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User Manual IDA Indoor Climate and Energy

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1. Floor bottom Wall outside Layer data Material Gypsum gt Thickness 0 026 m OK Save as Cancel Help Objects of the Wall definition type are used to define the construction of walls and floors A wall definition has a name a description and a number of layers Field descriptions etc Category Select the category of construction internal floor external wall etc When editing the construction of some object only the compatible categories are available Select Generic to allow using the construction in any case Wall definition Choice of Wall definition object The rest of the dialog shows the details of the selected object Description Object description U value Overall U value including film coefficients W m K Layers Floor top Wall inside A list of layers in the wall NB Also Roof constructions are described from top to bottom Add Button to add additional layer Delete Button to delete an existing layer Promote Button to move a layer up one step Demote Button to move a layer down one step Layer data Material The button with the right arrow gives a menu of possible operations Open Open the Material dialog New resource Create a new material Load from database Load object of the Material type from database 113 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Write to database Save the user defined material to the database Thickness Layer thickness
2. r Setpoint for supply air temperature 1 16 0 Constant Heat exchanger operation Fan operation Tair AirSupply B i 20 AirExhaust i dPmax 400 0 Pa a 0 6 AHU with by default unlimited capacity Supply air temperature setpoint is constant according to time schedule or as a function of outside air temp Open components to set parameters Figure 3 2 Default air handling unit The heating coil has two important parameters the air side temperature effectiveness and the desired water side temperature reduction Capacity control is achieved by adapting the actual effectiveness up to the given maximum level The necessary water flow is calculated and the water temperature is reduced if possible by the desired number of degrees There is no bypass on the liquid side control is achieved by simply restricting the water flow In the default configuration the temperature effectiveness is set at 1 0 There are basically two situations when it may be desirable to change this to a more realistic value when sizing the actual coil by means of simulation experiments or when making energy calculations in cases where the boiler efficiency is dependent on temperature conditions In addition the simplest and quickest way of removing the entire coil is to set the effectiveness to zero The cooling coil works in the same way as the heating coil but is ma
3. Comfort measures such as PMV and PPD are only meaningful if people are appropriately dressed otherwise they will nearly always feel too hot or cold just like in real life In practice it is quite time consuming and difficult to construct schedules that provide a clothing for a whole year simulation Therefore IDA ICE has from version 4 been equipped with a simple method for adapting clothing to sensed PMV Upper and lower bounds on clo are given by the user by providing a clo tolerance in the occupant load form The lower bound should represent the socially acceptable lower clothing limit in the given environment perhaps in a casual office 0 6 and the upper the culturally accepted winter attire say 1 1 The algorithm simply treats the occupant as a proportional controller when PMV is at the lower bound by default 1 the person will wear maximum clothing and similarly on the hot side minimum clothing will be worn at the upper PMV bound default 1 PMV limits can be selected in System parameters on the building form 101 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 In reality studies show that people in an office environment will decide how to dress in the morning mostly based on outdoor conditions and will not continuously adapt their clothing during the day It is therefore not realistic to set the PMV bounds too close to zero approaching ideal control Clothing Clo Shorts short sleeve shirt 0 36 Trous
4. To change the position of a zone select it put the cursor somewhere within the zone s boundary lines and drag it with the mouse to the desired position in the building The coordinates for the cursor position can be found in the lower right corner of the IDA window Hold the zone for a few seconds in a position close to an exterior or interior wall even on another level and it will automatically snap into position This can include a smaller rotation if necessary The size of the zone can be changed by first selecting it and then dragging one of the small rectangles either in the corners or in the middle of the sides It is also possible to give numerical values for the zone s corners in the form for the Properties page The property page shows also the floor area and the zone volume The floor area is used for presentation of different parameters per 1 m of floor area By default the floor area is calculated by the program as the area inside walls The user may change the default value for example to exclude unused parts of zone In this case it will be displayed with yellow background To restore the default remove the value The zone volume is calculated by the program as the volume inside the walls floor and ceiling See Geometry in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy for a description of how the geometry and coordinate systems in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy are defined The shape of the zone can be edited after right click
5. control strategy The new macro does not contain any control system The user must build the control algorithm by inserting appropriate models and connecting them see Editing custom controls below To open the Click the field label currently selected control macro To save the Right click the field and select Save to palette current control macro To load a saved Drag the control from palette to the view of the device control macro 153 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Editing custom controls See Modeling in the documentation to IDA Modeler for general information about editing macro objects The rest of the topic describes how the control macros should be connected with other model Signal sources The signals from the sources listed on the left may be used as input to the control algorithm More sources may be added by dragging from palette page Links The signal sources may be also inserted in sub macros of control macros in AHU and plant macros fan coils and their sub macros Here is the list of supported sources Signal source Comments AHU Properties of the supply and return air control signals defined in the AHU macro ventilation control free cooling free heating night ventilation Available only in zones connected with central AHU Ambient Climate data Sun position Central zone The actuator signals defined in the central zone control control Available in device control macros
6. edit parameters except in grey fields select cells and copy paste their contents to and from other applications open objects double click the object in the left column sort the contents by clicking a column header show a parameter on the 3D plan click box image in the column header export all tables to Excel reorder the zones in the Zones table only The selected zone may be moved up and down by clicking Alt Up and Alt Down This order will be used when combining the results into a single document see Results tab Make report 47 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 2 1 2 Dialog for location ful Location wan Kam r Position Country City Latitude Elevation o m Longitude x Time zone h Design days Dry bulb min Dry bulb max Wet bulb max Wind direction Wind speed Clearness number 1 0 Climate description lt value not set gt Object Name Kalmar Description 0K cance _saeas Hep This dialog describes an object of the Location type It contains the geographical position and design weather data for the place where the calculation object i e simulated building is assumed to lie The given weather data for winter and summer design conditions are used when synthetic weather has been selected in Heating or Cooling load calculations This data is also used for Custom simulations when the Synthetic w
7. 157 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 7 2 Result Airflow through the Air Handling Unit F AHU air flows output object in building3 Air Handling Unit Diagram Table Outline Us Last day of simulation 2009 07 15 14 16 18 20 22 24 4680 4682 4684 4686 4688 4690 4692 4694 4696 4698 4700 4702 s Return air flow l s lt s Supply air flow I s K S p gt Calc Compare The flows accounted for are the combined flows for all zones served by the AHU The flows in the zone are multiplied with weights Number of zones of this type which are indicated in each zone s form Flows are volumetric as measured at actual temperature conditions They may therefore vary slightly with respect to zone setpoint flows which are given as massflows due to density variations 158 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 7 3 Result Primary system s temperatures Date 2009 07 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 4656 4658 4660 4662 4664 4666 4668 4670 4672 4674 4676 4678 amp AHU heating coil return temperature Deg C amp Zone heating return temperature Deg C AHU heating coil supply temperature Deg C Boiler supply temperature to zones Deg C AHU cooling coil return temperature Deg C amp Chiller return temperature from zones Deg C 1 AHU cooling coil supply te
8. IDA Indoor Climate and Energy builds a single large simultaneous system of equations for all processes in the building This system of equations contains several ordinary differential equations and has therefore different built in time constants The room air will for example react quickly on a convective heat load while the ground layer below the building can have a time constant several orders of magnitude larger This system of equations is solved with numerical methods that adapt the timestep to the frequency content of the solution Short time constants in the model in combination with high frequency content in driving functions many starts and stops can lead to long execution times Internally generated starts and stops events will also lead to short timesteps Try for example to use a thermostat for radiator control The shear number of equations in the system is naturally significant for the execution time which increases roughly linearly with the problem size Therefore it is vital not to model any unnecessary detail and not for example model a large number of identical objects such as windows or cooling beams when they could be replaced by a single larger one Each added zone will contribute about two thousand variables to the system of equations The single most important factor for speeding up calculations is to have a reasonable amount of detail in time schedules driving functions Describing many sharp transitions wil
9. Partition wall 1 10 cm Partition wall load bearing 15 cm Roof Slab 40 cm Sloped Roof 30 cm Stair Landing 30 cm Structural Concrete 200 20 cm Map to selected View Structural Concrete 350 35 cm ss E E _ importtromiFc Load from Db Unmap selected Create new 0K Cancel Help Figure 4 1 IFC Mapping dialog 4 4 Create zones from IFC spaces An IFC model may contain more than a single floor A horizontal section slice of the building at a certain level is shown in the Floorplan tab Figure 4 2 To select a different level press the button Level xx m where xx is the floor height from ground of the current level In the Level dialog the building height from ground Building top and height coordinate of the floor slab with respect to ground Building bottom are also shown as interpreted from the IFC file These numbers are not always correct for the user s purpose To define which spaces in the IFC model that should constitute a thermal zone in the simulation model click on select the neighboring spaces that should be included Click again to unselect a space Think about zone economy i e do not create more zones than you think is physically motivated for the current study To create an IDA ICE zone from the selected IFC spaces press New zone This will create zones using the currently selected zone template Try to give as many reasonable defaults as possi
10. jpeg tiff wmf emf Such drawings may be displayed in the background of the floor plan view or of the site view They are also displayed in the 3D view CAD drawings is normally used as background for drawing zone and building geometry in the Floor plan editor It is not possible to automatically generate models based on 2D drawings From version 4 5 it is also possible to create zone and building objects in IDA ICE based on geometry that has been defined in a separate 3D editor See further Building and zone geometry import 7 2 3 8 Building and zone geometry import Building and zone geometry can be imported into IDA ICE if the imported geometry only contains a volume enclosed by polygon surfaces polyhedron without holes between the surfaces The geometry should describe the inner surface of the external walls for a building and the inner surface of the zone walls for a zone Many popular file formats skp 3ds obj dxf dwg and other are supported 75 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Imported building bodies and zones have protected geometry i e their geometry is non editable only resizable However an imported building body is fully editable if the imported geometry only has one floor and that floor is horizontal and does not contain any holes and the geometry does not have any outward leaning walls surfaces with their exterior normal pointing downwards This is the same kind of geometr
11. multiplier for U 130 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The dialog for an integrated shading is opened from the Right button menu with the cursor over an object of the integrated shading type e g Light dense curtain between the panes in the Integrated shading field in the form for one window or in the form for IDA resources L 4 15 10 Editing an external shading A Bangs ae _ sos x Shading editor Control This form is used to edit an object of the External shading type The window and the external wall are shown in a side view External shading is a combination of the shading elements Balcony with sides Simple screen Side fins and Marquee with sides The window s external recess depth is also included in its external shading The Shading editor form is opened by double clicking on the Drawing view from the side to describe external shading button in the window form A new shading object is inserted by dragging from palette or by selecting New object in the Insert menu with the Shading editor being the active window In the Insert object dialog then opened there are four alternatives Simple screen Side fins Marquee with sides When the selection is made the editor is redisplayed Place the cursor beside the wall to the right of the window hold down the left button and drag the shading to the desired size For the Simple screen alternative draw a polyline by clicking
12. 1977 Window Wall 30 0 case ouicing f Aerage U value 1 018 W m Simulated 2009 08 28 11 42 25 Envelope area per 0 25 m m Volume Month Total Working Hours Lost Working Hours 7 359 0 a7 O Total 359 0 a7 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy Version 3 9027 License ICE40 BETA07 URQ1 Too high or too low temperatures in a room result in production losses from workers In ICE 3 0 some models for this according to Wyon have been included For operative temperatures 177 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 between 20 and 25 C no work is regarded as lost Above and below these limits experiments indicate an average loss of 2 in performance per degree Reference Wyon D 2000 Individual control at each workplace the means and the potential benefits In Clements Croome D editor Creating the productive workplace E amp FN Spon London and New York 7 7 20 Result Zone energy The report shows the sensible heat balance for a single or a group of zones See the Heat balance diagram for a total wet and dry heat balance Data is presented for each month as well as for the whole simulation period In addition each heat flux is divided into the during cooling during heating and rest of time categories A gain as for example heat from a piece of office equipment is beneficial when it occurs when the zone has a heating need Similarly it is harmful wh
13. Gypsum Parameters Description z Name Value Unit Description Heat conductivity 0 22 Wim Density 970 kg m3 Specific heat 1090 Ji kg K m Category Other materials C ox Cancel Saveas l Help Field descriptions etc Name Choice of Material object The rest of the dialog shows the details of the selected object 114 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Heat conductivity Heat conductivity W m K Density Density kg m Specific heat Specific heat J kg K Category The type of material used to systematize the database Description Material description The Dialog for a material is opened from Wall definition dialog by clicking on the Open button Access a resource from the Right button menu with the cursor over an object of the Material type e g Concrete in the form for IDA resources 7 4 14 4 Dialog for surface Surface EA Surface lo Default surface hd gt Surface Default surface Description Parameters Name Unit Description Longwave emissivity m Shortwave reflectance This dialog is used to edit objects of the Surface type A surface object has a name Default surface in the figure a description and two parameters Field descriptions etc Name Choice of Surface object The rest of the dialog shows the details of the selected object Descriptio
14. Now the signals are available in the receiving control macro The control target and the control source both contain the same list of predefined interface i e signal names The user may also add custom interfaces use the same name in the target and in the source when the source object is created it contains all user defined signals defined in the target In the same way the control signals are sent to the plant AHUs and fan coils Signals from devices to controller macros The device control macros have access to the following signals related to the controlled devices Signal Comments Sensor For heating and cooling devices the temperature of the temperature sensor selected for the device Time schedule For opening shading and lighting the time schedule defined for this device Radiation For shading the intensity of the solar radiation including the diffuse one calculated after all exterior shading W m2 Advanced setpoints The signals sent in the central zone control macro to the Setpoint target object override the signals defined by the Controller setpoints object In this way the user may describe custom variable setpoints The Setpoint source object may be used in the device controllers and in the central zone controller In the central zone controller it always references the signals coming from Controller setpoints object In the device controllers it references the setpoints that are eventually
15. P XSuP lt Bu Initial value 15 0 m WSUPOUT st Res OK Range Real gt 273 16 Logged to om isj with name Figure 5 2 All relevant information about the variable is displayed in this window At the bottom of the window there is a combo box for logging the variable to a diagram Select AHU temperatures in the combo box and give a meaningful name to this variable in the corresponding field Make a simulation and inspect the added graph in the diagram 5 2 Example 2 Shade control by zone temperature Expert edition required Normally window integrated shading is controlled by the amount of radiation that penetrates the glazing However in some applications it can be useful to let the zone air temperature determine whether shades should be drawn instead From version 4 it is possible to define customized controls for shading and other devices at the standard level We look at a simple case consisting of a single zone with a window in one wall and intend to have an external blind shading the window depending on the zone air temperature and governed by a thermostat First insert an external blind Double click on the window to open the window form Search in database under Integrated Window Shading and select External blind as Device as shown in Figure 5 3 34 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 E Window a window in building Zone Wall3 General Geometry Openin
16. Simulation Outline Results Project name building3 5 Summary Heating design Cooling design Report L7 Expand table Zone Heat Room Window Encl surf Vent Tem PE Su Sup aid pean Re Zone Group mD supplied unit heat heat loss ss heat loss eg P ifi p ee wl Wo wo Wa wa legG airflow Vs airflow Reception 264 0 E Open Plan Office 199 6 Conference Room 7 330 6 E Staff room 294 1 E Circulation 5 71 95 TOTAL E 1160 25 Detailed Results Modified 2009 08 28 10 14 03 building3 Saved E Plant temperatures Total heating and cooling Simulated date time duration s Supplied Energy Last 2009 08 28 10 14 10 2 E Lost work Cooling E Systems energy Heating 2009 08 28 10 14 10 2 Air Handling Unit e gt EA AHU temperatures Sim Heating design i ee EA AHU air flows Make report E AHU energy Field description Summary of scalar results Three tables Summary Heating design and Cooling design that present key scalar results on a zone by zone basis Heating and cooling design will always present information from the corresponding special simulation done The Summary table will always show results from the last simulation done i e this could have been a heating cooling energy or custom simulation Heating and cooling results will be retained until that particular simulation is repeated i e they will not be overwritten by e g
17. a primary system and one or more air handling systems Surrounding buildings might shade the building The air inside the building contains both humidity and carbon dioxide Weather data is supplied by weather data files or is artificially created by a model for a given 24 hour period Consideration of wind and temperature driven airflow can be taken by a bulk air flow model Predefined building components and other parameter objects can be loaded from a database 2 2 The three levels of user interface The user interface is divided into three different levels with different support and scope for the user At the simplest level called wizard the scope is limited to a certain type of study and level of approximation The user is given the opportunity of carrying out a simulation directly or transferring the data entered to the next level called the standard level With version 4 5 a new wizard interface IDA Early Stage Building Optimization IDA ESBO is included as a beta version see Figure 2 1 The IDA Room wizard is still also available both in the Windows version of IDA ICE and as a free web based application see Figure 2 2 To learn more about IDA ESBO press on the toolbar and then the F1 key on your keyboard to launch the online help IDA Room is launched in your web browser by the tJ button Press the button on the toolbar of IDA Room to get help B buang buisagsam Rooms Building Stan simulation Results Out
18. be emitted 22 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 O Ceiling an enclosing ele 5 2 CoclDev a cooking device in building Zone Ceitin 5 3 Surface Advanced Outline a 7 gt 7 General Geometry Cooling panel batfie or fan coil 4 Mass flow at full power eT coolant air at lower power PtoP2 TIT P2 and dT2 may be zero in which case a ine a Figure 3 7 A cooling panel on the ceiling surface its standard form and a dialog for alternative input Here the height of a radiator corresponds instead to a Module width to which K and N refer The total length is calculated as the given box area divided with Module width There is a difference in that the heat transfer coefficient between the back of the device and the surface behind often the ceiling is given directly in the main form If an arbitrary negative figure is entered the heat transfer coefficient is calculated in the same way as for the heating device i e as if all heat transfer was done by radiation This is a good approximation for a device that has no insulation at all The dialog for alternative input has somewhat different parameters for cooling units Absorbed power and temperature differences between air and water may be given for two points on the power curve For max power the temperature drop of the water is also given 3 9 1 Active beams Active beams serve both as supply air t
19. floor area at dT_duct Y 0 0 to zone7 C z to zones Share of loss deposited in zones Jl be Tyce Poor Very poor according to floor area r Plant Losses Chiller idle consumption oi Ww Boiler idle consumption oi Ww Additional Energy Use Add Remove Nominal power Nominal power Nominal power Schedule k Im2floorarea total k Energy meter Name In this form losses from HVAC distribution systems hot water use and other energy use items external lighting etc are specified Domestic Hot Water Use may be specified here using different units Note that when a unit that includes the number of building occupants is used the relevant number of occupants should be set here as well The Number of occupants field is by default bound to the sum of all defined occupant thermal gains However in many situations this number is quite different from a relevant water consuming occupant for example a conference room will hold a lot of occupant loads that have their normal base in some other room The domestic hot water use may additionally or alternatively also be given for individual zones on the zone advanced tab Distribution of hot water use as a function of time is given by a schedule The signal is automatically rescaled to yield correct totals on a yearly basis as specified by the Average hot water use parameter i e only the shape of the given cur
20. m The dialog for a wall definition is opened by the menu option Open after pressing the Right button with the cursor over an object of the wall definition type e g Internal wall with insulation in the Construction field in the form for a wall or in the form for IDA resources The layers the wall consists of are displayed in the list box in the Layers box Floor layers are given in order of floor surface to floor bottom usually ceiling below Wall layers are given in order of inside to outside The Add button is used to add new layers in a wall definition The layers selected in the list box can be deleted with the Delete button and moved up or down respectively with the Promote and Demote buttons Layer data for the selected layer is displayed in the Layer data box to the right in the dialog Every layer has a name a description and a thickness given in meters and consists of a material that can be selected under the Material heading If the desired material isn t on the list additional material definitions can be loaded from the database by clicking right arrow symbol and selecting Load from database Use the Open choice in the same menu to open the selected material definition Similarly a new material can be created by selecting New Resource and the selected material can be stored in the database by selecting Write to database Dialog for material data Material Material lo Gypsum i gt Material
21. only done in one of the zones The other zone then displays a gray surface on its corresponding section of wall The form for an opening is opened by double clicking on an object of the Opening door type in the Surface editor The surface editor is reached by double clicking in the drawing box in the form for wall floor and ceiling ceiling or floor that contains the opening 7 4 15 6 Opening Control Macro Opening Control macro is used to describe a custom opening control strategy for windows See Custom control for general information about control macros The output signal should be connected to the pre defined Opening interface reference on the border of the macro An output signal 1 means the window is fully open 0 means fully closed The window opening schedule may be used only inside the control macro it is NOT combined with the output signal 7 4 15 7 Integrated Shading Control Macro An integrated shading control macro is used to describe a custom control strategy for integrated shading devices in windows See Custom control for general information about control macros The output signal should be connected to the pre defined Shading interface reference on the border of the macro from 0 to 1 1 fully shaded For Venetian blinds for detailed window models only the controller may provide an additional output connected to the SlatAngle in degrees interface reference on the border of the macro The angle is zero whe
22. temperature massflow moisture and carbon dioxide concentrations To work on the advanced level select Build model in the Simulation tab This creates the schematic view of the current building If the model has been built previously Schematic is already available as a view of the system Figure 5 1shows the appearance of the air handling unit in the schematic view which is also the standard view for the air handling system 32 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Air Handling Unit the air handling unit in buildingl Col e J Schematic Outline Standard air handling unit r Setpoint for supply air temperature ST Constat rf H U Ep eg onstan H temp C 16 0 P Select method here Heat exchanger operation Fan operation Od Ue i eet ed Spee eee ee O AirSupply amp as aes 18 Air41 0 2 dPmax 600 0 Pa eta 0 6 a dPmax 400 0 Pa eta 0 AHU with by default unlimited capacity Supply air A lR temperature setpoint is either a constant b according to a a NG time schedule or c a function of outside air temperature Saree pes Additional parameters can be set by opening AHU components a N Figure 5 1 The air handling unit The behavior of a component is described by equations variables and parameters The difference between parameters and variables i
23. through the steps of building a model at the standard level gt building3 building3 idm Floor plan 3D_ Simulation Results Project fae building3 i Project data Global Data HVAC Systems Energy Meters Usage Location B Defaults Air Handling Unit Lighting facility Kalmar le Site shading and orientation Plant Lighting tenant Climate f Thermal bridges A Equipment facility A Equipment tenant Synthetic summer ea gt Ground properties A Electric cooling f Wind profile Infiltration AddAHU A ae Default urban gt Pressure coefficients Replace A HVAC aux Holidays Extra energy and losses Supervisory control Electric heating lt value not set gt imc uSystem parameters lt value not set gt E e gt Details E Repot F Expand table7 Zones 5 Zone totals Zone setpoints Surfaces 5 Windows 5 Internal gains Wall constructions 5 Time schedules More Equip Name A ir no pa Wie jnt W m Zone 0 0 26 10 0 21 25 Air Ha CAV 2 0 2 0 0 1 5 0 15 0 4 a m Figure 2 3 Main form for the building at standard level At the advanced level Figure 2 4 the simulation model is no longer defined in physical terms but in the form of connected component models whose meaning is defined by 10 IDA Indoor
24. 09 ois Roof Internal walls iltaililelifauliui External walls inner corner Extra loss 97 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 3 Dialog for controller setpoints I Setpoint collection uw WM H Setpoint Office normal control CM Z gt r Control Setpoints max Temperature 21 25 oc aoe Mech supply air flow e a Lis m2 max Mech return airflow 03 7 Li s m2 pag Relative humidity 20 Level of CO2 700 1100 ppm vol The control action of heating and cooling depends on the controller used in the actual device Defaults are P Daylight at workplace 100 10000 Lux control for radiators and PI for cooling units x when both VAV and other means of cooling have Pressure diff envelope 10 20 Pa been defined VAV is used first and setpoints of other room units are offset by 2 0 C Change globally in System Parameters r Variable Setpoints Min temperature lt value not set gt X gt Max temperature lt value not set gt gt r Object Name Office normal control CM Description ma Cancel as Help The dialog for objects of the Controller setpoints type defines all the quality requirements for the zone s climate Field descriptions etc Temperature Min Setpoint for heating controller C Max Setpoint for cooling controller C M
25. 4 To define devices with a large fraction convective heat transfer to the total load removed The radiative transfer is given by the sizq surface temperature of the equipment Alternative input data to cool Maximum power P1 w dT coolant air Deg c at max power amt 8 dT coolant at dTliq 3 5 Deg C max power i Lower power P2 0 dT coolant air at iH lower power Cue Deg C P1 gt P2 dT1 gt dT2 P2 and dT2 may be zero in which case a line is calculated 142 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 A form for editing an object of the Cooling devices type is displayed by double clicking on a cooling device in the Drawing for describing an object on the surface the so called surface editor Surface editor is displayed by double clicking in the drawing box in the form for the ceiling on which the cooling device is located The figure also has a dialog for alternative input opened from the form Cooling devices operates completely analogous with heating device with the exception of a few differences in input which are described here Field descriptions etc Massflow at full power Water flow through the equipment at design conditions kg s K value Removed heat per unit of equipment length and degree raised to N W m CAN N value Exponent in the expression for removed heat Module width Width of an equipment module for which gi
26. By default the geometrical information of CAD objects is saved in the system file idm The original CAD file is then not needed after the import However if a CAD file is big very large system files can be created and the performance of IDA ICE can be slowed down Thus if a CAD file is big the option of not saving it in the system file is given in the Preferences dialog which is opened at import In that case only a shortcut to the original CAD file is saved in the system file and the original CAD file needs to be saved in the location specified by the shortcut If the CAD file is placed in the ICE system folder the folder with the same name as the system the shortcut is relative and the CAD file is automatically copied with the system to a new location Otherwise the shortcut is absolute and the CAD file is not copied with the system The definition of a big CAD file can be changed in the Preferences dialog from the default of 10000 vertices The Preferences dialog can also be opened from the Options menu 31 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 5 Getting started with the advanced level The standard level interface covers the most common simulation tasks but sometimes it is useful to examine other variables than those available here or to replace a component model To accomplish this one turns to the advanced level interface where the system is described in a mathematical sense with components containing equa
27. Climate file Ground conditions Thermal bridges Infiltration Extra energy and losses Results objects Air handling unit Primary system Building body Faces Roof Faces Zone Controller setpoints Thermal bridges Results objects Surfaces Construction Inner surface Outer surface Wall part Window Glass construction Integrated shading Schedule for integrated shading Control of integrated shading External shading EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Balcony screen and marquee Opening schedule Opening control Window detailed Detailed Glazing System Double glass Fa ade Schedule for integrated shading Control of integrated shading External shading Balcony screen and marquee Opening schedule Opening control Opening Opening schedule 44 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Leak Chimney Skylight Active beam Heating device Electric radiator Cooling device Floor heating Heated cooled floor Heated cooled panel Fan coil Local AHU Ideal cooling device Ideal heating device Heating device with unspecified position Electric radiator with unspecified position Cooling device with unspecified position Heated cooled panel with unspecified position Active beam with unspecified position Lights Schedule Occupant Schedule Equipment Schedule Convective internal mass Thermal mass Energy meter Energy cost 45 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 2 Building si
28. G to roof Controller setpoints local for zone gt Floor height I above ground a Ventilation Room Units Central Air Handling Unit More Ideal cooler Air Handling Unit Ir E Ideal heater System type CAV x Supply air for CAV 2 0 Li s m2 Retum air for CAV 2 0 Li s m2 ee Displacement degree for Light gradient calculation o h Occupant Leak area 3 07E 4 m2 68 Equipment Given additional in exfiltration 0 L s m2 ext surf Surfaces Windows 5 Openings Air handling units Leaks Room units gt Internal gains Internal masses Name _ thickness _ thickness material pa a E Floor Int floor 10 0 None 0 0 Defa 2385 0175 O Flo 0 005 OL 0 02 Co 0 15 F C Ceiling Int cei 10 0 None 180 0 Defa 2385 0175 Co 0 15 v 0 02 Flo 0 005 Wall 1 Int wall 6 5 None 0 0 90 0 Defa 0 6187 0 146 Gy 0 026 OAijri 0 032 Lig 0 03 5 Wall 2 Int wall 10 4 None 90 0 90 0 Defa 0 6187 0 146 Gy 0 026 Ajri 0 032 Lig 0 03 _ amsar 2 ma ra as a eee tmas arama any an ana mie aar an n This form presents an object of the Zone type It is most easily opened by double clicking on the name of a zone in the Zones list box in the building form or by double clicking on a zone in the Floor plan Field descriptions etc Number of zones of this type Number of rooms with these conditions Central consumption of air water and electricit
29. SOLTHCOL Implemented in ESBO plant only Q in circuit control model FREESUPCTR Implemented in ESBO plant only Q in circuit control model FREESUPCTR Implemented in ESBO plant only P in PV model PHOTOVOLT PW in wind turbine model WINDMILL PW in boiler model BOIL1CIRC QEL in humidifier model type STINJCTR QSUP in fan model type CEFAN PowerSup in axial fan type AxialFan PPUMP in chiller boiler and pump models IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 SIMBOL SIMCHIL PUMP PUMPCIRC 7 7 18 Result Energy report for an air handling unit a a AHU energy output object in building2 Air Handling Unit EQUA Energy report for Air Created by Climate file SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY GROUP Alexey Kalmar Synthetic summer building2 m 2013 02 01 11 57 08 Handling Unit Ce a e a 65m3 Model envelope area Window Envelope 23 1 Average U value 0 854 W K m2 Envelope area per 0 25 m2 m Volume AHU heat recovery AHU cold recovery Humidification ae a C 9 0 Toe The report gives an overview of energy flows in an individual AHU Data is presented in the following categories Category Heating Cooling Heat recovery Cold recovery Humidification Comment Heating energy supplied to all heating coils Energy removed by all cooling coils Note that a significant part of this energy may be latent due to condensat
30. a start point break points and end point in the form End by clicking once with the Right button and selecting OK The small 131 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 number field is for the width of the shading for side fins the distance between them i e the extension perpendicular to the editor plane Repeat this procedure to insert further shading objects The shading elements may be moved using Shift dialog The window s position in the wall the so called recess depth is changed by dragging the window line to the desired position The cursor changes appearance when it is placed over the window line The faint horizontal line in the wall over the window indicates ceiling height in the zone where the window is located In the Shading editor there is a tab Control Via this one can specify limits when Marquees awnings and or Simple screens should be withdrawn due to strong wind or low solar radiation 7 4 15 11 Form for marquee side fins and screens Screen Awning Balcony TER m Position m Position m z x d a i Wo EEX wan 30 m wam 30 Im Shading type Fixed Shading type Variable Fixed Variable This form describes one of the objects Balcony with sides Simple screen Side fins and Marquee with sides Field description Width The extension of the shading device perpendicular to the editor plane m Shading type Fixed or co
31. aa a ae Occupant a group of occupants in building3 Reception Number of people in group 2 Schedule Always present gt Activity level 1 0 MET r Clothing Constant 0 85 CLO C Schedule clothing is automatically adapted between limits to obtain comfort r Object Name Occupant Description a Field description etc Number of people Number of people in the group Schedule Schedule for the presence of the group Smoothing applied by default The output signal must be within 0 1 Activity level Activity level according to Fanger met Clothing Degree of clothing according to Fanger clo Object Name and description See below for a more detailed description of met and clo The occupant load s position on the floor in the zone can be changed in the Surface editor for the floor An occupant load is indicated by a chair icon Several occupant loads can occur in the same zone When the Climate zone model has been selected operative temperature will depend on the position Measuring points for operative temperature coincide with occupant loads To follow the operative temperature at a certain point without loading the zone select 0 for the number of people or the always off schedule Selecting activity level met The activity levels and the amount of clothing defines how much heat sensible and latent and carbon dioxide a person emits met corresponds t
32. an external wall its standard form and a dialog for alternative input To facilitate adding new heating devices without direct knowledge of K and v a possibility for alternative input is given see Figure 3 6 lower box The values for design mass flow and K are calculated from the power given by the user at the specified temperature conditions The user also provides a value for in this case Note that K is calculated from the information given in the alternative input This is thereafter the value for K If the size of the graphical box is later changed the device is likely to have an unintended maximum power Note also that the actual maximum heating capacity of the device will vary with actual room and supply water temperatures The temperature conditions given in Alternative data are only used to calculate K and have no impact on the simulated supply and return water temperatures 3 9 Cooling units The Cooling device is used for radiative and convective units Cooling units operate completely analogous to waterborne radiators with the exception of a few differences in input which are discussed here The actual water supply temperature is given by the boiler the return temperature will vary with the actual massflow through the unit the current room temperature and the size K value of the heating unit However if actual temperature conditions are made to coincide with those given in the dialog exactly the given power will
33. calculate dT The values of K N and the height of equipment of different makes are stored in the database A database object should be defined for every principal configuration and occurring height but the length of the equipment is first defined when it is inserted in the model T watRad a water radiator in building3 Reception Wall 4 koas Water radiator or convector 3 Alternative input data flow pow kg s e a Press here to give maximum K value 1 a Wim Deg C N power and temperatures Tair TI N Controller Proportional M Target setpoint Air temperature z 1 The total emitted heat is given by K length dT N where dT is fhe difference between the mean surface temperature of the equipment and the air temperature 2 Total equipment length is derived from the graphically given area divided by the height frequently from the data base 3 To define equipment with a large part convective heat transfer the total power emitted The radiative transfer is given by the size Alternative input data toradiz E Water Radiator Saw Maximum er Pmax wW l Air races at maximum power Tar 20 f Deg C Supply temp at Tliqin 55 sid Deg C maximum power i Return temperature TliqOut Deg C 4 at max power t N value exponent N of power curve A form to edit an object of the Heating device type is displayed by double clicking on a heating device in the Drawing for descr
34. gt I Flipped Inner surface Default surface x gt Outer surface Default surface x gt r Thermal Connection The wall is automatically thermally connected with any adjacent zone or building face If there are multiple adjacent objects the wall is divided into parts I Ignore adjacency to faces The parts having no adjacent zone or face are connected as below Ignore net heat transmission Constant temp on other side C N B Surface temperature not air temperature Similar offset C Connect to face Connect to ground Note If Ignore net heat transmission is selected for both ceiling and floor and neither of them are adjacent to anything they are treated as being adjacent to each other Open the form for walls floor and ceiling by double clicking on the corresponding object of type Wall Floor or Ceiling in the zone form and selecting the Advanced tab Field descriptions etc Construction Choice of material and thickness of layers For external walls Choice of materials and thickness of layers for the part of the wall that is external For internal walls Choice of materials and thickness of layers for the part of the wall that is internal Flipped If checked the wall layers of the internal wall are counted in the opposite order Inner surface Description of the optical properties of the inner surface These are of minor importance in normal cases Outer surface Description of the opt
35. handbook data set from the Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre can be accessed by selecting a face or faces and pressing Auto fill The wind contribution to pressure is assumed to be constant over the whole surface and is given by the following expression P_OUT PRESSURE COEFF RHO ON SITE WIND 2 2 where the applicable PRESSURE COEFFF depends on facade and wind direction linear interpolation between given directions RHO is the air density and ON SITE WIND is the speed of wind at the roof height of the building 61 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 2 1 12 Extra energy and losses ray Extra energy and losses object in building3 oS jess Extra energy and losses r Domestic Hot Water Use Average hot water 0 0 L per occupant and day x Distribution of hot water use ig Number of occupants 1 _ Uniform Tle T_DHW 55 C incoming 5 C find further details in Plant and Boiler The curve is automatically rescaled to render given average DHW can optionally or additionally also be defined at the zone level total usage r Distribution System Losses Domestic hot water circuit g 0 0 W m2 floor area 50 to zones j 1 1 Heat to zones eee m of heat delivered by plani A Y 00 incl delivered to ideal heaters so DETE 1 1 i I i Cold to zones g 0 0 W m2 floor area to zones 1 1 1 I Hl Supply air duct losses m W m
36. in the wall are not already mapped to ICE View Show the selected IDA resource Load from Db Load resource from ICE database Create new Create a new IDA resource See also Mapping data from IFC in the manual for further instructions 7 2 4 3D tab 7 2 4 1 3D View Appearance Zone wall coloring scheme C Walls or floors that are connected to an external fa ade have a grey textured surface looking like a rendered wall C Ceilings that are connected to an external fa ade have a dark grey striped surface looking like a standing seam metal roof C Walls or floors that are connected to ground have a dark grey textured surface C Walls floors and ceilings that are internal or unconnected have a white surface Navigation Rotate Left mouse button Press down and move mouse Pan Middle mouse button or both the left and the right mouse buttons on a two button mouse Press down and move the mouse Zoom Right mouse button Press down and move the mouse Move the mouse upwards to zoom in and downwards to zoom out Set center of rotation Press F Sets the point around which the model is rotated and towards which it is zoomed Alternatively use Right mouse button menu gt Set focus Tip Use this function frequently to make navigation as easy as possible Fit the model in the 3D view Press R Zooms and pans the model so that the entire model is visible Alternatively use Right mouse button menu gt Zoom extents or Show butt
37. lead to problematic models Generally speaking models with significant natural ventilation flows through openings or leaks are the most difficult to solve especially when the effect of wind pressure is included If in addition vertical temperature gradients are to be simultaneously computed one obtains a severely stiff and non linear system of equations Avoid to use vertical or horizontal openings unless the bidirectional flow is essential for the study use large leaks instead Absolutely do not use large openings for the purpose of recreating the exact geometry of a real building Normally precise geometry has a very small impact on results A common type of error is when the user has graphically defined a piecewise linear controller and unintentionally entered several points near each other giving the curve in micro scale several sharp corners and jumps The solver will invariably have problems to negotiate the sharp turns of such a graph Check the table view of such a curve for unintentional points A model that in spite of numerous revisions continues to give some trouble is the radiator and cooling panel model If the user requests a large or very small maximum power in relation to the physical size of the device the model may lead to failed simulations The solution is to alter the physical dimensions somewhat A general way of dealing with difficult cases is to decrease the tolerance parameter that was discussed in the previou
38. mean radiant temperature Consequently the calculation time will be somewhat shorter all else being equal The energy model does not calculate directed operative temperature The climate model is currently restricted to zones with rectangular geometry Both zone models use the same description of the building All the component models in and around the zone such as windows radiators controllers leaks terminals etc are common for the simplified and detailed zone models Choice of model can also be made for every zone locally in the zone s form in the Model fidelity combo box on the Advanced tab Choice for the whole building in the dialog above does not apply to those zones in which local choices have been made Coil temperature of ideal coolers Ideal coolers in zones need a temperature to account for possible condensation Links IDA resources i e used input data objects Database 54 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 2 1 7 Edit the position orientation and surrounding of the building Properties Palette RJ Site object object in building1 Site Outline In the form Site shading and orientation the building orientation is specified together with possible shading objects that are not attached to the building The easiest way to change the building orientation is by turning the compass needle in the upper left hand corner of the window Select the compass needle and drag the small square clos
39. of the window including interior and exterior film coefficients W C More Opens a dialog with detailed frame construction Skew Deg Specifies the orientation of the glass surface relative to the wall surface in horizontal Twist and vertical Tilt direction The values of Twist and Tilt are added to the azimuth and slope of the wall s external surface in order to get the azimuth and the slope of the external glass surface Object Name and description The form contains a box named Drawing view from the side to describe the external shading Double clicking on this opens a form which is used for editing any shading objects outside the window This form has two tabs under the Control tab the type of control can be specified no control wind and or sun control The form for a window can also be opened by clicking the right button over an object of the window type in the surface editor 7 4 15 3 Double glass facade Expert edition only This form together with the parameters given in detailed window form specify a double sheet construction with a ventilated cavity The glazing and other properties that are specified in the detailed window form apply to the glazing in the plane of the external wall the innermost pane of the DoF This is valid also for specified Internal window shadings i e any shade near the plane of the innermost pane including external blinds Shades within the double sheet air space should normally not be
40. redefined in the 155 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 central zone controller Access to parameters of the controlled device The control algorithm may depend on parameters defined for controlled devices For example the shading control may use the parameter Level defined in detailed window Such dependence may be implemented using parameter mapping To map a parameter in a control macro to a parameter in the controlled device Right click the parameter to be mapped and select Mapping and Edit link from menu Select lt macro gt in the left side of the mapping dialog Click the button Advanced In the Code dialog type origin par_name mapped and click OK Click OK in mapping dialog Here par_name is the name of the parameter that is the source of the mapped value The mapped value is not shown at the standard level the text lt mapped gt is shown instead This is because the control is not connected to the device It is only at advanced level when the copies of the control macro will be really connected to devices a separate copy for every device end then the mapped parameters will get the actual values Multiple control targets The central zone control may contain multiple Actuator and Functional mode control targets The user may choose which one is used for every controlled device either by selecting it in the Controller field or by inserting an appropriate cont
41. reference Shading coefficients Double pane reference Select to specify data with double pane reference Shading coefficients g Solar Heat Gain Coefficient SHGC Displayed when Absolute value has been selected above Fraction of the radiation incident on the window that heats the room SHGC includes both the radiation that passes through the window directly and the radiation that is first absorbed in the panes and thereafter reaches the zone as convection and long wave radiation SHGC is short for Solar Heat Gain Coefficient and is sometimes also called TST total transmission SF etc Shading coefficients T Solar transmittance Displayed when absolute value has been selected above Fraction of incident radiation that passes the glazing as direct radiation NB It must always be smaller than g T is sometimes also called Tsol ST DET etc See below for parameters for single and double pane reference Glazing U value Heat transfer coefficient for the glazing without frame including internal and external film coefficients W m C The window models calculate actual internal and external wind dependent film coefficients From the given U value the program subtracts 128 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 0 17 m K W and the remaining U value is considered to equal the heat transfer coefficient of the glass Internal emissivity Innermost glass emissivity inwards for longwave radiation External
42. tab Click box icon of one parameter Shows a graphical overview of the parameter in the 3D view C Numerical values of parameters are shown with colors on the surfaces of the objects A scale bar is displayed to correlate a specific color to a parameter value C Some parameter values e g the amount of supply air for each zone are shown with colored arrows A scale bar is displayed to correlate a specific color to a parameter value C Parameters with a finite number of options e g the occupant schedule for each zone 79 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 are shown with colors on the surfaces of the objects Color coded legends are displayed to correlate a specific color to a parameter value C Names of objects are shown as text Tip If a section is activated with one of the x x y y z z buttons only names of the objects in the section are shown C Close the parameter visualization Press H or Right mouse button menu gt Hide parameter Visualizing simulation results summary Summary table at Results tab Click box icon of one variable Shows a graphical overview of the variable in the 3D view C The values of the variable are shown with colors on the surfaces of the objects A scale bar is displayed to correlate a specific color to a variable value C Close the results visualization Press H or Right mouse button menu gt Hide parameter Visualizing simulation results over time
43. the roof s corner and or divide the roof in parts Each part should be a flat polygon and the parts should completely cover the roof The roof may have vertical parts slope 90 but parts with slope gt 90 are not supported When the user leaves the Roof Editor view the program calculates the shape of the body part s sides and of the walls and the ceiling of the zones that are partially inside the body part The user may also press Apply button to do the same calculations before leaving the view To divide the roof The roof is divided in two steps 1 Define the vertices corners of the roof parts To do this press Edit vertices button and then click with mouse the positions of the vertices A new vertex is inserted at every click Press Done button to finish this step It is also possible to move and delete vertices in Edit vertices mode See Editing lines for details The coordinates of the vertices may be also edited on the Properties page of the Side Bar 2 Define the roof parts To define a part press Add part button than mark all vertices of this part with mouse and press Make part button Repeat this operation until the roof is completely covered by the parts To edit the height of the roof Until the user has changed the heights of roof vertices the height of a simple horizontal roof is specified on the building body part s Properties page on the Side Bar the field labeled z max To define non horizontal ro
44. tubes or actual fins The modeling approach will in steady state correspond to the Resistance method of the standard EN 15377 1 The floor coil circuit can have its own three way valve and pump circuit keeping the massflow constant default Emitted power is then controlled by varying the supply water temperature PI P or on off control can be selected PI is default A further alternative Always on is also available which will keep both the boiler mass flow and the coil circulation massflow permanently at their design values Control must then be maintained by the boiler temperature controller 24 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 In the case where no separate coil pump circuit is used the four control options will instead act by limiting the massflow through the coil or keeping it constant at design conditions in the Always on case Floor heating and cooling temperature control Cooling Heating Design power 00 wm ativan at desion Bo power Caia Sensor Coil massflow g Given by supply massflows no separate circulation pump Constant flow giving at most a coil ae tae Location in slab Depth under surface S Heat transfer coefficient ee wm Figure 3 9 Floor heating form 25 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 4 CAD and image import In IDA Indoor Climate and Energy it is possible to import CAD objects and image files
45. y co ordinates are indicated in a local coordinate system for the building called the building system below that moves and rotates with the building Before editing the origin of coordinates for the building system coincides with the lower left corner of the building The building system is then also at the origin of coordinates for the global coordinate system which is marked by the origin marker The shape of building body part is limited to C prisms with flat vertical walls C a part of such prism limited by the roof The roof may consist of one or more flat polygons with slope from 0 horizontal outer side upward to 90 vertical C a custom polyhedral that may be imported but not edited in ICE The zone geometry is described relative to a point in the building system where the z coordinate gives the height of the floor above ground level The zone is defined by its height plus the corners of the floor The corners x and y co ordinates are indicated in a local coordinate system for the zone called the zone system below that moves and rotates with the zone The zone system is defined by the origin s coordinates in the building system and the rotation angle around the z axis The shape of the zones is limited to prisms with vertical walls If the prism is intersecting with the roof only the part under the roof is included in the zone A local coordinate system called the surface system is defined on
46. zone model 3 4 Solar radiation modeling A key issue in building simulation is the treatment of direct and diffuse solar radiation Let us follow the main steps in the treatment of sunlight entering the building If synthetic weather is used ICE first computes direct and diffuse sunlight intensities based on the clearness number given in the Location object At the advanced level the components used for this computation are found in the Schematic tab of the building form under the heading Climate processor In the next model in the chain the solar position in the sky is computed and all the signals computed so far are sent to a set of Face models where the climatic conditions outside each main building surface Fa ade are computed In this model the distribution of diffuse radiation in the sky is also computed by default using the Perez model In the next step solar radiation on an individual object such as a window is computed Connected to each window model See Figure 3 3 is a shading calculation model Shade that computes the shading of both direct and diffuse light on the receiving surface This model puts all shading surfaces in one bin including building self shading shading by neighboring buildings and shading by possibly movable objects directly outside of the window External shading Diffuse light from the sky is also shaded but no reflections other than ground reflection are accounted for Ground reflection for eac
47. 0 Thermal mass Objects of the type Thermal mass inserted in a zone see Insert object are always edited in this form 106 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 f E Wall mass object in buildingl Zone ESen Wall mass entirely inside zone Area m2 Construction Default Interior wall with insulation gt Surface Default surface gt Convective heat transfer coefficient Wi m2 K Radiation is calculated r Object Name Wall mass Description Wall mass Field description etc Area Area per side of two sided wall m2 Construction Construction order between sides is immaterial Heat transfer coefficient Convective heat transfer coefficient long wave heat transfer is calculated by ICE W m2 K This type of object is used to model masses like internal walls and floor slabs that are contained inside the zone are seen by the zone walls and thus partake in the radiation balance The given area should provide a figure for the area exposed towards the zone surfaces Note that all objects are treated as double sided the area of one side is given The construction specified should correspond to a section through the object 7 4 11 Custom ventilation control A ventilation control macro is used to describe a custom ventilation control strategy for a zone See Custom control for general information about control macros T
48. 2 0 2 0 0 01 1 904 12 5 E Conference ro 0 0 26 26 3 21 25 Air Ha CAV 2 0 2 0 0 06 3 825 75 An object of the Building type is presented in a form on the screen This contains all the objects connected to the building The building s form is automatically displayed each time the user selects to open an already existing or a new document please see Working with IDA systems The form above shows a sample appearance of the building form It contains standard versions of the air handling unit the primary system and energy meters in the HVAC system and Energy meter list boxes Field descriptions etc Location Location of the building The chosen location does not have to correspond exactly to the location of the climate file Climate Choice of climate object The object contains a reference to a climate file and information about this file or indicates that synthetic climate is to be used design day data for summer or winter in the Location object Wind profile Choice of wind profile object Wind profile is only important for studies where pressure coefficients are given Holidays Optional choice of list of holidays The holidays are treated either as Sundays or using special rules for time schedules that define such rules Project data Object for documentation of the simulation object and the current choice of parameters Project data are written on reports etc Defaults 46 IDA I
49. 37 6 1 Speeding up computation 37 6 2 Numerical instabilities 38 ICE Reference Manual 40 7 1 General 40 7 1 1 The Geometry in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 40 FA Objects in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy in alphabetical order 42 7 1 3 Objects in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy in hierarchical order 43 7 2 Building simulation 46 7 2 1 General tab 46 Toons Forms for IDA resources 66 I Floor plan tab 67 7 2 4 3D tab 77 ds Simulation tab 83 7 2 6 Dialog for choice of output 84 1 2 1 Results tab 88 7 3 HVAC Systems 89 7 3 1 The Primary system 89 7 3 2 Air handling unit 90 7 3 3 Form for Heating Coil 90 7 3 4 Form for cooling coil 91 7 3 5 Form for Heat Exchanger 92 7 3 6 Form for choice of schedule 92 7 3 7 Edit temperature depending input 93 7 4 Zone 95 7 4 1 Zone form 95 1 4 2 Calculation of thermal bridge coefficients 97 7 4 3 Dialog for controller setpoints 98 1 4 4 Operative temperatures 99 7 4 5 Form for occupant load 100 7 4 6 Form for Lights 103 TAT Light Control Macro 104 7 4 8 Form for equipment load 105 7 4 9 Convective internal mass 106 7 4 10 Thermal mass 106 7 4 11 Custom ventilation control 107 7 4 12 Zone Advanced tab 108 7 4 13 Zone central control 108 7 4 14 Walls Floor and Ceiling 110 7 4 15 Windows and openings 117 7 4 16 Heating cooling ventilation 138 7 5 IDA Resources and Database 147 7 5 1 Database objects in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 147 7 5 2 Dialog for Schedule 14
50. 6 Heating cooling ventilation 7 4 16 1 Zone equipment for cooling and heating Local heating or cooling is supplied in the zone by defining room units either directly in the zone ideal heater and cooler fan coil local AHU or on the walls in the ceiling or on the floor There is general equipment for waterborne cooling for both radiative and convective equipment a water radiator or convector floor heating and an electric radiator The Expert edition supports also heated and cooled floor ceiling See further the IDA ICE Manual 7 4 16 2 Ideal cooler The ideal cooler is a room unit that cools the zone when no detailed information about an actual room unit such as a fan coil or active chilled beam is available or this amount of detail is unmotivated It has no given physical location on any room surface and is not connected to the plant of the building Physically think of it as a standalone air conditioner with fixed performance parameters An ideal cooler is inserted by default when a new zone is created unless it has been removed from the zone template The default capacity of the ideal cooler is given per m floor area in the zone template and should normally be selected to be large enough to safely be able to cool the zone under all conditions A PI controller will then be used to keep the room air or operative temperature at the cooling setpoint as specified in the Setpoint collection In order to study the performa
51. 7 7 5 3 Editing a Profile 150 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 6 Mathematical Model 7 6 1 Schema for zone advanced level 7 6 2 Custom control 7 7 Results 7 1 1 Result AHU Air Handling Unit temperatures 1 1 2 Result Airflow through the Air Handling Unit 71 1 3 Result Primary system s temperatures 1 1 4 Result Total heating and cooling 7 1 5 Result Main temperatures 7 7 6 Result Heat balance 1 1 1 Result Air temperature at floor and ceiling 7 1 8 Result Fanger s comfort indices 17 1 9 Result Air quality 7 7 10 Result Daylight level 7 7 11 Directed operative temperatures 7 7 12 Air flow in zone 7 7 13 Airborne heat flow into zone 7 7 14 Surface temperatures 7 7 15 Surface heat fluxes 7 7 16 Delivered Energy 7 7 17 Result Systems energy 7 7 18 Result Energy report for an air handling unit 7 7 19 Result Lost work 7 7 20 Result Zone energy 7 1 21 Thermal comfort report 152 152 152 157 157 158 159 160 161 162 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 172 173 176 177 178 179 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 1 About the Manual This manual gives a general introduction to IDA Indoor Climate and Energy IDA ICE Before or in parallel with r
52. 7 2 2 Forms for IDA resources IDA resources defined in building3 Helsinki 1979 gt Kalmar 1968 Concrete floor 150 Concrete floor 250mm Concrete joist roof Interior wall with insulation Rendered I w concrete wall 250 amp Air in 30 mm vert air gap amp Concrete amp Floor coating amp Gypsum amp L W concrete amp Light insulation amp Render Standard zone E 3 pane glazing clear 4 12 4 12 4 Office normal control Import resources from This form contains the IDA resources currently or previously used in a project If for example an Internal wall with insulation is chosen somewhere in the building the IDA resources Internal wall with insulation Gypsum Air in 30 mm vertical gap and Lightweight insulation will appear in the list The Internal wall with insulation contains references to a set of material resources A change made in an IDA resource at the building level applies to all the instances in the building where it has been used If for example the density is changed for the IDA resource concrete from 2300 kg m to 2400 kg m at the building level this change will influence all walls and floors in the building that contain concrete Resources that have no references to them aren t used can be deleted Right click to check where a resource is used Resource objects can also be stored in separate re
53. 8N Elevation o m Longitude 16 3E y Time zone 1E h r Object Name Kalmar 1968 Description SMHI weather station in Kalmar This form describes a Climate object which provides information about an actual climate data file on disk Indicated here is the path to the file prn which contains the data geographical position of the station height of the wind measurement etc The description gives qualitative information about the data its selection extreme weather periods etc Field descriptions etc Filename the name and place for the data file which must have a special IDA format is given here Wind measurement height wind speed data in the file corresponds to measurements at this height over the ground m Position Station name of measuring station Position Country country or geographical area of measuring station Position Latitude measuring station s latitude Deg To avoid sign confusion the directions from equator are denoted by N north and S south Position Longitude measuring station s longitude Deg To avoid sign confusion the directions from Greenwich are denoted by E east and W west Position Elevation measuring station s height over the sea level m Position Time zone measuring station s time zone h To avoid sign confusion the directions from Greenwich are denoted by E east and W west e g 1 E for Central Europe Object Name and des
54. CAV Mechanical supply airflow for CAV systems l s m2 floor area VAV flows are given in Controller setpoints Return air for CAV Mechanical return airflow for CAV systems l s m2 floor area VAV flows are given in Controller setpoints Displacement degree for gradient calculation From 0 well mixed to 1 displacement ventilation or a negative value for temperature gradient given by the user Internal gains page For automatic addition of occupant and equipment loads These will be added to a new zone in proportion to the initial zone floor area If the zone size is later on changed the internal gains will not be changed accordingly Select type and schedule Occupants Equipment Lights Advanced page Element of construction External walls Construction for external walls not described in the zone Internal walls Construction for internal walls not described in the zone Internal floors Construction for internal floors not described in the zone Roof Construction for roofs not described in the zone External floor Construction for ground floor slabs not described in the zone A ground insulation layer is normally described as part of the ground structure Room unit power Specify the power of ideal heater and cooler per 1 m2 of initial size of floor area See Geometry in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy for a description of how the geometry and coordinate systems in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy are defined The form for building geometry i
55. CE modeling project there is some support for retaining previous work New IFC models can be loaded while modeling either replacing the existing model or adding to it e g loading several floors that are in separate IFC files When a new file is loaded the user is given the option to replace or add to the current IFC model and to replace or keep mapping information and existing ICE zones If the IFC information is incomplete or too complex for some part of the building the user can simply avoid to instantiate these zones based on IFC background and draw them manually on the floor plan 4 5 Importing CAD objects as building bodies or zones CAD objects can be imported as building bodies or zones if the imported geometry only contains a volume enclosed by polygon surfaces polyhedron without holes between the surfaces The geometry should describe the inner surface of the external walls for a building and the inner surface of the zone walls for a zone No other information than the pure geometry of the building body or zone can be included in the CAD object Click Import on the floor plan tab and choose Import building body or Import zone geometry 29 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Imported building bodies and zones have protected geometry i e their geometry is non editable However an imported building body is fully editable if the imported geometry only has one floor and that floor is horizontal
56. Click Animation button Opens the Show animated results dialog In the Show animated results dialog select variables to animate and click Show Any number of overlay variables check box but only one scale bar variable radio button can be selected at a time An animation starts C The values of the variable are shown with colors on the surfaces of the objects A scale bar is displayed to correlate a specific color to a variable value CI Some variable values e g the ventilation air flows are shown with colored arrows A scale bar is displayed to correlate a specific color to a variable value Overlay variable values are shown in a table in the top right corner of the 3D view Pause the animation Click the Play Pause button Start the animation Click the Play Pause button gt A 3 second time OoOod Speed up slow down the animation Change the Tplay value the time it takes to animate 24 hours of simulation CI Jump forward backward in the animation Use the scroll bar or change the simulation time value C Close the animation Use the Close button Alternatively Press H or Right mouse button menu gt Hide animation Tip To highlight difference between close variable values narrow the visualized range by entering min and max range of values in the Show animated results dialog Check Auto to reset to full variable range Check Absolute value to visualize the absolute value of the variable Tip To change t
57. Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 equations At this level the individual time evolution of variables can be studied All equations parameters and variables can be examined at this level A user of the Expert edition of the program may also edit the connection structure at the advanced level Some of these operations are easy to carry out e g changing a proportional controller with a thermostat Others are more complicated and require a deeper knowledge of the design of the models Use of the advanced level is introduced in Chapter 5 EQUA also maintains some exercises that can be used to gain familiarity with the advanced level There is also a great deal of information in on line help texts building3 building3 idm seas General Schematic Floor plan _3D_ Simulation Results _ Indoor Climate and Energy Object building3 Climate File Synthetic summer k Air Handling Unit Hot Water Coid Zones Air Climate Processor f R ae Zone Building Window faces types A e Primary system ocCLocHeTot LostWH fentCentHeat LaPeer T 2 Run Figure 2 4 Main Form for the building at the advanced level 2 3 Forms and dialogs The Windows part of the program everything but IDA Room which runs in a web browser is built up around forms and dialogs The forms contain no Cancel button i e there is no access to earlier ve
58. D varies between 0 and 100 and the ideal value is 5 i e at least five percent are always dissatisfied If occupants in the zone think it is too warm or too cold PMV varies between 3 too warm and 3 too cold and should preferably lie close to zero NB The measurement for PMV has been multiplied by 10 in the diagram The comfort measurement is calculated only for times when respective occupant loads are present For further information about the index see ASHRAE Fundamentals 165 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 7 9 Result Air quality Last day of simulation 2011 07 15 Ez H 5 3 E z a one fs iz 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 4680 4682 4684 4686 46838 4690 4692 4694 4696 4698 4700 4702 s Air age h All in flows through terminals e CO2 ppm vol prose openings Relative humidity Ke Dp Calc Compare Air age A measure of how long an average air molecule has spent in the building If a zone is ventilated by outside air only and is in steady state this number is 1 air changes per hour The age of air measure takes account also of air that has aged in neighboring zones CO2 content given in ppm with respect to volume but is scaled here with a factor of 0 01 to make the diagram more understandable Normal limits during demand controlled ventilation are 1000 1200 ppm but considerably higher values can occur withou
59. G TrueView DWG files are assumed to be two dimensional i e any 3D geometry is flattened to 2D at import SketchUp skp 3D Studio 3ds Wavefront obj Computer Graphics Metafile cgm Corel Presentation Exchange cmx MicroStation DGN dgn Micrografx DRW drw Gerber File Format gbr Scalable Vector Graphics svg Printer Command Language pcl prn prt Macintosh PICT pct HP GL HP GL2 plt WordPerfect Graphics wpg vwpg Image files Bitmap bmp 82 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 JPEG Interchange Format jpeg jpg Portable Networks Graphics png ZSoft PC Paint pcx Tagged Image File Format tiff tif Adobe Photoshop psd Truevision tga Windows Meta File emf wmf 7 2 5 Simulation tab 7 2 5 1 Simulation tab Requested output Click Select to see and or specify what diagrams and reports that will be created during the simulation Heating load See Heat Load Calculation and Results in ICE Getting Started manual Cooling load See Cooling Load Calculation and Results in ICE Getting Started manual Energy See Energy Calculation in ICE Getting Started manual Custom Open Simulation data dialog to select simulation times and tolerances etc Advanced level Click Build Model to re build the mathematical model of the system Click Edit to switch to the schematic view of the system After a simulation the result diagrams a
60. Hour Hour Selected point Minute Minute Selected point Value Value The Dialog box for a profile is opened from the advanced schedule dialog In the Points list box time and value points can be added with the Add button The Delete button is used to delete a selected point The times 0 00 and 24 00 can never be deleted The data values for the selected point can be changed in the Selected point box Note that the point s value in the list box is not changed until the cursor is moved from the field that has been changed Hour Minute or Value When times are changed or added the points are automatically rearranged into time order in the list box To edit the profile in diagram form instead select the Diagram Tab BN Profile Name Unnamed Data Diagram 0 4 0 2 0 1 0 a a ee ee ee E 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time h 151 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Field descriptions etc Edit Properties Click on the Edit button and the profile breakpoints are marked with small squares in the figure These can be moved with the mouse However the breakpoints can never be moved in such a way that the profile no longer is a pure function of time When editing is complete click on the Done button To cancel editing and return to the original state click instead on the Abort button The Properties button is used to change the properties of the diagram the scale of the axes among ot
61. In that case the building will be moved together with the building s coordinate system To resize a body part When a body part is selected the selection mark contains 8 active points at the corner and the center of the sides of the body part of the bounding rectangle if the part is not rectangular To resize the body part drag an active point with mouse To align or stick a side of the body part to another object zone another body part a line in CAD drawing drag this side near to that object and keep it for a while with left mouse button pressed 68 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 It is possible to resize several objects body parts and zones together It is also possible to resize the body part by editing the sizes on the Properties page of the Side Bar This is the way to change the height of body part To rename a body part See Object name To remove a body part See Removing components Note that the building should have at least one body part To edit the roof Click the body part with right mouse button and select Edit roof from shortcut menu See Editing roof for details There is also a link on the Properties view of the Side Bar 7 2 3 3 Editing Roof The Roof Editor view shows the roof of a building body part The numerical details are shown on the Properties page of the Side Bar Initially the roof is flat and horizontal The user can make the roof slanted by editing the heights of
62. Local cooling units Heat from controlled cooling units e g chilled beams fan coils etc Net losses Heat from pipes ducts etc the leakage from which has been defined in Extra energy and losses The time evolution of the individual terms can be followed by selecting Log sources in the List of output objects This diagram can be used to display a sensible only heat balance for the zone NB This balance will not generally sum to zero since latent sources are neglected and thermal mass can be included in the control volume The control volume for the Zone energy object includes any embedded heating or cooling coil in the structure and may therefore have a significant thermal mass 178 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The table for Envelope transmission shows heat flux via transmission only through the building envelope It has the following columns category comment Walls Heat gained through external walls Roof Heat gained through the roof Floor Heat gained through any external floor towards ambient or the ground Windows Heat gained via transmission only through windows and frames Thermal bridges Heat gained through thermal bridges The algorithm for categorization will keep track of each gain term and integrate it separately for the categories during cooling and during heating When the zone temperature is above or slightly below the Max temperature as specified in the Setpoint collectio
63. Schedule gt Show connections The form is used for algorithmic objects that describe a time schedule Follow the Schedule link to set data 92 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 3 7 Edit temperature depending input ft Piecewise proportopnal controller SS Data Diagram Name SupSetpoint Description P controller w a number of LINear SEGments Selected point Add Ambient temperature 40 Supply air temperature 5 Certain input in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy depends on outdoor air temperature Under the Data Tab in the piecewise proportional controller dialog a number of points can be given to define such dependency As an example the Dialog box is opened in the form for primary system and air handling unit by double clicking on the symbol with the following appearance Ari Field descriptions etc Description Object description Points Add Delete Selected point Ambient temperature Selected point Supply heating water temp 93 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 y A ina Piecewise proportopnal controller Data Diagram Supply air temperature 20 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Ambient temperature naa nGa ee Under the Diagram Tab the temperature dependency is presented in the form of a curve This
64. Simulation AB 2013 Import building body Import building bogy from CAD drawing Import zone geometry Import one or more zones and building body from CAD drawing IFC Opens IFC menu Import Import of an IFC model or CAD drawing or Windows graphics as background Mapping The transfer of data objects from the IFC model to IDA is described here Remove Remove the imported IFC model Make a single zone from all marked IFC spaces When adding zone create a single zone from all marked IFC spaces Make a separate zone from every marked IFC space When adding zone create a zone from each marked IFC spaces Lock Disable moving and resizing of objects of given types Show Menu with different options that control the appearance of the floor plan Visual filter Remove filter Shadow or hide objects of some types on both floor plan and 3D view Plan size Presents the relation of the drawing pad to the coordinate system The view size may be also changed by dragging the page s edges Level xxx m Press here to view the floor plan at some other height in the building 12 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 2 3 5 Zone defaults Zone defaults Settings for new zones Use template Ordinary zone X General Internal gains Advanced Controller setpoints local for zone gt Room height m r Air SelectAHU Air Handling Unit 7 Vv Cooling mri meme GAY Supply air for CAV Li
65. The users may add custom actuator signals Facade Ambient data measured at the face Only available for the opening and shading controls Functional Custom signals from the central zone control to device mode control macros Plant Properties of the supply and return water control signals defined in the plant macro free cooling free heating Setpoints The set points defined in the zone Not available in the Supervisory control macro If the set points are redefined in the central zone control the device control macro will get the redefined setpoints Supervisor The signals coming from the supervisor control macro The users may define custom signals Zone Various signals measured in the zone Not available in the Supervisory control macro Zone sensor Various signals from one or more zone Controlled The signals measured in the controlled device are device available on the left border of the macro Control targets The output from control macros should be connected Control target object The central zone macro may generate 3 types of control signals Signal type Comments Actuator Directly control the devices in the zone signals Setpoint signals Override the zone setpoints Functional Send information to the device control macros mode The supervisor macro may also send signals to zones to air handling units and to the plant All Control target objects are available from the palette page Links Connecting the output fr
66. These can be used as a base when creating the simulation model or as shading elements that cast shadows onto the simulation model There are three categories of CAD objects and image files building information models BIM CAD and vector graphic files and image files BIM files contain 3D geometry as well as properties for walls windows and materials etc An IDA ICE model i e building bodies zones and windows etc can be automatically created from the geometrical information Furthermore the properties of objects in the BIM file can be mapped to the corresponding objects in the simulation model The 3D geometry of a BIM file can also be selected to shade the simulation model CAD and vector graphic files contain 3D or 2D geometry A section of this geometry is shown as lines in the floor plan tab and these lines can be used to snap building bodies and zones etc in the floor plan Building bodies and zones can be automatically created from graphic files if the imported geometry consists of volumes enclosed by polygon surfaces 3D CAD objects can be selected to shade the simulation model Image files contain raster bitmap images These are shown in the floor plan tab when the section is close to the location of the image The images can be used as a background when drawing building bodies and zones in the floor plan or when inserting windows and shading objects in the 3D view 4 1 Supported file formats 4 1 1 BIM Industry Foundation C
67. To place a CAD object image at the current mouse pointer in the 3D view use Right mouse button menu gt Import CAD or Right mouse button menu gt Import CAD to site 4 7 Moving and scaling CAD objects and images A CAD object is automatically scaled and positioned so that it corresponds to the simulation model The scale and position of a CAD object can be seen and edited by double clicking on the object A section of the CAD object or image is shown in the floor plan tab if the floor plan level is within the bounds of the object Select this section by clicking on it Move and change size of the CAD object image by dragging resizing the section A CAD object can also be moved in the 3D view Select the CAD object hold down the ctrl key and drag the object The object moves in the x y plane To move a CAD object along the z axis hold down the ctrl key and the shift key while dragging 4 8 Shading by imported 3D objects 3D CAD objects can be selected to shade the simulation model Check the Calculate shadows checkbox in the dialog shown when the object is double clicked Every non transparent surface of the 3D object is included in the shadow calculation and visualization 1 To select a CAD object click on the geometry lines To select an object that is behind another object press the ctrl key and click on the object until it is selected 30 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 4 9 Storage of CAD objects
68. User Manual IDA Indoor Climate and Energy Version 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB February 2013 Copyright 2013 EQUA Simulation AB IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The author and the publisher make no representation or warranties of any kind with regard to the completeness or accuracy of the contents herein and accept no liability of any kind including but not limited to performance merchantability fitness for any particular purpose or any losses or damages of any kind caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly from this book All rights reserved 2013 EQUA Simulation AB Solna Sweden World rights reserved No part of this publication may be stored in a retrieval system transmitted or reproduced in any way including but not limited to photocopy photograph magnetic or other record without the prior agreement and written permission of the publisher Trademarks EQUA IDA Indoor Climate and Energy IDA ICE IDA Early Stage Building Optimization and IDA ESBO are trademarks of EQUA Simulation AB All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Contents 1 About the Manual 2 Basic principles of IDA and IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 2 1 Introduction 2 2 The three levels of user interface eo ON 2 3 Forms and dialogs 3 Model description 3 1 The Primary system 3 1 1 Th
69. ad type can be in one zone Their placing in the zone is not considered to influence the results 7 4 9 Convective internal mass Objects of this type inserted in a zone see Insert object are always edited in this form L Furniture object in building3 Reception son ox Convective internal mass Area m2 Construction Default furniture Convective heat transfer coefficient sees Radiation is assumed to be zero r Object Name Furniture Description Field description etc Area Area per side object is described as two sided wall m2 Construction Approximate the object by wall type construction Heat transfer coefficient Convective heat transfer coefficient no long wave exchange is calculated W m2 K This type of object is used to model internal masses that primarily interact with the zone air and that are seen by the walls only to a minor extent Examples could be store room shelves furniture plants etc These masses can have a relatively large influence on fast temperature variations but can normally be neglected in energy calculations The area should give an estimate of the total area exposed to the zone air Note that all objects are treated as double sided e g for a desk the top side area should be given The construction specified should correspond to a section through the object and several material layers can be specified in the same way as for a wall 7 4 1
70. al information regarding zone cooling and heating room units Local heating or cooling is supplied to the zone by room units All room units are listed in the zone form Some units such as ideal heaters and coolers do not have a given location in the room These can be introduced directly into the list in the zone form Most hydronic units may on the other hand be located on a specific zone surface and they are instead inserted by dragging them onto a surface From version 4 5 most hydronic units can also exist without a specific position in the zone i e they can be dragged directly into the zone form Note however that all radiative units still require an explicit surface area Given on the Properties page when the input form of the unit is active The temperature setpoint for cooling devices is normally taken directly from the Control setpoints max value for Temperature see Figure 3 5 The corresponding value for heaters is the Temperature min value However from version 4 5 it is also possible for the Expert edition user to define any controller for an individual device 3 7 Ideal heaters and coolers Ideal room units should be used to condition the zone when no detailed information about an actual room unit such as a fan coil or active chilled beam is available or this amount of detail is unmotivated They have no given physical location on any room surface and are not connected to the plant of the building They do have a maxim
71. ally controls which one of these is displayed depending on the character of the schedule A simple schedule can always be changed to an advanced schedule by clicking on the Advanced key in the simple schedule Simple schedule dialog The simple schedule dialog graphically shows the profiles for workdays and weekends They are edited by drawing horizontal segments More complex schedules for example taking account of holidays are edited in the advanced dialog 147 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 a Schedule B Name 06 18 every day cm Monday Friday 1 0 8 15 0 0 otherwise 1 0 BEE HEE on 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 Saturday 1 0 8 15 0 0 otherwise 1 0 0 5 V Same as Mon Fri RA 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 Sunday 1 0 8 15 0 0 otherwise 1 0 0 5 V Same as Saturday PP l 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 a Cie Field descriptions etc Name Choice of Schedule object The rest of the dialog shows the details of the selected schedule Monday Friday The profile for workdays Saturday The profile for Saturday Same as Mon Fri Checked if no special schedule should be applied for Saturday Sunday and Holidays The profile for Sunday and holidays Same as Saturday Checked if no special schedule should be applied for Sundays and holidays Advanced Show the schedule in Advanced dialog Advanced schedule di
72. alog If the simple definition is not enough to define the variation with time an advanced definition can be given A schedule has a name a description and a number of rules One of these is always in effect The schedule value at any given point in time is the value of the rule in effect at that time 148 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 f Schedule a ij I sai Name 06 18 every day cm gt Rules pete e other days Data for selected rule Daily schedule a 1 0 0 5 i nn 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 Valid days Mon Wed Fri Sun tart dat Calendar Tue Thu Sat Calendar Schedule On every day 6 18 otherwise off description Field descriptions etc Name Choice of Schedule object The rest of the dialog shows the details of the selected schedule Description Object description Rules The list of schedule rules Add Add a new rule to the Schedule Delete Delete the selected rule from the Schedule Promote Promote the selected rule in the Schedule Demote Demote the selected rule in the Schedule Daily schedule Graphically show the daily profile of the selected rule If the profile is simple enough it may be edited directly by drawing its horizontal segments by the mouse cursor Daily schedule Diagram settings Click this button to change the appearance of the profile diagram Daily schedule Edit profile Click this bu
73. an energy simulation Scalar results often represent maximum values of various sensor readings Note that by default signals are filtered by a 15 minute sliding average time can be changed in System parameters This is because very sharp peak values spikes often convey insignificant information that depends on approximations made rather than on underlying physics This also means that presented results may not always correspond with a manual reading from a diagram Study the tooltip texts also presented in the status bar of each signal for more precise information Modified The time when the model was last changed Only shown if the model was changed after the latest simulation Saved 88 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The time when the case was last saved on disk Simulated The time when the latest simulations were run Sim type The type of the last simulation Make report When pressed the results are combined into a single Word document Implemented for Word 2000 or later Detailed result A list of all result objects requested before the simulation More Access to further reports e g Multizone report the equivalent of the zone Energy report but applied to an arbitrary collection of zones or Compare results a way of comparing multiple separate cases in the same report 7 3 HVAC Systems 7 3 1 The Primary system a Plant object in building3 Lo JU Jes S
74. and does not contain any holes and the geometry does not have any outward leaning walls surfaces with their exterior normal pointing downwards This is the same kind of geometry that can be created in the ICE roof editor Importing geometry as zone will also create a building body of the same shape as the zone If a geometry file contains multiple polyhedron geometries each with a separate color they are imported as separate building bodies or zones in ICE If surfaces are placed one wall thickness apart these are regarded as thermally connected internal walls 4 6 Importing CAD objects and images as background CAD objects and image files are either imported with respect to the building coordinate system and are then moved with the building if the building is repositioned or rotated or they are imported with respect to the site coordinate system and remain fixed if the building is repositioned or rotated Import a CAD object image file with respect to the building coordinate system by clicking the Import button on the floor plan tab and choosing CAD and vector graphic Alternatively select Import CAD on the Insert menu while the 3D tab is shown Import a CAD object image file with respect to the site coordinate system by clicking the Import site CAD button on the Site object dialog opened by clicking Site shading and orientation on the General tab Alternatively select Import CAD to site on the Insert menu while the 3D tab is shown
75. animation 7 2 4 3 Incorporating CAD objects and images Inserting CAD objects and images Insert gt Import CAD Opens the Import CAD dialog In the Import CAD dialog select file and click Open Alternatively click Import button gt CAD and vector graphic Bitmap or IFC button gt Import on the Floor plan tab C The CAD object image is shown in the 3D view and a section of it is shown on the floor plan tab C The CAD object image is inserted with respect to the building coordinate system i e it will move with the building when the building is repositioned C Move and change size of the CAD object image by dragging it resizing it in floor plan or editing the parameters in the dialog shown when object is double clicked C Include the object not image files in the shadow calculation and visualization Check the Calculate shadows checkbox in the dialog shown when object is double clicked C By default CAD objects are save in the system file idm so that the original CAD file does not need to be saved If the CAD file is big the option of not saving it in the system file will be given This will speed up the performance of IDA ICE but the original CAD file needs to be saved Tip To place a CAD object image at the current mouse pointer use Right mouse button menu gt Import CAD Inserting CAD objects and images to site 81 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Insert gt Import CAD
76. are included in the list of IDA Resources Use this list to manage the custom controls e g copy to other systems A user defined control macro is never simulated in its original form Instead a copy of this macro is created for every use and all these individual copies are simulated being connected to the appropriate signal sources and targets Therefore the user defined macro will never contain results of simulations such as values of variables in models and time series in output files If an output file is inserted into a control macro or into a sub macro of a control macro a copy of this output file will be created in every simulated instance of this control macro When running from standard level these output files are copied the zone or to the building before the simulated instances of control macros are destroyed The control macros are designed to work in the standard level of building models When switching to advanced level the copies of the control macros are created and connected as before simulation These copies are treated as ordinary macro objects in the advanced system Operations available in the device form The following operations are supported by the controller field in the device form see the table above for list of devices and controller fields What to do How to do To select a Click the field and select the desired strategy from the control strategy list To define anew Click the field and select New control type
77. as diagrams and reports There are several different diagrams to choose from The selection is made from the Choice of output dialog that is accessed by clicking on the Requested output button in the building form or if Choose output is selected in the Tools menu The following diagram and reports exist those marked with are pre selected but can be deleted Diagrams Building level AHU temperatures Air temperatures in central AHU AHU airflows Air flows through central AHU Plant temperatures Plant temperatures Boiler amp chiller in amp out Total heating and cooling Heat and cooling supplied by plant and ideal room units Plant details Detailed measures from an ESBO plant model Zone level Main temperatures Air and operative temperatures 84 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Heat balance Detailed heat balance for zone Air temperatures at floor and ceiling Air temperatures at floor and ceiling in case of displacement ventilation Fanger s comfort indices Fanger s comfort indices PPD PMV Indoor Air Quality Indoor air quality measures Ac h CO2 level humidity Daylighting Daylight level at desktop 1st person Directed operative temperatures Air flow in zone Air flows in zone in out through internal external walls or mechanical ventilation Airborne heat flow into zone Airborne net heat flows into zone through internal walls envelope and mechanical ventilation Surface temperatur
78. ation AB 2013 We will now go through a few examples of useful operations at the advanced level of ICE 5 1 Example 1 Presenting more data in an existing diagram Suppose we are interested in the air temperature after the heat exchanger in the air handling unit and would like to see the graph together with the other temperatures of the AHU Open the AHU window Figure 5 1 and double click on the connection between the heat exhanger and the heating coil A small window is opened showing the connection between the two interfaces SUPOUT SUPply OUT of the heat exchanger hx is connected to the AIRFLOWIN interface of the heating coil hc To see the actual variables of the connection double click on the box hx SUPOUT TSUPOUT is the variable we are looking for Double click on it to get the form at the lower right of Figure 5 2 s a SS _ SUPOUT interface in bustebengl Ast Hancdhng Unit Ae m ARFLOwN gt cose Meraca hx SUPOUT Description Leaving supply air POETEN EEE f ae pa Connections TSUPOUT variable in bullaing sir Handling Unit koloa mu FH SUPOUT z Continuous variable e gt he AIRFLO ose DEZEN 4 TSUPOUT wn t i oD Description Leaving supply air temp 7 P arsuney ee Status Vere i OH CD atien Source or Connected with ne TAIRIN SU ee tI 4 Q m PSUP lt BU connection x ET SUP stant 3 Vah 15 0 Deg C m Tsupourisiq SNe se se J
79. ature to zones is 15 C and the heated water temperature is a function of the outdoor air temperature For many studies nothing needs to be altered in the HVAC systems The default air handling unit AHU can be removed but a plant object must always be present in a model However without an AHU or any water based room units the plant will not use any energy This description deals firstly with the default primary system plant then follows the supply chain to the AHU Air Handling Unit and finally to the zones With IDA ESBO more complex plants are easy to build However here we will treat only the simple default plant configuration 3 1 The Primary system In the default configuration the primary system consists of seven components designated 1 6 respectively in Figure 3 1 chiller 1 and a schedule 2 for its operation as well as a boiler 3 a controller 4 for hot water supply temperature and a schedule 5 for night setback operation Also connected to the boiler is a schedule for its operation 6 The six energy meters in the lower right corner monitor energy consumption of various categories in the primary system Standard Plant TDHW r Setpoint for supply hot water control 4 gt a OT FAR Setback schedule p oiler operation Chiller operation i iff outside air temp Chilled s to zones and AHU are constant Open boiler and chiller to s
80. ave shading coefficient 0 26 shadings are drawn Multiplier for U value 0 77 i i Object Name Medium dark lightly woven drape between panes Pe eS Cee Cae ae This dialog is used for giving parameters belonging to the objects of the integrated shading type for example a curtain or blind The multipliers modify the corresponding parameters for the window when the shading is on This object is only used for the standard window model integrated shading is handled differently in the detailed window model Field descriptions etc Integrated shading Choice of integrated shading object The rest of dialog displays the details of the shading object Multiplier for g Solar Gain Factor Multiplier for T Solar transmittance Multiplier for U value Object Name and description Integrated shading blinds curtains etc concerns all types of shading in the window s plane even external blinds External shading concerns permanent shading objects on the facade near the window e g side fins etc Three parameters are given for integrated shading These provide multipliers which indicate the effects of the shading in combination with the glazing See Dialog for glass construction for definitions of SHGC T and U for the glazing When the inner shading is on drawn the effective parameters become g_effective g multiplier for g T_ effective T multiplier for T U_ effective U
81. ble for new zones using appropriate zone templates after creation these values must be edited separately for each created zone By default an individual zone is created for each selected IFC space Optionally all the selected spaces can be merged if they have the same floor and ceiling level into larger zones This setting is found under the IFC button 28 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 F building3 building3 idm oles General Floor plan 3D Simulation Outline Results Ordinary zone Import IFC Lock Show Level 0 0 m Figure 4 2 IFC model with an ICE zone a selected IFC space and unselected IFC spaces The IDA ICE zones are created from the geometry of the corresponding IFC space es If for example a space is taller than the typical floor to floor distance of the building the corresponding ICE zone will also reach over more than a single floor One can change the horizontal section level during the zone creation process but it is currently not possible to combine several spaces vertically into a single zone Note that the Floorplan view displays two models simultaneously the zones of the created ICE model and the spaces of the IFC model Both categories of rooms can be individually selected and ICE zones can also be opened If the IFC model is revised during the I
82. can be edited which is done as a polyline When the curve is edited the points under the Data Tab are then corrected Field descriptions etc Edit Properties A polyline consists of line segments and break points the latter marked by small rectangles In this case it can be edited in three ways after double clicking on it or clicking on the Edit button 1 Its break points can be dragged to the desired position 2 A new break point can be inserted by clicking on or close to the line 3 An existing break point can be deleted by clicking on it To end editing click once with the Right button and select OK The curve can then be examined before leaving the dialog Alternatively the curve can be edited by defining points under the Data Tab Important do not insert any unnecessary breakpoints The solver can have severe problems with curves that contain small even microscopic irregularities 94 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 Zone 7 4 1 Zone form ma Zone a zone in building2 AcE General Advanced Outline Results cones 3 Todi neait O Open Floor Plan x x y y z Number of zones of this type 1 to ceiling 26 Loss factor for thermal bridges 9 9 wrc
83. ce between hot water and room air at design conditions C dT coolant at max power Cooling Temperature rise of coolant at design power C dT coolant at max power Heating Temperature drop of hot water at design power CC Controller Method of control of device output Choose between built in proportional and PI and user defined controllers The temperature setpoint is fetched from Controller setpoints Sensor Choice of the target of the control air temperature or operative temperature Active beams are air supply terminals combined with coils for cooling and sometimes also for heating In addition to providing natural convection which is active also without any 140 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 mechanical supply air the heat transfer is significantly improved by forced convection via the supply air stream The radiation component from active beams is normally quite small and it is neglected by the model hence the actual position in the ceiling of the beam has no impact on calculation results Read more about active beams in the manual 7 4 16 7 Floor Heating Floor heat temperature control Design power output Maximum temperature into coil Temperature drop across coil Controller Target setpoint Location in floor slab Depth under floor surface 1 The floor heat coil becomes a heated layer at the given depth in the floor constructon which is defined elsewhere for the
84. cesses the given efficiency is interpreted as 1 bypass factor in the same way as for the cooling coil but the apparatus dew point for the heat exchanger is defined as the incoming temperature for the opposite medium The fans have ideal pressure control with given setpoints and by default constant efficiencies i e they supply a fixed pressure head In most cases both these parameters only have significance for calculating fan electricity consumption By default the user gives directly the increase in air temperature by the fan and the system As an option the temperature rise may be computed automatically with a given percentage of motor and drive losses being deposited in the air For modeling of CAV systems the fan pressure rise and efficiency at the intended operating point should be entered pressure can also be given in terms of specific fan power SFP For VAV systems on the other hand the performance should be adapted for flows below the design point ASHRAE Standard 90 1 prescribes a way to do this that has been implemented in the fan model This part load efficiency reduction is activated selecting something else than lt unlimited gt in the drop box A rated flow must also be provided for this option The fans operational schedule is connected to both the supply and exhaust fans When the control signal is zero the fans supply a very low pressure head for numerical reasons greater than zero The fan schedule is als
85. chematic Outline Standard Plant r Setpoint for supply hot water Chiller operation Boiler operation Plant model with by default very large capacity Supply hot water setpoint is a function of outside air temp Chilled water temperatures to zones and AHU are constant Open boiler and chiller to set parameters For documentation see the section on Primary system in the manual 89 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 3 2 Air handling unit r Setpoint for supply air temperature gt 16 0 gt Select methodhere Heat exchanger operation Fan operation AHU with by default unlimited capacity Supply air ss pg CR temperature setpoint is constant according to time schedule or as a function of outside air temp E AHU energy Open components to set parameters A AHU eneray Read about the Air handling unit in the manual 7 3 3 Form for Heating Coil hc a mathematical model in building3 Air Handling Unit fo fe lis General Outine Code Heating coil Main parameters Air side effectiveness 0 1 set to zero to turn coil off Additional settings Liq side temp drop C The figure illustrates the form used for an object of the Heating Coil type A heating coil is one of the parts in the air handling unit The form is most easily opened by double clicking on the symbol for heating
86. coil hc in the air handling unit s Schema Field description etc ETAAIR Air side effectiveness at capacity DTLIQ Liquid side temperature drop C 90 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The heating coil has two important parameters ETAAIR the air side temperature efficiency and DTLIQ the desired waterside temperature reduction Capacity control is achieved by adapting the actual efficiency up to the given maximum efficiency level The necessary water flow is calculated and the water temperature is reduced if possible by the desired number of degrees There is no bypass on the liquid side control is achieved by simply restricting the water flow In the default configuration the temperature efficiency is set at 1 0 There are two situations when it may be desirable to change this to a more realistic value for coil sizing by means of simulation experiments and when making energy calculations in cases where the boiler efficiency is dependent on temperature conditions In addition the simplest and quickest way of removing the entire coil is to set the efficiency to zero 7 3 4 Form for cooling coil E cc a mathematical model in building3 Air Handling Unit GLC E General Outline Code Cooling coil Main parameters Air side effectiveness 0 1 set to zero to turn coil off Additional settings Liq side temp rise C The figure illus
87. cription Note that the descriptive weather station data given here is not in any way tied to the data given in the Location object It is the data in the Location object that describes the physical location of the simulated building and is used to calculate e g the sun s position wrt the simulated building 50 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The form for Climate definition is accessed when the Right button is pressed with the cursor over an object of the Climate data type e g Helsinki in the Climate field in the building form or in the form for IDA resources 7 2 1 4 Dialog for wind profile amp Wind Profile Wind Profile lo Default urban gt ind Profile Default urban Description z Parameters Name Value Unit Description m A0_ COEFF 0 67 m A EXP 0 25 Cancel Save as Help This dialog describes an object of the Wind profile type A description of the wind s profile can be found uppermost in the box Field descriptions etc Name Choice of wind profile The rest of the dialog shows the details of the selected profile Description A0_COEFF coefficient in power law expression for wind speed A_EXP exponent in power law expression for wind speed The wind is only relevant to the airflow through the building if pressure coefficients are given for the building facades The wind speed is considered t
88. ct Airborne heat flow into zone 163 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 7 6 1 7 7 7 Result Air temperature at floor and ceiling M Air temperatures at floor and ceiling output object in demo03 Zone Diagram Table Last day of simulation 2001 07 16 3 10 12 s Air temperature just above floor Deg C o Air temperature just below ceiling Deg C When a gradient calculation in the zone has been selected non well mixed zone all temperatures become dependent on the height from the floor Examples of influences of this are comfort around occupants air removed via return air or leaks convection at zone surfaces The result object is only available if Climate model has been selected in the zone s form 164 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 7 8 Result Fanger s comfort indices Diagram Table Last day of simulation 2009 07 19 gt Won 4776 4778 4780 4782 4784 4786 4788 4790 4792 4794 4796 4798 amp PMV Predicted Mean Vote at occupant 1 10 lt e PPD Predicted Pecentage of Dissatisfied at occupant 1 K e EB PPD Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied PMV Predicted Mean Vote These measures of comfort take into consideration temperature radiation moisture and draught as well as occupant clothing and level of activity PP
89. ct Name Door Description Large vertical opening Schedule smoothing applied Change in System parameters NB Doors can only be opened in the Expert edition of IDA ICE However also Standard edition users should add internal doors in relevant places since they provide a leakage path between zones also when closed They may also have a different construction Field description etc Construction Choice of door construction 126 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Two special values use wall construction means that wall has the same construction as the surrounding wall Opening without door In this case all other parameters are irrelevant Opening schedule Schedule for degree of window opening 0 fully closed 1 fully open Leak area ELA Equivalent leakage area when the door is closed defined at 4 Pa Cd 1 and at the door vertical midpoint Inner surface Optical properties of the inner surface Outer surface Optical properties of the outer surface relevant for inner doors only Object Name and description An opening between two zones or in an external wall gives rise to a sometimes bi directional air flow that will reduce the differences in temperature humidity and carbon dioxide content between the air masses The radiation through the opening is also considered The opening is defined by inserting an opening component in a wall For internal walls this is
90. cted A right pointing arrow in the IFC Data list indicates that the item has been bound Usually one first has to load relevant IDA ICE resources from the database by pressing Load from Db To inspect the selected IDA resource press View Repeat the procedure for window types as well Here one usually has to first create relevant windows in the ICE database including internal shadings etc 27 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 If wall constructions have been described in the IFC model with layer thicknesses and material names one can automatically create corresponding IDA ICE constructions In this case one starts instead with binding IFC material names with IDA ICE material resources Once the materials have been mapped IDA ICE wall construction resources are created by pressing Import from IFC when the relevant IFC wall type has been selected Any object in the IFC model which is not explicitly mapped to an IDA resource will be set to its default value which is given by pressing Defaults on the General tab in the building form Mapping IFC data to IDA resources E X Category Constructions z IFC data ICE resources Balcony 20 cm Default Entrance Roof 25 cm Concrete floor 150mm Entrance wall 15 cm Rendered I w concrete wall 250 External wall 1 32 cm Interior wall with insulation Floor Slab 25 cm Concrete floor 250mm Glass Roof 15 cm Concrete joist roof Parapet 20 cm
91. ction m DY Extension of base rectangle in y direction m DZ The height of the skylight above the roof m 125 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 L1 L4 Distance in the roof plane between the borders of the base and top rectangles four values for the four sides of the rectangle numbered by the closest zone Walls 1 4 m Construction Glass area Wall 1 4 Glazed areas on side towards Wall 1 4 m7 Glass area Roof Glazed area in top surface of pyramid m7 Walls Construction selected for unglazed parts of all five sides Data base selection of wall construction Glazing Selection of glazing construction optical and thermal properties Data base selection of glazing construction In the zone model the skylight has the thermal properties of a wall subsurface The temperature of this surface is set to a weighted average of the temperatures of the glazed and unglazed parts of the five surfaces of the skylight This model should rather well represent the long wave and convective properties of a heated skylight Downdraughts from cold vertical surfaces in the skylight will not be as well reproduced 7 4 15 5 Form for opening door General Opening Construction Default use wall construction x gt Opening schedule 07 17 every day gt Leak area m2 for closed internal doors Inner surface Default surface MO Outer surface Default surface x gt Obje
92. d Energy ICE is a simulation application for accurate study of indoor climate of individual thermal zones in a building as well as energy consumption for the entire building The user interface has been designed to make it easy to build up and simulate simple cases but also to offer the advanced user the full flexibility of IDA to facilitate the simulation of complex or unusual cases The system to be simulated consists of a building with one or more zones rooms and a primary system the subsystem containing primarily hydronic components such as chillers and boilers and one or more air handling units The default plant and AHU have unlimited capacity for providing zones with air and water at given temperatures For many studies nothing needs to be altered in these central HVAC systems With version 4 two additional concepts are added ideal room units cooler and heater and local air handling units Local AHUs are the same thing as central AHUs but they serve only a single zone and they are reached only from this zone under the More button Ideal room units provide zones with heating and cooling but they are not physically connected to the central plant They can be thought of as self contained boilers and chillers consuming electricity or fuel and serving the zone with heating or cooling Surrounding buildings or other objects might shade the building The air inside the building contains both humidity and carbon dioxide Weather data is
93. d the daylight level is below the given level see the details below C all user defined custom light control strategies C New custom control to define a new custom light control strategy C the light control targets defined in the zone central controller if such a controller is defined in the zone on advanced tab Schedule Operation schedule for lights Smoothing applied by default The output signal must be in the interval 0 1 Rated input per unit Consumption of electrical power when lights are on W Luminous eff Number of lumen emitted per watt supplied electrical power Im W Convective fraction Fraction of rated input emitted as convective heat 0 1 Energy meter Choice of Energy meter that reports the energy consumption of the lighting units Object Name and description 103 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The form for a light is opened e g by double clicking on an object of the Lights type in the Internal gains box in the zone form The light s extension and position on the zone s ceiling can be changed in the Surface editor for the ceiling where a light is marked with a specific symbol At the moment only one light source is allowed in a zone Typically the size and location of the light has but a small influence on the room climate except when a large output is emitted from a small surface To avoid this the light can be extended over a major part of the ceiling If the Contr
94. d this in turn costs execution time and causes poorer stability Output step If greater than zero recorded times in output files will have this time step h If a Time step for output has been given result files will be interpolated to have a fixed time step enabling for example Excel comparison of results between different runs Simulation time step is still variable If a Time step for output is zero or left blank the time step of output will be same as solver timesteps i e not equidistant in time Note that result files will contain instantaneous values of measured variables i e not integrated values over the given step In order to obtain average e g hourly results use Table tab of result diagrams instead For a dynamic simulation the solver will select the time step up to the Maximal timestep specified Allowing very long timesteps may create stability problems for the solver that in turn cost time to resolve 87 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 In the case of a periodic simulation the number of periods can be limited and a tolerance chosen for the relative changes required from day to day for the simulation to be considered periodic See also Topic note on timesteps at the ICE User Support web page Help menu 7 2 7 Results tab 7 2 7 1 Simulation Results The Results tab is shown automatically after a completed simulation E building3 building3 idm a General Floor plan 3D
95. dow 10 Shading Dece Frame Fraction ofthe Of total window area Usalue 20o L 2 Name Default 3 pane glazing clear 4 12 4 12 4 z gt Erer Temperature shading controt object in building Schemalic Outne Description The signals from sources listed on the lef remord More sources may be added by draggl The values of setpoints are mappedto the 20 The output signal should be connected to the g faterence on the border of the macro Click F 1 for more information Figure 5 4 To achieve the right performance of the thermostat we have to give a dead band with sign in this case a negative sign to get out signal 1 for high measure signals and 0 for low Finally we oO Open Floor Pian m rerea x lx Jive liv lee lize Object THERMOST jm HEASUREL INE insert a Constant field from the Utility palette and connect it to the setpoint link of the thermostat With a given setpoint value 22 C in Figure 5 5 the control system is defined After the simulation the effect of the shade control can be checked in the diagram Heat balance of building 35 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 mTAU 00 m CONV_UNIT 1 0 dimless Figure 5 5 36 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 6 Tips and tricks 6 1 Speeding up computation
96. e Boiler 3 1 2 The Chiller 3 2 The air handling system 3 3 The zone models 3 4 Solar radiation modeling 3 5 Airflows 3 5 1 Air flow input forms 3 6 General information regarding zone cooling and heating room units 3 7 Ideal heaters and coolers 3 8 Hydronic heating devices 3 9 Cooling units 3 9 1 Active beams 3 9 2 Heating Cooling floor Expert edition 4 CAD and image import 4 1 Supported file formats 4 1 1 BIM 4 1 2 CAD and vector graphic files 4 1 3 Image files 4 2 Importing IFC files 4 3 Mapping data from IFC 4 4 Create zones from IFC spaces 4 5 Importing CAD objects as building bodies or zones 4 6 Importing CAD objects and images as background 4 7 Moving and scaling CAD objects and images 4 8 Shading by imported 3D objects 4 9 Storage of CAD objects 5 Getting started with the advanced level 5 1 Example 1 Presenting more data in an existing diagram 12 12 13 13 13 16 17 18 19 21 21 21 22 23 24 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 29 30 30 30 31 32 34 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 6 7 5 2 Example 2 Shade control by zone temperature Expert edition required __ 34 Tips and tricks
97. e imbalances in mechanical supply and return flows A common problem when fixed flows are used in combination with unbalanced mechanical ventilation is that pressure difference over the envelope becomes unrealistically large A warning for this is then issued during the simulation and the remedy is to specify larger leak areas in zones with unbalanced mechanical ventilation 7 2 1 11 Pressure Coefficients m Ca building3 building3 idm Pressure Coefficients E a e face angle 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 Face Azi gJ Building body wifi 0 5 0 25 0 5 0 8 0 7 0 8 0 5 0 25 0 0 mi f2 0 5 0 25 0 5 0 8 0 7 0 8 0 5 0 25 90 0 mf 0 5 0 25 0 5 0 8 0 7 0 8 0 5 0 25 180 0 mf 05 0 25 0 5 0 8 0 7 0 8 0 5 0 25 270 0 Crawl space 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Al Roof 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 Auto fill Pressure Coefficients are used to calculate wind pressure on the different external surfaces of a building in relation to the speed of wind at roof height See ASHRAE Fundamentals The wind only influences airflow through the building if non zero pressure coefficients are given Pressure coefficients are dependent on the building s shape as well as on surrounding aerodynamic conditions CFD calculations or wind tunnel measurements are required for good precision In simple cases handbook data can give acceptable results at least much better than using fixed infiltration flows A common
98. e to the compass s North point N to the required position The desired compass direction can also be given numerically in the Property page when the compass has been selected Position and height of shading objects can be defined This is done with the aid of a polyline along the object s defining surface To create a shading object such as a building drag Shading building from the Palette Now create a polyline by clicking at its starting point break points and end point within the form Click once with the right button and select OK to end The desired height is introduced into the blue box in connection to the shading object The figure below illustrates a polyline with four points and a height of 4 5 meters The shading objects can be moved and changed An object can be selected with the left button making the surrounding rectangle visible and movable Use the right button menu to select Edit and edit the polyline as previously described Similarly horizontal shading surfaces can be defined as polygons Note that shading objects alternatively can be inserted into the 3D view 55 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Properties Palette Il Site object object in building1 DEAR Site i Object Outline Import site CAD The building can also be moved and rotated in the same way as a card on a table Do this by holding down the Alt key and drag at a point within the building s boundary The building is the
99. e x y plane Select object hold down Ctrl key and drag object To move an object along the z axis Select object hold down Ctrl key and Shift key and drag object A move operation can be aborted by pressing Esc key and undone with the Undo button Moving of objects of given types can be disabled from the Lock button on the bottom of the 3D tab Controlling visibility Create section of model X X y y Z Z buttons Creates a section through the building When the section is activated press Ctrl key click and move the mouse pointer within the red frame to move the section Set visibilities of object categories Right mouse button menu gt Visual filter Opens the Show objects of type dialog where the visibilities of object categories are set Use Right mouse button menu gt Remove filter to make all objects visible Alternatively use Show button gt Visual filter and Show button gt Remove filter X ray Show button gt X ray Objects are shown semi transparent Changing appearance 78 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Wall thickness Show button gt Wall thickness Shows all zone walls with thickness according to their wall constructions Background color Right mouse button menu gt Background color gt Custom Opens the Color dialog where the background color is set Use Right mouse button menu gt Background color gt Default to set the background color back to the defa
100. ead a physical room unit to a zone surface or alternatively drag in a fan coil or similar device from the palette to the zone form 7 4 16 4 Fan coil A fan coil takes a stream of air from a zone conditions it and then returns it to the same zone The heat from the coil is recorded under room units in the zone Energy report If the physical unit also exchanges air or heat directly with outdoor conditions it should be modeled as a local air handling unit ICE provides three models of fan coils VAV heating fan coil VAV cooling fan coil and air to air conditioner There are also available an undefined fan coil that may be used in the Expert edition only to build a custom model out of available components 7 4 16 5 Local AHU A local air handling unit works in just the same way as a central air handling unit except it serves only a single zone and can only be reached from that zone The heat and air from the unit in the zone is recorded as coming from mechanical ventilation A local air handling unit is introduced in a zone by following the More link in the Ventilation section of the zone form Then press Add AHU and select among available local air handling units Local AHUs may only operate in CAV with flows given in the table 139 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 16 6 Active Beam z Beam a device in buildingl Zone ca D faba General Outline Simplified inpu
101. eading the manual it is advisable to follow the Getting Started Guide which is a separate document This will bring you through a worked example and fill in supporting information in the process The documentation for individual forms dialog boxes and reports is available as on line help texts Pressing F1 on your keyboard while a form or dialog is active will generally open the appropriate topic Access to the on line help texts tutorial movies etc is also available from the Help menu Chapters 2 and 3 provide a general overview of program management and the actual simulation models Chapter 4 treats import of CAD data and chapter 5 is an introduction to working at the advanced level In Chapter 6 some tips for getting optimal performance are given IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 2 Basic principles of IDA and IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 2 1 Introduction IDA Indoor Climate and Energy ICE is a program for study of the indoor climate of individual zones within a building as well as energy consumption for the entire building IDA Indoor Climate and Energy is an extension of the general IDA Simulation Environment This means that the advanced user can in principle simulate any system whatsoever with the aid of the general functionality in the IDA environment Normally the system to be simulated consists of a building with one or more zones
102. ech supply air flow Min Minimum flow at VAV Recommended minimum airflow I s m When left blank balanced ventilation is assumed value is taken from field below Max Maximum flow at VAV Recommended maximum airflow I s m When left blank balanced ventilation is assumed value is taken from field below Mech return air flow Min Minimum flow at VAV Recommended minimum airflow I s m Max Maximum flow at VAV Recommended maximum airflow I s m Relative humidity 98 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Min Level of humidity below which minimum VAV flow is kept Only for VAV with humidity control Max Level of humidity above which maximum VAV flow is kept Only for VAV with humidity control Level of carbondioxide Min Level of carbondioxide below which maximum VAV flow is kept Only for VAV with CO2 controlling ppm vol Max Level of carbondioxide above which maximum VAV flow is kept Only for VAV with CO2 controlling ppm vol Light at workplace Min Light intensity at the working surface below which a maximum of electric light is turned on Lux Max Light intensity at the working surface above which the electric light is fully off Lux Pressure diff envelope Used for VAV with pressure control normally return air only Used to extract air in VAV systems when air is supplied in other zones by VAV with other type of control Min Pressure difference over zone envelope when minimum amo
103. ed by IDA ICE given equal in and exfiltration flows and alternatively flows based on leak sizes fan pressure wind pressure and thermal buoyancy effects The latter is default When wind driven flow the latter has been selected leaks are automatically introduced in each external wall of each zone not in floors or roofs The combined sizes of all these leaks is given here as a single flow pressure point This data is then distributed to each zone according the Zone Distribution method by default according to total wetted external area However note that the unit for leakage is different in the zone form where leakage is instead specified in terms of Equivalent Leakage Area at 4 Pa It is possible to break the link to the global infiltration data from a zone and give another leakage area locally just type in the input field It is also possible to set the Leak area of the zone to a very small number and instead introduce manual leaks in specific places on the walls of the zone Note however that it is not permitted to set leakage to zero Completely air tight zones will yield a singular system matrix and the problem cannot be solved 60 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 When instead fixed flows are specified constant envelope air flows to and from each zone are introduced However small envelope natural ventilation leaks are also introduced to absorb pressure differences because of for exampl
104. ed form This will open a new ZCCM To edit an existing ZCCM select it in the Controller field and click the Controller link A new ZCCM does not contain any control system It contains only proxy objects that denote signal sources and control targets The user must define a control algorithm by inserting appropriate models and connecting them see Modeling about editing macro objects A ZCCM is able to send two types of signals to controlled devices setpoints and direct actuator signals Setpoints are used by a local device controller to know what to strive for a direct actuator signal governs a device directly e g an opening ratio If the signal is 0 5 the window will be 50 open independent of conditions in the zone The default control target in the template macro named Central zone control transmits direct actuator signals If for example a signal is connected to the Heating interface of the control target the name Central zone control appears on the list of selectable controllers of any heating device e g a water based radiator 108 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 It is also possible to receive the transmitted actuator signal in a custom made local device controller In this case a proxy receiver of the Central zone controller must be manually inserted into the local device control macro Drag the appropriate object from the palette page Links If on the other hand a target for s
105. eflection These coefficients do not depend on the incidence angle NB Diffusion coefficients are not stored in the database Thermal and other properties Longwave The table contains emissivity and transmittance The transmittance is not stored in the database Thickness mm Thermal conductivity W K m 7 4 15 15 Venetian blind The Venetian blind dialog is used to describe the properties of a Venetian blind for using as shading layer in Detailed Glazing System for detailed window model The Venetian blinds are resource objects that means that the same Venetian blind description may be referenced from multiple glazing systems 136 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 15 16 Shade material I Shade Material p e Ls Shade Material Slat Metal A WIN7 gt Outside Inside Shade material upper for slats lower for slats Transmittance Reflectance Reflectance Total shortwave 0 0 0 7 0 7 Emmisivity Longwave 0 9 0 9 Thickness mm Thermal conductivity Wi K m Object Name Slat Metal A WIN7 Description Opaque white colored slat material ISO 15099 Example Material To reverse the shade orientation select Flipped in the glazing dialog For Venetian blinds the orientation is given for slat angle 90 The Shade material dialog is used to describe the properties of the material used
106. emissivity Outermost glass emissivity outwards for longwave radiation Has in normal cases limited influence on the result The total entering heat in the case when the window is perpendicular to the entering radiation is given by the following expression P_total g A I_shortwave where A m7 is glass surface area and J_shortwave W m7 is the total incoming radiation This calculation takes into consideration both the direct and the diffuse radiation on the facade The model will also compensate for different incidence angles using a predefined curve see the NMF code at the advanced level for details The T and T_vis parameters determine the degree at which solar radiation passes through the window without first being absorbed P_shortwave T A I_shortwave P_visual_shortwave T_vis A I_visual_shortwave P_total P_shortwave determines the part of the radiation that reaches the zone via absorption in the window See further information about solar radiation computation in the manual For combinations of glazing and integrated shadings e g curtains or blinds data is given for the integrated shading object that modifies the given parameters for the glazing See Dialog for integrated shading Parameters for single and double pane reference Shading coefficients F1 total shading coefficient Displayed when Double pane reference has been selected above Fraction incoming radiation in relation to a 2 pane window t
107. en there is a cooling need The algorithm for this categorization is further described below An overview and a specification of envelope transmission losses are presented The control volume is inside walls at the ceiling and at the floor surface However in the case of embedded slab heating cooling the control volume includes the activated layer and thereby contains significant thermal mass The overview has the following columns category comment Envelope and thermal Heat gained through external walls floors roofs and through bridges thermal bridges Internal walls and masses Heat gained through internal walls floors ceilings and internal masses External window and solar Net heat gain through external windows i e through long and short wave radiation as well as via transmission trough pane and frame Advected heat through open windows is included in Infiltration and openings Note that transmission only is presented in a separate table Mechanical supply air Heat supplied by mechanical ventilation Infiltration and openings Heat supplied via air from leaks and openings For systems with only mechanical exhaust ventilation all supply air will be accounted for here Occupants Heat from people in the zone excluding heat from perspiration Equipment Heat from equipment in the zone e g computers etc Lighting Heat from artificial lighting Local heating units Heat from controlled heating units e g radiators fan coils etc
108. ent W HE Heat from air flows JBN Calc Compare eS This is the full latent moist and sensible dry heat balance of the zone For a sensible only approximate heat balance that may be easier to understand log the details of the zone Energy report instead The control volume is the zone air wetted surface area running on the zone side of any room units with an air gap behind Contributions are divided into the following categories category comment Heat from thermal bridges Heat from walls and floors In the account the control volume is just underneath structure each surface Accordingly the measure represents conductive heat through the structure including both storage net transmission and any internal heat sources such as floor heating Heat stored in internal masses e g furniture is also accounted for here Heat from daylight Heat from sunlight entering through windows or open doors minus corresponding exiting shortwave radiation Absorbed and then retransmitted solar radiation is not included here see below Heat from equipment Heat from appliances such as computers printers etc Emitted as convection or radiation according to user input 162 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 Heat from heating and or cooling room units Heat from windows including absorbed solar and openings Heat from lighting Net losses Heat from occupants incl latent Heat from air flows EQUA Simulati
109. er energy and the other measures are defined in Energy meters If these factors are missing no data is printed for the missing item in the Delivered Energy report Consumed amount of fuel is measured in terms of its heating calorific value in kWh Locally generated energy e g from PV is reported as being negative and can have separate price and other properties reflecting e g separate feed in tariffs Currently all locally generated energy is sold 172 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The time evolution of the individual terms can be followed by selecting Log sources in the List of output objects 7 7 17 Result Systems energy The report gives an overview of energy flows in the HVAC systems It is divided into the following tables Used energy Heat delivered by the plant and other heat generation removal devices to the building distribution systems i e presented flows may be reduced by distribution and emission losses before they reach their end use Utilized free energy Heat at various points that can be considered free due to recovery or extraction from a free source Note that the same flow may be represented twice in the table e g both when extracted from the ground and when recovered in the cold tank Generated electrical Locally produced power All of this energy is regarded as being sold to energy the utility Auxiliary energy Energy for fans pumps and similar Distribution l
110. er defined control strategies The already defined custom control strategies are listed together with any target objects from the zone central controller Schedule Schedule for degree of window opening 0 fully closed 1 fully open Schedule smoothing applied by default Integrated window shading Device Choice of curtains or blinds Control Selection of control strategy for integrated shading device Schedule Schedule for integrated window shading Schedule smoothing applied by default Selecting Light intensity Schedule draws the shading when the schedule is on and the incident light exceeds 100 W m on the inside of the glass This level can be changed at the building level in outline view System parameters internal_shading_control_level Selecting Schedule makes only the schedule s values apply 1 completely drawn 0 completely open Select New to define a new shading control strategy The list of control strategies contains also all user defined shading control strategies including those defined in the zone central controller if such a controller has been defined in the zone on the Advanced tab External window shading Device Choice of external window shading Object for near window shading e g awnings side fins recess depth etc Drawing view from the side to describe the external window shading External window shading Quick way to open shading editor Frame properties Fraction of the total window area The ungla
111. er or mixing 173 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 AHU cold recovery Plant heat recovery Plant cold recovery Solar heat Ambient heat Ambient cold Ground heat Ground cold box D o for cooling Heating energy that is fed into the hot tank from the brine circuit heat exchanger e g chiller waste heat or direct exchange with another source connected to the brine circuit such as an ambient air heat exchanger Cooling energy that is fed into the cold tank from the brine circuit heat exchanger e g heat pump evaporator waste cold or direct exchange with another source connected to the brine circuit such as a ground heat exchanger Heat collected from a solar thermal collector Heat extracted from an ambient air heat exchanger and which is fed to the brine circuit Cold extracted from an ambient air heat exchanger and which is fed to the brine circuit Heat extracted from a ground source and which is fed to the brine circuit Cold extracted from a ground source and which is fed to the brine circuit Generated electrical energy category Solar PV Wind power CHP power Auxiliary energy category Humidification Fans Pumps comment Power generated by a photovoltaic unit Power generated by a local wind turbine Power generated by a local combined heating and power unit comment Energy used by any central humidification equipment Energy used by fans Fan electricity consumpti
112. erminals and as cooling devices with significant convection Their performance depends on the amount of supply air that is passed through but they normally retain a heat transfer contact with room air also in the case of zero supply air flow The radiative coupling with the room is neglected in the present model Beams are mostly used for cooling but may also heat the room air Two input data options are available Simplified and Manufacturer s The latter means that the performance parameters K and v are given as functions of air flow This alternative is mostly used when data is automatically imported from an on line manufacturer s database or from IDA Room The Simplified option is based on two user supplied performance points at design conditions and at zero flow Figure 3 8 w is for this case set to 1 5 7 The same is done for the radiator 23 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 E Beam a device in building Zone Ceng SS Foe General Outtne Surplified inpast data to chilled heated bean Use manufacturer s data Simplified modet Ne temperature Figure 3 8 Active beam form In the constant flow CAV case the given Design air flow is regarded to pass through the beam whenever fans are running For VAV the constant Design air flow will pass through the beam whenever there is sufficient air into the room and surplus air will feed directly to the room without first passing the bea
113. ers In use 1 indicates that the zone should be ready for occupancy even if there is no actual occupancy r Description Model fidelity Default choice is done in the Default form at the building level Climate better result gradients included Energy faster no gradients Selecting Climate or Energy here has priority Zone group The group name used for creating group based reports and scripts Air velocity in the occupied zone Air velocity for the calculation of comfort index m s Zone controller Choice of zone control by setpoints default or by a user defined zone central control Domestic Hot Water Use Hot water consumption in the zone in addition to the consumption given at the building level The time distribution of the consumption may be either uniform this is the default or given by a schedule The schedule is automatically scaled to get the correct yearly total 7 4 13 Zone central control A zone central control macro ZCCM is used to describe a coordinated custom control strategy for zone devices An example of this is when the heating is switched off as soon as a window is opened By default devices have local control loops that independently strive to keep a requested setpoint i e the heater will try to heat even if the room is chilled by an open window To define a custom zone control strategy select New in Controller field in the zone s advanc
114. ers short sleeve shirt 0 57 Trousers long sleeve shirt 0 61 Same as above plus suit jacket 0 96 Same as above plus vest and T shirt 1 14 Trousers long sleeve shirt long sleeve 1 01 sweater T shirt Same as above plus suit jacket and long 1 30 underwear bottoms Sweat pants sweat shirt 0 74 Knee length skirt short sleeve shirt panty 0 54 hose sandals Knee length skirt long sleeve shirt full slip 0 67 panty hose Knee length skirt long sleeve shirt half slip 1 10 panty hose long sleeve sweater Same as above replace sweater with suit jacket 1 04 Ankle length skirt long sleeve shirt suit 1 10 jacket panty hose Long sleeve coveralls T shirt 0 72 Overalls long sleeve shirt T shirt 0 89 Insulated coveralls long sleeve thermal 1 37 underwear long underwear bottoms 102 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 6 Form for Lights Number of units Control strategy LightCtriMacro Schedule Always on Rated input per unit WwW Luminous efficacy ooo Im W Convective fraction 0 1 Energy meter Default Lighting facility Object Name Description Field description etc Number of units Number of lighting units Total power emitted is the rated input times this number Control strategy Operation method for lighting The options are L Schedule as default C Setpoints Schedule the light is on then is enabled by the schedule an
115. es Temperatures of zone surfaces Surface heat fluxes Convective and long wave radiative heat flux of zone surfaces Reports Building level Delivered energy Totals of energy purchased or locally generated including cost CO2 and primary energy Time series of underlying measurements can be logged by logging sources Systems energy Overview of energy transferred by HVAC systems Lost work Account of work hours lost due to over or under heating AHU energy Energy transferred by individual Air Handling Units Time series of underlying measurements can be logged by logging sources Zone level Energy Zone sensible energy balance Time series of underlying measurements can be logged by logging sources Thermal comfort according to standard EN 15251 7 2 6 1 Heat Load Calculation See Heat Load Calculation and Results in ICE Getting Started manual 7 2 6 2 Cooling Load Calculation See Cooling Load Calculation and Results in ICE Getting Started manual 7 2 6 3 Energy Calculation See Energy Calculation in ICE Getting Started manual 7 2 6 4 Choice of Simulation data 85 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 EA Simulation data Calculation Advanced Options Type Periodic 5 Dynamic Time range From 00 00 00 2013 07 15 To 24 00 00 2013 07 15 TE The simulation data object is used to define Custom simulations and to change solver parameters for all types of simula
116. esistance is normally dominated by the resistance in the floor slab and thus this parameter is not very critical Read about the model for floor heating in Chapter 6 in the manual See also Room units for cooling and heating 7 4 16 8 Electric Floor Heat Expert Edition only lt not written yet gt 7 4 16 9 Heating Cooling Floor Expert Edition only See manual for documentation 7 4 16 10 Heating Cooling Panel Expert edition only See manual for documentation 7 4 16 11 Edit Cooling devices ljm CoolDev a cooling device in building3 Reception Ceiling e Cooling panel baffle or fan coil 4 Alternative input data flow powe kg s m punn a a Press here to give two points on K value 1 Wim Deg C N evens uptake curve and the N val 1 weno a 1 0 P4 dT4 P2 dT2 dTliq Module width 2 0 6 m Heat transfer coefficient to i Wim2 Deg C the room surface behind 3 1 0 Controller PI ba Target setpoint Air temperature 1 The total heat uptake is given by K length dT N where dT is th difference between the mean coolant temperature and the air temperature 2 Total device length is derived from the graphically given area divi by the module width frequently from the data base 3 For devices with uninsulated backside and an air gap to the bacifsurface a negative value is given here and the coefficient will be calculated s Cooling device X
117. et parameters Plant model with by default very large capacity Supply nN ir lay Figure 3 1 The primary system in the default configuration 12 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 3 1 1 The Boiler The boiler converts purchased energy e g gas electricity or district heat to warm water with given temperature and pressure for circulation through water based heat exchangers in the building It also consumes energy for production of domestic hot water and pumping Boiler efficiency is by default constant as specified in the Defaults form Open the component to view key parameters It is also possible in the standard boiler to model water heating efficiency as a function of boiler temperature and part load The model and parameter definitions used are the same as those of EnergyPlus Currently there is no database support for this performance data since the IDA ESBO interface offers alternative ways of modeling more realistic equipment Pumping power consumption for heating water circulation can be specified in three ways 1 proportional to the water flow through the boiler default 2 as a proportion of distributed heat or 3 as a polynomial function of the water flow The third option follows the conventions of ASHRAE 90 1 The first option assumes an ideal pressure controlled pump with constant efficiency Alternatively by setting the efficiency to some large
118. etpoint signals is dragged from the Links palette to the ZCCM and a signal is connected to one of its interfaces e g THERMOSTAT_MIN all heating device controllers will be striving to reach this target unless they have custom built controllers with a different agenda This way it is for example possible to implement more complex night setback methods than the time scheduled setpoint that is available by default in the Controller setpoints object The ZCCMs are shared between zones i e a control defined in one zone is available in all zones They are included in the list of IDA Resources Use this list to manage the controls e g copy to other systems A user defined control macro is never simulated in its original form Instead a copy of this macro is created for every zone that uses it and all these individual copies are simulated with setpoints and input signals local to each zone Therefore the user defined macro will never contain results of simulations such as values of variables in models and time series in output files To see the actual result look at the instances of the control macros at advanced level 109 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 14 Walls Floor and Ceiling 7 4 14 1 Form for wall floor and ceiling r Construction For external constructions Default Rendered I w concrete wall 250 x gt For internal constructions Default Interior wall with insulation x
119. every enclosing surface For vertical walls the origin of coordinates is located in the lower left corner of the surface from inside the zone For floors and horizontal ceilings the surface system coincides with the zone system with z coordinate omitted For slanted ceilings or fragments of ceiling the x coordinate is always horizontal passes thru the lowest corner of the ceiling or fragment 4 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 and the y coordinates is located in the ceiling s plane is perpendicular to the x axis and passes thru the leftmost corner of the ceiling or fragment The surface system is used to indicate the position for features such as openings on the surface Wall dy Feature YA dx gt xX The geometry for objects like windows and heating devices is defined by a rectangle The insertion point of the rectangle lower left corner is given in the surface system If the surface wall floor or ceiling is not rectangular the position of an object is the intersection of the rectangle with surface See also Building and zone geometry import 7 1 2 Objects in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy in alphabetical order IDA Indoor Climate and Energy contains a number of objects of interest to the user See also Objects in hierarchical order Active beam Air handling unit Balcony screen and marquee Building Building body Chimney Choice of output Climate definitio
120. ext is printed on generated reports 52 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 2 1 6 Default settings Building defaults Elements of Construction E e E E O renavo oreroraa roan O A Breras fe OO O O 20 Pomewentot OD casa tox ome toorasinm SS Bain Sipe gece cen eeena iD Bowron eena SI E mearteawnaowsnaana SNo imegaedsraan A Generator Efficiencies Heating Domestic hot Default carrier water cor 4 Energy meters Name Electric Fuel District Hp Heating Electric heating Fuel heating District heating Hi Cooling Electric cooling Fuel cooling District cooling Hy Domestic hot water lt undefined gt Domestic hot water lt undefined gt Eh Fans HVAC aux Eh Pumps HVAC aux Eh Equipment Equipment tenant lt undefined gt lt undefined gt ik Lighting Lighting facility Hy Humidification lt undefined gt Other Zone model Eey I fidelity fg DA Resources Zone cooling coil Database temperature 1s input given here will be used unless other data has been given in the zone or subsystem Elements of Construction External walls Construction for external walls lacking descriptions in the zone 53 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Internal walls Construction for internal walls lacking descriptions in the zone Internal floors Construction for internal floors lacking descriptions in the zone Roof Construction for r
121. face 2 only a single window should exist in an external wall acting as double sheet fa ade If the Window alternative has been selected the externally ventilated air space only occupies the area of the window itself For this option several ventilated constructions may exist in the same external wall object Clicking on the link will open the input form of the ventilated construction Integrated window shading Draw control Selection of control strategy for integrated shading device Draw schedule Schedule for integrated window shading Schedule smoothing applied by default Selecting Light intensity Schedule draws the shading when the schedule is on and the incident light exceeds 100 W m on the inside of the glass This level can be changed at the building level in outline view System parameters internal_shading_control_level Selecting Schedule makes only the schedule s values apply 1 completely drawn 0 completely open Select New to define a new shading control strategy The list of control strategies contains also all user defined shading control strategies including those defined in the zone central controller if such a controller is defined in the zone on advanced tab Level Solar radiation level inside glass at which integrated shading is drawn By default is mapped to a globally defined value Gaps and holes Specify the size of gaps on the sides of the shading ind holes inside the sading Used to estimate the c
122. ficient that the CAD model only contains wall objects spaces that fill the voids between walls must also have been created a semi automatic process in most CAD tools IDA ICE can also utilize other types of information in the CAD model such as wall constructions should they be present One can find more detailed information about the ICE IFC implementation on the user s page Help menu IDA on the Web ICE User support Select Users notes on the page and open the document IFC Import 4 3 Mapping data from IFC Start with a building without zones and select the Floorplan tab Press IFC gt Import to select an IFC file for loading There are some sample IFC files in the installation normally located in C Program Files IDA samples ICE IFC The first task is to map named data objects in the IFC model if any are present to corresponding IDA resources Press IFC gt Mapping in the Floorplan tab to open the Mapping dialog Figure 4 1 If wall constructions have not been described in detail in the CAD model select directly Constructions in the Category combo box This will present a list of all wall types that have been found in the IFC model Since IDA ICE needs more detailed information about a wall IFC wall types need to be manually associated with IDA ICE wall constructions To bind a certain IFC wall type to an IDA ICE construction select both the IFC wall type and the corresponding ICE resource and press Map to sele
123. flow see Figure 3 5 is reached at somewhat above normally 1 C the maximum temperature value The throttling range is normally 2 C but can be selected at the building level under System parameters This scheme will assume that the supply air is able to cool the zone i e if there is a need for heat and the supply air is warmer than the zone this will not be recognized by the controller The option VAV temp CO2 on the other hand will be smart enough to both heat and cool with the supply air It relies on PI controllers instead of P ditto and will therefore not have any offset error In addition it will also force air flow if needed to maintain CO level at the maximum limit The minimum limit is not used Pressure controlled VAV is normally used for return air flow control where some other VAV method is used to supply air into adjacent zones It will attempt to maintain zone pressure within the given range with respect to ambient pressure using a proportional controller measured as pressure drop in the local ambient leak In the example in Figure 3 5 the zone is maintained between 10 and 20 Pa below ambient pressure Equivalent Leakage Area ELA at 4 Pa and Cd 1 ASHRAE Fundamentals provides a number of values regarding leaks according to this definition as well as conversion methods between various representations of leak sizes 20 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 3 6 Gener
124. g Defaut 3 pane glazing clear 4 12 4 12 4 forays Conteot Schedule Schedule E Never open Integrated Window Shading Dewce Default No integrated shading Conteot Light AND Schedule Schedule Aways drawn External Window Shading Device No extemal shading Frame Fraction of the 01 total window area Uvalue 0 1 20 WAm2 C Name Window Description More Figure 5 3 Next we define the control system to use Right below the previous choice in the window form select New instead of Light Schedule as Control and give an appropriate name An empty macro form appears Drag a thermostat from the Control palette and connect the AirTemp link on the Zone box to the measure link on the thermostat as shown in Figure E Blind between Bi internal dind O ght tightly w E Light lightly w O Medium dark E Medium dark Now resource Name Descripti Multipiver Multiplier Multiplier on for forT 039 012 065 06 on 0 19 062 061 o4 on 0 62 0 26 External blind BRIS Oescnpvon 5 4 Click and hold to draw the connection Similarly connect the out signal link of the Thermostat to the macro output Shading signal E Window a window in building Zone Wall3 General Geometry Opening Extemal bind d J Temperature shad Always drawn External Win
125. g clear 4 12 4 12 4 gt r Opening Como See o Schedule 07 17 weekdays m gt r Integrated Window Shading AAA Device No integrated shading gt Control Light Schedule A Scheaue Atmays drawn A r External Window Shading Device No external shading gt Drawing view from the side to describe the external window shading r Frame r Skew i More Fraction of the oi o o 0 1 total window area on Wi m2 C r Object Name Window Description Schedule smoothing applied Change in System parameters A form for editing the properties of a window is opened e g by double clicking on the window in Drawing describing objects on the surface The surface editor is displayed by double clicking in the drawing box in the form for wall floor and ceiling where the window is 117 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Field descriptions etc Glazing Choice of glass configuration includes SHGC T and U value for the glass Opening Expert edition only Control Selection of control strategy for window opening Supported strategies Schedule The opening is controlled by time schedule or not controlled at all On off control schedule PI control schedule The opening is controlled by air temperatures both internal and external in the range from 0 fully closed to the value given by the schedule New Define a new custom opening control strategy Us
126. g which aids selection of an existing date In the Valid days box the rule can be limited to apply only to certain days of the week by crossing those days the rule is applicable When a new schedule has been defined it is useful to test that it actually delivers the intended values This can be done by right clicking the field where the schedule is selected and choosing Open with Diagram This will play the schedule for the time period selected in Time slice on the Options menu 7 5 3 Editing a Profile ia Profile Name Unnamed v gt Data Diagram Points Selected point Hour Minute 150 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Objects of the Profile type are used to define how a value varies during the day Examples of these are the presence of people or operation time of fans A profile has a name a description and a number of diagram points with time and value A profile can be edited by indicating time and value points in text form Data tab figure above or by drawing a diagram Diagram tab figure below By default the profiles are unnamed and stored as parts of Schedule objects To create a named profile selects Save as and give a name to a profile To copy a named profile to an unnamed one select Save as remove the profile name and click OK in Save as dialog Field descriptions etc Points Add Delete Selected point
127. ght 4 To accept the changes click Ok button in the Mode dialog You can also withdraw all changes by pressing Cancel button Notes 1 If you change the height of the body part field z max on the body part s Properties page for a body part where the heights of the roof corners is explicitly defined the whole roof i e all vertices will be moved up or down by the value of the change of z max 2 It is allowed to define roof parts outside of the part of the building body They will shade the building but will be ignored in calculation of zone shape and adjacency The roof parts should not intersect the boundary of the part of the building body 7 2 3 4 Edit the zone position and size in the floor plan Properties Palette LL building1 building1 idm Zone General Floor plan 3D Simulation Outline Results E open zone gt Standard zone Import CAD IFC Lock Show Level 0 0 m Clicking on the Floor plan button in the zone s form opens a form for the floor plan Can also be reached from the building level by the Floor plan tab The position and size of a zone can be changed here The active zone is indicated by a red border Any other existing zones in the building both on the same floor and on other floors paler gray lines are also visible All zones in the same floor plus the building shape can be edited 70 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013
128. h face can be set from the Property page if the face name is selected in the Floor plan tab Diffuse radiation from the ground is not shaded by external objects All external shades are considered to be opaque The shade model is very difficult to interact with directly at the advanced level since each surface has been subjected to several coordinate transformations The actual shading factors are precomputed for all plausible solar locations and are stored as parameters in the shade model for the simulation Once in the window model diffuse and direct light are reflected and transmitted depending on the window model used The standard window model uses a fixed curve for the angle 17 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 dependence Integrated window shading internal or external shades in the plane of the window will reduce radiation by multiplying the basic window parameters It may also convert direct light to diffuse The detailed window model Expert edition makes a layer by layer computation of multiple reflections and each layer temperature is computed Once inside the zone diffuse light is spread diffusely while the exact target location of the direct light beam is computed However the whole surface of the window is considered as the light source not just the portion of the glass which is actually not shaded by external objects After the first reflection on a zone surface the direct beam is spread d
129. hat heats the zone F1 includes both the radiation that passes through the window directly and the radiation that is first absorbed in the panes and thereafter reaches the zone as convection and long wave radiation Shading coefficients F2 shortwave shading coefficient Displayed when Double pane reference has been selected above Fraction of incoming radiation in relation to a 2 pane window which passes through the pane This is radiation that passes the window in the form of shortwave radiation Shading coefficients Sc total shading coefficient Displayed when single pane reference has been selected above Shading coefficients Ssc shortwave shading coefficient Displayed when single pane reference has been selected above The dialog for a glass constructions is opened from the Right button menu with the cursor over an object of the Glass construction type e g 3 glass clear 4 12 4 12 4 in the Glazing field in the form for a window or in the form for IDA resources 129 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 15 9 Dialog for integrated shading f a o Integrated shading il F Integrated e Medium dark lightly woven drape between panes z gt r Parameters for integrated shading curtains blinds etc Multiplier for g solar gain factor 0 62 Given multipliers modify corresponding parameters for the window when integrated Multiplier for T short w
130. hat the airflow is first forced to max value after which the other cooling unit sets to work assuming that free outside air cooling is often available 21 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 between radiation and convection is calculated based on the surface temperature which is connected to the water temperature and the given exposed surface The zone sees a warm surface and calculates the radiation and convection from this surface The main part of the remaining heat needed to complete P is emitted convectively directly to the air corresponding to convection behind a radiator A small part of the heat goes to increase the temperature on the portion of wall behind the heating device The heat transfer coefficient between the device surface and the wall behind is considered in the basic case to be completely dominated by radiation and is calculated by the model Wall 2 an enclosing element in buil es Ge ES WatRack a water radiator in building Zone Wall 3 alata j Surtace Advanced Outine General Geometry t jater radiator or convector 3 Atternative input data Masafiow at full power kgs Type Area m2 amp int floor 10 0 None eta 2985 int cei 10 0 None 180 0 Delo 2985 int wall 6 5 None 00 90 0 Defa 10 6107 int wall 10 4 None 90 0 90 0 Deta 0 6187 en iain narea eae Out sonn ana Cancel Helo Figure 3 6 A radiator on
131. he final output signal should be connected to the pre defined interface reference OUTSIGNALLINK on the border of the macro An output signal 1 means VAV air flow is at its maximum setting according to given parameters in Controller setpoints provided the fan is running output signal 0 means VAV flow is kept to min setting NB not normally zero Supply and return flows are always controlled in parallel but may have different min max settings Note that the setpoints may be redefined in the central zone control 107 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 12 Zone Advanced tab mij Zone a zone in building ee General Advanced Outline Results r Advanced Parameters r Domestic Hot Water Use Number of occupants Default Average hot water use 0 0 L per occupant and day x 1 Model fidelity Zone group T_DHW 55 C incoming 5 C find further details in Plant and Boiler Air velocity in the 01 DHW can optionally or additionally also be defined on the building level occupied zone z Distribution of hot water use Uniform l The curve is automatically rescaled to render given average total usage Zone controller SETPOINTS I gt Optional central controller for all zone devices such as blinds heaters VAV etc Inuse lt when occupied gt Ir The In use signal is available to controll
132. he plant 160 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 7 5 Result Main temperatures Diagram Table 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 4632 4634 4636 4638 4640 4642 4644 4646 4648 4650 4652 4654 s Mean air temperature Deg C lt Operative temperature Deg C K S D gt Calc Compare This diagram shows the mean temperature for the zone s air and operative temperatures for the locations of added occupant loads When Climate model has been selected the operative temperatures are shown for the position of every occupant load in the zone Occupant loads are inserted in the zone form and their position may be altered in the floor surface editor of the zone 161 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 7 6 Result Heat balance L Heat balance output object in building3 Zone fo S es Diagram Table WA Date 2009 07 15 800 600 400 200 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 4680 4682 4684 4686 4688 4690 4692 4694 4696 4698 4700 4702 Eat from cold bridges Heat from walls and floors structure W Feat from daylight direct solar W HE Heat from equipment W El Heat from heating and or cooling room units W Heat from windows including absorbed solar and openings W GE Heat from lighting W 16 18 20 22 24 ESNet losses EE Heat from occupants incl lat
133. he size of the animated arrows enter a maximum arrow length in the Show animated results dialog Threshold value on scale bar When visualizing a parameter or a result in the 3D view so that the scale bar is shown press down the Ctrl key and click somewhere on the scale bar A horizontal line and a 80 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 threshold value are shown and the scale bar is red above and blue below the threshold value The threshold value can be dragged while holding down the Ctrl key Ctrl click somewhere outside of the scale bar to show the regular scale bar When visualizing a parameter with a finite number of options you can Ctrl click on the different categories in the same way Visualizing sun path and shading over time Click Animation button Opens the Show animated results dialog In the Show animated results dialog check Show shadows and click Show C An animation starts with shadows following the sun path of the day displayed on the 3D model C Pause the animation Click the Play Pause button P N C Start the animation Click the Play Pause button a second time C Speed up slow down the animation Change the Tplay value the time it takes to animate 24 hours of simulation C Jump forward backward in the animation Use the scroll bar or change the simulation time value C Close the animation Use the Close button Alternatively Press H or Right mouse button menu gt Hide
134. her things 7 6 Mathematical Model 7 6 1 Schema for zone advanced level Zone a zone in building2 fo S lis General Advanced Schematic Outline Results CHE AAAA Zone See the IDA ICE manual 7 6 2 Custom control In ICE Expert edition the users may implement custom control strategies for different devices in the building The following control macros are currently supported Control macro Available in Field label Supervisory control Building general view Supervisory control macro for whole building Central zone control for Zone advanced view Zone controller multiple devices in one or more zones 152 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Device controls for a single unit Heating and waterborne cooling water Controller cooling radiator electric radiator heating cooling panel heating cooling floor electric heating floor active beam reheating coil Ventilation Zone general view Ventilation System type Opening Window detailed window Opening Control Integrated Window detailed window Integrated Window shading double glass facade Shading Draw control Lighting Light Control strategy Note that control macros are shared e g an opening control defined in one window is available in all windows both simplified and detailed They
135. ibing objects on the surface the so called surface editor Surface editor is displayed by double clicking in the drawing box in the form for wall floor and ceiling on which the heating device is located In the figure a dialog for alternative input has also been opened from the form 144 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Field descriptions etc Massflow at full power Water flow through equipment at design conditions kg s K value Emitted power per unit of equipment length and degree C raised to N V m C N value Exponent in the expression for emitted power Frequently set to 1 28 for ordinary radiators Height Equipment height at which given K and N are valid m Longwave emissivity The longwave emissivity of the front surface of the cooling device If not given the emmisivity of the wall surface is used instead Controller Method of control of heater output Choose between built in proportional and PI and user defined controllers The temperature setpoint is fetched from Controller setpoints Sensor Choice of the target of the control air temperature or operative temperature Maximum power Pmax Emitted power at full capacity W Air temperature at maximum power Tair Room temperature at the measuring point at full capacity C Supply temp at maximum power TliqIn Incoming water temperature at full capacity C Return temperature at max power TliqOut Outgoing water temperature a
136. ical properties of the outer surface Only for building elements facing ambient 110 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 If Default is left in the construction fields the corresponding construction is fetched from the Defaults tab in the building form Thermal connection The wall is thermally connected with adjacent zone or building face If there are multiple adjacent objects the wall is divided in parts Ignore adjacency to faces If the building shape is too complicated to be fully described in ICE it may be desirable to explicitly describe the thermal connections between zones and building external surfaces faces By checking this box the automatic detection of adjacent face is suppressed but the adjacency between zones is still detected The parts having no adjacent zone or face if not suppressed are connected as below described in following fields Ignore net heat transmission Normally select this alternative for internal walls An adiabatic surface is placed in the geometric middle of the wall Constant surface temp on other side Select this only when no adjacent zone is simulated but heat transmission is significant A surface temperature is specified on the opposite side of the wall note not air temperature NB Use with caution Could introduce significant energy transports and will ruin the building energy balance Similar offset When an offset of zero is given this alternative is roughly eq
137. ifferent zone If a custom controller is selected the label system type works as a link to the control macro Supply air for CAV Mechanical supply air flow for CAV systems l s m floor area VAV flow is given under Controller setpoints Clicking on the link I s m opens a dialog where the flow can be specified in alternative ways l s or m h for entire zone m h m or air changes per hour Return air for CAV Mechanical return air flow for CAV systems l s m floor area VAV flow is given under Controller setpoints Clicking on the link I s irs opens a dialog where the flow can be specified in alternative ways l s or m h for entire zone m h m or air changes per hour Displacement degree for gradient calculation From 0 well mixed to 1 full displacement ventilation or a negative value for a fixed temperature gradient given by the user Leak area ELA Equivalent leakage area in the envelope defined at 4 Pa Cd 1 and 1 m above floor Of importance only when other leaks e g internal openings also exist m This parameter is normally given by values entered under Infiltration in the building form Given additional in exfiltration Fixed flow independent of pressure Leak area should be small but nonzero when this option is used This parameter is normally given by values entered under Infiltration in the building form Read more about infiltration modeling in that form Geometry Room height to ceiling Distance bet
138. iffusely in the room And also here the whole surface that is hit is regarded to reflect with equal intensity not just the lit portion of this surface Internal windows and open doors transmit light in a similar way as an external window 1 e the whole opening is regarded as being lit even if only a small part of the door receives direct sunlight The light intensity is of course adjusted accordingly Similarly light that enters through one window and exits through another external window for example in a corner room is treated in a physically reasonable way 3 5 Airflows This section covers the models and input which determine the airflows through the building IDA Indoor Climate and Energy enables the user to take account of natural ventilation 1 e flows driven by wind pressure and the stack chimney effect In the simplest case each zone has three paths for airflows through the supply and exhaust terminals and via leakage through the envelope When two zones are placed adjacent to each other and there is an opening in the common wall between them or when windows are open or when additional leaks have been added additional flow paths are created However let us start with the simplest case The mechanical ventilation terminals are always of VAV Variable Air Volume type This means that as long as there is sufficient pressure head from the fans a given flow is maintained as requested by the zone itself In CAV Constant Air Vol
139. in Shading layers and in Venetian blinds in a Detailed Glazing System for the Detailed window model Shade materials are resource objects i e Shading layers and Venetian blinds in multiple glazing systems may reference the same Shade material description Shade material parameters Shade materials Choice of Shade material object The rest of the dialog shows the details of the selected object The optical parameters are grouped in three columns transmittance same for both directions and two columns for reflectance from the front side and from the back side Total shortwave The coefficients for transmittance and reflectance represent average values over the full solar wavelength spectrum The coefficients are applied both to direct and diffuse radiation and do not depend on incidence angles The transmitted reflected radiation is assumed to become fully diffuse Visible Ditto for the visible range Thermal and other properties Longwave The table contains emissivity and transmittance Thickness mm Thermal conductivity W K m 137 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 15 17 Gas properties The Gas properties dialog is used to describe the properties of a cavity for use in a Detailed Glazing System for the Detailed window model Gases are resource objects i e the same gas may be referenced from multiple glazing systems or from multiple cavities of the same glazing system 7 4 1
140. ing in the zone and selecting Edit The editing is handled in the same way as for the building see Building shape The zone can also be rotated by holding down the Alt key while dragging a point within the zone s boundary lines The zone is dragged along and follows the same movement pattern as a playing card being pulled by a finger on a table Friction between the card and the table controls the card s movement Note that if a zone is moved so that e g an external wall becomes an internal wall the wall construction corresponding to the new position will be selected automatically This also holds for parts of walls Walls are automatically coupled to zones and exterior walls that they adjoin The couplings should not be created by the user Along the bottom of the form there are the following buttons New zone Add one or more zones either by drawing on the floor plan or by selecting spaces imported from IFC model Template for new zone Click the template name to choose the template used when creating new zones The menu also provides options to edit the current zone template and to reset the selected zone to the current template The latter will only affect non geometric information of the zone Import Opens Import menu IFC 3D BIM Import of an IFC model of building CAD and vector graphic Import of a CAD drawing as background Bitmap Import of Windows graphics as background 71 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA
141. ing on pressure difference to the power 0 5 124 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 15 4 Form for Skylight f SkyLight a skylight in buildingl Zone Ceiling o amp s amp s r Geometry x 0 83 ii 2 57 DX DY DZ L1 L2 L3 L4 Construction Wall 4 Wall 2 Wall 3 Wall 4 Roof Glass area mz oo oo 00 oo Total area m2 9 49 0 49 0 49 0 49 0 16 Walls Default Concrete joist roof gt Glazing Default 3 pane glazing clear 4 12 4 12 4 gt r Object Description SkyLight a The skylight is a roof lantern It can be used to study solar radiation and climate effects for different forms of glazed openings in roofs e g glazed saddle roofs The skylight object is shaped as a pyramid with rectangular base and with the top removed by a horizontal cut Thus it has five sides which can be glazed to different extents A detailed ray tracing calculation is performed and e g direct light entering through one surface and leaving through another is handled correctly Light reaching the base of the pyramid is transmitted to the zone as diffuse light Each skylight object inserted in a zone see Insert object is edited in this form Field description etc Geometry X Coordinate of the lower left corner can be entered in Applet m Y Coordinate of the lower left corner can be entered in Applet m DX Extension of base rectangle in x dire
142. ing system consists of the following components Figure 3 2 supply air temperature setpoint controller 1 exhaust fan 2 heat exchanger 3 heating coil 4 cooling coil 5 supply fan 6 schedule 7 for operation of both fans 13 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 and a schedule for the operation of the heat exchanger 8 The unit provides temperature controlled air at a given pressure Some key parameters of individual components are presented in the form open them to edit The supply air temperature setpoint is connected to the heat exchanger and to both coils All three components have separate ideal control circuits which independently strive to maintain the setpoint After the coils the supply fan raises the supply air temperature further by either a fixed number of degrees default or by depositing motor and drive losses to the air stream In the setpoint controller three methods are provided for setpoint selection In the default AHU the setpoint is set to constant 16 C The second alternative is to let the setpoint vary with time according to a schedule Thirdly an option is available where the setpoint is calculated as a user defined function of outdoor air temperature Note that if for example the chiller that supplies the cooling coil from the plant has been turned off or has insufficient capacity the supply air will not be cooled to the setpoint Standard Air Handling Unit
143. inter or summer option has been selected in the Climate field in the building form Field descriptions etc Location Choice of location The rest of the dialog shows the details of the selected location Position Country country or geographical area for calculation Position City place for calculation Position Latitude calculation object s latitude Deg To avoid sign confusion the directions from equator are denoted by N north and S south 48 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Position Longitude calculations object s longitude Deg To avoid sign confusion the directions from Greenwich are denoted by E east and W west Position Elevation calculation object s height over sea level m Position Time zone calculation object s time zone h To avoid sign confusion the directions from Greenwich are denoted by E east and W west e g 1 E for Central Europe Design days Dry bulb min Lowest dry bulb temperature during the day C Design days Dry bulb max Highest dry bulb temperature during the day is considered to occur at 15 00 C Design days Wet bulb maxHighest wet bulb temperature during the day is considered to occur at 15 00 C Design days Wind direction The wind is only relevant to the airflow through the building if pressure coefficients are given and more than one leak or opening has been defined Deg The wind from North has direction 0 from East 90 etc De
144. intersect the part s borders on either side of the wall See also Enclosing element advanced view 7 4 14 6 Leak Object building zone enclosing surface a leak Available from Wall editor Description Describes a leak between two zones or between a zone and the environment E Leak 1 a leak in building3 Reception Wall 4 kodas Leak Leak area at 4 Pa m2 Powerlaw coeff n a kgi s Pa n Powerlaw exponent Object Name Leak Description Leak Field description etc x y The position of the leak on the wall Only the y coordinate will affect the result m Leak area ELA Equivalent leakage area in the envelope defined at 4 Pa Cd 1 m Powerlaw coeff kg s Pa The leakage through the envelope may be also described in ICE as infiltration See the Infiltration form and the field Leak area in the Zone form 116 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The infiltration is implemented in ICE by inserting up to 4 leak models to the external walls of different orientation positioned 1 m above the floor level or in the ceiling if no external wall exists or in the floor towards crawl space if no external surfaces exists Thus also completely internal zones have some connection with the ambient 7 4 15 Windows and openings 7 4 15 1 Form for window a Window a window in buildingl Zone Wall 2 o ifs Glazin Default 3 pane glazin
145. ion Heating energy recovered in AHU air to air heat exchanger or mixing box D o for cooling Energy used by humidification equipment 176 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Fans Energy used by fans The data for report is collected by energy meter models EMETER and EMETER2 that exist in the AHU macro When a custom AHU macro is built the user should check and fix if required the connections of EMETER INPOWER to variables that calculate the power as described in the table below category EMETER model Typically connected to AHU heating EmeterHeat QHEAT in heating coil type HCSIMCTR Q in heating coil type HCSIM QELACT in electric coil type HCEL AHU Cooling EmeterCool QCOOL in cooling coil type CCSIMCTR QTOTOUT in cooling coil type CCSIM Heat recovery EmeterRecycle QACTUAL in heat exchange model type HXSIMCTR Cold recovery Humidification EmeterHum QEL in humidifier model type STINJCTR Fans EmeterFans QSUP in fan model type CEFAN PowerSup in axial fan type AxialFan The time evolution of the individual terms can be followed by selecting Log sources in the List of output objects 7 7 19 Result Lost work Lost work output object in buildingl IE Q U Ae Lost work due to under or over heating SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY GROUP Building cme Ga Created by kursdeltagare Model ground 0 0 m2 area Location Stockholm Bromma Model external wall area Stockholm Bromma
146. ion required in the standard level In this case this includes selection of climate model an ideal heater a cooling panel and external shading After the advanced level model has been generated the user is able to select between General standard level and Schematic advanced level tabs for zones as well as for the building The various component groups are numbered in the figure as follows Supply and exhaust air terminals Ceiling Floor Air leak to ambient Solar irradiation and external film coefficient external wall One external and three internal walls Window and shading calculation components Proportional controller for occupant automatic clothing adaption PI controller for ideal heater Cooling panel with controller and ceiling section behind 10 The actual zone model in which radiation convection and loads etc are modeled 11 Post processing components for results capture 020 ON OO BS which can be downloaded from the User s page Help menu IDA on the Web ICE User Support This object is both ceiling and floor since the model was generated to represent zones above and below with identical conditions as the current zone 16 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 ae aE i igs ny Ry ny K A a N Zone Figure 3 3 Schematic view advanced level of Climate
147. is checked on the property page The drawings are also displayed in the 3D view 7 2 1 8 Thermal bridges These coefficients are used to calculate the loss factors in thermal bridges in zones The total loss factor for a zone is calculated as sum of loss factors in bridges created by different construction elements The coefficients are given per unit of element size in most cases per meter The sizes of elements are by default calculated from zone geometry but may be also given by the user The user may also specify extra loss in thermal bridges Local changes in geometrical or bridge coefficients are done in the zone form See also Calculation of thermal bridge coefficient 57 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 Thermal bridges None Good Typical i External wall internal slab External wall internal wall Q External wall external wall Q External windows perimeter External doors perimeter Roof extermal walls External slab external walls Q Balcony floor external walls Q External slab Internal walls 9 Roof Internal walls Y External walls inner corner Total envelope area 58 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 WIKi m joint total for both adjacent zones 0 03 Wiki m joint total for both adjacent zones 0 08 W K m joint WIKi m perim WIKi m perim WIKi m joint WIKi m joint WIKi m joint WAKi m joint total fo
148. iveness 0 1 r Additional settings Minimum allowed leaving C set gt 0 to avoid frost formation temperature The figure illustrates the form used for an object of the Heat Exchanger type A heat exchanger is one of the parts in the air handling unit The form is most easily opened by double clicking on the symbol for heat exchanger in the air handling unit s Schema Field description etc ETA Effectiveness at full capacity TEXHOUTMIN Minimum allowable temperature of exhaust air stream C The heat exchanger is controlled by the actual efficiency selected by the model up to the maximum limit set by the user so that the setpoint for the supply air temperature is reached if enough heat is available The temperature of the often chilled exhaust air which may not fall below a certain level TEXHOUTMIN parameter in the form sets another limit This is to avoid freezing for non rotating heat exchangers The heat exchanger takes into consideration condensation on both the supply and exhaust sides During wet processes the given efficiency is interpreted as 1 bypass factor in the same way as for the cooling coil but the apparatus dew point for the heat exchanger is defined as the incoming temperature for the opposite medium 7 3 6 Form for choice of schedule E RN SupSchedule nmf algorithmic object in build 3 General Outline Code Schedule AirSup
149. ization factor CE 0 1 Share of heat and other emissions that are deposited in zone Object Name Equipment Description Field description etc Number of units Number of equipment units with these data Control strategy Control method Schedule Operation schedule Smoothing applied by default The output signal must be in the interval 0 1 Emitted heat per unit Total emitted sensible heat W Energy carrier Choice of energy type consumed by the equipment units Energy meter Choice of Energy meter that reports the energy consumption of the equipment units Advanced Long wave radiation fraction Share of sensible heat that is emitted as long wave radiation Radiation is distributed according to wall surface areas 0 1 Liquid water emission per unit Emitted as water droplets i e the evaporation heat is removed from the air kg s Dry steam emission per unit Emitted as water the evaporation heat is not removed from the air kg s The vapor is regarded to have the same temperature as the zone air CO2 per unit Carbondioxide emitted by the device Note the unit mg s Utilization factor Share of heat and other emissions that are deposited in zone 0 1 105 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Object Name and description The form for an equipment load is opened e g by double clicking on an object of the Equipment type in the Internal gains box in the zone form Several objects of the Equipment lo
150. ject in building2 Zone fo e js Last day of simulation 2013 07 15 ee ee a ne Se 12 14 16 eee Sera SP 4680 4682 46384 4686 46838 4690 4692 4694 4696 4698 4700 4702 s Ceiling Zone Deg C Floor Zone Deg C Wall 1 Deg C Wall 2 Deg C lt Wall 3 f3 Deg C Wall 4 Deg C t Window Wall 3 Deg C lt 4 be Re Displays temperatures of individual zone surfaces 171 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 7 15 Surface heat fluxes I Surface heat fluxes output object in building2 Zone boda Diagram Table O tline 20 22 24 4680 4682 4684 4686 46838 4690 4692 4694 4696 4698 4700 4702 8 amp Ceiling Zone W e Floor Zone W Wall 1 W Wall 2 W Wall 3 f3 W Wall 4 W i Window Wall 3 W K S Dd Calc Compare Displays heat fluxes through individual zone surfaces For transparent surfaces or openings short wave radiation is not included 7 7 16 Delivered Energy This report gives an overview of the total energy that has been purchased to or generated within the building The items in the report correspond directly to defined Energy meters In addition to meter energy cost emitted CO2 and used primary energy are also presented both as absolute values and in relation to building floor area The conversion factors between met
151. kin parameters Integrated window shading wrt inner skin for ventilated constructions Draw Control Light Schedule Draw schedule 07 17 weekdays h gt Level 100 wima Air flow behind J and through ee shading 3 se Side gap Shading hole to Bottom gap m total area ratio m2 m2 Type of integrated shading is defined above in glazing shading No external shading gt Should normally not be specified for ventilated constructions Opening com Sepa Ventilated constructions open towards cavity Frame Fraction of the a z U value Wi m2 C Schedule smoothing applied Change in System parameters 121 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 A form for editing the properties of a detailed window is opened e g by double clicking on the window in Drawing describing objects on the surface The surface editor is displayed by double clicking in the drawing box in the form for wall floor and ceiling where the window is Field descriptions etc Glazing shading Choice of glazing system glass and shading panes gaps Ventilated construction In the combo box None Wall or Window can be selected In the Wall alternative a ventilated and glazed air space is modeled outside the wall in which the window is placed The air space will have the same height and width as the wall N B 1 the wall should be completely external and belong to one
152. l usually only result in increased computation time and not have a significant impact on results From version 4 automatic smoothing is applied to key schedules to minimize these problems Can be turned off under System parameters For a model with reasonably simple time schedules it can often prove effective to loosen the numerical tolerance to make the solver take longer and thereby fewer timesteps Two important solver parameters are Tolerance and Maximum timestep These are accessed from the Advanced tab of the Simulation data dialog Often the tolerance can be relaxed to say 0 1 0 3 from the standard value 0 02 For problems with equations that are difficult to solve it can sometimes be beneficial to instead decrease the tolerance The solver spends less time on failed attempts to take long steps Looser tolerance will normally lead to acceptable loss of accuracy for accumulated quantities such as monthly energy consumption For computing design extreme values of quantities such as heating or cooling load one should be more careful with using loose tolerances and a large max timestep Too loose a tolerance will on the other hand lead to decreased robustness forcing the solver to often have to back up and retry with a smaller timestep ultimately leading again to even longer execution time if indeed the simulation is successful For more primitive numerical methods the execution time will typically grow as the cube of the problem
153. lasses ifc 4 1 2 CAD and vector graphic files AutoCAD dwg dxf dwf SketchUp skp 3D Studio 3ds Wavefront obj Computer Graphics Metafile cgm Corel Presentation Exchange cmx MicroStation DGN dgn Micrografx DRW drw Gerber File Format gbr Scalable Vector Graphics svg Printer Command Language pcl prn prt Macintosh PICT pct HP GL HP GL2 plt 8 IDA ICE supports DWG file formats up to AutoCAD 2004 DWG files of unsupported formats can be converted with the free tool Autodesk DWG TrueView DWG files are assumed to be two dimensional i e any 3D geometry is flattened to 2D at import 26 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 WordPerfect Graphics wpg vwpg 4 1 3 Image files Bitmap bmp JPEG Interchange Format jpeg jpg Portable Networks Graphics png ZSoft PC Paint pcx Tagged Image File Format tiff tif Adobe Photoshop psd Truevision tga Windows Meta File emf wmf 4 2 Importing IFC files In IDA ICE it is possible to import 3D building information models BIM via IFC files Most 3D CAD applications can export architectural data in the IFC format The most important information that is transferred is geometrical data i e the shape and position of zones windows doors building faces etc Zones in IDA ICE are automatically created from so called space objects in the IFC model It is not suf
154. length for the duct provides flow resistance in addition to loss coeffs m Object Name and description The chimney can be inserted in ceiling or wall to describe a natural ventilation system The model can calculate flow in both directions i e if the zone pressure is low enough air will enter the zone through the chimney The rise of the duct and the vertical position of the input will determine the stack effects 146 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 5 IDA Resources and Database 7 5 1 Database objects in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy The following types of database objects which can be found in the IDA database are used in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy Wall definition Material Glazing System detailed Glass pane Shading material Venetian blind Gas properties Glass definition simplified Integrated shading Location Wind profile Schedule Profile External shading Climate data Occupant load Equipment load Lights Controller setpoints Surface Cooling device Heating device Window Energy price Settings for new zones 7 5 2 Dialog for Schedule Schedules are used to define how something varies with time Examples of this are the presence of occupants or operation time of fans The dialog for editing the schedule has two appearances one simple and one advanced which correspond to a simple and an advanced definition of a specific schedule The program automatic
155. line se beatin IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 E roomwiz1 idm Room Wizard Simple data 10 x EQUA Simulation AB 2013 2 H o El alel 2 Powered by Equa Sizing case Summer C winter Location and case with cooling Simulation date 15 Jul 2002 15 Jan 2002 BJ Location Stockholm Bromma 26 1 17 3 Max temp Min temp Envelope Window area incl frame Stazina B heana Orientation Zone and materials Medium 1 2 m 2 pane glazing clear 4 12 4 hd No internal shading fal South hd M Thermal loads Hum of occup 1 items Operation time Operation Supply air flow Fan operation hours time Light 50 w hours Supply air temp Other loads 150 Jw Thermostat hours Malis gt Start simulation Create building model Figure 2 2 One of the tabs of IDA room At the standard level Figure 2 3 the user is given greater freedom to design a building model This level defines geometry materials controller settings loads etc in a manner that should be easy to handle for a majority of engineers The basic steps of using the standard level are covered by the Getting Started Guide An interactive Process guide Help menu is also available to guide you by movies and other support
156. m If the VAV flow is insufficient to serve the beam with the full requested Design flow the flow through the beam will reduced accordingly The total Design air flow through all beams must not exceed the total for the zone If beam air flow is less than the requested total for the zone the remaining part is regarded as being supplied through conventional terminals When the flow to the room is increased by forcing the central fan or similarly reduced the beams will still keep their requested Design flow as far as possible 3 9 2 Heating Cooling floor Expert edition If a floor heating cooling object is inserted on the floor of a zone the floor construction for this area is divided into two parts above and below the heated layer Between the two a heat exchanger model is inserted corresponding to the piping layer Quite often a floor heating circuit will heat the room below almost as much as the room it belongs to The floor coil model assumes that the active layer can be treated as an infinitely conductive plane in the floor slab i e all 2D effects are disregarded Heat transfer is calculated with a logarithmic temperature difference between the fluid and this plane of constant temperature The user supplied total heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and the plane includes 1 Convection between medium and tube wall 2 Heat conduction through the tube walls 3 Fin efficiency corresponding to the distance between immersed
157. mperature Deg C z Chiller supply temperature to zones Deg C KE Calc Compare The supply and return temperatures for the primary system are displayed Return temperatures from local cooling and heating devices are weighed together with weights Number of zones of this type which are indicated in the zone s form 159 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 7 4 Result Total heating and cooling LL Total heating and cooling output object in buildingl Lo 2 x Diagram Table 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 5424 S426 5428 5430 5432 5434 5436 5438 5440 5442 5444 5446 6 AHU cooling coil power W Water based cooling power to zones W AHU heating coil power W Water based heating power to zones W Ideal cooler power to zones W gt Ideal heater power to zones W 1 Domestic hot water use W K cae Compare els This diagram displays central and local heating and cooling power For water based circuits the power is calculated based on the mass flow and temperature changes supply return in respective plant circuit Thus this heat is computed after generation losses COP have been accounted for but before any distribution and emission losses Cooling power is accounted for as a positive quantity The analogous results are presented for local ideal heaters and coolers although these are not served by t
158. mulation 7 2 1 General tab 7 2 1 1 The building s form building1 buildingl idm fo le lis General Floor plan 3D Simulation Outline Results Project 5 building1 Project data r Global Data HVAC Systems r Energy Meters Usage Location fi Defaults Air Handling Unit A Lighting facility 7 Site shading and orientation Plant A Lighting tenant Kalmar gt A Equipment facility Thermal bridges A A Equipment tenant Climate Ground properties A Cooling Synthetic summer m D Infiltration A HVAC aux A Heating Pressure coefficients 5 n A Electric heating T wind profile Ext Add AHU ing pronte ra energy and losses A Heating tenant Default urban A D a System parameters A Domestic hot water p Details BJ Report k7 Expand table Zones Zone totals Zone setpoints Surfaces Windows Internal gains Wall constructions Time schedules More Floor Room Heat Cool Supply Return Occup Lights Equipme Name a Group height m height m Area m2 setp lt 7C setp 5C ARU System air rak Lism2 no m2 Wia nt W2 S Reception 0 0 2 6 10 0 21 25 Air Ha CAV 2 0 2 0 0 1 5 0 15 0 Open plan office 0 0 26 54 83 21 25 Air Ha CAV 2 0 2 0 0 08 4 662 18 0 E Staff room 0 0 26 78 37 21 25 Air Ha CAV
159. n Climate file Control of integrated shading Controller setpoints Convective interior mass Cooling coil Cooling device Double glass Fa ade Electric radiator Equipment External window shading Extra energy and losses Fan coil Face Floor heating Ground conditions Heat exchanger 42 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Heating coil Heating device Heated cooled floor Heated cooled panel Holidays Ideal cooling device Ideal heating device Infiltration Integrated shading Leak Lights Location Material Occupant Opening Opening control Piecewise proportional controller Pressure coefficients Primary system Profile Project data Results Roof Schedule Simulation data Site object Skylight Surfaces System parameters Thermal bridges building level Thermal bridges zone level Thermal mass Wall definition Wall Floor and Ceiling Wall part Water radiator Wind profile Window Window detailed Zone Zone defaults 7 1 3 Objects in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy in hierarchical order The hierarchical structure for the objects in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy are shown in the formation below Objects are edited either in forms or dialogs See also Objects in alphabetical order Building Location 43 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 Wind profile Climate data Holidays Zone defaults Site object Simulation data System parameters Choice of output Project data
160. n Longwave emissivity 0 1 Shortwave reflectance 0 1 The dialog for a surface is opened by the menu option Open after pressing the Right button with the cursor over an object of the Surface type e g Light surface in one of the Interior surface or Exterior surface fields in the form for wall ceiling and floor or in the form for IDA resources 115 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 14 5 Wall part Object building zone enclosing surface a wall part Available from Wall editor Description Describes a part of wall floor or ceiling with different construction or adjacency conditions or with different surface temperature Views General identical to enclosing element s advanced view A wall part is an object that can be inserted into another wall and which can be given other properties than the rest of the wall All parameters that can be specified for a wall under the Advanced tab can be specified independently for a wall part When a wall adjoins more than one zone or building face each separate contact will automatically be modeled as an implicit wall part The user should not specify these partitions explicitly Each wall part both explicit and implicit is modeled with its own time dependent surface temperature Wall partitions can be used to model non homogeneous temperature distributions over a wall Wall features windows radiators etc can be placed inside wall parts but must not
161. n all gains are collected in during cooling This is also done when no mechanical cooling exists i e in this case the Max temperature is regarded as Maximum preferred temperature Similarly a gain is collected in during heating when the temperature is below or slightly above the Min setpoint Slightly in both cases is defined as half of the throttling band for proportional controllers i e by default 1 C When the distance between Min and Max setpoints is getting too small slightly is instead interpreted as 25 of the dead band A heat gain that occurs while the zone temperature is within the dead band minus Slightly on each side is also integrated However this integration is done with an exponentially decaying weighting factor that accounts for if the heat gain is old or new For example a heat gain contribution that occurred several days ago assuming the zone is floating in the dead band is forgotten while a gain that is occurring just as the zone about to leave the dead band is counted almost fully The time constant for this memory is by default 24h but can be selected in System parameters 7 7 21 Thermal comfort report lt lt Not written yet gt gt 179
162. n drawn along and follows the same movement pattern as a playing card being pulled by a finger on a table Friction between the card and the table controls the card s movement It is advisable to avoid editing a rotated building due to limitations in screen resolution The position of the building can be edited on the Properties page tab on side bar The coordinates of the origin are given in the site plan coordinate system Orientation indicates how the building has been rotated in relation to its original position x Properties Palette R Site object object in building1 Site Outline SE A 300 Give building size and shape in the Floor plan view Here building rotation and position on the site are defined Size and shape of surrounding shading objects are also specified here Import site CAD The objects on the site may be also moved using Shift dialog 56 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The site view supports also import drawings using Import CAD button either in popular CAD and vector formats dwg dxf dwf and other or converted to the common Windows graphical formats bmp jpeg tiff wmf emf The position and the size of the drawings may be edited in the same way as that of a shading building Alternatively their parameters may be edited on the property page Imported 3D objects may be used as shading objects if the parameter Calculate the shadow
163. n the slats are horizontal and positive when the upper sides of slats are facing outside The control macro has a parameter Light Control If the value of this parameter is True the control algorithm is combined with standard light control as described in documentation for the window and detailed window The window shading schedule may be used only inside the control macro it is NOT combined with the output signal 127 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 15 8 Dialog for Glass construction f GP Glass construction gt ij v Glass construction le 2 pane glazing clear 4 12 4 Shading coefficients Description Absolute value Single pane reference Double pane reference g Solar Heat Gain Coef SHGC Glazing U value 0 76 3 0 Wi m2 K T Solar transmittance Internal emissivity 0 6764 0 9 Tvis Visible transmittance External emissivity i 0 9 _ o Saveas Cancel Help The Glass construction dialog is used to describe optical and thermal properties of the window glazing for the standard simplified window model Field descriptions etc Name Choice of Glass construction object The rest of the dialog shows the details of the selected object Shading coefficients Absolute value Select to specify window data without reference glazing Shading coefficients Single pane reference Select to specify data with single glass
164. nce of a specific type of room unit or a room unit which is hydronically connected to the plant remove the ideal room unit from the zone form and insert instead a physical room unit to a zone surface or alternatively drag in a fan coil or similar device from the palette to the zone form 7 4 16 3 Ideal heater The ideal heater is a room unit that heats the zone when no detailed information about an actual room unit such as a radiator or convector is available or this amount of detail is unmotivated It has no given physical location on any room surface and is not connected to the plant of the building Physically think of it as a standalone fuel or electric heater with fixed performance parameters and no flue gas emissions An ideal heater is inserted by default when a new zone is created unless it has been removed from the zone template The default capacity of the ideal heater is given per m floor area in the zone template and should normally be selected to be large enough to safely be able to heat 138 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 the zone under all conditions A PI controller will then be used to keep the room air or operative temperature at the heating setpoint as specified in the Setpoint collection In order to study the performance of a specific type of room unit or a room unit which is hydronically connected to the plant remove the ideal room unit from the zone form and insert inst
165. nd reports chosen can be found under the Results tab see Dialog for choice of output 83 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 7 2 6 Dialog for choice of output EQUA Simulation AB 2013 r List of output objects r Diagrams Building Level M AHU temperatures 7 AHU air flows I Plant temperatures M Total heating and cooling I Wind speed 7 Plant details ee r Reports Building Level M Delivered Energy l Log sources I Log detailed sources M Systems energy l Lost work M AHU energy l Log sources I Log detailed sources M Input data report Reference floor area ae for reports r Diagrams Zone Level M Main temperatures l Heat balance I Air temperatures at floor and ceiling I Fanger s comfort indices I Indoor Air Quality l Daylighting I Directed operative temperatures I Air flow in zone I Airborne heat flow into zone I Surface temperatures l Surface heat fluxes 7 Ventilation air flows Reports Zone Level Energy l Log sources energy table I Log detailed sources l Log sources transmission table I Log detailed sources I Thermal comfort EN 15251 with cooling l Thermal comfort EN 15251 without cooling in addition any model variable can be logged at the Advanced level Find instructions here Only available for Climate zone model fidelity See Defaults ok cance Help Output from a simulation is presented
166. ndoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Default settings for all zones and HVAC systems Site shading and orientation Building orientation compass arrow and definition of separate shading objects e g trees hills and neighboring buildings Thermal bridges Coefficients for calculation of loss factors for thermal bridges in zones Ground properties Model and parameters for temperature conditions below the building Infiltration Method and parameters for building air leakage Pressure coefficients Coefficients for calculation of wind pressure on external surfaces of the building Extra energy and losses Losses from HVAC distribution systems hot water and other energy use items HVAC System List of central hydronic and air handling units New AHU Add an extra AHU If the existing one is not needed Do Replace instead Replace AHU Replace the selected AHU with a new one Supervisory control A controller that collects signals from the environment utility signals etc and from building sensors and computes supervisory control signals that are relevant to the whole building Energy meters List of energy account items with info on cost CO2 and primary energy factor Click Usage to list all references to energy meters Details This table shows the main parameters of zones and other objects The row of radio buttons allows selecting the category of objects to be shown in the table In the table you may
167. ngth is calculated as the given box s area divided with Module width There is a difference in that the heat transfer coefficient between the back of the equipment and the surface behind often the ceiling is given directly in the main form If an arbitrary negative figure is entered the heat transfer coefficient is calculated in the same way as for the heating devices i e as if all heat transfer was done by radiation This is a good approximation for a device that has no insulation at all The dialog for alternative input has somewhat different parameters for cooling units Absorbed power and temperature differences between air and water are given for two points on the power curve For max power the temperature drop of the water is also given To accurately model zone thermal conditions the surface areas of heating and cooling devices must be realistic in relation to emitted power See also Room units for Cooling and Heating 7 4 16 12 Edit waterborne heating devices 143 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Heat emission from waterborne heating devices is calculated using P K dT where is equipment length and dT is the temperature difference between the water and the zone air K and N are constants characterizing a piece of equipment of a certain height In the case of a radiator N is often set at 1 28 which is why K gets the unit W m C The logarithmic mean temperature difference is used to
168. ntrollable device select parameters for all controllable devices under the tab Control Vertices m The form for a shading object is opened from the Right button menu with the cursor over an object of this type e g Balcony with sides in the Shading editor Shading objects cannot be changed to independent IDA resources but will be saved as resources or data base objects combined with the window s size and positioning in the wall see Edit an external shading 132 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 15 12 Shading control nal Awning 3x1 m 10 cm window recession1 resource object in building lo rm Shading editor Control r Type of control No control z Wind speed above which mis Wind shading is withdrawn ae Radiation incident on Radiation window above which m Radiation and Wind shading is used Mark the controlled shade elements in the list below Name M Awning No control No automatic control Wind The shading is withdrawn at high local wind speed Radiation The shading is drawn extended at high solar radiation Radiation and wind Control by wind and sun wind has priority Wind speed above which shading is withdrawn If the wind speed for this facade exceeds this level the shades are withdrawn Radiation incident on window above which shading is used If the radiation in the plane of the window with shades
169. number and specifying the k1 parameter pumping effort can be given in proportion to distributed heat PSetMax should still have a somewhat realistic value In the third option the efficiency of different types of pumping solutions and control are reflected by a user provided polynomial function This requires the input of a design massflow as a point of reference Two standard curves from ASHRAE 90 1 are provided Pumping power for domestic hot water circulation can also be specified via k2 which specifies pumping power as a fraction of domestic hot water heating power The setpoint for the hot water supply temperature comes from a special controller component connected to the boiler The controller provides a graph showing the setpoint as a function of the outdoor air temperature Press F1 in the dialog for detailed instructions 3 1 2 The Chiller The chiller and its circulation circuit operate in a similar way but differ in some aspects from the boiler The chiller uses electrical power to produce chilled water at two different constant temperatures but with the same pressure The colder water normally 5 C supplies the AHU The somewhat warmer temperature normally 15 C goes to the zones Similarly as for the boiler EnergyPlus correlations for modeling temperature and part load behavior may be applied Pumping power is also specified as in the boiler 3 2 The air handling system In the default configuration the air handl
170. o 58 2 W per m body surface which is the amount one sitting inactive person is assumed to emit In IDA Indoor Climate and Energy body surface has been selected to be 1 8 m corresponding to an average adult The 100 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 examples below give the emitted total power and activity levels during different activities which are assumed to be continuous Source ASHRAE Fundamentals Activity met Power W Sleep 0 7 T2 Reclining rest 0 8 81 Seated quiet resting 1 0 108 Standing relaxed rest 1 2 126 Walking 3 2 km h 2 0 207 Walking 4 3 km h 2 6 270 Walking 6 4 km h 3 8 396 Reading seated 1 0 108 Typing 1 1 117 Office walking 1 7 180 Office lifting packing 2 1 216 Cooking 1 6 2 0 171 207 Housecleaning 2 0 3 4 207 360 Light machine work 1 8 2 4 189 252 Heavy machine work 4 0 423 Pick and shovel work 4 0 4 8 423 504 Dancing social 2 4 4 4 252 504 Aerobics work out 3 0 4 0 315 423 Tennis 3 6 4 0 378 486 Basketball 5 0 7 6 522 792 Competitive wrestling 7 0 8 7 738 909 How to select clothing clo The amount of clothing has a large influence on the comfort experienced which is measured with PPD percentage of people dissatisfied and PMV predicted mean vote It also has some influence on the power emitted by a person It 1 clo equals a heating resistance of 0 155 m K W The examples below give the clo values for different types of clothing source ASHRAE Fundamentals
171. o connected to all the air terminals in the zones When the fans switch off all terminals are closed This is to avoid a spontaneous flow through the system caused by the chimney effect The fan schedule like other schedules gives normally values of 0 off and 1 on as output signals However it is meaningful for the fan schedule to sometimes give other values thereby forcing ventilation flow For example if a value of 1 2 is given all terminals will supply a 20 higher flow than that selected locally in the zone This applies to both CAV and VAV systems In the same way a value of 0 5 results in half the flow The local terminal connection to the central schedule has no counterpart in actual systems but has been introduced partly to avoid unintentional spontaneous flow in the system and partly to permit forcing the flow in case of CAV 15 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The heat exchanger is similarly controlled by a schedule To turn it off the schedule should give the value 0 A value 1 turns on the heat exchanger No other values are meaningful i e it is not possible to partially turn on the heat exchanger 3 3 The zone models For the HVAC systems the presentations for the standard and advanced user interface levels are the same for the distinction between standard and advanced levels see Section 5 However in the case of the zone models the presentations are completely different This
172. o understand the precise meaning of each parameter double click anywhere on the row of an object to open Then press F1 to open context help for that object Read more about the zone models and these parameters in the IDA ICE Manual 7 4 2 Calculation of thermal bridge coefficients The total loss factor in a zone s thermal bridges is calculated as sum of loss factors in bridges created by different construction elements listed in the form The coefficients per unit of element size in most cases per meter are by default given at building level The sizes of elements are by default calculated from zone geometry but may be also given by the user The values specified explicitly by the user are marked with yellow background To restore the default setting click the yellow field with right mouse button and select Mapping Restore link from the context menu The user may also specify an extra loss for this zone independent of given geometry See also Thermal bridge coefficient z Loss factor for thermal bridges object in buildingl Zone Lalaj z r Calculation of thermal bridge coefficient W K Total envelope area External wall internal slab il External wall internal wall External wall external wall External windows perimeter External doors perimeter Roof extermal walls External slab external walls Balcony floor external walls External slab Internal walls 0
173. o vary vertically It is zero on the ground and reaches a speed corresponding to that given in the weather data at the Href height This height is normally 10 meters and this value applies if synthetic weather is used When a weather file with measured data is used the height is taken from the wind measurement height field in the form for Climate definition 51 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Wind speed at different heights is given by the following power law expression U Umeasured AO_COEFF H Href A_EXP where U is the wind speed in m s at height H in m Umeasured is wind speed for the actual time in the weather file The wind profile s form is accessed when the Right button is pressed with the cursor over an object of the Wind profile type e g Default urban in the Wind profile field in the building form or in the form for IDA resources 7 2 1 5 Dialog for project data Customer AIUS Responsible Christoph Morbitzer engineer The study tests several active and passive cooling Description principles The dialog for an object of the Project data type is displayed by clicking in the box with the same name in the building form A project can be documented here by entering information regarding customer and responsible engineer etc Field description Customer text Responsible engineer text Description This gives a short description of the simulated system The t
174. of or parts of the roof the user may edit the z coordinates of the roof corners on the roof s Properties page But often this is not convenient because some of heights might be calculated from other ones the roof parts are flat so it is enough to specify the height of 3 points on each part For this reason IDA ICE provides a special tool to set the roof height To set the heights of some of roof corners do the following 1 Press Set height button on the bottom of the Editing Roof view IDA ICE will display a Mode dialog that indicates that you are now in Setting roof height mode 2 Select by clicking with mouse the vertices those height you would like to change or 69 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 to use for calculating other heights Every time you click a vertex its height becomes available for editing just above the vertex in the drawing and you can change it if desired At every step all heights that a selected or may be calculated from the selected ones are shown on the drawing The changed either by the user or by the program are written in red the unchanged are written in blue The selected vertices are marked with green circles around them the calculated ones are marked with red circle The roof parts are filled in yellow if flat or cyan if non flat 3 If you select a vertex that is already selected you will be prompted to choose either to unselect it or to edit its hei
175. ol setpoints The Control setpoints dialog Figure 3 5 provides input data for zone climate quality requirements Here only those parameters which are of importance for airflows are discussed For a VAV system the given minimum value of Mechanical exhaust airflow provides the lowest allowable airflow with the maximum value providing the highest one In Figure 3 4 an exhaust only VAV system has been specified In the case of CAV as was already pointed out the desired flow is given directly in the zone form If the chosen CAV flow falls out of the quality range provided in Control setpoints a warning is issued when the simulation is started The other values in Figure 3 5 may impact on the corresponding VAV control scheme If the user selects CO control see Figure 3 4 the airflow is varied in proportion to the CO content of the air in the zone For the VAV with CO control scheme a CO value which equals or exceeds the given max value in Figure 3 5 results in the maximum flow through the exhaust terminal with a minimum CO value producing the given minimum airflow The humidity control function is entirely analogous with respect to relative humidity assuming supply air will dry the zone The option VAV with temperature control functions somewhat differently Here the maximum comfort temperature value is used Forcing of the VAV flow begins somewhat below normally 1 C the indicated maximum value P control Full exhaust
176. ol strategy is set to Setpoints Schedule the light output is varied depending on available daylight during the periods when the selected schedule is on gt 0 If the daylight falls below a min level set in the Controller setpoints dialog the light output is set at nominal power If the daylight exceeds the max level the lights are off Between these limits the control is proportional 7 4 7 Light Control Macro Light Control macro is used to describe a custom lighting control strategy See Custom control for general information about control macros The output signal should be connected to the pre defined interface reference OUTSIGNALLINK on the border of the macro An output signal 1 means the lighting power given as Rated input 0 means zero power The schedule given for the Light object may be used only inside the control macro it is NOT combined with OUTSIGNALLINK 104 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 8 Form for equipment load Number of units Schedule Emitted heat per unit 150 0 Ww Only this consumes energy Energy carier Energy meter Default Equipment tenant 7 Advanced Long wave radiation fraction 0 1 Emitted as water droplets i e the Liquid water emission per kg s evaporation heat is removed from the air unit Emitted as water vapor i e the Dry steam emission per unit kg s evaporation heat is not removed from the ar CO2 per unit mg s Util
177. om controllers to devices To connect a control macro with a device 154 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Inthe control macro connect the output of the control algorithm with the required interface of the actuator control target e g to the heating interface Some devices may require multiple signals e g heating and cooling Open the device and select the device control or the control target of the central control from the list of available controllers in the Controller field The same list may be also available from the tables in the General view of the zone or the building For ventilation control the list is available in the field Ventilation System type in the General view of the zone Connecting the output from controllers to other macros The lower lever control macros may get signals from the higher level control macros To establish such connection In the higher level control macro insert from the palette an appropriate Control target object if not inserted yet Rename it if required Connect all desired output signals to the appropriate interfaces in the Control target object Inthe lower level macro or in a sub macro of the lower level control macro insert a corresponding Signal source object if not inserted yes The new object will be created with the same name as the Control target above You will be asked to choose a name if multiple compatible control targets exist
178. on gt Zoom extents Object interaction Select object Left mouse button Click Selected object is shown in red The properties of the object are shown in the sidebar To select a zone Click on a zone wall or zone feature twice not as fast as double click Open object Left mouse button Double click Opens form for selected object Alternatively use Right mouse button menu gt Open 77 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Insert object The following objects can be inserted in the 3D view L windows C openings L balconies To insert an object Choose Palette in the side bar Drag the object from the palette and drop onto a building facade Tip A grid of fa ade objects can be created by selecting one or two identical fa ade object and choosing Grid from the Right mouse button menu Assign property to object The following properties can be assigned to objects in the 3D view L constructions of walls floors and roof To assign a property to objects Choose Palette in the side bar Double click on the property in the palette and select the objects in the 3D view Click Ok to accept Move object The following objects can be moved in the 3D view C building bodies L zones C windows openings and shading objects inserted into building fa ades C grid lines in a grid of fa ade windows openings or shading objects C shading buildings C imported 3d objects and bitmaps To move an object in th
179. on object in building3 oo e jes Infiltration r Method r Zone Distribution Infiltration units ACH building sail a External surface area Fl Wind driven flow Wind driven flow Air tightness ACH building Air tightness in 955556 L s m2 ext surf zones at pressure difference Pa at pressure difference 50 Pa Pressure coefficients Fixed infiltration Fixed infiltration Fixed flow i Flow ACH building dan Li s m2 ext surf Building leakage can be modelled either depending on actual wind pressure or as a given fixed in exfiltration For fixed flow select Fixed infiltration and specify the flow For wind dependent infiltration select Wind driven flow set Air tightness for the building envelope and specify pressure coefficients for external surfaces Internal leakage paths must must be defined in partitions between zones Adds doors or leaks in internal walls The infiltration data is automatically transfered to zones and overwrites present zone Leak area but does not alter leaks that have been defined separately on surfaces ACH Air Changes per Hour Data in the infiltration form is used to specify unintentional air flows over the building envelope without having to visit each zone The Leak area and Given additional in exfiltration parameters of each zone are by default linked with the global Infiltration data Two basic methods of infiltration modeling are support
180. on AB 2013 Heat from controlled room units such as chilled beams radiators and ideal units For hydronic devices the split between convection and radiation is automatically calculated see manual NB Floor heating is not included here but is regarded as coming from floor and ceiling Heat from window surfaces including both conducted heat and retransmitted absorbed solar radiation Longwave radiation through openings open doors is included here Incoming solar radiation affects room conditions in two ways 1 as directly transmitted short wave radiation which is repeatedly reflected at room surfaces but is ultimately absorbed by these 2 as heat which is first absorbed in the window pane blind and then reaches the room through convection and radiation The latter is accounted for here together with window transmission The first is separately displayed see below Electrical light power emitted as convection or radiation according to user input Net heat from distribution losses from pipes and ducts that are deposited in the zone See Extra energy and losses Includes both sensible dry and latent moist heat emitted by the occupants The moisture is ventilated away and will in this way be included in the air flow heat balance All air flows are accounted here i e mechanical ventilation as well as infiltration and flows from other zones For a detailed account of airborne heat flows see also separate result obje
181. on is by default based on computed air flows and user supplied pressure heads and efficiencies Energy used by pumps Pump electricity consumption is by default based on computed water flows and user supplied pressure heads and efficiencies Data for the distribution losses overview is governed by coefficients specified in Extra energy and losses Results are presented in the following categories Distribution losses category Domestic hot water circuit Heating Cooling Air ducts comment Heat lost from water in domestic hot water distribution systems either due to permanent circulation or to intermittent tapping Heat lost from water in hot water distribution systems Cooling energy lost from water in cold water distribution systems Cooling energy lost from ductwork both from transmission and air leakage A given percentage of each loss is emitted into zones according to floor area 174 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The data for report is collected by energy meter models EMETER and EMETER2 that exist in Plant and AHU macros When defining custom Plant and AHU macros the user should add the missing meter models and check and fix if required the connections of EMETER INPOWER with variables that calculate the power as described in the table category Zone heating Zone cooling AHU heating AHU Cooling Domestic hot water AHU Heat recovery AHU Cold recovery Plant Heat reco
182. onvection around the shade layer Slat angle The orientation of slats Is significant only for glass construction containing Venetian blinds The angle is zero when the slats are horizontal and positive when the upper sides of slats are facing outside This parameter may be overridden by a variable slat angle defined in the custom shading control External window shading Choice of external window shading Object for near window shading e g awnings side fins recess depth etc Click the link to open shading editor Opening Control Selection of control strategy for window opening Supported strategies Schedule The opening is controlled by time schedule On off control schedule PI control schedule The opening is controlled by air temperatures both internal and external in the range from 0 fully closed to the value given by the schedule 122 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 New Define a new custom opening control strategy User defined control strategies The already defined custom control strategies are listed together with any target objects from the zone central controller Schedule Schedule for degree of window opening 0 fully closed 1 fully open Schedule smoothing applied by default Frame properties Fraction of the total window area The unglazed area of the window divided by the whole window area defined by the outer frame measures 0 1 U value Heat transfer coefficient for the unglazed part
183. oofs lacking descriptions in the zone External floor Construction for floor slabs lacking descriptions in the zone A ground insulation layer is normally described as part of the ground structure Glazing Glazing for windows lacking descriptions in the zone only for simplified window model Door construction The default construction for doors The default setting for this parameter is use wall construction that means where be no special treatment of wall material this setting is compatible with ICE 3 0 version Integrated window shadings The default shading device for simplified window model Generator Efficiencies and Default Carriers Default efficiencies for fixed efficiency plant components and ideal room units are given here Radio buttons are used to select the default type of energy for each purpose Energy Meters From version 4 5 default Energy meters can be defined for each general type of usage and energy carrier It is of course still possible to override defaults by local choice of meter at each point of usage Other Zone model fidelity Selects the degree of accuracy for the mathematical models of the zones If the Climate model is selected a very detailed physical model of the building and its components with for example the possibility for a vertical temperature gradient will be simulated If instead the Energy model is selected a simpler physical model is used It has a more conventional degree of accuracy based on a
184. oom units when both VAV and other means of cooling have Pressure dif envelope 20 10 Pa been defined VAV is used fest and setpoints of other room units are ofset by 2 0 C Change globally in System Parameters qt p Vanable Setpoints Min temperature pose ont set ED Max temperature value not set gt Object Name Ofice normal control example Descnption eS Sn Ge Ge Figure 3 5 Control setpoints In the zone form the user can select System type CAV VAV with temperature control VAV with CO control or VAV with humidity control VAV with both temperature and CO control and VAV with pressure control schedule controlled VAV etc For CAV the required airflows are given directly in the zone form Leak area gives the size of the The link 1 s m next to the input field enables input in various units 19 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 combined envelope leak In the model the combined envelope leak area is distributed on all external walls 1 m above floor level The height is only relevant for natural ventilation situations Both Leak area and Given additional in exfiltration are by default computed automatically based on information for the whole building that is given in the Infiltration form which is reached from the Building form In the combo box Controller setpoints Figure 3 4 the user can select an object with a collection of relevant zone level contr
185. ortwave 0 83 i 0 07 Visible Diffusion Longwave Thickness 4s mm Thermal conductivity Wi K m Object Name 4 mm clear example Description To reverse the pane orientation select Flipped in the glazing dialog 7 Cancel Save as Help The Glass pane dialog is used to describe the properties of a glass pane for use in a Detailed Glazing System for the Detailed window model Glass panes are resource objects i e the same pane object may be referenced from multiple glazing systems or multiple layers of the same glazing system Pane parameters Glass pane Choice of Glass pane object The rest of the dialog shows the details of the selected object The optical parameters are grouped in three columns transmittance same for both directions and two columns for reflectance from the front side and from the back side Total shortwave 135 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The coefficients of transmittance and reflectance represent average values over the full solar wavelength spectrum The coefficients should be valid for radiation that is perpendicular to the pane Coefficients for other incidence angles and for diffuse radiation are calculated by the model Visible Ditto for the visible range Diffusion The coefficients of diffusion dissipance i e the fraction or the transmitted reflected direct radiation that becomes diffuse after transmission or r
186. osses Energy which is partially or entirely lost within the distribution systems Some of this heat may be usefully deposited in zones For cases with specified distribution losses a separate table of distribution losses is presented Data for is presented in the following categories Used energy category comment Zone heating Heat delivered from the central plant or other possibly local heat generation devices to the zones The distributed heat will normally be reduced by distribution and emission losses before it reaches the occupied space Zone cooling D o for cooling AHU heating Heating energy supplied to all heating coils of central air handling units No distribution losses are applied to the circuit between the plant and the AHU The heating produced by electrical coils in the central AHU is included AHU Cooling Energy removed by all cooling coils of air handling units Note that a significant part of this energy may be latent due to condensation in coils No distribution losses are applied to the circuit between the plant and the AHU The cooling produced by electrical air conditioners in the central AHU is included Domestic hot water Energy delivered to the domestic hot water circuit The consumption rate is given in Extra energy and losses Note that actual DHW end use may be smaller due to distribution losses Utilized free energy category comment AHU heat recovery Heating energy recovered in AHU air to air heat exchang
187. outermost pane combination Definitions of these inputs are the same as for a detailed window Shading Selection of shading properties of the outermost pane Definitions of these inputs are also the same as for a detailed window Depth The distance between the outermost and innermost pane combinations of the air space i e the actual ventilated layer Air paths Four possible air paths are possible in the order they appear in the form 1 Grille at the floor level of the air space connecting the air space with ambient air 2 Ditto at the ceiling level These openings are permanently open when the double sheet fa ade is specified at the standard level No connections to neighboring air spaces are automatically defined 3 A leakage between the room and the air space at a given height This leak is defined in addition to the default external leak of the zone specified in the zone form The default leak of the zone is still interpreted as a direct air path between the zone and ambient i e passing untouched by the double sheet fa ade 4 A given CAV flow from the air space to the return air duct This flow will be controlled by the AHU fan schedule in the same way as the CAV ventilation of a zone i e with possibilities of forcing reduced speed etc The three first air paths are defined in terms of Equivalent leakage area as interpreted by default in IDA ICE i e at a discharge coefficient Cd 1 and with flow depend
188. ptional shading layers and cavity layers between pane shading layers Two types of shadings are currently supported plain shading and Venetian blind Layer parameters Pane layer Pane A reference to a pane description The button with the right arrow gives a menu of possible operations Open the Pane dialog create a new pane description load a pane from database save the pane to database Cavity layer Material A reference to a gas description The button with the right arrow gives a menu of possible operations Open the Gas dialog create a new gas description load a gas from database save the gas to database Thickness The thickness of the cavity Shade layer 134 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Material A reference to a shade material description The button with the right arrow gives a menu of possible operations Open the Shade material dialog create a new shade material description load a shade material from database save the shade material to database Venetian blind layer Device A reference to a Venetian blind description The button with the right arrow gives a menu of possible operations Open the Venetian blind dialog create a new Venetian blind description load a Venetian blind type from database save a Venetian blind to database 7 4 15 14 Glass pane EN Glass Pane bas Glass Pane le 4 mm clear example Glass pane Outside Inside Transmittance Reflectance Total sh
189. quested output in the simulation form The form for energy meter is opened by double clicking on an object of the Energy meter type e g Electric meter in the Energy meters box in the building form 7 2 1 14 System parameters System parameters are global settings that affect the simulation but that should not normally be changed by the user In the Outline view Expert edition only additional parameters and tolerances may be found that may be relevant to expert users 64 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 2 1 15 Dialog for energy price ie ete F a 7 Energy rate plan __ Energy rate plan Energy rate plan Energy rate plan T e Up to four rates are given here and a schedule which selects a rate at Fred cost veer ae Energy rates amp kWh senedule for rate Object Name Energy rate plan Description Valid from 01 07 2009 5 In this dialog a description of the objects of the Energy price type can be given Field descriptions etc Currency Currency name Fixed cost Kr year Fixed yearly cost Energy rate Kr kWh Schedule for rate Choose a schedule that selects rate at different times Output signal should be 1 2 3 or 4 at all times Object Name and description The dialog for an energy price is opened from the Energy meter form by opening the object in the Energy rate plan field 65 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013
190. r both adjacent zones Wik joint total for both adjacent zones Wiki joint negative number 2 wrkiim2 envelope IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 2 1 9 Ground properties Ground p Ground properties Ground model Iso 13370 Describe material layers below the slab and outside of the basement wall For ISO Ground layers under basement slab 13370 the outermost layer will always be Default ground with insulation 0 5 m irrespective of described thickness Note that the default definitions contain an insulation layer Ground layers outside basement walls When a climate file has been selected the lo Default ground with insulation ground temperature is computed automatically and the given temperature is disregarded Ground temperature when no whole year climate file has been i selected The dialog for an object of the type Ground conditions is displayed by clicking on the button with the same name in the building form Here the calculation model ground layers and temperature conditions under and around the building can be described Field description Ground model Use ISO 13370 default or method from IDA ICE 3 Ground layers under basement slab Ground layers under slab down to virtual ISO 13370 or constant ICE 3 temperature Ground layer outside basement walls Ground layers outside wall to virtual ISO 13370 or ambien
191. rgy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 aS Click Help for all options C Newzone _ ordinar zone Import __ IFC Show Level 0 0 Note also that the program automatically allocates names to all the facades created by the introduction of new breakpoints This allocation has not yet taken place in the figure above but can be seen in the last figure in this part The building can also be assigned geometry in the form of coordinates This is done on the Properties page for building body part This page is shown on the Side bar when the body part is selected To add a new body part Add object of type Building body It is also possible to copy a body part from another or the same building To move a body part Drag the body part with mouse To rotate the body part keep the Alt button pressed To align or stick a side of the body part to another object zone another body part a line in CAD drawing place this side near to that object and keep it for a while with left mouse button pressed It is also possible to move a body part by editing the coordinates on the Properties view of the Side Bar This is the way to move the body part in z direction Notes 1 To avoid confusions do not move building body far away from the origin of the coordinate system 2 If you want to move the whole building relative to the surrounding building or rotate it it is better to do it on the site view
192. rm for objects of type Floor Wall and Ceiling opens a so called surface editor which shows a drawing of the respective surface To insert an object on the surface drag it from the palette page on the Side bar Alternatively you can double click an object on palette and then place the cursor somewhere within the drawing hold down the left button and drag the object to the desired size Now release the button The size and position of the object can be changed Change the size by first selecting the object and dragging one of the small rectangles in the object s corners or in the middle of its sides Change the position by placing the cursor within the object s boundary lines holding down the left button and dragging the object to the desired position The features may be also moved using Shift dialog Numerical values for the object s size and position can also be given on the Properties page situated on the Side bar while the object is selected 112 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 14 3 Dialog for wall definition i E Construction definition Ex gt Externalwall Frame wall 195mm gt Description U value Double gypsum frames 195 board a 0 2349 Wi m2 K wood paneling Thickness 0 255 m Layers Floor top Wall inside ads Gbderete fo o Gypsum 0 026 m fi Frames cc600 cross insul 0 195 m fl Gypsum 0 009 m Wood 0 025 m
193. rol source object in the device control macro In the similar way the supervisor controller may provide different control strategies to different zones and AHU s Currently the central zone control cannot provide different setpoints to different devices This may be modeled instead by combining central zone control with individual control macros for devices that require individual setpoints The output signal should be connected to the pre defined OUTSIGNALLINK interface reference on the right border of the macro 156 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 7 Results 7 7 1 Result AHU Air Handling Unit temperatures Date 2009 07 16 a 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 4704 4706 4708 4710 4712 4714 4716 4718 4720 4722 4724 4726 Supply air dry bulb temperature Deg C lt Outside air dry bulb temperature Deg C Return air dry bulb temperature Deg C Ke Calc Compare E This diagram displays return air supply air and outdoor air temperatures The return air temperature is the mixed temperature where each zone s air is multiplied by weights number of zones of this type given in the zone s form Air supply temperature gives the temperature which reaches the zone s air terminal after any increase in the fans and duct system Note that the setpoint for the supply air temperature applies to the air temperature before this increase
194. rsions of a form except by using Undo Forms do not lock each other and several windows with forms can be open simultaneously but only the one where work is in progress is active A form can be printed Simulations and many other operations can be carried out without having to first close open forms Dialogs i e input windows with OK and Cancel buttons work in IDA as in most other Windows programs They lock everything else but the current dialog window 11 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 3 Model description This chapter treats the mathematical models of IDA Indoor Climate and Energy together with some of their input forms The reader is assumed to have mastered the basics of the program by first following the getting started guides More information can also be found on the User s page Help menu IDA on the Web ICE User Support A building model consists of a single or several thermal zones a single or several air handling units and a single primary system From version 4 5 it is also possible to operate entirely without an air handling unit When a new model is initiated at the standard level default air handling units and primary systems are normally automatically inserted may depend on localization The default systems have unlimited capacity for providing the zones with air and water at given temperatures By default the supply air temperature is kept constant at 17 C the chilled water temper
195. s m2 Return air for CAV Li s m2 r Room units r Furniture Serna a ai ae a J Displacement Ee eee 25 kaim2 degree for gradient 0 o with furniture calculation In this dialog templates for new zones can be created and modified A new template is created by modifying parameters and then saving under a new name Save as A library of typical zones can be created in this way Field descriptions etc Use template Choice from the list of alternative settings for new zones Save as Create a new template Ok Accept changes General page Controller setpoints Choice of control values for temperature air quality and light Room units Check to add ideal heating or cooling units to zones Furniture Covered part of the floor Fraction of floor area which is covered by furniture 0 1 Weight area with furniture Total weight of furniture divided by the covered area kg m2 Room height 73 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The distance between floor and ceiling m This parameter is only used for creation of new zones If a zone is reset to match data in a template zone geometry including this parameter is not touched Air Select central air handling unit Choice of air handling unit from the types available at the building level System type Type of ventilation system Constant or variable flow with different controls Supply air for
196. s of this type 1 to ceiling m Loss factor for thermal bridges 9 0 wre C to roof Controller setpoints local for zone 7 gt Floor height above ground Ventilation Room Units Central Air Handling Unit Ideal cooler Air Handling Unit E Ideal heater System type Supply air for CAV Return air for CAV Internal gains Displacement degree for gradient calculation Leak area Given additional in exfiltration L s m2 ext surf Surfaces Windows Openings Airhandlingunits Leaks Roomunits Internalgains Internal masses Name E Floor O Ceiling Wall 1 Wall 2 W wall 3 Wall 4 Figure 3 4 The zone form A Setpoint collection i e Setpoint cotecton Ofc normal contri example Bo i Controt setpoints 7 Min i 2 k max d Temperature 21 25 c heating i f airtemo Mech supply air fow 0 0 Uis m2 max ue cooling ir Mech retum airflow 0 3 7 Ufs m2 is pe Stemp_throttie 20 C Relative humidity 20 80 S 1 tovet of coz 700 1100 ppm vol The control action of heating and cooling depends on d he controller used in the actual device Defaults are P Daylight at workplace 100 10000 Lux control for rag stors and P1 for most other r
197. s reached by selecting Properties in the Options menu See Edit the shape orientation and surrounding of the building 74 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 2 3 6 Floor level dialog z a Show floor Show floor plan at level p 0 0 as m Slice height as Building top 6 0 m Building bottom 1 0 m cance Ha Show floor plan at level Select from the list of floor levels or type a new one Slice height Show all zones that overlap with layer from level to level slice height Building top The height of the building top above ground Building bottom Height of ground floor slab above ground negative if below ground 7 2 3 7 IFC and CAD import ICE can import CAD IFC files of IFC release 2 0 2x 2x2 and 2x3 generated by e g ArchiCAD Revit Architectural Desktop MagiCAD Room etc ICE imports information about wall window and door positions ICE relies on the existence of ifcSpaces for creation of simulated zones ICE imports also styles for walls windows and materials that can be used to provide an appropriate property set to a group of imported objects in ICE Using IFC it is possible to build the geometry of a building without manual editing See the manual and special ICE topic document IFC Import pdf for details IDA can import drawings either in popular CAD and vector formats dwg dxf dwf and other or converted to the common Windows graphical formats bmp
198. s section This forces the solver to be more careful and take smaller steps which in most cases improves robustness A tolerance of 0 001 or even smaller can sometimes be used S This directory may occur in different locations depending on Windows version used The path to the temporary directory can be found under Options gt Preferences gt Advanced Solver files can also be viewed from the View menu gt Solver files 38 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 A frequent situation is that any change in input data makes a previously failed run go through This is not as strange as it sounds since each change will lead to a different sequence of timesteps and in this way the exact combination of values that led to the failed timestep is avoided Another often effective trick is to replace sharp steps in schedules with steep ramps especially for the fan control schedule This will enable the solver to gradually over a short time period approach the new solution and thereby reach it more securely If in addition the start and endpoints of the ramp are marked as input events double entries of the same point in the table view the solver will be even more cautious Input events are marked by repeating the same time point twice in the profile something best done in the Data tab view 39 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 ICE Reference Manual 7 1 General IDA Indoor Climate an
199. s that the former will never change their value during a simulation whereas a variable might A window area is an example of a natural parameter and the room air temperature is always a variable The description of most components is done using a special language called NMF Neutral Model Format Click on the Code tab of any of the AHU components to see the NMF code It contains the following main sections Abstract A brief textual description of the model Equations The actual mathematical description formalized according to a strict syntax but quite readable also for humans Links Interfaces A description of the ports or terminals of the component A fan would typically have at least two links for incoming and outgoing air flow and could also have links for power supply and control signals Variables Variables to be calculated by the model Parameters Quantities that characterize the component e g a vector of numbers describing the fan curve Parameter Computer code which converts user supplied parameters into those that processing actually appear in the equations From version 4 some models in the ICE library are instead described by the Modelica language www modelica org 1 The IDA Modelica development environment is not yet publicly released and focus here will be on NMF The NMF development environment is shipped on request with the Expert edition of IDA ICE 4 5 33 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simul
200. section explains the principal features of the zone models and also provides a brief overview of the advanced level in this context Actually most users will never have to deal with the advanced level but it is useful to know it exists and the physics are more easily explained from the point of view of the advanced level IDA Indoor Climate and Energy provides two different zone models One of these the climate model is quite detailed it may for example calculate a vertical temperature gradient The second model the energy model has a more conventional level of precision and is based on a mean radiant temperature Both zone models are based on the same description of the building given in the standard level All models of components in and around the zone such as windows radiators controllers leaks terminals etc are common to both the energy and climate models The climate model is currently available only for zones with a rectangular geometry From version 4 the energy model is default for new zones but this can easily be changed in the Defaults form More details about the mathematical models can be found in Models for Building Indoor Climate and Energy Simulation or by studying the NMF code in the Code tab of the component window at the advanced level Figure 3 3 shows a schematic view advanced level of a zone with the climate model To access this window press Build model in the Simulation tab after entering all the informat
201. set to account for permanent conductive losses from chillers and boilers They are defined in terms of extra electricity or fuel heating value use This energy is lost Plant pumping power calculation method is selected for plant pumps Depending on the plant type selected this information may be possible to refine further in the Plant object Ideal unit pumping power calculation method is selected This allows association of pumping power with ideal units should they be used as proxies for real room units Any number of Additional Energy Use items may be specified right click to rename them This is energy which should be accounted for in total delivered energy from the utility but does not enter the building heat balance Ice melting equipment or external lights are examples For each item both an absolute and a per floor area contribution may be given The total of both is displayed for convenience Each item must also refer to a schema and an energy meter Note that defined energy meters can be renamed and new ones can be added in the building form 7 2 1 13 Energy meters E E Lighting facility object in building3 BLERA Energy meter type Electrical meter Energy rate plan lt value not set gt Primary energy factor CO emission per kW mg kWh Role Facility v Color for presentation Eal Total energy use and cost of energy are presented in special reports Click here or on button Requested o
202. sign days Wind speed Wind direction and speed is kept constant during the day m s Design days Clearness number Reduction factor for direct and diffuse sunlight 0 dark 1 clear dry and cloudless atmosphere 1 15 extremely clear conditions Climate description Default climate file for given location Object name and description The Dialog for a location is opened when the Right button is pressed with the cursor over an object of the Location type e g Malm in the Location field in the building form or in the form for IDA resources For synthetic climate the outdoor air temperature varies sinusoidally between the given min and max values The warmest time of day is assumed to be at 15 00 for dry as well as for wet bulb temperature A clearness number indicates the presence of clouds or unclear atmospheric conditions For a clear dry and cloudless sky 1 is given A normal daily average for a clear day summer day can be 0 8 Under extremely clear conditions particularly in northern countries 1 15 may occur Further information about clearness number and additional references can be found in ASHRAE Fundamentals 49 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 2 1 3 Form for climate definition G a 1 Kalmar 1968 resource object in building3 as Filename Kalmar prn Wind measurement height 10 m r Position Station Kalmar Country Sweden Latitude 56 6
203. size 37 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 To learn about the statistics of a simulation in terms of number of timesteps variables restarts etc view the file screen txt in the IDA temporary directory idamod45 At the end of this file some Statistics are given 6 2 Numerical instabilities With a tool like IDA Indoor Climate and Energy it is easy to build large non linear systems of equations and solve them for thousands of time points However it is impossible to even theoretically guarantee the success of the solution procedure Any non linear system of equations may have more than a single solution or none at all Numerical computer programs are in this respect different from most other types of software where it may be at least theoretically possible to create a bug free code IDA Indoor Climate and Energy also has a more difficult task than most other building simulation software where less freedom is given to create mathematically complex models A major part of the IDA development work is devoted to improving the solver performance on difficult cases However this work is altogether dependent on close interaction with users It is vital that users which have built reasonable and meaningful models that are difficult to solve take the trouble of sending the model to the support office This is most easily done by using the Mail support function on the Help menu Some physical processes more often
204. source documents that are accessed by pressing the Import button Resource objects are frequently created from database objects A list of all available objects can be found in the Database objects in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 66 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 2 3 Floor plan tab 7 2 3 1 Floor Plan The Floor Plan view shows the building body zones and imported CAD data at the given height All objects are shown in building coordinates A compass shows the orientation of the building To change the orientation go to Site view Supported operations on Floor Plan Add move resize edit rename and remove parts of building body and zones Move the selected object using Shift dialog Building and zone geometry import CAD import See also Edit the zone position and size in the floor plan The building geometry 7 2 3 2 Building shape The building shape is given as one or more parts of Building Body The shape of a body part a prism with vertical walls or a part of such a prism limited by the roof The roof may consist of one or more flat polygons that cover the whole roof The body parts may be arranged both vertically and horizontally The parts should not intersect Zones may traverse several body parts See also Building and zone geometry import To edit a body part To replace the rectangular shape of a part of the building body by an arbitrary polygon right click somewhere wi
205. specified external to the innermost pane but rather as being internal shades of the outermost pane If External window shading has been specified in the detailed window form the shading elements are applied outside of the outermost pane of the double sheet construction If an Opening schedule is specified the innermost window will open towards the air space 123 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Z DOUBLE GLASS_FACADE object in buildingl Zone Wall 3 DetWin General Outline External window outer skin Return air DoF Glazina shading Sample GizSys Diffusing Shade gt ventilation CAV Frame fraction of the total window area 0 05 0 1 Frame U value 2 0 Wi m2 C fp r Shading wrt outer skin Draw Control Light Schedule z Draw schedule Always on x 0 Level 100 Wim2 Air flow behind e and through Top gap 0 01 m Sae shading 45 g Side gap Side gap 0 01 m 0 01 m Shading hole to Bottom gap 0 01 total arearatio 0 0 m2 m2 Type of integrated shading is defined above in glazing shading Room DoF m2 Object Name DOUBLE GLASS_FACADE 0 001 Description r 1 0 0 1 m2 External window Selection of the glazing and frame data for the
206. supplied by weather data files containing information on actual or synthetic weather The effects of wind on the building may be taken into consideration Predefined building components can be loaded from a database This can also be used to store personally defined building components The program is built up around forms and dialogs The Status bar can be found at the bottom of the IDA window In many cases it explains in brief the significance of the different areas list boxes parameter boxes etc that can be found under the cursor in the different forms and dialogs It is recommended that the user get into the habit of reading the text in the Status bar if anything is unclear 7 1 1 The Geometry in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy A building in IDA Indoor Climate and Energy can contain one or several zones rooms A zone is either C a prism with any number of flat vertical walls a flat horizontal floor and one ceiling C a part of such prism limited by the building s roof C a custom polyhedral an arbitrary volume bounded by polygons that may be imported but not edited in ICE In addition to windows and openings doors different types of heating and cooling units can exist within these restricted surfaces Building top view 40 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The geometry of the building is defined by the corners of one or more building body parts see above figure The corners x and
207. t ICE 3 temperature Ground temperature when no whole year climate file has been selected Temperature used in situations when no climate file is known e g when synthetic design day is selected ISO 13370 model When multiple ground layers have been specified in the Ground properties dialog only the outermost layer is regarded as ground in the ISO sense Only the material properties of this layer are used not the specified thickness Other described layers are regarded as part of the building in the ISO sense and are added to layers that have been described elsewhere for building walls and floors The ISO model has been implemented for slab on ground and for heated basement slab below ground situations ISO methods for suspended floors ventilated crawl spaces and edge insulation are not supported The virtual temperature that is defined by the standard 0 5 m below the building is currently not time shifted since this is not required by the standard ICE 3 model 59 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The ground layer under the basement floor is connected to a constant temperature which is computed as the mean air temperature of the selected climate file The layers around the basement walls are coupled to a facade object for crawl space which is kept at ground surface temperature Note that no 2D or 3D effects are modeled for either of these couplings 7 2 1 10 Infiltration x Infiltrati
208. t data to chilled heated beam When using the detailed model the Use manufacturer s data power at the given condition is Simplified model calculated from the manufacturer s Cooling Heating data and shown in this form ory w l r a To edit manufacturers data switch Power at zero air flow wW to the outline tab Desira nir rine Lis In the simplified model the power a parameters are user supplied No SEEE manufacturer supplied data are dT coolant zone air at 85 20 Deg C used max power dT coolant at max power z wet Sensor Air temperature 7 Use manufacturer s data Automatically selected when product data has been imported from manufacturer s database Simplified model Select in order to give parameters manually Power at design air flow Cooling Waterborne cooling power at design air flow and given temperatures C Power at design air flow Heating Waterborne heating power at design air flow and given temperatures C Power at zero air flow Cooling Waterborne cooling power at zero air flow and given temperatures C Power at zero air flow Heating Waterborne heating power at zero air flow and given temperatures C Design air flow Air flow through device at design conditions 1 s Design conditions dT coolant zone air at max power Cooling Average temperature difference between coolant and room air at design power C dT coolant zone air at max power Heating Average temperature differen
209. t full capacity CC N value exponent of power curve N See the base form for explanation of N value The form for heating device can also be opened from the Right button menu with the cursor over an object of the Heating device type e g Water radiator 1 in the form for surface editor or for a resource different form includes alternative input in the form for IDA resources Read about the radiator in Chapter 6 in the manual A detailed modeling of the room climate especially operative temperatures requires a reasonable agreement between heater or cooler surface size and specified power output See also Room units for cooling and heating 7 4 16 13 Electric radiator I ElRad an electric radiator in building3 Reception wall2 Co l Electric Radiator Rated power Distance between radiator and wall Controller Proportional Target setpoint Air temperature Energy account Default Equipment facility Rated power Maximum output and input power W Distance between radiator and wall Gap behind radiator m Longwave emissivity The longwave emissivity of the front surface of the cooling device If not given the emmisivity of the wall surface is used instead 145 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Controller Method of control of heater output Choose between built in proportional PI thermostat and user defined controllers The temperat
210. t health risks Air humidity indicated in but has been scaled with a factor of 0 1 to make the diagram more understandable Suitable limits vary greatly with the zone use 166 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 7 10 Result Daylight level 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 4776 4778 4780 4782 4784 4786 4788 4790 4792 4794 4796 4798 Daylight at desktop at first occupant Ix Shows lighting by default on a horizontal surface at the first occupant load Only daylight not electric lighting is accounted for Average light levels in the zone can alternatively be measured if this is selected in System parameters 167 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 7 11 Directed operative temperatures Diagram Table Last day of simulation 2009 07 15 4680 4682 4684 4686 4688 4690 4692 4694 4696 4698 4700 4702 s Ceiling Zone 2 Deg C Floor Zone 1 Deg C Wall 3 f3 3 Deg C Window Wall 3 1 Deg C The directed operative temperatures are calculated for the position of the first occupant load in each of the six main directions The positions of occupant loads are displayed as chairs in the surface editor of the floor The height coordinate can be given adjacent to the symbol The directed operative temperature is calculated as the average of the local air temperature and
211. the mean radiant temperature from surfaces that are visible in the current direction The result object is only available if Climate model has been selected in the zone s form 168 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 7 12 Air flow in zone Diagram Table usA Date 2009 07 19 _ To 2 4 6 8 10 2 144 1 18 20 2 24 4776 4778 4780 4782 4784 4786 4788 4790 4792 4794 4796 4798 Inflow through external walls I s lt Outflow through external walls l s Inflow through internal walls l s Outflow through internal walls l s Mechanical outflow l s Mechanical inflow l s Displays volumetric air flows through openings leaks and mechanical ventilation 169 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 7 13 Airborne heat flow into zone 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 4680 4682 4684 4686 4688 4690 4692 4694 4696 4698 4700 4702 8 amp Net heat inflow through external walls lt s Net heat inflow through internal walls Net heat inflow from mechanical ventilation 40 ie y cac comms Displays heat flows sensible and latent via supply air streams through openings leaks and mechanical ventilation 170 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 7 14 Surface temperatures fl Surface temperatures output ob
212. thematically more complicated because air dehumidification is calculated For wet operation the given effectiveness is defined as 1 bypass factor according to ASHRAE s nomenclature Physically this means that the state of the cooled air in the psychrometric chart lies 14 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 somewhere on a straight line between the state for the incoming air and the apparatus dew point temperature on the saturation curve In the model the average temperature of the liquid side defines the apparatus dew point On this line the given efficiency indicates the status 0 is no cooling whatsoever and indicates maximum cooling which also means that the air at most is chilled to the arithmetic mean value of the liquid incoming and outgoing temperatures Similarly the heat exchanger is controlled by adapting the actual effectiveness selected by the model up to the maximum limit set by the user so that the setpoint for the supply air temperature is reached if enough heat is available The temperature of the often chilled exhaust air which may not fall below a certain level TEXHOUTMIN parameter sets another limit This is to avoid freezing Note that for rotating heat exchangers it is usually possible and desirable to cool the exhaust air below freezing The heat exchanger 3 in Figure 3 2 takes into consideration condensation on both the supply and exhaust sides During wet pro
213. thin the building and select Edit The perimeter of the building is changed to a so called polyline A polyline consists of line segments and break points the latter marked by small rectangles The polyline can be edited in five ways Its breakpoints can be dragged to the desired positions for the building s corners Its line segments can be dragged to the desired positions for the building s walls A new breakpoint can be introduced by clicking on or close to the line An existing breakpoint can be deleted by clicking on it Breakpoints for non right angled corners can be introduced by holding the Control key down and simultaneously clicking on a segment of the line If you hold a point or a segment while dragging it near to some other figure shown on the drawing the point or the segment is snapped to that figure Click once with the Right button and select OK to end editing or alternatively press Enter to accept or Esc to cancel As an example the figure below has had a new breakpoint introduced directly to the right of the middle on the building s south wall The wall to the right of this breakpoint has then been dragged down and an angle shaped building has been created See Edit lines and polygons for more details 67 IDA Properties Palette Editing Building body Building body Click to insert new point Corners m wrt origin Click on point to move or remove poor SE Indoor Climate and Ene
214. tions Custom simulations should be defined when any of the pre defined standard simulations Heating Cooling or Energy are inappropriate for example when only a month should be simulated In the Calculation tab select between a periodic and a dynamic simulation A periodic simulation means a certain period is simulated a number of times until the system has stabilized and no longer changes from simulation to simulation a periodic state A dynamic simulation means that the simulation starts at a particular time and ends at another time Both these times are indicated in the same way as the date for periodic simulation How the simulation is to be initialized must also be indicated for a dynamic simulation For this reason another tab named Startup is added to the Simulation data dialog 5 EN Simulation data _ Calculation Startup Advanced Options Type D Periodic Dynamic Time range From 00 00 00 2013 07 15 To 24 00 00 2013 07 15 H The startup phase can also be periodic or dynamic Make the selection in the same way as above A periodic startup phase means that the selected period is simulated a number of times until the system has stabilized A dynamic startup phase means that a selected number of days are simulated before the proper simulation starts 86 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 How long the startup phase should be depends on how heavy the b
215. tions variables and parameters Access to the advanced level is provided for both the Standard and Expert editions of IDA ICE However Expert edition users can manually edit reconnect component diagrams at the advanced level while Standard edition users can only inspect log variables and change parameters Some of the examples below require the Expert edition but this will then be mentioned in the introduction Work at the advanced level is best presented in terms of demonstration so the written account here is quite brief Look also at the User s web page for more information on work at the advanced level demonstration movies etc In some cases the system structures at the standard and advanced levels match each other quite well The air handling unit for instance has different components fans coils etc The same description can then be used for both the standard and advanced levels The same is true for the primary system However for the actual building description entirely different structures are used for the standard and advanced levels Most components at the advanced level are described with equations Components are interconnected by creating equalities between variables that appear on interfaces An example is the interconnection between the cooling and heating coils in the air handling unit Both the outflow interface of the heating coil and the inflow interface terminal of the cooling coil contain variables for pressure
216. to site Opens the Import CAD dialog In the Import CAD dialog select file and click Open Alternatively click Import site CAD button on the Site object dialog open by clicking Site shading and orientation on the General tab C The CAD object image is shown in the 3D view and in the Site object dialog CI The CAD object image is inserted with respect to the site coordinate system i e it will not move with the building when the building is repositioned C Move and change size of the CAD object image by dragging it resizing it in the Site object dialog or editing the parameters in the dialog shown when object is double clicked C Include the object not image files in the shadow calculation and visualization Check the Calculate shadows checkbox in the dialog shown when object is double clicked C By default CAD objects are save in the system file idm so that the original CAD file does not need to be saved If the CAD file is big the option of not saving it in the system file will be given This will speed up the performance of IDA ICE but the original CAD file needs to be saved Tip To place a CAD object image at the current mouse pointer use Right mouse button menu gt Import CAD to site Supported file formats BIM IFC ifc CAD and vector graphic files AutoCAD dwg dxf dwf IDA ICE supports DWG file formats up to AutoCAD 2004 DWG files of unsupported formats can be converted with the free tool Autodesk DW
217. trates the form used for an object of the Cooling coil type A cooling coil is one of the parts of the air handling unit which is included in every building created The form is most easily opened by double clicking on the symbol for the cooling coil cc in the air handling unit s Schema Field description etc ETA Air side effectiveness at capacity DTLIQ Liquid side temperature rise C The cooling coil works in the same way as the heating coil but is mathematically more complicated because air dehumidification is calculated The given efficiency is defined as 1 bypass factor according to ASHRAE s nomenclature Physically this means that the state of the cooled air in the psychometric chart is on a straight line between the state for the incoming air and the apparatus dew point temperature on the saturation curve In the model the average temperature of the liquid side defines the apparatus dew point On this line the given efficiency indicates the status 0 is no cooling whatsoever and 1 indicates maximum cooling which also means that the air temperature may be chilled to the arithmetical mean value of the coolant s incoming and outgoing temperatures 91 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 3 5 Form for Heat Exchanger g a hx a mathematical model in building3 Air Handling Unit fo ss General Outline Code Heat exchanger r Main parameters Effect
218. tton for more editing options Valid days Select the weekday or and holidays for selected rule Valid days Start date Valid days End date Calendar Click these buttons to select date from calendar Rule description Additional annotation to the selected rule 149 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Schedule description Object description Simple Switch to the Simple schedule dialog In the Rules list box new rules can be added with the Add button and existing rules deleted with the Delete button The rule furthest up applies in the first hand and the one furthest down applies last The rule selected in the list box can be moved up and down with the Move up and Move down buttons respectively The last rule in the list has a special meaning it is the default rule The rule output can be changed but not its time of validity The default rule is always valid the Valid days box is inactive when this rule is selected and the rule also always remains as the last rule This guarantees that the schedule s value is always defined The Validity time for the selected rule is shown under the profile diagram In the Start date and End date fields the validity time for the rule can be limited to a portion of the year If no start date is indicated the rule applies from the beginning of the year If no end date is indicated the rule applies until the end of the year The Calendar button is used to open the Calendar dialo
219. uilding is and on its contact with the ground The heavier the building the longer startup phase is required Approximately two weeks should however always be enough for most buildings In both cases no intermediate results are saved from the startup phase a T Simulation data os Calculation Startup Advanced Options Tolerance 0 02 Maximal timestep 1 5 h Maximum number of periods 14 Tolerance for periodicity 0 001 Time step for output fo 0 h OK Cancel Help Integration parameters can be selected under the Advanced Tab in the dialog See also the manual for description of these parameters Field descriptions etc Tolerance This number determines how accurately equations are to be solved Maximal timestep The largest timestep to be taken h Maximum number of periods Maximum number of periods in a periodic simulation Tolerance for periodicity Tolerance for periodicity in a periodic simulation The tolerance given is the degree of accuracy reached in the calculated variables It is absolute for small quantities normally lt 1 and relative for larger quantities normally gt 1 The precise definition of Tolerance is given in the documentation for IDA Solver which can be obtained from EQUA Relaxing the tolerance should normally result in a faster simulation However if the tolerance is relaxed too much the solver will have greater trouble to find a solution at all an
220. uivalent to the Ignore net option However here adjacency to a similar zone with a constantly different temperature can be specified NB Use with caution Could introduce significant energy transports and will ruin the building energy balance Connect to face Manual connection to given face fa ade specify face in adjacent field The facade itself does not have to adjoin the wall This allows modeling of buildings with complex shape Connect to ground Use for slab on grade or basement floor under slab construction and ground temperature are given in the Ground properties dialog in available from the main building form Walls are automatically coupled to geometrically adjoining zones or facades The user should not create these couplings manually If the wall is not adjoining a facade or another zone one has a free choice of thermal boundary conditions The choice Ignore net heat transmission will give a wall with thermal mass exposed but no heat transmission over extended periods Other choices are explained above Note that when a zone is moved in a way that e g changes an external wall to an internal one the choice of wall construction will be automatically adapted to the new role This also applies to parts of walls 111 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 14 2 Editing objects on a surface Properties Patet Double clicking in the box Drawing describing objects on the surface in the fo
221. ult Alternatively use Show button gt Background color gt Custom and Show button gt Background color gt Default Wire frame Right mouse button menu gt Wire frame Shows the 3D model with lines and without any surfaces Alternatively use Show button gt Wire frame Stereo image Show button gt Stereo image Shows the 3D view in stereo for viewing with red cyan glasses Printing high resolution images Print File gt Print Prints the 3D view as a high resolution image Alternatively use ctrl P Tip To change the resolution of the printed image hold down the shift key while selecting print Enter the magnification in the dialog that is opened Export File gt Export image Captures the 3D view to an image file of format jpeg jpg png tiff or bmp Tip To change the resolution of the exported image hold down the shift key while selecting export image Enter the magnification in the dialog that is opened Export high resolution image Right mouse button menu gt Export high res image Captures the 3D view to an image file of format jpeg jpg png tiff or bmp First set the magnification in the dialog that is opened Redraw 3D view View menu gt Refresh Redraws the 3D view See also Visualizing input data and simulation results Incorporating CAD objects and images 7 2 4 2 Visualizing input data and simulation results Visualizing input parameter values Details table at General
222. um capacity parameter enabling the user to experiment with limited heating cooling capacity However this parameter should normally be set to a large enough value to always cover any foreseen need However do not set the value to a totally unrealistic number e g 100 times the reasonable heating load This will result in poor control action 3 8 Hydronic heating devices Heat emission from hydronic heating devices is calculated using P K I dT where is device length and dT is the temperature difference between the water and the zone air K and v are constants characterizing a device of a certain height or width for ceiling devices Figure 3 6 has a radiator inserted on a wall surface Its main form has been opened and a dialog for alternative input has been opened from the form Often the values of K v and Height come from a database gray colored text in the form The user must only enter the surface area given graphically and the design water flow The warm radiator surface that is exposed to the zone is defined by the box that is drawn when the unit is inserted on a wall surface The size of this box has meaning for the heat transfer While the total emitted heat is always given by the expression for P the division 5 An exception is made when the air system is temperature controlled VAV Cooling units in this case have their setpoints displaced by usually 2 C Can be given centrally in System parameters This means t
223. ume the control signal is kept constant and a constant flow will be maintained irrespective of pressure Ina VAV system a controller regulates the flow with respect to temperature carbon dioxide humidity or pressure levels in the zone Since in the simplest case flows through two of the three paths are given the size of the third flow through the leak is important only for the pressure in the zone and not for net flows Note that if the size of the leak is much too small an unrealistic pressure may build up in the zone Such a pressure may become so large as to affect the air psychometric calculation routines and may then be reported as a condensation problem when in fact it is a pressure problem It is also possible to define additional given in exfiltration flows i e balanced flows into and out of a zone Since these incoming and outgoing mass flows are always equal they will not affect the pressure of a zone The given in exfiltration will only act to exchange heat moisture and CO with the ambient 18 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 3 5 1 Air flow input forms Figure 3 4 shows the zone form The input fields in the Ventilation section govern air flows Also involved are Controller setpoints Clicking on the link field opens the dialog see Figure 3 5 Zone a zone in building3 fete 1s General Advanced Schematic Results Genera re ee W Open Floor Pianis Number of zone
224. unt of air should be extracted Pa Max Pressure difference over zone envelope when maximum amount of air should be extracted Pa Object name and description The dialog for controller setpoints is opened by the Right button menu with the cursor over an object of the Controller setpoints type e g Office normal standard in the Controller setpoints field in the zone form or in the form for IDA resources The setpoints specified in the dialog are used by controllers of the zone climate See also the IDA ICE manual 7 4 4 Operative temperatures The operative temperature is the average of the air temperature and a radiation temperature at a certain point This is the temperature which is felt by a person in a room It is calculated for each occupant load taking account of its position in the room When an occupant load is first inserted it is given a default position in the middle of the room with a center of gravity sitting at 0 6 m above the floor This position can be changed by opening the surface editor for the floor To learn about the operative temperature at a point without introducing an additional thermal gain the number 0 is given in the field for Number of people in the form for the Occupant load Directed operative temperatures in six directions are available in a zone using the Climate model fidelity 99 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 5 Form for occupant load a a a a a a
225. ure setpoint is fetched from Controller setpoints Sensor Choice of the target of the control air temperature or operative temperature Energy meter Choice of Energy meter that reports the energy consumption of radiator 7 4 16 14 Heating Cooling Control Macro An HC Control macro is used to describe a custom control strategy for heating cooling and combined heating cooling devices See Custom control for general information about control macros The output signals should be connected to the pre defined interfaces references heatCtrlOut and coolCtrlOut on the border of the macro An output signal 1 means the design power 0 means zero power Only the required output signals should be connected i e no need to connect the heating signal if the macro will control only the cooling devices 7 4 16 15 Chimney E Chimney a chimney in building3 Reception Ceiling o e ox Chimney Inlet loss coeff 10 Outlet loss coeff os Diameter 0o15 m Total rise from inlet to outlet 20 m 2 0 Total duct length m Object Name Chimney Description Chimney Field description etc Inlet loss coeff Total pressure loss in the inlet air terminal Outlet loss coeff Total pressure loss in the outlet air terminal Diameter Hydraulic diameter m Total rise from inlet to outlet Height difference between inlet and outlet governs the stack effect m Total duct length Total hydraulic
226. utput in the Simulation form to select reports 63 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Energy meters represent items in the Delivered energy report Sometimes they are also referred to as energy accounts Equipment that use or convert energy will always report to a specific meter The user may specify default energy meters for different energy carriers electric fuel district heat cold and typical usage heating cooling lighting etc on the page Defaults If a non default meter is required needed for a particular device the default can be overridden by a local choice in the device Energy meters can be renamed by right clicking New energy meters can also be dragged from the Palette on the Side bar Field descriptions etc Energy meter type Shows meter type corresponding to energy carrier Fuel is measured in terms of its heating calorific value To change the meter type replace it with another meter of appropriate type Energy rate plan Select object with time dependent energy price information Primary energy factor Used energy is multiplied by this factor to compute primary energy use CO2 emission per kWh Used to compute CO2 emissions from used energy Role This choice influences how the used energy is reported Color for presentation Used for graphical result presentation of energy use Total energy consumption and costs are presented in the Delivered energy report Click on Re
227. ve is used A good convention is to set maximum use in the schedule 1 62 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Distribution System Losses are specified to account for leakage from pipes and ducts that pass through the building without having to describe their exact path and insulation properties For water circuits the sign is positive when heating the zone for DHW and heat and positive when cooling for cold water circuits The loss from air ducts is defined as positive when the duct is cooler than the zone Duct losses include both thermal conduction and air leakage losses although the actual loss of mass through the duct wall is not modeled Duct losses take account of actual temperature difference between the duct system and zones while water circuit losses are independent of actual temperatures Units for heat and cold distribution may be changed for convenience NB That the distribution losses also include heat and cold delivered by local ideal units This is in order to be able to use ideal units as proxies for real room units that are connected to central systems via a distribution system which has losses Rough estimates of possible loss levels are provided for convenience via sliders but these levels vary greatly between countries A given percentage of the heat or cold from each distribution system is deposited to the zone heat balance Remaining heat is simply lost to ambient Plant losses can be
228. ven K and N are valid m Heat transfer coefficient to the room surface behind U value for the insulation between the equipment and the wall ceiling W m C Longwave emissivity The longwave emissivity of the front surface of the cooling device If not given the emmisivity of the wall surface is used instead Controller Method of control of device output Choose between built in proportional and PI and user defined controllers The temperature setpoint is fetched from Controller setpoints Sensor Choice of the target of the control air temperature or operative temperature Maximum power P1 Removed heat at full capacity W dT coolant air at max power dT1 Mean temperature difference between the air and the coolant at full capacity P1 C dT coolant at max power dTliq Temperature increase of water at full capacity C Lower power P2 Removed heat at any partial load e g half capacity W dT coolant air at lower power dT2 Mean temperature difference between the air and the coolant at the partial load P2 C The form for a cooling device can also be opened from the Right button menu with the cursor over an object of the Cooling device type e g Cooling device 1 in the form for surface editor or for a resource different form includes alternative input in the form for IDA resources Here the height of a radiator corresponds instead to a Module width to which K and N refer Just as for the radiator the total le
229. very Plant Cold recovery Solar heat Ambient heat Ambient cold Ground heat Ground cold Solar PV Wind power CHP power Humidification Fans Pumps EMETER model Plant EmeterLocalBoil Plant EmeterLocalChil AHU EmeterHeat in every central AHU EmeterLocHeat automatically generated when building the advanced level system AHU EmeterCool in every central AHU EmeterLocCool automatically generated when building the advanced level system Plant EmeterWater AHU EmeterRecycle in every central AHU Plant EmeterHotTank Plant EmeterColdTank Plant EmeterSolar Plant EmeterAmbHX Plant EmeterGrndHX Plant EmeterPV Plant EmeterWT Plant EmeterCHP AHU EmeterHum in every central AHU AHU EmeterFans in every central AHU Plant EmeterPump 175 Typically connected to Q 2 in boiler model type SIMBOIL Q2 in chiller model type SIMCHIL QHEAT in heating coil type HCSIMCTR Q in heating coil type HCSIM QELACT in electric coil type HCEL QLOCALUNITS in zone model type CEDETZON and CESIMZON QCOOL in cooling coil type CCSIMCTR QTOTOUT in cooling coil type CCSIM QLOCALUNITS in zone model type CEDETZON and CESIMZON QDOMWAT in chiller model type SIMBOIL QACTUAL in heat exchange model type HXSIMCTR QHX2TANK in hot tank model type TANKSTRAT Implemented in ESBO plant only QHX2TANK in cold tank model type TANKSTRAT Implemented in ESBO plant only QU in solar collector model
230. ween the floor surface and the ceiling m The ceiling or some parts of the ceiling may be below this level if the building s roof is too low to fit requested zone height If to roof is selected the field to ceiling shows the height level where the lights and active beams are located Room height to roof Select this to extend the room s ceiling to the building s roof Floor height above ground Distance between the floor surface and the ground m 3D zone view By default the zone is rectangular with six surrounding surfaces called main surfaces When an alternative geometry is defined the main surface names will be extended with a letter suffix e g wall 1 can be split into wall la and wall 1b Windows doors and radiators etc are introduced as objects on the corresponding zone surfaces Open Floor Plan Click to see this zone from the Floor plan view Room units Shows the list of cooling and heating units in zone The ideal cooling and heating devices may be added here other devices may be added to zone surfaces Internal gains Full list of zone internal gains Add equipment light and occupant loads here Details Shows selected parameters in a table view for different sub objects in the zone Surfaces Windows Openings Air handling units Leaks Room units Internal gains 96 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Internal masses Extra thermal mass i e mass in addition to that of zone partitions and floors T
231. whole floor 2 The design power and temperature drop are used to calculate a maximum massflow through the coil The actual emitted power may become smaller at the given maximum coil temperature if the heat resistance in the floor construction is too large Heat transfer coefficient H water pipe fin Wi m2 K Normally set to 6 for aluminium fins in a wooden construction and to 30 for pipes immersed in concrete However the total heat transfer is normally largely determined by the resistance in the floor construction above and below the coil in which case this parameter becomes less important Field descriptions etc Floor heat temperature control Design power output Power output at design conditions W m Maximum temperature into coil Highest permitted temp sent into floor C Temperature drop across coil Temperature drop at design conditions C Controller Method of control of device output The temperature setpoint is fetched from Controller setpoints 141 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Sensor Choice of the target of the control air temperature operative temperature surface temperature Location in floor slab Depth under floor surface Depth of the water circuit plane below floor surface check w floor construction Heat transfer coefficient H water pipe fin For aluminium fins in a wood joist construction 6 is a reasonable value 30 for tubes in concrete The total heat r
232. withdrawn exceeds this level the shades are extended The form also contains the list of shading elements In this list the user may select by marking the check box which elements are controlled by the shading control It is also possible to modify the width of elements and to remove elements 133 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 15 13 Detailed Glazing System Expert edition only na Detailed window construction _ 33 Name lt value not set gt gt Outside ambient or adjacent zone oad amp Delle e gt Pane 4 mm clear example Gap 12 0 mm DEFAULT AIR o Shade Slat Metal A WIN Gap 12 0 mm DEFAULT AIR Pane 4 mm clear example Inside this zone Data for selected layer Pane Cammaearean e i Flipped C Glazing properties at reference conditions Solar heat gain coefficient 0 764 Solar transmittance 0 692 as Visible transmittance 0 815 Glazing U value 2 hls Wi m2 K OK Save as Cancel Help The Detailed Glazing System dialog is used to describe optical and thermal properties of the window glazing for the detailed window model The dialog shows the list of layers panes shading devices and gaps the parameters of the currently selected layer and the buttons used to add remove and reorder the layers A detailed glazing system should consist of one or more glass panes o
233. y is increased by this factor Loss factor for thermal bridges Direct heat transfer between room air and outside air Watts per degree C temperature difference W C This parameter is normally given by values entered under Thermal bridges in the building form Controller setpoints Choice of target values for temperature air quality light and pressure Air Select air handling unit Choice of air handling unit for this zone First define systems to select from at the building level More Click here to add multiple central or local air handling units that serve this zone If the zone already contains multiple AHU s this link is marked with red asterisk The fields described below are marked in the same way if the field s value is different in additional AHU s System type Type of ventilation system Constant or variable flow with different controls To create an exhaust only or supply only system or no mechanical system at all select CAV and set appropriate flows below to zero The list of ventilation control strategies contains also C all user defined custom control strategies 95 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 C New custom control to define a new custom ventilation control strategy Expert edition C ventilation control targets defined in the zone central controller if such a control is defined in the zone on advanced tab C VAV signal from to use ventilation control signal from d
234. y that can be created in the IDA ICE roof editor Importing geometry as zone will also create a building body of the same shape as the zone If a geometry file contains multiple polyhedron geometries each with a separate color they are imported as separate building bodies or zones in IDA ICE If surfaces are placed one wall thickness apart these are regarded as thermally connected internal walls 7 2 3 9 IFC mapping ina Mapping IFC data to IDA resources Category Constructions X IFC data ICE resources dummy_wall_style 0 cm Default Concrete floor 150 Rendered l w concrete wall 250 Interior wall with insulation Concrete floor 250mm Concrete joist roof Map to selected View Import from IFC Load from Db Unmap selected Create new canes a Category Select an IFC category for mapping begin with materials IFC data Available IFC data of the selected category ICE resources Available IDA resources of the selected category Map to selected Map the selected IFC objects to the selected IDA resource First select one or more IFC objects and one IDA resource Unmap selected Disconnect selected IFC objects from their IDA resources Import from IFC 76 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 Make a new IDA resource from IFC object Only import of walls is implemented Import not possible if the materials used
235. zed area of the window divided by the whole window area defined by the outer frame measures 0 1 U value Heat transfer coefficient for the unglazed part of the window including interior and exterior film coefficients W C More Opens a dialog with detailed frame construction Skew Deg Specifies the orientation of the glass surface relative to the wall surface in horizontal Twist and vertical Tilt direction The values of Twist and Tilt are added to the azimuth and slope of the wall s external surface in order to get the azimuth and the slope of the external glass surface Object Name and description 118 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 The form contains a box named Drawing view from the side to describe the external shading Double clicking on this opens a form which is used for editing any shading objects outside the window This form has two tabs under the Control tab the type of control can be specified no control wind and or sun control The form for a window can also be opened by clicking the right button over an object of the window type in the surface editor 119 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 7 4 15 2 Detailed window Expert edition only 120 IDA Indoor Climate and Energy 4 5 EQUA Simulation AB 2013 DetWin a window in buildingl Zone Wall 2 fo S fs Giazinarshacina D Ventilated construction open to specify ventilation and outer s

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