Carbon Monoxide to Breathable Air Converter with Alarm System for
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1. 11 205 22 YES 12 253 98 YES 13 383 75 YES 14 486 64 YES 15 551 53 YES 16 599 73 YES 17 673 88 YES 18 683 15 YES 19 695 2 YES 20 703 54 YES Using the formula for weighted arithmetic mean for the twenty trials the grand mean obtained was 2 This means that the Alarm System did not lead to false alarm and was able to activate correctly when predetermined levels are reached Hence the null hypothesis is rejected See Appendix G for the statistical computations HYPOTHESIS 2 Null Hypothesis The system is not able to decrease the CO concentration Alternative Hypothesis The system is able to decrease the CO concentration The second hypothesis claims that the system does not have the ability to decrease the input concentration of carbon monoxide CO to a much lower concentration Such claim is proven true if there is no significant difference between the means of the two parameters tested A total of 10 trials were performed each of which was recorded every 30 seconds and in terms of concentration for initial and after process The data were evaluated via Paired Two Sample for Means using t testing since the number of samples is less than 30 and this kind of testing is commonly used in before and after observations of data 30 Table 8 Trails Involved on CO Concentration Before and After Conversion CO Concentration ppm CO Concentration ppm initial after 770 28 743 40 708 18 693 35 642. Oxidizing materials increased risk of fire and explosion Courtesy of Industrial Accident Prevention Association 2008 Physiological Effects of Carbon Monoxide Most of the time when there is poisoning of carbon monoxide on a person s vital system symptoms are likely to be compared equally to common illnesses including tiredness headaches dizziness nausea or vomiting and shortness of breath The skin may also turn pink or red in response to rising blood pressure The amount of CO which the blood absorbs depends on two things how much CO is in the air and the time of the exposure Table 3 on the next page shows the different effects of CO poisoning on humans based on the amount of CO in air and the length of exposure Adverse effects of CO on humans are reduced by periods of breathing fresh air The degree of recovery depends on the number and length of those periods Other factors that determine the effect carbon monoxide has on the body are o Age o Fetuses Maternal cigarette smoking is a major source of exposure o Infants o Older adults o Individual susceptibility o Smoker versus non smoker smokers have higher levels of carbon monoxide in their blood and may experience harmful effects at lower concentrations o Gender death rates higher in males o Blood heart or lung conditions Table 3 Physiological Effects of CO poisoning Parts per Million Time of Exposure Response 50 Severa
3. 005 assumes calibration points of 0 and 500pom of CO exposure time of 4 minutes one day of aging in detector REV 04405 47 APPENDIX E Schematic Diagram of ATMegal168 Arduino 48 APPENDIX F PCB Layouts L 13 12 1110 9 8 76543 1 0 uU Zz ose eDuino amp DIGITAL 170 xx Lttpym our i i ANALOG IN 012345 49 APPENDIX G Statistical Computations HYPOTHESIS 1 1 9 63 29 66 EE N 40 79 NO 50 98 NO _ O NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO S O CER YES YES YES YES YES At CO concentration less than 200 ppm At CO concentration greater than or equal to 200 ppm Scale 2 Scale 2 NO 2 YES 1 YES 1 NO 51 20 2 40 0 1 0 Total 20 40 z f X at formula for weighted arithmetic mean df where X weighted arithmetic mean Xfx sum of all the products of f and x Xf sum of all the frequency subjects 20 2 0 1 20 pel X 2 NO CO concentration lt 200ppm amp YES CO concentration gt 200 ppm 52 HYPOTHESIS 2 CO Concentration ppm CO Concentration ppm initial after 770 28 743 40 693 35 636 80 568 21 522 79 t Test Paired Two Sample for Means Variable Variable 1 2 X Mean 521 585 509 998 SD Variance 23952 72 22332 26 N Observations 10 10 Pearson Correlation 0 999816 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 9 t value t t Stat
4. Carbon monoxide can also have severe effects on the fetus of a pregnant woman Prolonged exposure to low levels of carbon monoxide can lead to depression confusion and memory loss CO one of the major causes of respiratory disease is also addressed as the Silent Killer It is the leading cause of accidental poisoning deaths in America The US Center for Disease Control estimates that carbon monoxide poisoning claims nearly 500 lives and causes more than 15 000 visits to hospital emergency departments annually Nowadays carbon monoxide monitoring and alert systems are commercially available in the market Most of these devices are installed at home buildings and are also able to detect other dangerous gases in air while other systems are used in the mining industry Although there are many variations of the carbon monoxide system almost all of these are designed for buildings and home use only to detect the build up of poisonous gas in the air and notify the people inside This study aims to develop a system with proper application of system connected carbon monoxide detectors that can monitor carbon monoxide concentration inside automobiles and convert this harmful gas into breathable air The specific objectives of this study are to a Integrate a catalytic converter with the use of soda lime b Convert carbon monoxide into a breathable gas with implementation of ATMegal68 microprocessor for the system s operation T
5. 25 The recommended maximum acceptable levels for carbon monoxide are 30 ppm averaged over 1 hour and 13 ppm as an 8 hour rolling average Results from five recent studies in 3 laboratories were consistent in finding adverse effects of COHb levels ranging from 2 9 to 6 as measured by CO Oximeter or as low as 2 as measured by gas chromatography on exercise induced angina and on ECG electrocardiogram values CO levels averaging 13 ppm over 8 hours or 30 ppm over 1 hour resulted in COHb levels at or below 2 for adults performing light work ventilation rate of 18L m Therefore the maximum acceptable levels are based on the maintenance of COHb levels of less than 2 thereby providing a small margin of safety At levels above these concentrations action would be required to decrease the probability or severity of effects in sensitive populations Estimating COHb levels using pNEM indicates that less than 1 of the Toronto study area population will experience COHb levels greater than 2 0 if the ambient air quality is less than or equal to 13 ppm 15 mg m measured over 8 hours The recommended maximum tolerable level for an 8 hour exposure could be based on the lowest observed adverse effect level LOAEL of 2 9 COHb observed in the same experiments cited previously This level would be approximately 21 ppm However the current tolerable level of 17 ppm is sufficiently close to this value to be retained as the objective The recommended maxi
6. 6 03286 p value P T lt t one tail 9 73E 05 critical value t Critical one tail 1 833113 P T lt t two tail 0 000195 t Critical two tail 2 262157 Xi X2 _ 521585 509 998 7 2 2 23952 72 22332 26 Ni N2 t 6 0328 53 APPENDIX H List of Materials Quantity Item Price per unit Total amount 1 Transformer lamp P260 P260 2 Exhaust Fan P300 P900 1 AC Cord P50 P50 1 Relay P90 P90 1 Terminal Block P18 P18 1 LCD P480 P480 2 Outlet P20 P40 4 Capacitor 47uF P10 P40 4 Capacitor 470 uF P10 P40 2 Capacitor 22 uF P5 P10 1 Resistor 100Q Pl Pi 2 Resistor 1kQ Pl P2 1 Resistor 22kQ PI P1 1 Resistor 100kQ PI PI 2 Resistor 1mQ PI P2 1 LED P3 P3 9 IN4001 Rectifier P3 50 P31 50 Diode 2 AD708JN IC P10 P20 1 9014 Transistor PS P5 4 L7912 Transistor P50 P200 1 HC 841 01 Casing P180 P180 3 8 pins IC socket P25 P75 4 3 pins Female amp P12 P48 Male Connector 2 Electrochemical P1500 P3000 Sensors TGS5042 1 Soda Lime 1 kg P1000 P1000 1 Catalytic Converter P5000 P5000 1 ATMEGA168 P950 P950 Arduino 2 Set of wires P20 P40 Total P12487 50 54
7. the year and state Rates were highest among adults aged gt 65 years men non Hispanic whites and non Hispanic blacks The average number of deaths was highest during January Table 4 Unintentional non fire related deaths from carbon monoxide CO poisoning in United States of America from 1999 to 2004 6 year average 6 year annual average Total deaths crude annual Characteristic No ratet ratet 95 CIS Total 2 631 100 1 53 1 53 1 47 1 59 Age group yrs 0 4 52 2 0 45 5 14 83 3 0 33 15 24 256 10 1 06 25 34 322 12 1 35 35 44 505 19 1 87 45 54 472 18 2 00 55 64 314 12 2 00 gt 65 628 24 2 13 Sex Male 1 958 74 2 32 2 41 2 30 2 52 Female 673 6 0 77 0 74 0 68 0 79 Race Ethnicity White non Hispanic 1 941 74 1 65 1 54 1 48 1 61 Black non Hispanic 305 11 1 46 1 64 1 45 1 83 Other non Hispanic 97 4 0 98 1 01 0 80 1 22 Hispanic 279 11 1 25 1 31 1 14 1 48 Deaths coded with International Classification of Disease Tenth Revi sion codes T58 and X47 excluding X00 X09 X76 X97 Y26 and Y17 t Average age adjusted rate per 1 million persons Confidence interval TRecords in which ethnicity was unknown or missing were excluded from analysis n 9 Courtesy of http www cdc gov mmwr preview mmwrhtml mm5733a2 htm Carbon Monoxide on the Car Motorists have expressed great concern over the recent incidents of deaths inside automobiles During the past years a num
8. 9 78 636 80 568 21 522 79 Level of Significance Level of Confidence Critical Value t value p value Degree of Freedom t lt Critical Value Using the hypothesis such that there is a decrease in CO concentration after being subjected to the system a right tail test was performed With the degree of freedom value of 9 and significance level alpha of 0 05 a value of 1 8331 from the table of critical values of t was obtained If the calculated t value is less than the critical t value the null hypothesis is accepted and rejected if it is the other way around Moreover if the p value is less than the significance level then the null hypothesis is rejected and accepted otherwise Since the calculated t value which is 6 0329 is greater than the critical t value 1 8331 it can be said with 95 confidence that the system has the ability to decrease the concentration of CO Thus the null hypothesis is rejected See Appendix G for the statistical computations 31 To be able to properly observe the behavior of the purification process the researchers decided to increase the inputted amount of carbon monoxide to the tent until a 770 28 ppm is reached It is done by continuously stepping on the gas of the vehicle used to produce smoke faster In this way the researchers were able to verify that the system is capable of purifying the air inside the test environment without a possible interruption This addition
9. Carbon Monoxide to Breathable Air Converter with Alarm ystem for Automobile By Karen Kaye M Alix Patrick Wesley U Chan Christian Ramir P Lazatin Ma Giovyline Raitoa A Thesis Report Submitted to the School of EECE in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering Mapua Institute of Technology June 2013 APPROVAL SHEET This is to certify that we have supervised the preparation of and read the thesis paper prepared by Karen Kaye M Alix Patrick Wesley U Chan Christian Ramir P Lazatin and Ma Giovyline S Ra oa entitled Carbon Monoxide to Breathable Air Converter with Alarm System for Automobile and that the said paper has been submitted for final examination by the Oral Examination Committee Voltaire B De Leon Academe Adviser Rafael G Maramba esis Adviser As members of the Oral Examination Committee we certify that we have examined this paper and hereby recommend that it be accepted as fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering major oa Pr JA B Lazaro Jr Panel Member 2 This thesis is hereby approved and accepted by the School of Graduate Studies as fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering major fuck S Dr Felicito S Caluyo Dean School of EECE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost the researchers would li
10. Preconditions 22 System Flow 22 Tolerable Level of CO 25 Devices and Eguipment 28 Test Environment 28 iv Results and Discussion Statistical Test Conclusion Chapter 4 CONCLUSION Chapter 5 RECOMMENDATION REFERENCES APPENDICES Appendix A Operation s Manual Appendix B Pictures of Prototype Appendix C Program Listing Appendix D Data Sheets Appendix E Schematic Diagram of ATMega 168 Arduino Appendix F PCB Layouts Appendix G Statistical Computations Appendix H List of Materials 29 29 32 34 35 36 37 37 40 43 44 45 46 48 51 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 LIST OF TABLES Physical Properties of Carbon Monoxide Incompatibility of Materials Physiological Effects of CO poisoning Unintentional non fire related deaths from carbon monoxide CO poisoning in United States of America from 1999 to 2004 Comparison of carbon monoxide detection technologies Recommended National Ambient Air Quality Objectives Trails involved on CO Concentration Pumped inside the Test Environment Trails Involved on CO Concentration Before and After Conversion Statistical Test on CO Concentration Before and After Conversion vi 14 25 29 31 31 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Chemical reaction inside a 3 way catalytic converter Figure 2 Chemical reaction of Soda Lime Figure 3 How an Absorber Works Figure 4 Typical Electrochemical
11. Rh and palladium Pd and a thin coat of their mixture is applied onto a honeycomb or porous ceramic carrier Platinum and palladium are the oxidizing catalysts for HC and CO 10 Rhodium is the reducing catalyst for NOx while Cerium promotes oxygen storage to improve oxidation efficiency RR ER RR OE ER Reduction l NO Aas e AE is add ANNE as HC CO N i Mk EE HN Courtesy of Toyota Motor 3 Way Catalytic Converter sales USA Inc Figure 1 Chemical reaction inside a 3 way catalytic converter Figure 1 shows the reaction of oxidation and reduction inside the 3 way catalytic converter As engine exhaust gases flow through the converter passageways they contact the coated surface which initiates the catalytic process As exhaust and catalyst temperatures rise the following reaction occurs o Oxides of nitrogen NO are reduced into simple nitrogen N3 and carbon dioxide C02 o Hydrocarbons HC and carbon monoxide CO are oxidized to create water H20 and carbon dioxide C03 The Combustion Process As stated by the U S Environmental Protection Agency Office of Mobile Sources gasoline and diesel fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons compounds which contain hydrogen and carbon atoms In a perfect engine oxygen in the air would convert all the hydrogen in 11 the fuel to water and all the carbon in the fuel to carbon dioxide Nitrogen in the air would remain una
12. Sensor Setup Figure 5 Block Diagram of the Carbon Monoxide to Breathable Air Converter with Alarm System for Automobile Figure 6 Carbon Monoxide Monitoring System Main Circuit Schematic Diagram Figure 7 Carbon Monoxide with Electrochemical Sensor Circuit Schematic Diagram Figure 8 LCD Connection Circuit Schematic Diagram Figure 9 Flowchart of the Carbon Monoxide Monitoring System Figure 10 Flowchart of the Conversion Process Figure 11 Recommended National Ambient Air Quality Objectives for Carbon Monoxide and Predicted COHb Levels Figure 12 Graph of CO Concentration Initial and CO Concentration Final Vii 11 12 13 15 19 20 21 21 23 24 2 32 ABSTRACT Carbon monoxide CO gas is a compound produced by incomplete combustion of various carbon based fuels and substances The slow accumulation of this poisonous gas can cause headaches nausea vomiting vertigo and confusion which are harmful for passengers safety and environmental protection The purpose of this study was to develop a carbon monoxide monitoring system for automobiles The system includes a carbon monoxide detector which is capable of measuring concentration of the gas when it reaches the predetermined levels the alarm system would notify the passenger s and also the nearby people at the same time it would prevent the hazardous gas to spread inside the vehicle As a way for the system to save the passenger the device will act
13. a cool safe place to prevent damage v Never use any power supply greater than the required 12V 37 y Handle the unit with care Do not drop the hardware Installation Procedure 1 6 Filled up the Carbon Monoxide Converter with Catalytic Converter with enough amount of soda lime Place the Carbon Monoxide Converter with Catalytic Converter inside the tent Connect the exhaust fan connection to the device Zipped the tent s zipper Connect the hose from the tent s allotted space to the automobile s exhaust Plug the device s cord to a 240 V AC Outlet User s Manual 1 2 6 Start the automobile s engine and pump enough smoke to fill up the tent Press the push button to start the calibration and measurement of the carbon monoxide The Carbon monoxide Converter with Catalytic Converter will start to cleanse the carbon monoxide inside the tent The alarm system will automatic triggered when the amount of carbon monoxide range from 200ppm and above As soon as the amount of carbon monoxide is reduced to below 200ppm the alarm will be deactivated To stop the monitoring the user must unplug the cord Troubleshooting Guides and Procedures 1 If there is no output shown in the LCD display 1 1 Check if the push button is press 38 1 2 Check if the cord is properly plugged to the outlet If the alarm system isn t activated accordingly 2 1 Check if there is enough volume of carbon mono
14. al procedure of increasing the CO concentration inside the tent is necessary for the testing of the systems effectiveness due to the fact that an input of 250 ppm to the tent is easily purified by the system thus the time for the researchers to observe list down and gather the necessary information is not enough CO Concentration N Q Ha UI CO Concentration Qa a 2 c w Q c Oo U UI Time seconds Figure 12 Graph of CO Concentration Initial and CO Concentration Final 32 Figure 12 shows the graphical representation of data for the rate of conversion table and the trials in Hypothesis 2 The CO concentrations were recorded for every 30 seconds the first 300 of which was for the initial testing of the system wherein the CO concentration is starting to accumulate inside the test environment while the latter part 300 600 seconds shows the trend at which the system was able to decrease the CO concentration to around 2 3 5 for every 30 seconds Conclusion A system that can monitor carbon monoxide concentration and convert this harmful gas into breathable air through integration of catalytic converter and soda lime with implementation of ATMegal68 microprocessor was designed and developed Through univariate analysis using weighted arithmetic mean it is proven that the system s alarm function activates properly at designated levels and no false alarms have occu
15. ature Dependency Teryaeras Cj IMPORTANT NOTE OPERATING CONDITIONS IN WHICH FIGARO SENSORS ARE USED WILL VARY WITH EACH CUSTOMER S SPEGIFIC APPLICATIONS FIGARO STRONGLY REGOMMENDS CONSULTING OUR TECHNICAL STAFF GET ORE DEPLOYING FIGARO SENSORS IN YOUR APPLICATION ANDIN PARTICULAR WHEN CLSTOME RTS TARGET GASES ARIE NOTLISTEDHEREIN FIGAFIO CANNOT ASSUME SPECFICALLY TESTED BY FIGAAO 46 ANY RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY USE OF ITS SENSORS IN A PRODUCT OF APPLICATION FOR WHICH SENSOR HAS NOT BEEN Basic Measuring Circuit The diagram at the right shows the basic measuring circuit of TGS5042 The sensor generales a minute electric current which is converted inte sensor oulpul voltage Voul by an op ampresistor R2 combination An additional resistor Fit is required to prevent polarization of the sensor when circuit voltage is off Figaro recommends the lollowing electrical parts Fil 1kQ R2 100kQ C1 20uF IC AD708 NOTE When voltage is applied to the sensor output terminal the sensor may be damaged Vollage applied to the sensor should be strictly limited to less than 210m Specifications tem Tentative Specification Mode nome IN unik mm ED ED ppm equal SY 10 06 e Operating humidity 5 BEREA no condensation wiin 60 seconds laa 20 at 0 100ppm of CO oe ee a Expected accuracy 215 at 100 500ppm of CO aE d at 2028 Gsa220 AH i H 40 70 hare EC MEDE
16. ber of people have been found dead inside their cars The culprit is a silent but lethal gas known as carbon monoxide CO Emissions of CO from vehicles are caused by defective exhaust system defective emission system and poorly tuned engine According to Greg Valdepenas a chief mechanic a leak in the exhaust system allows the escape of CO before it is converted to nontoxic carbon dioxide CO in the catalytic converter The leaking CO can enter through the holes inside the car or open windows or doors Old and dirty vehicles emit the highest concentrations of CO and can leave a cloud of CO whenever it is used Running through the plume can cause health hazard to people Smoke belching vehicles also contribute to CO emission he added Carbon Monoxide to Carbon Dioxide A catalytic converter is a device incorporated into the exhaust system of an automobile that reduces the amount of pollutants in the automobile s exhaust gases The catalytic converter is used to complete the oxidation process for hydrocarbon HC and carbon monoxide CO in addition to reducing oxides of nitrogen NO back to simple nitrogen and carbon dioxide Toyota Motor Sales U S A Inc makes use of a modern catalytic converter also known as a three way catalytic converter the reason for this is that the 3 way refers to the 3 harmful compounds that it helps reduce HC CO amp NO The basic materials of the three way catalytic converter are platinum Pt rhodium
17. corporating future technology such as nanotechnology 4 Include storing of information gathered during the monitoring routine inside the test environment 5 Incorporate new Smartphone technology such as Near Field Communication NFC for faster transferring of data between the device and the smart phone 35 REFERENCES System Sensor 2009 System Connected Carbon Monoxide Detectors 4 David G Penney Carbon Monoxide Toxicity p 5 CRC Press 2000 ISBN 0849320658 Lillo RS Ruby A Gummin DD Porter WR Caldwell JM March 1996 Chemical safety of U S Navy Fleet soda lime Undersea Hyperb Med 23 1 43 53 PMID 8653065 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network Carbon Monoxide Poisoning accessed 2009 12 04 Gosink T January 28 1983 What Do Carbon Monoxide Levels Mean Alaska Science Forum Geophysical Institute University of Alaska Fairbanks Retrieved December 16 2008 Green W An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality Carbon Monoxide CO United States Environmental Protection Agency Retrieved 2008 12 16 Maisel William Roger J Lewis 2010 Noninvasive Measurement of Carboxyhemoglobin How Accurate is Accurate Enough Annals of Emergency Medicine Boston MA 56 4 389 391 OSHA Fact Sheet Carbon Monoxide United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Retrieved 2009 09 14 Wald Nicholas 1981 Carbon monoxide in breath in relation to smo
18. d environmental protection The purpose of this study was to develop a carbon monoxide monitoring system for automobiles The system includes a carbon monoxide detector which is capable of measuring concentration of the gas when it reaches the predetermined levels the alarm system would notify the passenger s and also the nearby people at the same time it would prevent the hazardous gas to spread inside the vehicle As a way for the system to save the passenger the device will activate an exhaust fan connected inside the vehicle then it would be directed to a modified catalytic converter to release the trapped gas passing through the chemical reaction incorporating the soda lime for the soda lime air purification process Keywords carbon monoxide monitoring system catalytic converter soda lime alarm system air purification process Introduction Carbonous oxide or commonly known as carbon monoxide CO is a colorless odorless and tasteless gas that is fractionally lighter than air It is a by product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels such as those combustion fumes made by cars and trucks lamps stoves gas ranges and heating systems The carbon monoxide from these fumes can accumulate in places as a result of poor installation poor maintenance failure or damage of an appliance in service when the fuel is not burned properly or when rooms are poorly ventilated and don t have a good flow of fresh air for the CO to escape These res
19. e monitoring and releasing of the toxic gas while the soda lime air purification process relies on the power of the vehicle since it reguires the modified catalytic converter to function together with vehicle s power supply The device is dependent on the amount of soda lime for the air purification process The soda lime air purification process would take place if the quantity of carbon monoxide inside the automobile reaches the standard amount however if the quantity is less than the standard the system would remain idle 18 Methodology The prototype has followed appropriate steps from researching to leading to a conclusion These include 1 Gathered data from research materials such as IEEE journals and articles books and the internet which concern the thesis topic 2 Designed a block and schematic diagram for the whole system 3 Simulated the circuit by the appropriate software tool 4 Designed the PCB layout of the designed circuit 5 Built and soldered the components in the PCB 6 Tested the circuit 7 Created a program for the microcontroller 8 Uploaded the program in the microcontroller 9 Calibrated the sensor 10 Assembled the system 11 Preheated the sensor for some time 12 Tested the whole system for proper functionality Gas Test 13 Recalibrated when necessary 14 Resolved the system for errors 15 Stored and packed the final prototype into a clean environment free of contamination 16 Recorded analysis and
20. e 5 air quality objectives for carbon monoxide recommended in this report are illustrated in Figure 8 together with associated COHb levels as projected by the CFK model 1 hr max acceptable levelf Less than 2 0 COHb CONCENTRATION ppm 5 3 6 hr max tolerable level 8 hr max acceptable levelf 8 shr max desired levelf courtesy of http www hc sc gc ca ewh semt pubs air naaqo onqaa carbon monoxyde carbone i ndex en g php Figure 11 Recommended National Ambient Air Quality Objectives for Carbon Monoxide and Predicted COHb Levels 27 Devices and Eguipment Exhaust fan for measuring the flow rate of the Carbon Monoxide to be converted Catalytic converter is a device used to convert Carbon Monoxide to Carbon Dioxide Soda lime is a compound that bonds with Carbon Dioxide Power supply for the whole system Air tight casing used to enclose the air being filtered A tent used as a container of the carbon monoxide produced by any automobile Hose used to channel the carbon monoxide coming from the automobile exhaust Automobile used as the source of the carbon monoxide Test Environment A tent was used to contain the carbon monoxide coming from the automobile as seen in Picture 1 A hose was then used to transfer the smoke from the automobile as seen in Picture 2 The air tight casing which contains the catalytic converter and soda lime was then placed inside the tent together with the sensors a
21. f people requiring protection and the relationship between COHb levels exposure and ambient carbon monoxide levels COHb levels are a biomarker for the toxicity of ambient level exposures to carbon monoxide and are used as an indicator of carbon monoxide exposure Although more research is needed to evaluate the predictive capabilities of the CFK model in individuals exposed to low concentrations of carbon monoxide and its applicability to sensitive subpopulation U S EPA 1991 it is the best model available at present and it will be used here to estimate appropriate National Ambient Air Quality Objectives for carbon monoxide However it must be remembered that models provide estimates based upon small numbers of representative measurements Table 6 Recommended National Ambient Air Quality Objectives ppm mg m Maximum Acceptable Maximum Tolerable Level Level 13 15 17 4 20 1 ppm 1 146 mg CO m rolling average Courtesy of http www hc sc gc ca ewh semt pubs air naago onqaa carbon monoxyde carbone index eng php As seen in Table 6 the maximum desirable levels are based on the carbon monoxide concentration that will result in a carboxyhemoglobin COHb blood level of less than 1 or the upper end of the range of baseline COHb levels resulting from endogenous production Based on the Coburn Foster Kane CFK equation a 1 hour exposure of 13 ppm or an 8 hour exposure of 5 ppm would lead to less than 1 COHB
22. ffected In reality the combustion process cannot be perfect and automotive engines emit several types of pollutants Perfect Combustion FUEL hydrocarbons AIR oxygen and nitrogen CARBON DIOXIDE water unaffected nitrogen Typical Engine Combustion FUEL AIR UNBURNED HYDROCARBONS NITROGEN OXIDES CARBON MONOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE water Soda Lime According to a technical article by Molecular Products Ltd company entitled An Introduction to Sofnolime soda lime is an absorbent used for removal of carbon dioxide mainly from breathable gases in medical military and safety applications Sofnolime is Molecular Products brand name for soda lime The gas is passed through the absorber and the CO2 is removed by a water mediated base catalysed chemical reaction Figure 2 converting the CO2 to calcium carbonate and H2O which is retained within the absorber The strong base NaOH is not used up but acts as a catalyst HO Ca OH CO m CA Os HO NaOH Courtesy of Molecular Products Ltd Figure 2 Chemical reaction of Soda Lime 12 As shown in Figure 3 the absorber will have a finite life based on the guantity of Sofnolime contained and the level of CO2 within the treated gas The absorber will remove all of the CO2 if appropriately sized for the application and once the Sofnolime is consumed CO2 breakthrough will occur and the CO2 level in the exiting gas stream begins to increase N React
23. gases Long life Figaro s TGS5042 is a new electrochemical CO sensor possessing improved characteristics By using very low concentration alkaline electrolyte integration of an extremely small amount of noble metal catalyst into the catalyst layer and application of a separator TGS5042 has the advantage of being more environmentally friendly than traditional electrochemical sensors Using a dry battery structure TGS5042 poses no risk of electrolyte leakage and offers characteristics superior to those of traditional electrochemical CO sensors The figure below represents typical sensitivity characteristics all data having been gathered at standard test conditions see reverse side of this sheet The Y axis shows theoutput current of the sensor loutuA in each gas Output current is linear to CO concentration with a deviation of less than 25 in the range of 0 500ppm Sensitivity CH iiiam Applications Residential and commercial CO detectors CO monitors for industrial applications Ventilation control for indoor parking garages The figure below represents typical temperature dependency characteristics The Y axis shows the sensor output ratio I lo as defined below The linear relationship between l lo and CO concentration is constant regardless of the CO concentration range Sensor output current in 400ppm of CO at various temperatures lo Sensor output current in 400ppm at 20 C 50 RH Temper
24. he study would significantly impart endeavor in assuring the health and safety of both the people and the environment Since carbon monoxide poisoning and air pollution is a universal problem that the world is facing this study would definitely contribute to the decrease of the cause of respiratory diseases and also the reduction of the emission of air pollutants in the environment The study would also provide additional information by proposing a better way of detecting the amount of carbon monoxide entering the vehicle that possessed significant performance Lastly this research will be a helpful reference for other related studies in the future The study entitled Carbon Monoxide to Breathable Air Converter with Alarm System for Automobile deals with the selected automobile such as cars and vans The separation of the power supply unit of device from the vehicle s power supply which is tapped to the automobile s battery makes it more reliable in terms of performing the monitoring and releasing of the toxic gas while the soda lime air purification process relies on the power of the vehicle since it reguires the modified catalytic converter to function together with vehicle s power supply The device is dependent on the amount of soda lime for the air purification process The soda lime air purification process would take place if the guantity of carbon monoxide inside the automobile reaches the standard amount however if the guantity is les
25. ion HUN Unused HE exhausted at exit Reaction Zone Residence time needed for reaction A Reaction zone established with CO gradient within it B Reaction zone moves through length of absorber bed C Breakthrough occurs when the first part of the reaction zone CO concentration gradient reaches the outlet D Outlet CO concentration increases exponentially as capacity Courtesy of Molecular Products Ltd Figure 3 How an absorber works 13 Carbon Monoxide Sensors There are three basic types of Carbon Monoxide sensors that monitor the concentration of CO on a certain period of time These are Biomimetic Metal Oxide Semiconductor MOS and Electrochemical sensors see Table 5 Table5 Comparison of carbon monoxide detection technologies Sensor Technology Advantage Disadvantage Biomimetic Low cost High false alarm rate Long Life Span High Current draw Expensive Non selective sensitive to chemicals and gases other than CO Reliable few field High sensitivity to detects ammonia based cleaners Courtesy of System Sensor Electrochemical Electrochemical Sensors According to Chapter 2 of Electrochemical Sensors by Intlsensor the electrochemical sensor consists of the following key components gas permeable membrane electrode electrolyte and scrubber filter The gas permeable membrane also known as hydrophic membrane offers a mechanical protection to the sensor and the membrane perfo
26. ivate an exhaust fan connected inside the vehicle then it would be directed to a modified catalytic converter to release the trapped gas passing through the chemical reaction incorporating the soda lime for the soda lime air purification process Keywords carbon monoxide monitoring system catalytic converter soda lime alarm system air purification process viii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Carbonous oxide or commonly known as carbon monoxide CO is a colorless odorless and tasteless gas that is fractionally lighter than air It is a by product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels such as those combustion fumes made by cars and trucks lamps stoves gas ranges and heating systems The carbon monoxide from these fumes can accumulate in places as a result of poor installation poor maintenance failure or damage of an appliance in service when the fuel is not burned properly or when rooms are poorly ventilated and don t have a good flow of fresh air for the CO to escape These results can make the CO easily rise to potentially lethal and poisonous health risk Since carbon monoxide is colorless odorless tasteless and initially non irritating it becomes very difficult for people to detect Exposures to this toxic gas may lead to symptoms of mild acute poisoning including confusion vertigo headaches dizziness and flu like effects larger exposures can lead to significant toxicity of the central nervous system and heart and even death
27. ke to thank the God Almighty for giving us wisdom and guidance in the completion of this thesis report This project would not have been possible without the support of many people The group wishes to express their gratitude to their thesis instructors Prof Ayra G Panganiban and Prof Voltaire B De Leon who were unselfishly helpful and offered invaluable assistance support and guidance We also extend our special thanks to our adviser Engr Rafael G Maramba whose encouragement guidance and support from the preliminary to the concluding level enabled us to develop an understanding of the subject Finally we would like to thank our parents and siblings for supporting providing financial means and encouraging us to finish this project iii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE i APPROVAL PAGE ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii ABSTRACT viii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 Carbon Monoxide 4 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 5 Carbon Monoxide Reaction 5 Physiological Effects of Carbon Monoxide 7 Carbon Monoxide Statistics 8 Carbon Monoxide on the Car 10 Carbon Monoxide to Carbon Dioxide 10 Soda Lime 12 Carbon Monoxide Sensors 14 Electrochemical Sensors 14 Chapter 3 CARBON MONOXIDE TO BREATHABLE AIR CONVERTER WITH ALARM SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILE 16 Abstract 16 Introduction 16 Methodology 19 Hardware and General Preconditions 19 Software and General
28. king and carboxyhaemoglobin levels Thorax 366 369 Automobile Emissions An Overview U S Environmental Protection Agency Office of Mobile Sources An Introduction to Sofnolime Molecular Products Ltd Version 2 28 05 09 MCL JS Calmorin Laurentina P and M A Calmorin 2007 Research Methods and Thesis Writing 2 edition Book Store Inc Sampaloc Manila 36 APPENDIX A Operation s Manual Safety Precautions Statements provided below indicate pointers to prevent hazards from users when handling the unit v If one is using a power supply never attempt to plug or unplug the power outlet when one s hand is wet Push the plug all the way into the power outlet v The electrochemical sensor TG5042 should be handled with care and should not be exposed to heat radiation or anything that can lead to hardware failure v The carbon monoxide converter with catalytic converter should be handled with care and should not be exposed to heat radiation or anything that can lead to hardware failure LACAUTION Caution Statements provided below indicate pointers for the unit safety handling to prevent hardware complications y The device is Electrostatic discharge ESD sensitive Improper handling may result to damage Do not touch any of the electronic components of the device placed inside the package v Do not place heavy objects on the device v Keep the device away from hot objects Store the device in
29. l Hours 2 3 hours Threshold limit no apparent toxic symptoms No symptoms for long periods Possible headache 1 2 hours 45 minutes Frontal headache and nausea Headache dizziness and nausea 2 hours 20 minutes 2 hours Collapse and possible unconsciousness Headache dizziness and nausea Collapse unconsciousness possible death 5 10 minutes 10 15 minutes Headache and dizziness Unconsciousness and possible death 1 2 minutes Headache and dizziness 0 15 minutes Unconsciousness and possible death Immediate Unconsciousness 1 3 minutes Danger of death Courtesy ofhttp www carbon monoxide ie htm poisoning htm Carbon Monoxide Statistics Unintentional CO exposure accounts for an estimated 15 000 emergency department visits and 500 unintentional deaths in the United States each year The most recent state level estimates of CO related deaths were described in 1991 for the years 1979 1988 Using the most recent mortality data available this report updates national and state specific unintentional non fire related CO mortality rates and describes the demographic seasonal and geographic patterns for 1999 2004 see Table 4 During this period an average of 439 persons died annually from unintentional non fire related CO poisoning and the national average annual death rate was 1 5 per million persons However rates varied by demographic subgroup month of
30. ledRed 8 int ledBlue 10 int buzzer 11 void setup Icd begin 16 2 pinMode 8 OUTPUT Icd setCursor 5 0 Icd print CARBON Icd setCursor 4 1 Icd print MONOXIDE delay 3000 Icd clear 43 Icd setCursor 2 0 Iced print CALIBRATING Icd setCursor 1 1 Icd print PLEASE WAIT delay 180000 Icd clear void loop analogValuel analogRead A0 analogValue2 analogRead A1 delay 500 varVolt analogValue1 4 88 1000 varFloatl varVolt1 0 00526466 varVolt2 analogValue2 4 88 1000 varFloat2 varVolt2 0 00526466 Icd clear Icd setCursor 0 0 if varFloatl lt 200 amp amp varFloat2 lt 200 proceed 1 digitalWrite ledRed LOW 44 digital Write ledBlue HIGH digital Write buzzer LOW Icd print SAFE CONDITION else if proceed 1 if varFloatl gt 200 digital Write ledRed HIGH digital Write ledBlue LOW digital Write buzzer HIGH Icd print DANGER gt CLEANING Icd setCursor 0 1 Icd print varFloat1 2 Icd setCursor 9 1 lcd print varFloat2 2 45 APPENDIX D Data Sheets PRODUCT INFORMATION TGS 5042 for the detection of Carbon Monoxide Features Battery operable High repeatability selectivity to carbon monoxide CO Linear relationship between CO gas concentration and sensor output Low sensitivity to ethanol Reduced influence by various interference
31. mum tolerable level of 17 ppm averaged over 8 hours will result in a COHb level of about 2 5 as projected by the CFK model This is still below the COHb levels believed to result in cardiorespiratory effects in the general population Moreover it is considered to be slightly more protective in accounting for non standard conditions and people at the high end of the distribution curve for parameters used in the CFK equation However owing to a diminishing margin of safety within the tolerable range 26 action is recommended without delay when air guality exceeds the highest concentration of this range to protect the health of sensitive subgroups The averaging times chosen for the maximum desirable acceptable and tolerable ranges of carbon monoxide in ambient air are 1 and 8 hours The latter averaging time approximates the length of time during which people may be exposed to carbon monoxide continuously in a particular location e g work sleep More importantly most individuals approach equilibrium levels of COHb in the blood after about 8 12 hours of exposure to Anderson et al 1973 Owing to the possibility of missing some events high levels of carbon monoxide exposure using a continuous averaging time rolling averages are recommended for the calculation of the 8 hour average The 1 hour averaging period is intended to be protective for effects that might occur following short exposures to high concentrations of carbon monoxide Th
32. ning stoves Fumes from automobiles and gas powered lawn mowers may also contain carbon monoxide and can enter a home through walls or doorways if an engine is left running in an attached garage Other sources include industrial processes cigars smoldering fires etc Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Carbon monoxide can be toxic to humans and animals when encountered in higher concentrations although it is also produced in normal animal metabolism in low quantities and is thought to have some normal biological functions When you inhale carbon monoxide it can cause brain damage suffocation or death Because you cannot see smell or taste this deadly gas poisoning can happen to anyone anytime anywhere Everyone is at risk but pregnant women young children senior citizens and people with heart and lung problems are at greater risk If your home is well sealed or not well ventilated the levels of carbon monoxide in the air may easily rise to deadly levels Carbon Monoxide Reaction Carbon monoxide is flammable Mixtures of carbon monoxide and air in the flammable range will ignite if a flame or a spark is present Flammable mixtures containing carbon monoxide and other gases can be ignited easily by heated surfaces open flames and even by the burning tip of a cigarette The serious nature of the flammability hazard is reflected in the extensive flammable range of carbon monoxide in air see Table 1 on page 6 Table 1 Physical Proper
33. nside This study aims to develop a system with proper application of system connected carbon monoxide detectors that can monitor carbon monoxide concentration inside automobiles and convert this harmful gas into breathable air The specific objectives of this study are to a Integrate a catalytic converter with the use of soda lime 17 b Convert carbon monoxide into a breathable gas with implementation of ATMegal68 microprocessor for the system s operation The study would significantly impart endeavor in assuring the health and safety of both the people and the environment Since carbon monoxide poisoning and air pollution is a universal problem that the world is facing this study would definitely contribute to the decrease of the cause of respiratory diseases and also the reduction of the emission of air pollutants in the environment The study would also provide additional information by proposing a better way of detecting the amount of carbon monoxide entering the vehicle that possessed significant performance Lastly this research will be a helpful reference for other related studies in the future The study entitled Carbon Monoxide to Breathable Air Converter with Alarm System for Automobile deals with the selected automobile such as cars and vans The separation of the power supply unit of device from the vehicle s power supply which is tapped to the automobile s battery makes it more reliable in terms of performing th
34. onversion process will have two major stages 20 Figure 6 Carbon Monoxide Monitoring System Main Circuit Schematic Diagram Figure 7 Carbon Monoxide with Electrochemical Sensor Circuit Schematic Diagram 21 LCD1 2x16 LCD DISPLAY J PORT D7 1K PORT D6 _ PORT D5 PORT D PORT D3 PORT D2 Figure 8 LCD Connection Circuit Schematic Diagram Software Development For programming purposes Arduino software was used in interfacing with the hardware device applying C programming language which has predefined feature of the access to the serial port C is preferred by the researchers because it has capabilities to access the device s low level functions The system flow of the program is illustrated on page 23 CO Concentration Equation The formula for getting the CO concentration from the analog data coming from the CO sensor is the following ADC_Output 1 CO ppm 7 1808x1072 Sensitivity Ce 22 System Flow The flowchart shown in Figure 9 states the steps on how the monitoring system operates The first step is to preheat the sensor using the specified heating voltage for some time and then reading its analog data to convert into concentration of the gas in terms of ppm unit If the gas concentration reaches to 200 ppm and above the Alarm System will raise and the CO conversion will take place as shown in Figure 10 200 ppm is selected because at this amount of CO s
35. results and had valuable conclusion Hardware Development This section provides an overview of the steps that the researchers undertook in the hardware development of this design Hardware development includes the flow of data through the components block diagrams and schematic diagram of the design as well as components used in the design The hardware used include the ATMegal68 microcontroller an electrochemical CO sensor buzzer catalyst for the modified catalytic converter PCB components and an available car to be installed on by the system Soda Lime is also included for the converting of gas The researchers constructed a block diagram that illustrates the flow of data in the design of the system which is shown in Figure 5 19 CO Sensor p G CO2 Purifier Controlling Converter ATMega 168 Microcontroller Figure 5 Block Diagram of the Carbon Monoxide to Breathable Air Converter with Alarm System for Automobile The block diagram shown in Figure 5 shows that the first step is done by the Carbon Monoxide sensor which detects the amount of concentration of the said harmful gas and passes its analog value to the microcontroller unit Then from the microcontroller unit based from the program burnt in it written in C language it will pass signals to the CO to CO2 Converter and the Alarm System dependent on the conditions stated in Figure 6 The CO2 Purifier is connected to the CO to CO2 Converter meaning that the c
36. rms the additional function of filtering out unwanted particulates The selection of electrode is the most important factor to catalyze material which performs the half cell reaction over a period of time Then the electrolyte facilitates the cell reaction and carries the ionic charge across the electrodes which are compatible with the sensor The scrubber filter serves the front of the sensor which filters unwanted gases the most frequently used filter medium is activated charcoal which can filter most of the chemicals 14 Capillary Diffusion Barrier a Hydrophobic Membrane Sensing Electrode Reference Electrode Counter Electrode Electrolyte Courtesy of http www intlsensor com pdf electrochemical pdf Figure 4 Typical Electrochemical Sensor Setup Electrochemical sensors function by reacting with the gas of concern and producing an electrical signal proportional to the gas concentration A typical electrochemical sensor comprises of a sensing electrode and a counter electrode separated by a thin layer of electrolyte as shown in Figure 4 15 Chapter 3 CARBON MONOXIDE TO BREATHABLE AIR CONVERTER WITH ALARM SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILE Abstract Carbon monoxide CO gas is a compound produced by incomplete combustion of various carbon based fuels and substances The slow accumulation of this poisonous gas can cause headaches nausea vomiting vertigo and confusion which are harmful for passengers safety an
37. rred The conducted Paired Two Sample for Means t testing gives the system 95 confidence of having the ability to decrease the amount of carbon monoxide concentration inside the automobile 33 Chapter 4 CONCLUSION This chapter provides the conclusions of the researcher after designing the Carbon Monoxide to Breathable Air Converter with Alarm System for Automobile device through testing and analysis Accordingly the device has room for suggestions to enhance by future researchers A system that can monitor carbon monoxide concentration and convert this harmful gas into breathable air through integration of catalytic converter and soda lime with implementation of ATMegal68 microprocessor was designed and developed Through univariate analysis using weighted arithmetic mean it is proven that the system s alarm function activates properly at designated levels and no false alarms have occurred The conducted Paired Two Sample for Means t testing gives the system 95 confidence of having the ability to decrease the amount of carbon monoxide concentration inside the automobile 34 Chapter 5 RECOMMENDATION Here are some improvements that are made to enhance the design for the device in order to become more useful and to impose further innovation The recommendations are as follows 1 Convert carbon monoxide to oxygen with less energy required 2 Increase the quantity and rapidity of conversion process 3 Minimize size of device in
38. s seen in Picture 3 The tent will be filled with smoke which serves as the source of carbon monoxide When the trigger values are reached the exhaust fans will start the filtration process until the ideal level of carbon monoxide is brought back to normal Refer to Appendix B 28 Results and Discussion Statistical Test HYPOTHESIS 1 Null Hypothesis The Alarm System is incorrect and leads to false alarm Alternative Hypothesis The Alarm System has a correct function and does not lead to false alarm The first test involves the confirmation of the correct function of the alarm system with respect to the concentration to be responded There were 20 trials each of which was recorded in terms of concentration and if the alarm system would respond correctly Univariate analysis using weighted arithmetic mean was used for the analysis and interpretation of data gathered since it involves only one variable The expected answers vary depending on the CO concentration for values less than 200 ppm a NO answer is given a weight of 2 since it is the expected value while a YES answer is given a weight of 1 On the other hand for values greater than or egual to 200 ppm a YES answer is given a weight of 2 as it is the expected answer while a NO answer is given a weight of 1 Table 7 Trails Involved on CO Concentration Pumped inside the Test Environment CO Concentration ppm Alarm activated 9 63 29 66 40 79 29
39. s than the standard the system would remain idle Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE According to one of the Philippines news site Inquirer net last July 5 2010 a teenage couple was found dead inside a car for the sole reason of carbon monoxide poisoning Investigators said the victims died of carbon monoxide suffocation after they inhaled the exhaust fumes coming from the car It was told that the moment the couple was found dead the car s engine and air conditioning were running Chief Inspector Benjamin Elenzano Jr of the Quezon City Police District s homicide section said that because of the enclosed space of the garage and the fact that the car exhaust was facing a wall the carbon monoxide accumulated and seeped into the vehicle Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide CO also called carbonous oxide is a colorless odorless and tasteless gas that is slightly lighter than air Carbon monoxide is formed by the incomplete combustion of materials containing carbon and can be produced by virtually anything that burns However it is short lived and spatially variable in the atmosphere since it combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and ozone It is a by product of combustion present whenever fuel is burned without enough air oxygen It is commonly produced by home appliances such as gas or oil furnaces gas refrigerators gas clothes dryers gas ranges gas water heaters fireplaces charcoal grills and wood bur
40. ties of Carbon Monoxide Physical Properties Melting freezing point 205 C 337 F Boiling Point normal atmospheric pressure 192 C 313 F Vapor Density air 1 0 9678 Flammability Flammable Range in air by volume 12 5 to 74 Auto ignition Temperature 610 C 1130 F Courtesy of Industrial Accident Prevention Association 2008 Carbon monoxide is chemically reactive at temperatures over 90 C This reactivity and chemical incompatibility can be of great concern in laboratories and process operations where compressed carbon monoxide is present see Table 2 Table 2 Incompatibility of Materials Materials to avoid Metal oxides e g iron oxide nickel oxide reduced to lower metal oxides metal or metal carbides at elevated temperatures Some heavy metals e g nickel iron chromium formation of explosive metal carbonyls Alkali and alkaline earth metals e g sodium potassium magnesium react to produce salts Aluminum powder ignition can occur Iodine heptafluoride ignition can occur Sulfur carbon monoxide reacts slowly with the liquid and rapidly with the vapor to give carbonyl sulfide Chlorine can form phosgene in the presence of light or a charcoal catalyst Bromine can form carbonyl bromide in the presence of light or a charcoal catalyst Bromine trifluoride bromine pentafluoride chlorine dioxide or peroodisulfuryldifluoride react explosively
41. ults can make the CO easily rise to potentially lethal and poisonous health risk Since carbon monoxide is colorless odorless tasteless and initially non irritating it becomes very difficult 16 for people to detect Exposures to this toxic gas may lead to symptoms of mild acute poisoning including confusion vertigo headaches dizziness and flu like effects larger exposures can lead to significant toxicity of the central nervous system and heart and even death Carbon monoxide can also have severe effects on the fetus of a pregnant woman Prolonged exposure to low levels of carbon monoxide can lead to depression confusion and memory loss CO one of the major causes of respiratory disease is also addressed as the Silent Killer It is the leading cause of accidental poisoning deaths in America The US Center for Disease Control estimates that carbon monoxide poisoning claims nearly 500 lives and causes more than 15 000 visits to hospital emergency departments annually Nowadays carbon monoxide monitoring and alert systems are commercially available in the market Most of these devices are installed at home buildings and are also able to detect other dangerous gases in air while other systems are used in the mining industry Although there are many variations of the carbon monoxide system almost all of these are designed for buildings and home use only to detect the build up of poisonous gas in the air and notify the people i
42. xide present inside the test environment 2 2 Check if the connection between the device and the Carbon monoxide Converter with Catalytic Converter is properly connection to each other If the alarm system doesn t halt even if there is zero amount of carbon monoxide present inside the test environment 3 1 Check if the exhaust fan connection is appropriately connected 3 2 Check if the exhaust fan is working properly 3 3 Check if the conversion of the system is functioning accordingly 3 4 Check if the amount of soda lime is sufficient enough to proceed with the conversion process Error Definitions 1 2 Insufficient amount of Soda Lime Open air test environment Hardware malfunction Human error 39 APPENDIX B Pictures of Prototype Picture 1 Tent as Test Environment Picture 2 Source of Carbon Monoxide Connected to a Hose 40 Catalytic Exhaust converter fan input N a sensor f sensor AF Soda Picture 4 Carbon Monoxide Converter with Catalytic Converter 41 LED push button sensor _ connections Picture 5 LCD Connected to Carbon Monoxide Converter with Catalytic Converter 42 APPENDIX C Program Listing include lt LiquidCrystal h gt LiquidCrystal Icd 7 6 5 4 3 2 int analogValuel 0 int analogvalue2 0 int proceed 0 int filter 0 float varVolt1 0 float varvolt2 0 float varFloatl 0 float varFloat2 0 int
43. ymptoms like headache could occur on a person in just 2 3 hours and at levels higher than this death is possible which is very dangerous Preheat Sensor Read Analog m gt Data Convert to PPM D co YES lt gt 200 PPM gt gt Alarm System Conver L sion NO Are exhaust Close exhaust lt EER N fans open fans vol Figure 9 Flowchart of the Carbon Monoxide Monitoring System 23 From Figure 10 of page 24 after the Alarm System was triggered there will be an alarm sound of the system and it will stop if the passenger does so On the conversion process the first major stage is to convert CO to CO2 by the concept of a catalytic converter But in a catalytic converter various harmful gases are being converted For this proposal it is only focused on the conversion of CO to CO2 which has the formula 2CO O2 2CO2 The second major stage is the purification of CO2 by means of the soda lime as stated on the Soda Lime topic on page 12 An exhaust fan will be used for the absorption of the harmful gas into the converter Conversion Open exhaust fans Convert CO to CO2 Purify CO2 by means of Soda Lime return Figure 10 Flowchart of the Conversion Process 24 Tolerable level of CO The choice of National Ambient Air Quality Objectives for carbon monoxide is based upon the clinical significance of health effects of concern the number o
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