3 AOS i Ges of the longitudinal line to which the railing line is referenced The Reference Call must always be given when defining a railing longitudinal lin The Reference Call must not be the Sequenc Number of a longitudinal line that is referenced has a Ref Call to some other longitudinal lin Therefore the railing line cannot be refere nced to the following types of longitudinal rsect lines rsect Ahead Back line may be referenced to a railing LE Railing 2 Parallel 3 Parallel thru Inte 4 Parallel thru Inte No other type of longitudinal longitudinal line because th Reference Call The railing blank nor can the Reference of longitudinal lines equal IR from Referenc to th Number Sequenc This dimension reference lin Lin GCs railing line Note that the
122. on superelevation is being used The Stations of transition superelevation have not been entered in proper sequence A Longitudinal Line card is missing or out of sequence An illegal Longitudinal Line Type Code has been used An illegal reference line has been used A curve Taper Rate is zero 0 More than thirty 30 Longitudinal Lines have been entered An illegal Longitudinal Line skip has been used The Control Station of a Curve Taper Longitudinal Line is not located in a mainline curve A SPAN or COOR type card is missing or out of proper sequence The number of T Lines is negative or greater than twenty 20 The Back bent is not the first bent of the Span input An illegal bent Type Code has been used H J he PREV code has been used with the Back bent E El he SAME code has been used with the Ahead bent The SAME code is used with the first span of the problem Bent A has not been found or is out of proper sequence An illegal RLG INT code has been entered A T Line is expected but not found A T Line is out of sequence WRB SS ERROR NUMBER i 11 cont d 12 13 14 1 9 16 1 CAUSE OF ERROR An illegal First or Second Code has been found in a T Line card The Referenced Bent is not A or B in a T Line card An illegal
123. or key punch error the intersection of the transverse line and some longitudinal line might fall outside the Limiting Stations thus causing an error message and bringing it to the attention of the Engineer In order for this safety feature to function properly the Limiting Stations should be placed near the ends of the bridge The Limiting Stations serve other purposes that will be discussed more conveniently on subsequent pages The Limiting Stations may be of negative magnitude Station of Reference Point c c 22 31 Form xxxx xx xxxx feet or m The Reference Point Station is an arbitrary station used to orient the bridge on a system of coordinate axes This point is usually on the bridge however this is not a program requirement Whenever the bridge crosses a road it is common practice to use the point of intersection of the two survey centerlines as the Reference Point It is an absolute program requirement that the Station of Reference Point be in the range of horizontal curve two This requirement will be noted in more detail in the discussion of the Horizontal Curve Data In addition the Reference Point must be on the survey centerline 1 e mainline The Reference Point Station may have a negative value Reference Angle The Referenc Il Cac 32 40 Form xxx deg xx min xx xx sec is radial arbit degrees quadrant only when However in Refer Angl line from the origin rary angle that ma
124. or not is t both bents have been coded to skip the 1 ntering the digit one in data column 54 n the input form FORM OF INPUT 4129 5 BENT DATA continued EXAMPLE 8 2 PSTA PREV This example shows the input data that is required to define a PSTA and PREV type bent The Skew Angle of the Back bent is unknown however this bent is parallel to a line that has a known Station and Skew Angle given Therefore the Back bent can be defined as PSTA since the Station of the bent is known given The Ahead bent is at a known Station given and parallel to the Back bent Therefore the Ahead bent can be defined as a PREV bent The input data is shown on the input form below 130 FORM OF INPUT 131 BENT DATA continued EXAMPLE T 00 Ww This exampl n 1 immediatel n of Examkple SAME PREV e shows the y after the span span 8 2 Since the Back bent of thi already been d fined as s span n 1 num bent of span n assigned as the span n 1 by The only code is required with the is the this bent Back bent of other data t SAME The Ahead bent i Normal Distance is known given Angle are unknown nas the Ahead Can be this using the SAME
125. or perpendicular distance from the mainline to the concentric circular arc of which the longitudinal line is a chord If the concentric arc is inside toward origin the mainline the dimension is negative If the concentric arc that defines the chord is outside away from origin the mainline this dimension is positive Data columns 19 48 of the input form should be left blank when defining a chord longitudinal line i e no input data is required in these data columns The Skip code c c 49 and Remarks c c 50 80 are discussed on page 51 An example showing how the chord longitudinal line data is entered on the input form is shown on pages 74 and 75 Following is a sketch showing the characteristics of the chord longitudinal line 75 CRD LONGITUDINAL LINI E ARC An arc is by definition a portion of a circular curve Therefore an arc longitudinal line is a circular curve that is concentric with the mainline The arc line will be a continuous line throughout the range of the bridge However if the mainline is a tangent the arc longitudinal line will actually be a straight line parallel to the mainline Note that the arc line is always the same type line circular or straight as the mainline If a bridge is on a curve it is common practice to make the curb gutter and structure lines concentric with the mainline curve Thes lines can be de
126. ot given since it is felt that of the The Span Id and this lin The Span Iden Following are the input data req Form LA XX The data listed above will be discussed in detail on the following pages Examples and sketches will also be given he processing entification e is the tification An example of the the uirements Enter in this space the span number Either numbers or characters may be used i e 1 2 3L AR etc This number will be given in the output data of the span There is no sequence check on the order of the Span Numbers Number of Transverse Lines c c 10 11 Form xx The Number of Transverse Lines that are going to be defined in the span should be given in this space If no T lines are going to be defined this number may be left blank or given a value of zero Since the maximum number of T lines is twenty per span this number cannot exceed twenty Therefore the Number of Transverse Lines will vary from zero 0 to twenty 20 Note that this number is the total number of T lines in the span and not necessarily the number of T lines defined on one SPAN DATA input form i e two sheets can be used when more than eleven T lines are defined Last Span Code c c 13 16 The code LAST should be entered in this space when filling in the input data for the last span of the problem This space should be left blank in all preceding
127. p code c c 49 and Remarks c c 50 80 are discussed on page 51 An example showing how the straight taper longitudinal line data is entered on the input form is shown on page 77 Following is a sketch showing the characteristics of the straight taper longitudinal line CURV TAPE A curve ta lineally an Archimedes s along a circula coordinates T the bridge and mainline from c rom a The curve utter and str aper Occasio eing widened i STP LONGITUDINAL LIN E tudinal line per longi circula piral i Cares od he curve therefo urve to taper lon CUT e This ve This actually makes th is a curved line that varies the radius varies lineally wi takes the form r taper will be continuous througho e is completely independent of a angent or vice versa E gitudinal line can be used to rep ucture li nally th n a circu urve taper lin hord of the cu he intersectio e used to defi The p rve taper nes if a portion of the bridge is curve taper lin th the distance k x 2 in polar ut the range of ny change in the resent curb in this type of is la type of taper is used when the curve A railing line can be rogram does not have the capacity longitudinal line However the n of th ne longit curve taper line with the bents o udinal lines coordinate lines i g
128. pared to the listing of the input data that is given in the output data METHOD OF SOLUTION The geometric solution of a problem is based on the concepts of analytic geometry 1 e coordinate system line equations etc The program solution has three basic functions a discussion of each function follows 1 Compute Line Equations The mainline longitudinal lines and transverse lines are set up in equation form by the program Three basic types of line equations are used to describe these lines straight circular curve and spiral Straight Lines The equation of a straight line is set up in slope intercept form Y M X B where M is the slope of the line and B is the Y Coordinate of the point where the line crosses the Y axis However if the absolute value of the slope M is greater than one 1 the equation of the straight line is in the following form X N Y C where N is the slope of the line in relation to the Y axis N 1 M and C is the X Coordinate of the point where the line intersects the X axis C B M Circular Curve Lines The equation of a circle is set up in the following form X X Y Y R where X and Y are the coordinates of the center of the circle and R is the radius of the circle 10 Spiral Lines The equation of a spiral curve taper is set up in polar coordinate form as follows R Ke2 where R is the radius of the curve when a radial line is rotated an angle equa
129. pth etc During construction these elevations can be used to check the top of beam elevation for any adjustment in the coping depth 2y Diaphragms The length distance from bent and angle between the diaphragm and various longitudinal lines which are given in the output can be used for detailing purposes Sos Substructure lines Other substructure lines can be used to compute elevations in order to obtain the substructure elevations i e face of substructure cap The face of the substructure cap in the case of the end bent can be used in many instances to assist in computing railing post spacings 4 Construction joints The finished grade elevations at the construction joints can be used by the field Engineer during construction to set screed elevations Ds Splice points of beams The finished grade elevations at the splice points can be used to determine beam slopes This is particularly true if a continuous unit is used in a vertical curve or transition superelevation Span division lines The span can be arbitrarily divided by lines in order to compute elevations for construction purposes etei points The edge of paving tenth points Wet Road underneath lines shoulder etc quarter points third of the road underneath can be entered as a T Line of the bridge above in order to assist in computing clearances The 1 a complete ist of T Lin list th lines
130. r Normal distance Distance Normal distance of T Line being listed column as an Angle Skew An depending on the type of 7 The Span Output Data point of intersection of th line of the Span Output wil identification The or B Bent Number Station bents that define the span point of intersection of t angle between a line radial line The same sign conve to the input Skew Angles given in the input data program can be used otherwise known The Bent data The Bent designatio the Back bent The Be for the Ahead bent is th u A n K n Proportion gle he input da ng span Distance T Line being listed n the columns of the headings mentio Whenever more than one set Lines are listed i ta is a listing of the Longitudi ng DR X1 indicates that the data in The heading STA a Station or Y Coordinate or X Coordinate listed uitable headings are given so that this k numeric input data fields a re listed nal Er heading that Y ne E n n ned above depend of Lo tudinal tput the ngi the ou ta i e immediately fol will e lo THI F Di SPAN OU ngitudinal PUT DATA Leo S 4 Bent Data Bent Data of the Span Output kew Angle Remarks a The Station of the ben to If e p Numb A he bent wit the ma ntion applies he Sta
131. raight f the PIB line a series of straight used as a line for a PI PIB lines It is common practic line may only be referenced to chord when mainline is a tangent throughout range of bridge whenever th B lo line The make all beams in a span parallel can be used to define such beam 1 conjunction with PIA longitudinal to som Lines lines straight ngitudinal taper lo and a ngitudinal rc only see page 75 lin Th span is in a horizontal curve to referenc The PIB lines can be used in in order to make PIB lines the parallel lines of adjacent spans meet at a common point at the bent common to both spans 90 7 Any number of PIB longitudinal lines may be defined and used in conjunction with all other types of longitudinal lines Note that some other type of longitudinal line must always be defined for reference Following is the required input data for defining PIB longitudinal lines 1 Type Code c c 4 6 The code PIB is used to define a Parallel thru Intersect Back longitudinal line This code is required with every PIB line entered on the input form 2 Ref Call c c 7 8 Form xx The Reference Call is the Sequence Number of the longitudinal line to which the PIB line is referenced parallel to The Reference Call
132. ree lanes are defined as the inner band of superelevation i e entered on the left side of the input form In this case there is no outer band and the right side of the input form c c 45 79 should be left blank All dimen sions in the sketch are assumed for the purpose of illustration The data entered on the input form is shown below FORM OF INPUT 51 52 CROWN AND LANE DEFINITIONS continued EXAMPLE T UI ws SUPERELEVATION The example shown here consists of two lanes of superelevation totally out side the mainline Note that three lanes must be defined lane three will be given a width of zero and these lanes should be considered as the inner band for input purposes Lane one and two shown in sketch could have been set up as lane two Q nd three with lane one given a zero width The data given in the sketch is shown on the input form below 53 FORM OF INPUT 54 CROWN AND LANE DEFINITIONS continued EXAMPLE 5 5 SUPERELEVATION The example shown here consists of only one lane of superelevation However the program requires that a minimum of thr lanes be defined So lanes one and three will be given a width of zero Note that lane two could have been defined as lane one or lane three The outer band
133. refe wit wit then h in Cran levatio usually nced to Et the the bent by turni u n r line railing lin Tf bo th desired in twice i e type of longi the th points the raili output data and transve ng radially see ske ng or str udinal li uc ne once as a railing longit tudinal line arc curve bent or tra intersect all nsverse radially from line is coded to i another longitudinal li railing lines in like f Any lines so longitudinal numbe conjunction wi other type of that of railing longitudin taper e ntersect a ne the ben ashion al sidewalk railing ns for cons radial the tch CC tructi ferenced to urve taper ng line that renced h a railing h the turned hows this tersection sverse line for railing on since to the gu tter line l line that longitudina rse lines may from their i of interse ne mus and again as No railing witho t or transver ture li lines h all other types of 1 longitudinal line must the railing lines may b ine Railing lines sho longitudinal lines when the mainline the requi ongitudinal te that be ntersection ction a t be de anothe when a ut turning se line will re fined lines may be defined and used in However s
134. relevation Data of Example 5 4 page 39 Note that the outer band of lanes 4 5 and 6 have not been defined therefore the rates of lanes 4 5 and 6 are ignored i e left blank Lane 3 has been defined but does not actually exist zero width So the rate of lane 3 can be given a value of zero or left blank FORM OF INPUT In order to define Transitio ach defined lan TRANSITION SUP Ss L Ss E E form p capaci upere ineall upere are as follows is to be e must be en Description In order to indicate to the program ntered in the Superelevation Da tered on the first line of the Superelevation NES is required at levation are assumed to hold Ly between the stations levation for each lan transition changes in each la hanges at a point in any lane lanes must be given at that point hat station are entered on o rovides six lines for e ty is ten stations lines may be added to the bot E ERE true a 2 6 heading Description last line Supe lin first Desc Desc supe At irst HAT HH HSH mu releva s used to of data tion Data sta nter in be given at In othe he station and s tation a ne line of the Supereleva ntering up to six statio Should more than six s ne t The s n Superelevation two or more stations t the defini is required that ach poi words
135. row of the parabol to the point lanes lane Since five and six sup par n a LEO her the crown is a pa When a point is two are adjoining d either betw the elevation of the point lanes one and the n asterisk appears with the elevation constant or immediately to the If E is the same as not located wi is level wi point if no must be locat three and four the origin and lan If the point is loca with lane one elevation is a or outside of 1 th n he origin and ne six Lf t vation a is one ways level point is located outside of lane six In the following sketch the dotted lines determined when points are not located outside edge o show how the e within th f lane six levations ar leve he poi thin t th the three are adjoining loca lan N this denotes that the intersection point is not loca d lanes or parabolic crown the elevation nt falls the elevation at the edge the crown is level from the edge of t ted withi outside a he parabo levated super edge of an exte and la ted withi ri four a nes nal Ay ur ne betw he poi 1 wit d between on lanes thr t ct the el is T nt is located be h the inside edge of he outside edge of lane three evation an CW t TE with and he Eh cne four
136. s However it is important to note that the parallel lines of adjacent spans if referenced to chords will not necessarily join at the bent that separates the spans Parallel lines may also be used for curb gutter and structure lines if the mainline is a tangent throughout the range of the bridge Any number of parallel longitudinal lines may be defined and used in conjunction with all other types of longitudinal lines However some other type of longitudinal line must always be defined when using parallel lines so that the parallel 83 Lines can be referenced to the other type of longitudinal line Following is the required input data for defining parallel longitudinal lines Ix Type Code c c 4 6 The code PAR is used to define a parallel longitudinal line This code is required with every parallel lin ntered on the input form 2 Ref Call c c 7 8 Form xx The Reference Call is the Sequence Number of the longitudinal line to which the parallel line is referenced parallel to The Reference Call must always be given when defining a parallel longitudinal line i e it cannot be zero or left blank The Reference Call cannot be greater than the total number of longitudinal lines nor equal to the Sequence Number of the parallel line 3 R from R
137. s type is required ed will arise for a different set of For example the number of beams nt set of longitudi nal nes will be used with the first two lines with the last three spans In this example SPAN DATA input sheet of span the second set of longit form for span three In other wo spans must immediately precede th al lines is given in the input data of a problem the lines of longitudin rds completely r sets of longitudinal plac inp the previous longit ch udinal lines must immediately follow the two and immediately precede the SPAN DATA input e longitudinal lines for a span or ut data for those spans Whenever a set udinal lines Any lines common to both The prog longitudinal ram ha s the capacity Lor line 1 s defined by of the input 3 These numbers will be assig form nal li the longitudi input form wil l be Note that a S nteri th ng TE t N lines must be redefined ty 30 longitudinal lines Each he required input data on one line quen ned to ne entered on the f longitudinal 1 ine n should be defined by entering the longitudinal longitudinal lines lines Immediat must always b The total num number of lon ely af e ente ber of gitudi ch ou umbe first e
138. signed only to illustrate the numerous characteristics of the program Example Number One Example 1 shows a two span bridge located in a 3 curve The four beams of each span are placed parallel to a centerline chord of that span and the beams in the adjacent spans meet at a common point concentric arc intersection at the centerline of B 2 and located by the The Limiting Stations a nt 2 Bents 1 and 3 are parallel to Bent known normal distances from Bent 2 The Station of Bent 2 will be chosen as the Reference Point Station Bents are placed parallel to the Y axis by using a Reference Angle of 72 re arbitrarily chosen as 19 00 and 21 00 The roadway surface is at a constant rate of superelevation The curb faces and sidewalks are set up as lanes of superelevation This requires that six lanes of superelevation be defined defining the lanes of superelevation superelevation rates Two sets of Longitudinal Lines The Vertical Curve Data and dimensions for are given in the sketch along with the are defined in the problem The beams of Span 1 are defined as PIA and the beams of Span 2 are defined as PIB Note that the centerline cho the B F P R Back Face Paving Rest of the the railing li and gut are coded to be skipped in the output data span centerl the ske T Lines Lines combina T to comp
139. spans This code indicates to the program that no further input data is going to be given after th present last span Whenever coordinates are used as input data on COORDINATE input data form after the last span the Last Span Code should be left blank since additional input data must be processed Remarks c c 16 73 This space is provided so that the Engineer can enter any pertinent Remarks describing the span These Remarks will appear in the output data of the span Code for Additional Longitudinal Lines c c 74 76 Whenever another set of longitudinal lines are going to be defined immediately after a SPAN DATA input sheet the code YES should be given in data columns 74 76 of the Span Identification Otherwise these data columns can be used for Remarks Therefore if YES is given in these data columns the program will expect the next sheet of input data after the span input data to be LONGITUDINAL LINES Bent Data Bor A in c c 1 Ad Two lines o that define each spa be ref e bents span will first Y The bent and shoul in data column o ng a span once with each spa defini twice t ld always be defi Except as noted otherwise Ahead bents are n the SPAN DATA n can erred to as the the input line w rminates the spa inp be Bac ith t n will n t o ne The Back and A Note that a be N on
140. stant at 80 in ft The roadway lanes 3 and 4 slopes are shown in the sketch For sim plicity the curb and sidewalk lanes are shown only once Note that when a superelevation rate of minus eighty inches per foot is entered on the input form the position of the decimal must be overridden by inserting the decimal in a data column This is required because the input form does not provide enough data columns to the left of the implied decimal position The input data is shown below FORM OF INPUT LONGITUDINAL LINES The LONGITUDINAL LINES input that the Engineer desires to be inte lines of each and at least form is requi per problem span one lo This input f ngitudinal lin red as lines the second sh the LAYOUT DATA input form Usua However ongitudinal spans and th have four bea may vary from span e firs ms A spans and a differe to span For t two spans have set of longitudina orm m e mus eet o lly o ie a on occasions th within the same pro illus e bl 1 be ea Y ne em tration let s assume a bridge has five five beams and the remaining three spans 11 form is used to define longitudinal lines rsected with the bents and transverse ust always be used with each problen defined on the sheet This input ch problem immediately following one sheet of thi
141. t b e C t b he problem T longitudinal li herefore nes by ru beams can be set up as chords of nning the program twice 98 roadway is referenced to a to compute a coordinates of f each span can n another run of curve taper Any number thirty or less of curve taper longitudinal lines can be used in conjunction with all other types of longitudinal lines Following is the required input data for defining curve taper longitudinal lines Type Code c c 4 6 The code CTP is used to define a curve taper longitudinal line This code is required with every curve taper lin ntered on the input data form Ref Call c c 7 8 The Reference Call is not required with longitudinal lines defined as curve tapers The curve taper longitudinal line is always assumed to be referenced from the mainline Therefore th Reference Call should be left blank R from Mainline c c 9 18 Form xxxxxx xxxx feet or m This dimension is the radial distance from the mainline to a point on the curve taper longitudinal line This distance must be given at a known station If the distance is measured toward the origin the dimension is negative Otherwise the dimension is positive Mainline Control Station c c 19 28 Form xxxxtxx xxxx feet or The Control Station is the mainline station of the point where he R from Mainline dimension is gi
142. ta that T EVATION E nt if upe he supe WwW nd s tatio tom of the input form re The r ng sta he stati nere TAS ti the ra releva te tio uperelev tion Da ns How ns be r tion rate of of ly and vary nd rate of of transition te of all the n rates at ta The input ever the program leva ates on o on a rate of ra atio n n The inpu ransition the Descrip The Description code FINIS is tion and supereleva The Description code shoul rmediat stati riptio riptio releva tation c This col upe eva ine upe eva rogram doe tation are tation en upereleva rogram doe tation are rel rel A maximu sequence io s er io s beginning n codes n code tion n must tio n no he ed n no Che C SSTA CONST No ot 7 10 transitio be back rates are t assume same as must be rates are assume same as umn is for e O ct ct qT ct m of ten sta However stations may b n station and the last ons e 1 ndi tion rates ent d be lef quired extra t requirements Superelevation tion code START Data under the required on the ered in the t blank on all Leey ng station station RT and FINIS are entered only o s between the Therefore nce The the s
143. tation the ine is g F Di T LIN intersec iven on o The Lo is used to identify ngitudinal Li the transve ne will have heading the lett or T the of the T L the Line B al he MT T ne No for Longitudinal Li letter B indica ons give ne and Coordi ur decimal positions and have been rounded off to ractional part is exactly equal to zero Beginni n in the output of each point of intersection of a tudinal n The output nates listed in the ng on the next page is a data headings are shown ion point of a T Line or bent with the ne ou been es t iden whichev tion will tifies a T Lin Line Nota incl r the cas tations ne TEE BI N F Di mn Bent 1 Ou Back Assume th two 2 ma at E Exp noted i he transve In addi ude the y be tput data lin rse line for which n the tion to th Bent Number or Following is an example of The T Line Notation the data is given ongitudinal Line line is a bent and letter Code B Line Number rse he intersection data being given is anations a tput data headi 120 intersection with Longi ngs listed on re given in parentheses this line tudinal Line 2 data
144. ter and a group field of these positions is used to enter an item of data A negative quantity is indicated by placing a minus sign before the first significant digit of the data field In the absence of a minus sign all quantities are considered positive The entire data field to the right of the first significant digit should be filled in even though all the digits may be zero 1 e the data columns to the right of a digit or digits in a data field should not be left blank The position of the decimal is shown on the input forms Note that the decimal does not occupy a data column However the position of the decimal may be overridden by entering a decimal in the desired data column as part of the input data This may be done to enter greater accuracy in the input data Plus signs are shown in the data fields where stations are required to facilitate the entering of stations on the input forms Note however that the plus sign does not occupy a data column Stations and distances are to be given in feet to four decimal positions unless noted otherwise The first digit s in the first data column s of each input data line is for identification purposes and of no significance to the Engineer 17 LAYOUT DATA The LAYOUT DATA input form must always be filled in as the first sheet of each problem A IDENTIFICATION in c c 1 The Identification line is used to enter any pertinent identifying remarks about the bridge th
145. the span is co span or un when the bent intersection point data is given procedure of listing the data for the points of intersections nsverse lines Bents and T Lines with a longitudinal line is or each Longitudinal Line beginning with Longitudinal Line 1 last Longitudinal Line data are given the processing of that mplete and the program proceeds to process any subsequent it of coordinate input PAB THI El COORDINATE OUTPUT DATA The output data given for the coordinate type input data are similar to the Span Output Data The input data for each point are listed with the computed data for that point The computed data output Station Elevation DT TO ML are the same as for the output data of the spans except that the point is defined by input data coordinates rather than by intersection two lines Note that the Distance to Bent and Distance to Previous Point dimensions and Angles are not given in this type of output since the coordinate points are not associated with any transverse or Longitudinal Lines 126 gt V ERROR MESSAGES The program checks the validity of the procedure used to enter the input data and will print the following error message when an error is detected ERROR i PROB NO n where i is the error number and n is the number of the problem that was entered in the Identification Card
146. the Description heading At Station c c 7 16 This part of the Superelevation Data line should be ignored i e left blank The At Station data is required only when entering transition superelevation Superelevation Rates c c 17 52 Form xx xxxx inches per foot or m m The input form provides six columns for entering the rate of superelevation of the lanes The columns are headed by S E n where n is the lane number For example the superelevation rate of lane one should b ntered under the column heading S E 1 c c 17 22 etc The superelevation rate should be given for each lane 58 defined three or six in the Crown and Lane Definitions input line All rates must be entered on the first line of the Superelevation Data i e same line as the Description code CONST The rates of superelevation must be given in units of inches per foot or cm m Constant Superelevation Examples The two examples of Constant superelevation are given on the next page for the purpose of illustration SUPERELEVATION DATA F EXAMPLE 6 1 CONSTANT SUPERELEVATION his example shows the Superelevation Data for Example 59 5 1 page 36 Note that the superelevation rates of the lanes in the outer band are negative FORM OF INPUT EXAMPLE 6 2 CONSTANT SUPERELEVATION Th xample given here shows the Supe
147. the X Coordina as Curve No 2 will not exist since Curve No un wamo 0 t090p0 m0 Terre 2 I Therefore is defi n this example all Grade Da ned as Level The left side of is to a hat is ac Che Example 3 is a two span bridge Span 1 is located entirely wi n of the curve and tangent nd 21 50 The Station of Reference Angl herefore acing a b nded rking line ng line niently by sub he Y Coordinate ng line from the P C te of the poin and the tangen Note However se ny of the S t it is assumed that t ta are assigned values of zero b entire length of the bridge Straight Taper Spiral line 7 mainline In this and in N Example Number Thr that is located on a tangent and 3 thin the curve wher The Limiting Stations Point is selected as rtion of Span 1 will be place as Span 1 occupies a are chosen as 19 00 the P C Station of 90 is used in order to place the tangent parallel to a po d in the second up parallel to the intersection point g tracting a constant intersection point And th tation to the intersection po tangent iven in Radius o ridge or portion of a bridge outside the first quadrant this program solution will be valid In this The offset distance the output can be f 3 curve plus four e distance along the int will be equal to t of intersection The
148. to Reference Point c c 41 50 Form XXXXXX XXXX feet or m The Reference Distance is the radial distance from the origin to the Refere this dista assign the center of If ho Distance s of zero is assume a v Reference origin to The Refere in conjunc nce Point nce need no radius of the curve a rizontal cu hould al entered alue of te Distance is the Refere O n tion with ways be given a value g If horizontal curve two is a circular curve t be given since the program will automatically the curve to this distance thus placing the t the origin rve range two is a tangent the Reference reater than zero If a value ft bla 10 000 e No r the space is thousand feet not acceptabl nk the program will 0000 A negative te that the line from the nce Point is always perpendicular to the tangent nce Distance is actually an arbitrary distance that is used the Referenc nd Reference Point Station to Angle a 20 orient the bridge on a system of coordinate axes Location Data Examples Three examples of the Location Data required to orient a bridge on a system of coordinate axes are shown on the following three pages 21 EXAMPL T All the stations assumed and used illustrating the 1 1 Layout Data distances for the purpose input Layout requirements Note that of the bridge is on a tan
149. tudinal Line should not be skipped The centerline of bearings and construction joints in each span are defined as T Lines The construction joint in Span 1 is located at mid span The construction joint in Span 2 is located at mid span along the mainline and parallel to the adjacent bents And the construction joint in Span 3 is located on a line that connects the mid points of the exterior beams The purpose of this problem is to compute the following data Ja Finished grade elevations at centerline of bearings and construction joints Lo Length of beam chords 3 Position of construction joints along each beam 4 Distances between beams along bent lines 132 Note that the P C Station 35 00 is actually the P C Station of Curve No 3 2 curve and therefore the P T Station of Curve No 2 tangent td Sh EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2 Continued Bent 1 is located at Station 34 00 with a zero skew angle Bent 2 is parallel to Bent 3 and located at Station 34 75 Bent 3 has a zero skew angle at Station 35 50 Bent 4 is located at Station 36 25 with a skew angle equal to zero All centerline of bearings are located 6 inches from the bents along the beam lines Beam spacings shown are concentric arc dimensions 134 urve ortio Referenc je o w he X axis T uadrant Pl not recomme xample a wo rom the worki omputed conve rom worki
150. tudinal line along which the Distance or Proportion distance is measured must be entered in this space If the Second Code is NORM this space should be left blank Data columns 25 35 should be left blank when defining PARL T Lines Following is a sketch showing PARL T Lines and the sign convention for the various data PARL T LINES 2 ANGL T Line P ROQr3spw The ANGL First Code defines a straig ngle with a longitudinal line n angle with a curved longitudinal line i ne of two available options ndicated by the Second Code First and Second Code ANGL DIST ANGL PROP Required I Reference 1 ust be straight A T Line is defined at a ine by entering the Code ANGL in data columns 4 7 ata line The position of the ANGL T Li The two Seco nput data for each are listed as follows Reference ht T Line A T Line cannot be d s amp s Ehe cha efi ong t is at a known ned as being at itudinal line n angle wi th a longitudinal ne can b of the T Line input The option or method t nd Codes a t Data t Distanc hat nd defined by either is used is the required rR ference Line Angl t Proportion Reference Line Angl Refer Propo Refer regar that Ahead dista All o termi Dista or ra Secon from Secon the s measu
151. ut data required to define the CS are Or Crown Code c c 2 4 In order to indicate to the program that the crown is superelevated this space should be left blank i e no particular code is required to define a superelevated roadway 7 c c 5 12 Form xxxx xxxx feet or m R to Begin Inside S E This dimension is the distance from the mainline to the inside edge of the innermost nearest to origin lane of superelevation This distance should always be given on the input form when the roadway is superelevated The innermost lane will be defined as lane one 1 for the purpose of explanation and each subsequent lane moving outward will be assigned a number in like sequence S R 1 c c 13 20 Form xxxx xxxx feet or m The S R 1 dimension is the distance from the mainline to the outside edge of the innermost lane lane one and therefore to the inside edge of the adjoining lane lane two of superelevation This dimension is always required with a superelevated roadway crown and should never be less than the dimension IR to Begin Inside S E i e overlapping lanes would result in this case Note that if two dimensions S R 1 and DR to Begin Inside S E are made equal the width of lane one will be zero and in essence lane on will not exist Inside Pivot c c 21 28 Form xxxx xxxx feet or m This dimension is the d
152. ve t the Control Station Radius c c 29 38 Form xxxxxx xxxx feet or m Enter in this column the radius of the curve offset 94 longitudinal line This dimension should always be given and it is required that this dimension be greater than zero Data columns 39 48 of the input form should be left blank when defining a curve offset longitudinal line The Skip code c c 49 and Remarks c c 50 80 are discussed on page 51 An example showing how the curve offset longitudinal line data are entered on the input form is shown on page 78 Following is a sketch showing the characteristics of the curve offset longitudinal line EN COS LONGITUDINAL LINI STRAIGHT TAPER A straight taper is defined as a line whose distance from the mainline varies lineally If the main line is a circular curve the straight taper varies lineally from a tangent to the mainline curve Therefore the straight taper longitudinal line will always be a straight line that is continuous throughout the range of the bridge and which is completely independent of a change in the mainline from tangent to curve or vice versa Occasionally one side of a bridge will be on a straight taper from the mainline i e the beginning of a new lane or ramp etc The straight taper longitudinal line can be used to represent the curb gutter and structure lines in this cas
153. ven This station is always quired when defining curve taper longitudinal lines The Control tation is completely independent of any other station given in the nput data and may be of negative magnitude Note that this station ust be a mainline station and not a station along the curve taper ine This station must be in a circular curve mainline i e the ainline cannot be tangent at this station Note that a tangent to he mainline curve of any station will be parallel to a tangent to he curve taper at the same station tat BPSHBOK CG Taper Rate c c 29 38 Form xxxxxx xxxx ft 100 ft or m 100 m The Taper Rate is the change in radius of the curve taper longitudinal line per one hundred feet along the mainline The Taper Rate must always be defined when entering curve taper longitudinal lines i e cannot be left blank or given a value of zero If the radius of the curve taper line increases as the stations increase the taper rate is positive If the radius of the curve taper line decreases as the stations increase the taper rat is negative Data columns 39 48 of the input form should be left blank when defining a curve taper longitudinal line The Skip code c c 49 and Remarks c c 50 80 are discussed on page 51 An example showing how the curve taper longitudinal line data are entered on the input form is shown on page 78 Following
154. ves The program has the capacity for three ranges of horizontal curves and tangents Following is a list of the possible combinations of tangents and circular curves that may be used to define the horizontal alignment One Range 1 Tangent 2 Curve Two Ranges 1 Tangent Curve 2 Curve Tangent 3 Curve Curve compound curve Three Ranges 1 Tangent Curve Curve 2 Curve Tangent Curve 3 Curve Curve Tangent 4 Tangent Curve Tangent 5 Curve Curve Curve A tangent is defined as a curve with a degree of curvature equal to zero The horizontal alignment defines the line along which the stations are measured commonly called the survey line or mainline Only one survey line can be defined with each problem and that survey line must be a tangent straight circular curve or a combination as shown above The program has no provision for a spiral survey line although the longitudinal lines may be defined as spirals curve taper The horizontal alignment may be composed of compound curves however the program has no provision for reverse curves This presents no problem however since a bridge on a reverse curve can be solved by dividing the bridge at the point of reverse curvature into two problems The program solves a problem with a curved mainline regardless of whether the mainline is curving to the left or right Actually the solution of the problem is independent of the direction of the curve since a left curve is a mirror image of a ri
155. y be the angle between the X axis and the to the Reference Point This is an varied from zero 0 to ninety 90 order to keep th ntire bridge in the first ne the R Angl values of zero or ninety degrees can be used respective minutes The degree are entere entered in accept an Referenc renc Point is ahead or back of the bridge ly Th s and minut d to the radians or Referenc and seconds of the angle according to the input data format Angle is entered by giving the degrees nearest hundredth nt hole numbers and the seconds The Reference Angle cannot be decimals of degrees Although the program will s ar red as w gative Ref If horizontal curve range two ly a tangent zero places curve two parall Point is Angle sho actual uld always be posi rence Angle under normal circumstances the tive curve that contains the Reference straight a Reference Angle value of lel to the Y axis A value of ninety degrees orients curve two parallel to the X axis If the bents of the bridge are parallel a Reference Angle value can be entered so that the bents will be parallel to either the X or Y axis This will be discussed further in the discussion of SPAN INPUT DATA However it should be understood that the Reference Angle is completely independent of any bent or reference line skew angle Distance from Origin
156. y this Type Code required to defi Following is the ne a PSTA bent Station of or m Reference Line c c 9 18 Enter in this space the station of reference line with the mainline This negative magnitude 121 the distance is lin ference line at a given can be another bent or any arbitrary skew angle and mainline station of the reference not be intersected with Ahead bents may be additional input data XXXX XX XXXX feet Form the intersection of the station may be of IN UE Skew Angle of Reference Line c c 19 26 Form xxx deg XX min XX X sec The angle between the reference line and a line radial to the mainli on the inp angle is e See angle is i significan Station of bent magni tude A PREV type be 1 ne at the S ut form as ndicated by t digit of Bent Gr Gi ntered in degrees page 93 for the S tation of Reference Line should be entered the Skew Angle of Reference Line Th minutes and seconds to tenths kew Angle sign convention A negative placing a minus sign before the first the degrees 27 36 Form xxxxtxx xxxx feet or m Enter in this space the station of the intersection of the with the mainline This station may b of negativ Bent PSTA 122 nt can only be used to defin The PREV code the Ahead bent indicates that the Ahead bent being

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