SCAD Soft Slope
Contents
1. the Vertical On The Left column specifies zero for borehole C2 it means that there is no load to the left from borehole C2 the Vertical On The Right column specifies 30 t m for borehole C2 i e there is load to the right from borehole C2 its initial value being 30 tons per meter the Vertical On The Left column specifies 40 t m for borehole C3 1 e the final value of the load on the C2 C3 area will be 40 tons per meter 10 SLOPE the Vertical On The Right column specifies zero for borehole C3 which means there is no load to the right from borehole C3 In the same way a uniformly distributed tangential load 12 tons per meter is specified between the same boreholes aj Slope Slope 1033 SLP Pile fe File Settings Service Help General data Soil Boreholes Loads Section Soll Color 3 Soil 3 Calculate W Report amp Help Fig 10 The Section tab Fig 11 The Load Diagram dialog box When specifying loads follow the sign convention presented in Fig 12 A Slope Slope 1033 SLP Iof x File Settings Service Help General data Sail Boreholes Loads Section lt Fig 12 The sign convention for specifying Safety factor 1 595215 Calculate loads applied to W Repot Heb a slope Fig 13 The Section tab that displays a slip surface To calculate the stability coefficient taking into account the seismic action choose from the list a seismic cat2. Languages Visualization Report Type of report G iewied nn RTF for Word 97 Force kN ed amp C Print Length m b Paper Size Margins ad 210 x 297 mm Top 20 mm Bottom 20 mm Width 10 ae Left 30 mm Right 20 mm Orientation Language af K x Cancel Height 237 mm Portrait Landscape A English United St Titles Header rtf Fa vo OK X Cancel Apply Hep Fig 3 The Set Up Units of Fig 4 The Report and Languages tab of the Measurement dialog box Application Settings dialog box The Display tab is used to set up a font for text messages and a line color for displaying the groundwater level on the screen and in the report Left double clicking the line with the current font depicted will open the standard Windows dialog Font in which to make the desired settings Working with tables Most source data for the analysis are specified in a tabular form Fig 5 General rules for entering data in the tables follow e the data are entered as decimal numbers the separator between the integral and fractional part of a number comma or period depends on the Windows user settings e in cases when the number of rows in a table is defined by the user the table has two buttons Add and Delete near it the former is used to add a new row after the currently selected one and the latter deletes one or more selected rows e to select one or more adjacent rows put the mouse pointer on the identification number of the first of t
3. the geologic section on the right is true Borehole 1 Borehole 2 Top boundary mark Top boundary mark Sand Ot Sand 0 0 Loam Loam 10 The Loads tab File Settings Service Help General data Soil Boreholes Loads Section Vertical on the left Vertical on the right Tangent on the lett Semic Seismic magnitude 7 Acceleration in soil under selzmic action 0 981 Rae Angle of seismic load alignment 12 degree Calculate F Report a Help Fig 9 The Load tab This tab Fig 9 1s used to specify loads diagrams which act on a certain piece of the slope The loads are approximated by piecewise linear functions of coordinate x and the descriptions of those are bound to the boreholes for convenience The application deals with distributed loads directed vertically and or tangentially to the slope at the top point of the boreholes The default values of the load on the left and on the right of each borehole are zero Thus if you need to specify a distributed load on a piece of the slope between two adjacent boreholes you should indicate on what borehole it begins and where it ends The specified loads are checked for validity in the Load Diagram dialog box invoked by the View Load Diagram button ry For example the trapezoid load between boreholes C2 30 t m and C3 40 t m specified in the table in Fig 10 and displayed in the preview window Load Diagram Fig 11 is defined by the user as follows
4. SCGCAD Sort NC AD Co 3 TT EEES my Ea aam un i L L n fructure Slope Stability analysis of slopes Version 1 5 User manual 4 UDC 539 3 624 014 Developed by M A Perelmuter V G Fedorovsky Slope Stability analysis of slopes USER MANUAL Version 1 5 The manual suggests a description of the functionality of the Slope software techniques of its usage and recommendations for practical design The software is oriented at engineers of structural projects who possess a minimum necessary knowledge of computer technologies SCAD Soft 2007 SLOPE Table of contents FOROL COMMS IVS ceca tec tate yt acne eh bagi ch Bs ate Rahs da tet oie acetate hh das ace Recetas 3 OVSINI Wy stds ee i aad chet Od she tere alata alas ei e eo ccnlen E TE 3 Controle DESOT A Eese E E E E 4 K S e T E E ec Re ee Ne Davee SETS 4 ESAE EEE E E A E A S EEE A EE E A tee adie os 5 WORK INO with TaD ICS eenaa A A E E EA 6 PGS at som CS AU T i a T oe ie AO 7 BTS Ce US Fee o EE AER A EAEE RAEE EEE AA AAE NE eae Gobi 7 AEAEE EEEE S EA EAE EEE EESE E EA E EEEE E aT f The Boreholes fa Duy eane a a adele ete a a a O 8 Te Load AO eas a cg yeast arco cas cone teeconictsisaroaetse A asses esate oeieconieeeaieats 10 Performing the calculation and displaying its resSults cc eeeeeeeesseseeeecceeeeeeceeeuaeeeeeeseeeeees 12 APPEND arsed E ects ects neers EEEE E cate en eet 13 Oita calculator eiee ieaaanesiee ta b
5. abivabevssnwectute A wecseatatedeteetebace 13 Converter Of MEASUTeIMeNt UMS anaona esto eed nein eee 14 MS Ee IN E aces gece vet cats ecsce set nae ise eS ck goatee ween E 15 Overview The analysis of slopes is one of most important problems in engineering geology There are numerous methods developed for solving it within the frames of the limit equilibrium theory 1 Those methods are based as a rule on the following assumptions The mechanism of the stability loss 1s assumed to be a slip of a bulk of soil with respect to a stationary part of the slope The boundary between the two bodies of soil is called a slip surface The resistance to shear on the slip surface is calculated for static conditions The criterion of soil disruption in the form of Coulomb s law is used along the whole surface The actual shear stress obtained by the calculation is compared with the ultimate shear resistance and the result of the comparison is expressed as a stability number coefficient K For a particular slip surface the K coefficient is a number such that if the strength characteristics the internal friction angle and the specific cohesion along the whole surface are made K times smaller then the disrupted bulk of soil as a whole will be in the ultimate equilibrium state The stability coefficient of a slope is a minimum stability coefficient for all potential slip surfaces which satisfy given limitations the limitations are usually defined by the meth
6. adians respectively Only parentheses are allowed for grouping arguments together these can be nested as deeply as desired Example The formula 1 2 sin 0 43 6 7 6 8 3 0 003 must be written as follows 1 2 sin 0 43 6 7 sqrt 6 8 0 003 1 5 There is an additional option of using three independent variables x y z in formulas Values for the variables are specified in respective edit fields This makes it possible to perform a series of similar calculations with different parameters For example to use this mode with the following formula 1 2 sin x 6 7 6 8 sly write it as 13 SLOPE 1 2 sin x 6 7 sqrt 6 8 y 1 5 Also the calculator lets you enter a symbolic expression that depends on variables x y z and aoe enable one of the marker buttons J 1 221 to get a symbolic expression of the respective partial derivative Just enter the formula and the field at the bottom will display its partial derivative with respect to one of the variables x y or z for which the respective marker is enabled at the moment Converter of measurement units EE This calculator can be invoked either via the SCAD Office program group using the icon or via the Tools menu This piece of software converts data between different systems of measurement units Fig 15 To do a desired action choose a tab with the respective measures Length Area etc The operations needed to do the conversion depend on whethe
7. all the steps described above for each of the following boreholes A Slope Slope1033 SLP Oy x File Settings Service Help General data Soil Boreholes Loads Section Number of ie Add borehole Copy borehole x Delete borehole Layers Name Nate O Upper boundary mark 1 Sol a Sail 2 BE l Sail 3 x Delete layer Horizontal coordinate of the borehole x 20 m Hame i Calculate F Report a Help Fig 8 The Boreholes tab The order in which the boreholes are described is of no importance because each borehole s coordinate is bound to the X axis separately It should be noted that there is no way to restore the structure of a body of soil knowing only the structure of the boreholes in it This fact is obvious in the following simple example Suppose there are two boreholes of the following structure Borehole 1 Borehole 2 Soil Soil Top boundary mark The geologic section can be something like this Or The ambiguity like this can be eliminated by specifying the same package of soil types for each borehole That is each borehole has the same package of soils in the same order only their top boundary marks are different and the lack of a soil say i th in a particular borehole is indicated by specifying the same level mark for both i th and i 1 th soil For the example above the SLOPE structure of the boreholes should be described in this way supposing the picture of
8. d and a special calculator Fig 14 which lets you calculate formulas This calculator is used to perform calculations by formulas that one can specify in a text edit field The following rules should be observed when entering a formula e names of functions must be entered in lowercase Roman letters e the fractional and the integral parts of a number must be a period e arithmetic operations must be specified with the symbols raising to a power for example 2 5 2 5 2 5 can be written as 2 543 The following mathematical functions can be used in the formulas floor the greatest integer not greater than the Formula calculation 2 sin 0 43 6 sqnt 6 9 0 00311 5 18 3661 argument ae t tan tangent a sin sine Deg pen a cos cosine x 0064 Rad as asin arc sine z D amp JEnalish Un acos arc cosine atan arc tangent D Help exp exponent Fig 14 The calculator s dialog box ceil the least integer greater than the argument tanh hyperbolic tangent sinh hyperbolic sine cosh hyperbolic cosine log natural logarithm log10 decimal logarithm abs absolute value sqrt square root Depending on the state of the Degrees Radians switch buttons arguments of the trigonometric functions sin cos tan and results of inverse trigonometric functions asin acos atan can be presented in degrees or r
9. egory of the site expressed in points specify the acceleration in the soil during the seismic event if its value is different from standard one and the angle of application of the seismic 11 SLOPE load If the calculation without the seismic load is also required it suffices to set one of the parameters to zero such as the acceleration in the soil The seismic load is taken into account under the assumption that the whole mass of soil moves synchronously at a user specified acceleration and the direction of the acceleration vector conforms to the given angle of application of the seismic load Volumetric inertial forces appearing in this process are equal to the product of the specific weight by the acceleration and are included in the analysis Performing the calculation and displaying its results To calculate the stability coefficient click the Calculate button The calculation consists of two phases refinement of the initial approximation and then calculation of the stability coefficient and construction of the slip surface The slip surface is displayed on the section of the slope on the Section tab Fig 13 A report can be generated after the results of the calculation 12 SLOPE APPENDIX Formula calculator ST The formula calculator can be invoked from the SCAD Office program group via the icon The Tools menu contains items for invoking additional calculators a standard one of MS Windows provided it has been installe
10. es Fig 3 are used to assign the new ones The dialogs are invoked by clicking the button on the right of the drop down list To specify units of measurements choose the desired ones in the list and click OK to exit the dialog and confirm your choice The Report and Languages tab Fig 4 is used to specify a language for the user interface a form of representation of the report a format of the report document etc It includes the following controls View Edit invokes a report viewing editing application associated with the RTF file format Print prints the report without displaying it on the monitor Report Type a drop down list suggests you to choose a file format for the report document An RTF file can be generated in either of two formats Word 7 Word Pad or Word 97 and newer a DOC file an HTML file or a PDF file can be created too To view print the report in the PDF format you need to have an application like Adobe Acrobat Reader installed this application is freeware and can be downloaded at http www adobe com the Paper Indents and Orientation groups are used to customize the report s format the Headers Footers field asks for a reference to an RTF file where the page headers and footers for the report are contained This file can be prepared by the user SLOPE Distributed force kNm Units of measurement Report and
11. hose click and hold the left mouse button move the pointer over the numbers of rows to be selected and then release the button e to switch between the table s cells use the Tab key on your keyboard a4 Slope Slope 1033 SLP _ Of x File Settings Service Help General data Foil Boreholes Loads Section Name Angle of Cohesion Unit weight Type Color Internal friction kee e EE Number of ground water levels Calculate Report a Help Fig 5 An example of a table with soil properties SLOPE As the new rows are added after a selected one you will need to do the following if you want to add a row before the first row of the table select first row in the table and click the Add button to add a new row after it select first row in the table and press the keys Ctrl Insert simultaneously this will copy the contents of the first row to Windows Clipboard select second new row in the table and press the keys Shift Insert simultaneously this will write the contents of the Clipboard to the cells of the second row and now the first row can be filled with data as desired The actions listed above can be also used to copy one or more selected rows of the table Preparing source data The General tab The analysis of stability of a slope and the search for a most probable slip surface are based on known intervals of the beginning and the end of the landslip This tab is used to specify the sizes of a
12. landslip risky piece of the slope These include four numbers in general r r2 which determine the interval in which the admissible abscissas of the landslip s beginning may vary and r3 r4 similar data for the end of the landslip As the slope may be directed either left to right or vice versa the beginning and the end of the landslip are conditional notions which may swap over when the slope goes from right to left Fig 6 Independently of the slope s direction the following rules must be observed when specifying the values for r r4 gt r1 r2 2 1 r4 2 13 The direction of the slope is defined by the characteristics of the boreholes specified on the Boreholes tab T4 1 2 3o 4 es Ms Fig 6 In addition to the sizes of the landslip risky area the General tab Fig 1 is used to specify options of the analysis which include Admissible error for x the accuracy at which to determine the marks of the slip surface Presence of tension break the checkbox that indicates whether there is or not a cutter break at the beginning of the landslip If this checkbox is enabled then you should enable also the checkbox that indicates where the boundary of the landslip s beginning is Tension crack on the left for the slope left to right Tension crack on the right for the slope right to left The depth of the cutter break is specified in the Size of tension crack edit field It should be noted that the tension crack m
13. o the menus can be used You prepare source data on four tabs General Soil Boreholes and Loads Source data for a geologic section of the slope are checked for validity and the results of analysis the slip surface are displayed on the Section tab a4 Slope slide LSLP Fie Settings Service Help General data Soil Boreholes Loads Section Left boundary of the landslide s beginning r4 2 1 m Right boundary of the landslide s beginning ra Bo m Left boundary of the landslide s end r4 50 m Right boundary of the landslide s end ra 69 m Calculation parameters Tolerance Number of slices Tension crack Calculate F Report Fig 1 The dialog box of the Slope software the General data tab Menus The menus are used to customize the application and to invoke various service functions There are four pull down menus File Settings Tools Help The File menu includes the following menu items New invokes a new analysis This fills all edit fields in all tabs of the application with zeros and a message box appears suggesting the user to save her previous data if those have not been saved yet Open opens a file of source data Save saves the source data as a file Save As saves the source data under a different filename Exit finishes the current session of the application The Settings menu is used to invoke the Application Settings dialog box where settings needed for the a
14. od of analysis The real slip surface is three dimensional However most methods of analysis including the SLOPE software assume a plane strain hypothesis where the slip surface is cylindric with is generatrices parallel to the slope s surface and the problem is how to find a critical generatrix called a slip line This approach is based on the hypothesis that ignoring the spatial character of the phenomenon affects the stability coefficient too little and by the way creates an additional reserve of strength Various usually fairly narrow classes of potential slip lines are used such as circular arcs or logarithmic spirals However it is obvious that the limitations of the slip surface configuration must be minimal for essentially inhomogeneous slopes and complicated groundwater conditions which this software takes into consideration The algorithm of analysis implemented in the SLOPE software is based on a procedure suggested in 2 3 which is based on the method of variable level of shear strength mobilization MVLM SLOPE Controlling the software Operations are controlled data are prepared and results of analyses are documented in the SLOPE software much in the same way as in other design and analysis applications included in the SCAD Office package The application uses a standard mutli tab dialog box Fig 1 just like the other applications of the package To activate a page of it click its respective tab at the top als
15. pplication to operate are set up and customized The Tools menu helps run the standard Windows calculator a formula calculator and a measurement unit conversion program The Help menu offers items for invoking reference help information on how to control the SLOPE application how to use the Windows help system and information about the application No of its version and the last modification date The operations accessible through Help and Tools are described in the Appendix SLOPE Settings The Application Settings dialog box Fig 2 is opened via the Settings menu and contains three tabs Units of Measurement Report and Languages Display Application settings EJ Units of measurement Report and Languages Visualization show as 0 a Linear ize Angle degree bi Force fT g Distributed force kvm O E Pressure ku H Urit weight LM Anni Acceleration mee Coefficient w FIFI fl Sl 2 SSS Other wy UF x Cancel Apply D Help Fig 2 The Units of Measurement tab of the Application Settings dialog box The Units of Measurement tab is used to specify units for the source data and the analysis results The units of measurement can be changed at any moment of working with the application Drop down lists are used to assign elementary units such as linear sizes or forces If the units are compound the drop down lists display the current units and the Set Up Units of Measurement dialog box
16. r the units are elementary such as length mass or time or compound such as pressure speed or area To convert between elementary units of measurement just enter a number in one of the text fields The result will consist of the respective values in the other fields If the unit is compound choose a unit to convert from in the drop down lists of one line and units to convert to in the lists of the second line The text field of the first line accepts your number and the text field of the second line displays the conversion results Unit Weight Moment Distributed moment Speed Acceleration Time Linear size Square Volume Force Distributed force Mass Angle Pressure 10000000000 N gt 5 ni 1019367 99185 T gt ni 10000000000 Pa 10000000 kPa 10000 mPa weap Engish United States Olio Exit Fig 15 The Convert units of measurement dialog box 14 pd SLOPE References Y H Huang Stability of earth slopes Van Nostrand Reinhold Co 1983 V G Fedorovsky S V Kurillo A method for analyzing the stability of slopes Geoecology 1997 No 6 pp 95 106 In Russian V G Fedorovsky S V Kurillo Method of a variable level of shear strength mobilization for calculation of the strength of soil masses Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 1998 No 4 5 121 125 15
17. tion cenean ne ae Number of ground water levels Calculate Report a Help Fig 7 The Soil tab The Boreholes tab The geologic section of a slope is defined by specifying a set of boreholes on the tab under the respective name Fig 8 It is the top boundary marks of the uppermost soil layers which define the direction and the ratio of the slope The marks can be specified in any coordinate system provided it is the same for all boreholes To specify the characteristics of the boreholes follow these steps click the Add borehole button the No of borehole list will display its current identification number in the Soils table choose a row with the name of the top soil layer of the current borehole and click the button gt gt to carry it over to the Layers table repeat the above action for each soil of the current borehole in their order from the surface down specify top boundary marks for the levels of all soils if the number of groundwater tables is not zero specify a level mark in meters for each table in the Groundwater Levels table specify a horizontal coordinate for the borehole with respect to the coordinate origin of the landslip risky slope the horizontal coordinates of the boreholes may not coincide specify a name for the borehole this name will be displayed on the slope s section and in the borehole description table of the Report E E FF EF F SLOPE return to the first step and repeat
18. ust be located at the beginning of the landslip at a higher point of the slip line The application does not verify the specified location of the crack the tension crack on the left right alternative Automatic tension crack calculation the checkbox that indicates that during analysis the possibility of creation or propagation when checkbox Presence of tension break is turned on of tension crack must be taken into analysis The Soils tab This tab Fig 7 is used to specify soil characteristics The order in which the soils are defined is of no importance The following soil data are required for the analysis the parentheses contain default units of measurement e angle of internal friction degrees e specific cohesion tons per square meter SLOPE e specific weight of dry soil tons per cubic meter e specific weight of soil when saturated with water tons per cubic meter Also the respective item should be chosen from the list in the Type column for waterproof soil Every soil type can be associated with its particular color this makes it easier to monitor the structure of the soil body on the Section tab The number of groundwater tables 0 to 3 is specified by choosing an appropriate number from the list under the respective name Each water level is specified on the Boreholes tab a Slope Slope 1033 SLP Iols File Settings Service Help General data Soil Boreholes Loads Section Angle of internal fric
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