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Automated Irrigation System Using SCADA

1. mr Couma Name Data Type length Aiow mls E Loggingadmin Float B y Loggingoper Float B8 y m Leveltank Float B8 y Po Pump Float B8 v E Mainvalve Float aj Ww EN valvel Float B w E Valvez Float B y Po Valves Float B y E Valve4 Float B y ml Gabmai Float B8 y E Gabwn Float B8 y E Gazmaoi Float B8 v m GAZA Float B8 v EN Wesrmnai Float 5 w E Weswrn Float B y E R afmoi Float B y E Rafn Float B y Alarms Float B y B date char 10 ta Table 5 1 test table Where e Float data type means that the specified column should contain decimal values e Date data type means that the specified column should contam DD MM Y Y YY format 5 7 2 SQL Commands We used in our project three commands only which covers all the necessary tasks These commands are INSERT SELECT and AVERAGE INSERT command is used to insert collected data from hardware system which includes moisture scale pump valves water level sensor and from software system such as login administrator login operator and water quantity for all areas into SQL database SELECT command is used to retrieve data from already stored data in the database The user can do constraints on the retrieved data such as the time stored at it the region area Gabalia Gaza Khanyounis and Rafah and Alarms property For example if we want to return data from database according to alarm property then we should tell the SQL language to select all the data which has value
2. Figure 4 7 Water Pump We need this pump for transfering water from the tank to the agricultural areas according to the need of each area 4 4 Valves We need 5 valves main valve and 4 valves for each crops e Source needed 220V AC e Terminals Two terminals e J O Water in and Water out e Description The input valve will allow the input water to pass through it when a signal is applied to its terminals After the signal is disconnected the valve will return to its normal operation prevent water to pass Figure4 8 Valve 28 Chapter4 Hardware Description We needed five valves in this model One is major as shown in Figure 4 9 to guarantee that the pump works only when the water level n the tank is suitable that we maintain the pump and increase its hypothetical age There are further four secondary valves distributed on the agricultural areas for the favor of control on the irrigation process though opening and closing those valves according to the soil s need to water Figure 4 9 Water Pump with main valve 4 5 Water Level Sensor It comprises two switches including a ball and a weight that appoints Low level and high level point which witnesses the change of each switch due to the variety of water level in the tank that brings about a change of the ball s position and the switches position as explained in Figure 4 10 Water Level Sensor Figure 4 10 Water Level Sensor 29 Chapter4 H
3. Operator Area l Data Logging Monitoring i Print Excel File Show u Alldata Area Area E wi Land Li Real Time Archiving Data Data in DB Monitoring Figure 5 10 Moving through pages After collecting the necessary data of our project system we store these data into database using SQL language 5 7 SQL Database 5 7 1 Definition SQL stands for Structured Query Language SQL 1s used to communicate with a database According to ANSI American National Standards Institute it is the standard language for relational database management systems SQL statements are used to perform tasks such as update data on a database or retrieve data from a database Some common relational database management systems that use SQL are Oracle Sybase Microsoft SQL Server Access Ingres etc Although most database systems use SQL most of them also have their own additional proprietary extensions that are usually only used on their system However the standard SQL commands such as Select Insert Update Delete Create and Drop can be used to accomplish almost everything that one needs to do with a database This section will provide you with the instruction on the basics of each of these commands as well as allow you to put them to practice using the SQL Interpreter 44 Chapters Software Description First we create a table test This table has the following columns name with it s
4. 6 Chapter Irrigation Water in Gaza Strip irrigation water salinity and Chloride content where most of cash crops are saline sensitive crops Gaza has a highly variable climate with a fairly high frequency of drought Total rainy days are not exceeding 50 days per year Drought of a 30 reduction in annual average rain fall are not uncommon The drought has a more dramatic impact on water availability and value than either a 30 increase in population or a 30 increase in agricultural demands The Gaza Strip is one of the most water deficient and water stressed regions of the middle east The total population by the end of 2006 was approximately 1 5 million inhabitants PCBS While is total area is about 365 Km 42 Km long and between 6 13 Km wide Ranging between 20 and 100 meters above sea water level The maximum annual rain fall in the north of the Gaza strip where the minimum is in the south ranging between 450 150 mm y which gives us the impression that the conditions of precipitation in the Gaza strip changes abruptly with the autumn shift from the arid summer to the storms of winter The main characteristic of rainfall usually occurs in December and January So agriculture depend mainly on irrigation water due to the absence of surface water and erratic rain received by plants It is well known that the irrigated agriculture is generally more productive and profitable than non irrigated cultivation Even 60 of the cult
5. We learned about SCADA system from many resources This urged us to use this knowledge in our designing our project although of hard conditions we face in Gaza strip and completing the project We got encouragement from the supervisor Dr Hatem Al Ayde who accepted our project idea Also we got money uphold from outside directions to help us in finishing our project We decided to start this project because it s the first idea presented in Gaza strip And it will push up the economic field in our country and solving many economic problems we face in Palestine For these reasons and others we decided to implement our project in irrigation field to solve many problems Chapter Introduction 1 5 Organization Chapter 2 Irrigation water in Gaza Strip In this chapter we will display the current status of the water in Gaza and the most important problems also we ll show several solutions for these problems Chapter 3 SCADA system In this chapter we ll give over view about the system which can solve the problems Chapter 4 Hardware description At this chapter we ll design a model presents the agricultural areas and explain each part of this model Chapter 5 Software description We ll explain the software program which controls and monitors the hardware system Also we ll talk about the importance of the data base in our project Chapter 6 conclusion CHAPTER 2 IRRIGATION WATER IN GAZA STRIP Chapter Irrigation Water in Gaza Str
6. 28 04 2007 09 40 33 p 28 04 2007 09 41 12 p ojojojojojojojo 0 0 000628 0 0 0 000628 28 04 2007 09 41 32 p 28 04 2007 09 41 44 p 0 000628 0 000628 28 04 2007 09 42 00 8 04 2007 09 42 16 o 0 000628 0 000628 DIOLOLOLO LO f m que Ojojojojojojeje j Ojojojojo olo olo Ojojojojojojojojo Ojojojojojojojojo Ojojojojojojojojo Ojojojojojojojojo Ojojojojojojojojo ooooooooo Ojojojojojojojojo Ojojojojojojej j Ojiojioiojioijioje j 0 0 0 0 0 D 1 O 61 38541 0 6138541 0 61 38541 0 22 1896 22 1896 22 1896 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000000000000000 eoooocoooococe 000000000000000 900000000000000 000000000000000 900000000000000 000000000000 gt 0000000000000 o00O 000000000000 mt ma o 00000000000 90000000000 Figure 5 6 Logging Data 41 Chapters Software Description Trend Page It helps to monitor the system status in graphics stating the status currently or at the previous time Also the status of a part from the system can be defined and drawn as illustrated on Figure 5 7 which shows water level in the tank 0 1 and the moisture 0 100 E Trend vi 100 100 1 90 an 30 30 70 70 60 607 1 a a 402 407 30 30 202 204 id 10 D do es eee gt rn 08 57 01 374 qa 08 57 01 500 qe 08 57
7. Alarms This screen enables us to know if there is alarm message or the position of such a message Alarm off means there is no alarm in the system and it works appropriately Alarm on indicates to alarm message represented in red whereas we can specify the place of alarm from the lower menu For example if the alarm signal is red for LOW it means the tank is empty of water while High refers to the tank status Mio Very High and Low It indicates that the moisture level in the soil reaches the maximum average saturation or the minimum average drought Voltage It gives the reading of voltage from Alameer Moisture Scale Exit To Exit from the page Data logging This page shows all process in all client area and we can print Excel Report for these data This page is the one of the most important for the Administrator since it shows the system status currently and at the previous days Also it is the page that should be visited constantly by the administrator to check any important information For instance Generate Excel File order enables him to print this information as shown in Figure 5 6 datalogging vi A Logoper Leveitank Pump mvalv Valve 1 Val Valv3 Vav Gabmal Gabun GazMoi GazWn Wesmoi WesWn RafMoi RafWn Alarms Event Data 1 0 22 189597 0 0 000628 61 385413 40 28 04 2007 03 30 18 o 22 189597 0 000628 61 385413 40 28 04 2007 03 30 31 p 22 189597 0 000628 61 385413 40 28 04 2007 03 30 44 p
8. Figure 4 13 The Driver Circuit The driver shown n Figure 4 14 can handle our system which control four locations 33 Chapter4 Hardware Description 17 PART 2 CHAPTER 5 SCADA IRRIGATION SYSTEM SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION Chapters Software Description 5 1 Introduction To Implement software for SCADA system you must have any package which is specialized in SCADA system such as WinCC Filexble Wincc 6 Industsoft and Ifix The main problem for these packages it was earmarked for the types of PLC s This is the a first solution to implement a SCADA program The second solution is to build the software from zero up by using basic language such as java visual basic C or matlab Now what makes me use the first solution taking one of the ready programs working on it and forming the SCADA program I intend to consider What makes me approach the second way using the basic languages needed for the SCADA There are two significant agents that determine my usage Time and Money We shall realize that SCADA ad hoc programs are costly that they offer magnificent prospects for making HML Those programs provide diverse formulas needed for designing SCADA such as form of the pump and tank status of the keys and many other industrial formulas Likewise those programs support connection with control devices whereas it secures a driver for many types of PLC like WINCC program for SEIMENS If you can secure such programs
9. Using more developed devices such as Siemens PLCs which considered the most suitable PLCs devices in SCADA system 48 Chapter6 Conclusion 49 APPENDIX Appendix Appendix A LabVIEW A l Lab view Overview LabVIEW is a software product produced by National Instruments It incorporates a graphical user interface GUI programming environment to produce programs that mimic laboratory instruments Figure A 1 These programs are called Virtual Instruments VI The window with which you will be working 1s called the Front Panel of the VI since it looks similar to a front panel of a real instrument Using the mouse you will move the cursor around the screen to operate switches dials and buttons on the VI just as if it were a real instrument LabVIEW Programs Are Called Virtual Instruments Vis Pa ee bee mil po A Front Panel Controls Inputs Indicators Outputs Block Diagram Accompanying program for front panel Components wired together ni com Figure A l Labview environment Each VI contains three main parts Front Panel How the user interacts with the VI Block Diagram The code that controls the program con Connector Means of connecting a VI to other VIs 50 Appendix The Front Panel is used to interact with the user when the program is running Users can control the program change inputs and see data updated in real time Stress that c
10. acquisition board must be capable of performing these types of data transfer In normal operation the data acquired from a plug in data acquisition board or other DAQ hardware e g data logger is stored directly to System Memory Where the available system memory exceeds the amount of data to be acquired data can be transferred to permanent storage such as a hard disk at any time The speed at which the data is transferred to permanent storage does not affect the overall throughput of the data acquisition system Where large amounts of data need to be acquired and stored at high speed disk streaming can be used to continuously store data to hard disk Disk streaming utilizes a terminate and stay resident TSR program to continuously transfer data acquired from a plug in data acquisition board and temporarily held in system memory to the hard disk The limiting factors in the streaming process may be the hard disk access time and its storage capacity Where the storage capacity is sufficient the amount of contiguous unregimented free hard disk space available to hold the data may affect the system performance since the maximum rate at which data can be streamed to the disk is reduced by the level of fragmentation If real time processing of the acquired data is needed the performance of the computers processor is paramount A minimum requirement for high frequency signals acquired at high sampling rates would be a 32 bit processor with
11. 01 600 o 08 57 01 749 di 01 06 2007 01 06 2007 01 06 2007 1 06 2007 Level Tank Es Level Tank gt Moisture 1 Moisture 1 acu as Moisture 2 EN C Main Valve C Moisture2 Moisture3 F Moisture 4 Ea lt p Valve C gt Moisture3 no o Pump ZZD Moisture4 Main valve MG valve E Figure 5 7 trend page All of these pages only shown of the Administrator 5 6 Operator account The Operator s account is noticeably simpler than the Administrator s since the first does not have the capabilities of the second that each operator monitors his area only Also on the Operator account one can realize the existence of alarm system but can not define its place 42 Chapters Software Description The operator account as shown in Figure 5 8 is correlated with the Administrator account to save the water quantity through revising the Administrator account constantly EN A E Graduation Project SCADA system es ZUR User name Operator MES Hass E 2 Password Operator Figure 5 8 Operator Account In operator account we can mentoring only and can t control or put set point for any process as shown in Figure 5 9 Water Need Moisture Scale SU y 4 i 50 f A A A PES N 3 0 j 30 25 SV221 Figure 5 9 Monitoring Page 43 Chapters Software Description Moving through pages can be illustrated in Figure 5 10 Logging ri Administrator
12. analog AC signals is contained not only in the level or amplitude of the signal at a given instant in time but also how the amplitude varies with respect to time The shape of the signal its slope at a given point in time the frequency and location of signal peaks can all provide information about the signal itself An analog AC signal is shown in Figure 3 6 Figure 3 6 AC Analog Signal 21 Chapter3 SCADA System Since an analog AC signal may vary quite quickly with respect to time the timing of measurements made of this type of signal may be critical Hence as well as converting the signal amplitude to a useful digital form for processing by the computer using an ADC the DAQ hardware would be required to take the measurements close enough together to reproduce accurately the shape and therefore the information contained in the signal Further to this the information extracted from the signal may vary depending on when the measurement of the signal started and ended DAQ hardware used to measure these signals would require an ADC a sample clock to time the occurrence of each A D conversion and a trigger to start and or stop the measurements at the proper time according to some external event or condition so that the relevant portion of the signal can be obtained A high speed A D board would be capable of performing these functions As all time varying signals can be represented by the summation of a series of sinusoidal wavefor
13. any external devices as PLC s or DAQ But if you have no protocol for any device you can use NI Ole Process Control OPC Server to communicate with these devices 5 4 Algorithm of SCADA Irrigation System When the program works Alameer Moisture Scale reads the current value of the soil moisture and processes it to the program through DAQ 36 Chapters Software Description Thereupon the program compares the current value with the value of saturation which differs from one soil to another due to the variety of salt average in the soil that leads to a difference electrical connection in the soil Saturation average can be measured through the equation conducted by the counter Alameer by conducting experiments on type of the soil Equation 5 1 is obtained throgh many experiments y 26 16 In x 4 871 5 1 Where y represents the measured current on the variable resistance the land and measured by mA x represents quantity of the water irrigating the soil which can be represented electrically as Voltage Supply and measured by L H The equation can be graphically represented to make sure that the land reaches the saturation average as illustrated in Figure 5 1 Moisture Eq 80 70 60 90 40 30 lt E m E a lt x 20 10 o 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 y water L H Figure 5 1 Moisture Curve After reading form Alameer Moisture scale an
14. identifying problems and the time of occurrence and location this provides SCADA systems Hence Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCADA is a common process control application that collects data from sensors on the shop floor or n remote locations and sends them to a central computer for management and control and we will learn more about SCADA systems in chapter 3 in this report Chapter Introduction 1 2 SCADA Applications There are many applications using SCADA system such as l Power generating stations 2 Chemical plants 3 Automotive production lines 4 Hydroelectric power generating stations 5 Power transmission systems with their switchgear stations 6 Oil production facilities and gas oil and chemical pipelines systems 7 A railway system to monitor and control railway traffic 8 And we Our application in graduation project on Agricultural irrigation systems And I built a model representation of an agricultural areas and I made the automation system for this model This model contains of four an agricultural areas represent a DCS was working program for the control and monitoring of these areas by using LabVIEW program In the next chapters in this report I will explain more details about model and program which designed 1 3 Objective The main objective of this project is to develop monitoring supervisory control and archiving system for Agriculture Irrigation water 1 4 Motivation
15. its accompanying coprocessor or alternatively a dedicated plug in processor Low frequency signals for which only a few samples are processed each second would obviously not require the same level of processing power A low end PC would therefore be satisfactory Clearly the performance requirements of the host computer must be matched to the specific application As with all aspects of a data acquisition system the choice of computer is a compromise between cost and the current and future requirements it must meet One final aspect of the personal computer that should be considered is the type of operating system installed This may be single tasking e g MS DOS or multitasking e g Windows 2000 While the multitasking nature of Windows provides many advantages for a wide range of applications its use in data acquisition is not as clear cut For example the methods employed by Windows to manage memory can provide difficulties in the use of DMA In addition interrupt latencies introduced by the multitasking nature of Windows can lead to problems when 19 Chapter3 SCADA System interrupt driven data transfers are used Therefore careful consideration must be given to the operating system and its performance in relation to the type of data acquisition hardware and the methods of data transfer especially where high speed data transfers are required 3 5 Analog and Digital Signals In the real world physical phenomena such as tempera
16. just need to specify this port and deal with it simply I chose Pin DIOS out of 8 pins to be as a port for Water Level Sensor In digital output signal we have five signals for operating the pump and the valves which need 220 V for that The maximum voltage of the computer is 5 V that do not operate the pumps and the valves As a result we need power and control circuit well known circuits in Automation System to operate the pumps and the valves 31 Chapter4 Hardware Description Power Circuit This circuit is responsible for passing current from source to load The power circuit which we used in this model including the pump and the valves as illustrated in Figure 4 11 Figure 4 11 Power Circuit Sv102 220V AC Control Circuit This circuit 1s responsible for passing current to driver at suitable time and way The Control circuit which we used includes DAQ the program we intend to explain in the next chapter and a set of transistors resistors and relays as illustrated in Figure 4 12 Ano 0344 1 dd No d LO 0 123 04154 plz 844 HE Ji It 861 dd Figure 4 12 Control Circuit EIS MHL E Gwa Wares cvs jj mili Sai IST gous xg ali doo qon or 21 if l it Cem on EN li LL WO ldd Ono Quo 5 9i god er vi d 32 Chapter4 Hardware Description And this s the final circuit for driver circuit as shown n Figure 4 13
17. l in the Alarms column then all data will be returning to be alert m the same line facilitating the discovery of the problem in the system 45 Chapters Software Description AVERAGE command is used to compute the average amount of the water used in each region in a determined interval time 5 8 Benefits of using SQL database We use the data base because it gives us some privileges like in 2 Display all information about our SCADA system Determine if there was an error during running the system without checking whether the error in the hardware or software Making an archive file to the system Gives the ability to enable multi user access the system according to their permissions 5 9 Requirements of SCADA Irrigation System program 1 Windows Environment 98 2000 XP 2 LabVIEW Runtime Engine 8 3 SOL Server 2000 4 Backup test database 46 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION Chapter6 Conclusion 6 1 Conclusion As we said before this project s an important project n the irrigation field because it helps administrators to control and monitoring irrigation system We covered in chapter one an introduction about this project we said that this project was designed to facilitate on administrators to manage the irrigation systems Then in chapter two we covered the main problem in irrigation systems in Gaza Strip the current solution available and our suggested solutions Chapter three covere
18. pairs i Enee RE ut did ebbio kubi TEE 38 SO OPerdOrACCONNE stan en 42 5 7 SQL Database I DOR saia a ra UNT 44 SO A ae en GOD a 45 5 6 Benetits oFusing SOL database anne aan e a 46 Vill 5 9 Requirements of SCADA Irrigation System program 1X Chapter6 Conclusion 47 OC On NIS OM ee een nern er RO N 48 6 2 Recommend NS em 48 6 PU US MODER latenti ina la Nee 48 Appendix 49 Appendix A 50 Appendix B 54 References 62 List of Figures Figure 3 1 Typical SCADA system architecture ccc cece cece cece cece eeeeeeees 14 Fisure 3 2 MONOD mai tank A AA AA A EIE 15 Figure 3 3 Functional diagram of a PC based data acquisition system 16 ai il LR RR DR RR RR 20 Pioure 2 5 DES sa ss A A ED RUM da 21 Fisure 23 0 AG Anglos Sisal zes 21 Figure 3 7 Ac Signal in frequency domain ecce 22 Fisuredid The Model a RD g EA ME 24 Figure 4 2 The ciricut of Moisture scale ccc cece cece cece arane e 25 Ristire d Moisture Scale ann este ae 25 Eisure 4 4 Testing 1n wet soll anne 26 Proure 4 5 Testing in dry SOIL een 26 Figure 4 6 Moisture Scale m Project u a ae 21 Bistro AT Water be tepido alitis 28 POUCA 8 MALA iso etn eec a EbR T tut een 28 Figure 4 9 Water Pump with main valve sess 20 Figure 4 IO Water Level Sensor ats bbb desee eto b debebit a 20 Figure d 11 Power Hot usas ooo a 32 Fi ured I Conttrol Circular rea ua un a 32 Fis re 4 15 The Driver Circuit i
19. was wasted before and increasing the efficiency in general Based on the information of ministry of agriculture we can save about 80 of water due to the new technology We can apply this irrigation system in agricultural areas such as the former settlements in order to work the system governing the centralized control of the agricultural areas which would help to provide time to irrigate crops and help to rationalize water consumption and protect some agricultural crops that might be affected by a faulty irrigation In addition to the possibility of storing the complete data on every part of the irrigation in databases and the possibility of bringing these data at any time and curves painted on chart Hence what dose SCADA stand for CHAPTER 3 SCADA SYSTEM Chapter3 SCADA System 3 1 Introduction Supervisory control and data acquisition SCADA systems are vital components of most nations critical infrastructures They control pipelines water and transportation systems utilities refineries chemical plants a wide variety of manufacturing operations we will work on the application of this system in irrigation for the first time in the Gaza Strip in particular and Palestine in general SCADA provides management with real time data on production operations implements more efficient control paradigms improves plant and personnel safety and reduces costs of operation These benefits are made possible by the use of standard
20. you can save a lot of time in designing a valuable program for your system If you have no ability to purchase such a program there will be no choice but to construct your own languages that make one start from Zero taking a great deal of time Consequently either we save our time and pay much money for SCADA or we save money and waste time using the other basic languages that do not make us restricted like when we want to use ready programs Is there any compromise to scarify some money and time for the favor of aSCADA program NI a specialized company in control and central monitoring produced what called Lookout tool that has the ability to connect with many types OF PLC devices such as S20 S300 S400 Omron Mitsubishi and many other types This tool also secures more than 4000 industrial forms related to industrial environment After NI had decided to stop producing Lookout it started to produce Labview program that it produced some tools concerned with image processing digital signal processing and control Also NI conducted Data Logging and Supervisory control DSC to replace the Lookout in SCADA system Hence by using LabVIEW package I can deal with all types of signals through devices provided by the NI Company as Data Acquisition card DAQ and Filed Point Also if we assume that SCADA system needs to be addressed in some parts of images using the software it will not be able to lack of tools for handling image
21. 2007 16 http www w3schools com sql sql intro asp 62 References 63
22. ND ACH10 ACH3 AIGND ACH4 AIGND ACH13 ACHO AIGND ACH15 DACOOUT DAC1OUT RESERVED DIOS DGND DIO1 DIOS DGND 5 Y DGND DGND PFIO TRIG1 PFIV TRIG2 DGND 5 Y DGND PFIS UPDATE PFIG WFTRIG DGND PFISIGPCTRO GATE GPCTRO OUT FREQ OUT Not available on the 6023E ACHO AIGND ACH ACH2 AIGND ACH11 AISENSE ACH12 ACHS AIGND ACH14 ACH7 AIGND AOGND AOGND DGND DIOO DIOS DGND DIO2 DIO7 DIO3 SCANCLK EXTSTROBE DGND PFIZICONVERT PFI3 GPCTR1_SOURCE PFI4 GPCTR1_GATE GPCTR1_OUT DGND PFI7 STARTSCAN PFISIGPCTRO SOURCE DGND DGND Figure B 1 I O Connector 54 Appendix Table B 1 shows the I O connector signal descriptions for the 6023E 6024E Table B 1 I O Connector Signal Descriptions Signal Nam E o DACOOUT AOGND DACIOUT AOGND DGD Input or Output Analog Input Ground These pins are the reference pomt for single ended measurements in RSE confizuration and the bias current rehun point for differential measurements All three ground references AIGND ADGND and DGN D re connected together on your board Analog Input Channels O through 15 Each channel pair ACH i i 8 i 0 7 can be configured as either one differential input or two single ended inputs Analog Input Sense This pin serves as the reference node for amy of channels ACH 0 15 gt m NESE configuration Analog Channel 0 Output Th s pin supplies the voltage out
23. The Islamic University Gaza Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Un ADA sanos Hassan A Abu Mteer Mohammed Al masrai Khaled Alsafrya Advisor Dr Hatem El aidy Senior Project Department of Electrical amp Computer Engineering The Islamic University Gaza July 2007 The Islamic University Gaza Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ADA sanos Hassan A Abu Mteer Mohammed Al masrai Khaled Alsafrya Advisor Dr Hatem El aidy Senior Project Department of Electrical amp Computer Engineering The Islamic University Gaza July 2007 DEDICATION To Our families for their love and support Our project s advisor for his help and advices Our university s instructors for their instructions And our friends for their encouragement 111 One of the most important problems facing the agricultural sector irrigation is indiscriminate and others regularly causing wastage of large quantities of water and we will work in this project to solve this problem using the SCADA system which provides command and control and collect data on irrigation to rationalize and streamline the process of irrigation 1V INCLUDE CD In this report the reader will find a compact disc CD that include the program SCADA Irrigation System presentation about project demo documentation main references in
24. ardware Description When the ball moves due to the change in the water level in the tank the ball moves to change the switches position We use water level sensor to attain a signal that indicates the level of water in the tank decreased low level Consequently the mam valves and the pump are stopped The normal position we used for water level sensor was NC When the water level decreases low level where water level sensor was calibrated it turns to NO position Then the pump and the main valve are stopped After viewing the parts used n this model we need means for enabling the computer to deal with such signals We have four analog signals coming from the soil indicating to the moisture water level sensor signal and need five digital signals to operate the pumps and the valves The Table 4 1 and 4 2 summarize signals and their description Table 4 1 Input table 1 Moisutre 4 Analog value 2 water level sensor Digital value Table 4 2 Output table Output Digital value Digital value 4 6 NI 6024E Data Acquisition Card 6024E DAQ The National Instruments NI offers different versions for data acquisition cards 6023E 6024E 6025E and others with very powerful facilities and specifications In this section we will focus on 6024E card which features 16 channels of analog input two channels of analog output a 68 pin connector and eight lines of digital I O This board uses the National Instrumen
25. ative input of the PGIA 1s internally tied to analog input ground AIGND 59 Appendix Table B 3 summarizes the recommended input configuration for both types of signal Signal Source Type Floating Signal Source Grounded Signal Source Mot Connected to Building Ground sources Examples Examples Ungrounded Thermocouples Plug in instruments with Signal conditioning with isolated outputs nonisolated outputs Battery devices 5 See text for information on bias resisiors NOT RECOMMENDED Single Ended Ground Referenced RSE Ground loop losses Yo are added to measured signal Single Ended Nanreferenced NRSE See text for information on bias resistors You should use differential input connections for any channel that meets any of the following conditions e The input signal is low level less than 1 V The leads connecting the signal to the board are greater than 10 ft 3 m e The input signal requires a separate ground reference point or return signal The signal leads travel through noisy environments 60 Appendix Differential signal connections reduce picked up noise and increase common mode noise rejection You can use single ended input connections for any input signal that meets the following conditions The input signal is high level greater than 1 V The leads connecting the signal to the board are less than 10 ft 3 m e The input signal can share a common re
26. d processing it through DAQ the reading 1s compared to the saturation average determined by the administrator If the value is less than the saturation average the program displays an alarm message stating that the land needs irrigation If the value 1s more than the saturation average the program reads again till the land reaches the average of irrigation After that the program checks status of the tank via level and sensor signals If the program displays no signal it indicates that the tank is full and sends alarm message stating the process It shows that the tank 1s at the apt status for irrigation The aforementioned procedures can be summarized in the Flow Chart in Figure 5 2 As follows After reading the average of moisture in the soil and the level of water in the tank we should realize if the time 1s suitable for irrigation or not This is conducted though the 37 Chapters Software Description computer clock If the time suitable the program displays a digital signal for the main valve and the secondary valve If the time is unsuitable secondary valve main pump main valve can be stopped manually through the program Flow Chart Read Moisture Read Time No Main Valve Read Level Tank Secondary Valve Open Pump Figure 5 2 Flow Chart 5 5 SCADA Irrigation System I design four master client Gabalia Gaza Westa and Rath and implement HMI for all area and monitoring We have two accounts A
27. d the specification of the system and gave an overview about the system and talks about the functionality of the project Chapter four we explained our project presenting the agricultural areas models which presents the real agricultural regions in Gaza Strip Also we measured the humidity using moisture scale At chapter five we implemented the software part of the project using LabView And through this software program we control and monitor the hardware part which we discussed in chapter 4 6 2 Recommendations While implementing our project we faced some problems and we will give a recommend for solving them these problems are 1 We tested this project in our own environment so we recommend testing it in real environment such as arboretums 2 We used sensors of our manual made because the original sensors are expensive So we recommend using the original sensors to give more accuracy measurement 3 We used DAQ card in our project which means the control layers and supervisor layers in one layer in this case we mean the PC is controlling and supervising so we recommend to use PLCs to separate between the control and supervisor layers 4 according to point number 3 there will be problems in connecting PLCs with LabView that s why we advice to use other software such as WinCC 6 3 Future work 1 Adding image processing to our system to capture images for plants to detect if the plants in the natural health or not 2
28. dministrator and Operator where administrator account able of monitoring and control and supervisor but operator account only monitor the process and the system with no control Connect with Database and generate Excel report and data logging 38 Chapters Software Description 5 6 Administrator Account or SCADA slave data server For example the administrator account page is shown in Figure 5 3 SCADA System User name fadin 00 iw ms eo Password Figure 5 3 Administrator Account when pushing the NEXT button you move to main page Data server as shown in Figure 5 4 EI p l ary AS Figure 5 4 Main Page 39 Chapters Software Description Here we have four clients and upon pushing any button for example Gaza then we move to the monitoring page of Gaza as shown in Figure 5 5 String PUMP amp Valve MP500 OoN Mv400 on sv400 Don Manual Control Moisture Setting qm 81 5772 Upper Limit Lower Limit gii oF Moisture Scale xi y NN 40 50 Pa 60 voltage t J x 13 2617 High korti WATER Mio Very Low org Mio Very High OER 80 60 40 202 o 181 5772 Avareg Water evry Week Figure 5 5 Monitoring Page I divided the work on this page into two areas The left area including the Human Machine Interface with regard to the delimited area showing an image f
29. each case the electrical signals produced are proportional to the physical quantity being measured according to some defined relationship 3 4 2 Field wiring and communications cabling Field wiring represents the physical connection from the transducers and sensors to the signal conditioning hardware and or data acquisition hardware When the signal conditioning and or data acquisition hardware is remotely located from the PC then the field wiring provides the physical link between these hardware elements and the host computer If this physical link 1s an RS 232 or RS 485 communications interface then this component of the field wiring is often referred to as communications cabling Since field wiring and communications cabling often physically represents the largest component of the total system it is most susceptible to the effects of external noise especially in harsh industrial environments The correct earthling and shielding of field wires and communications cabling is of paramount importance in reducing the effects of noise This passive component of the data acquisition and control system is often overlooked as an important integral component resulting in an otherwise reliable system becoming inaccurate or unreliable due to incorrect wiring techniques 3 4 3 Signal conditioning Electrical signals generated by transducers often need to be converted to a form acceptable to the data acquisition hardware particularly the A D converter wh
30. ed device Human pattern recognition language recognition and language production ability is well beyond anything currently envisioned by automation engineers Some times non interference rights in the work rules either because of the difficulty of control or inability to control the rights continuously The inability to control the rights may constitute a significant risk upon the lives of others or substantial loss of funds Therefore the need for the work of a system capable of controlling the automation system and control via computer Human machine interfaces HMI or computer human interfaces CHI formerly known as man machine interfaces are usually employed to communicate with automation device such as a PLCs and other computers such as entering and monitoring temperatures pressures or level tank for further automated control or emergency response Service personnel who monitor and control these interfaces are often referred to as stationary engineers By using HMI system we can determine where the problem in the system because the system is small HMI provides surveillance and control for small automation system When HMI grows up and becomes a distributor in different regions it would then have what is called Distributed Control System DCS The main problem in DCS systems is the inability of an observer to identify the problem and the time to monitoring it more than one place at the same time We need system capable of
31. ference point with other signals And this connection which use it Note you can configuration the input type from software Package 61 References 1 John Park ASD and Steve Mackay CPEng Practical Data Acquisition for Instrumentation and Control Systems Newnes First published 2003 2 Ronald L Krutz Securing SCADA Systems Wiley Publishing 2006 3 David Bailey and Edwin Wright Practical SCADA for Industry Newnes First published 2003 4 DAQ 6023E 6024E 6025E User Manual January 1999 Edition Part Number 322072B 01 5 LabVIEW Basics I Introduction Course Manual Course Software Version 8 0 May 2006 Edition Part Number 320628P 01 6 Data Acquisition Basics Manual January 1998 Edition Part Number 320997C 01 7 Emad Munir Saleh Hany Abdallah Al Assar Mohammed Hatem Mushtaha WASHING MACHINE Final report Spring 2003 8 Elmasri and Navathe Fundamentals of Database Systems published by arrangement with Pearson Education Inc 2004 9 Wajeh Gargass Automation Control Circuit Saezian 2000 10 Jeffrey Travis and Jim Kring LabVIEW for Everyone Graphical Programming Made Easy and Fun Third Edition Publisher Prentice Hallm 2006 11 http forums lavag org 12 http www ptc2 com vb forumdisplay php f 48 13 http en wikipedia org wiki Automation 14 http en wikipedia org wiki Distributed Control System 15 Ministry of agriculture in Palestine Eng Nezar Elwhady
32. formed within a predictable timeframe Method used to calculate control parameters to maintain a predetermined set point Mathematical Proportional Integral techniques are used to calculate rates of change Derivative PID control time delays and other functions necessary to determine the Corrections to be applied 11 Chapter3 SCADA System An action that occurs at the same rate as actual Real time time no lag time no processing time A computer operating system that implements real time operating system RTOS process and services in a deterministic manner A duplicate system that is kept in synchronism hot stand by system with the main system and that can assume control if the main system goes down Table 3 1 SCADA Related Definitions Continued 3 2 2 SCADA System Architecture Specific terminology is associated with the components of SCADA systems These SCADA elements are defined as follows Operator Human operator who monitors the SCADA system and performs supervisory control functions for the remote plant operation Human machine interface HMI Presents data to the operator and provides for control inputs in a variety of formats including graphics schematics windows pull down menus touch screens and so on Master terminal unit MTU Equivalent to a master unit in a master slave architecture The MTU presents data to the operator through the HMI gathers data from the distant site and transmits c
33. gnal can be removed from the input or switched to another signal External Stroba Tlos output can be toggled under software control to latch signals or tigger events on extemal devices PFIO Tneger 1 4 s an mput this 15 one of the Programmable Function Inputs PFIs PFI signals are explained m the Timing Connections section later 1n this chapter As an output this 15 the TRIG AI Start Tngger signal In postinezer data acquisition sequences a low to meh transition indicates the mitiation of the acquisition sequence In pretnsger applications a low to lugh transition indicates the mutiztion of the pretlizzer come erzions PFIl TIngger 2 As an mpat this 15 one of the PFIs As an output this 15 the TRIG AI Stop Trigger signal In pretrisger applications a low te hizh transiton mdicates the mtiation of the postinzzar comversions TRIG is not used m pestingger applications PFI Comertt As an mput tus 15 one of the PFIs As an output this 15 the CONVERT AI Convert signal A lnzh te low edge on CONVERT indicates that an AD comersion 15 occummz PFI3 Counter Source As an mpat tus 15 one of the PFTs As an output this 15 the GPCTR SOURCE signal This signal reflects the actual source connected to the general purpose counter 1 PFI4 Counter l Gate As an input this 15 one of the PFls As an output this is the GPCTR GATE signal This signal reflects the actual gate signal connected to the genera
34. hardware and software in SCADA systems combined with improved communication protocols and increased connectivity to outside networks including the Internet However these benefits are acquired at the price of increased vulnerability to attacks or erroneous actions from a variety of external and internal sources This chapter explores the evolution of SCADA systems their characteristics functions typical applications 3 2 SCADA System Evolution Definitions and Basic Architecture Supervisory control and data acquisition SCADA means different things to different people depending on their backgrounds and perspectives Therefore it 1s important to review the evolution of SCADA and its definition as understood by professionals and practitioners in the field 3 2 1 SCADA Definition Listed here are two typical definitions of a SCADA system SCADA is the technology that enables a user to collect data from one or more distant facilities and or send limited control instructions to those facilities Or A system operating with coded signals over communication channels so as to provide control of RTU Remote Terminal Unit equipment Additional definitions associated with SCADA systems are given in Table 3 1 This listing is not meant to be all inclusive but describes some important terms used in the application of SCADA systems Table 3 1 SCADA Related Definitions TERM DEFINTION Degree to which an activity can be Deterministic per
35. he Gaza Strip conducting field visits to some agricultural nurseries and consulting specialized agronomists we can summarize the problems as follows l Irrigation systems play vital role for sustainable agricultural development in Palestine but big problem of which 1s rather low efficiency of water use 2 Lack of a database to store quantities of the water in general and the irrigation water that makes it hard to improve the irrigation process or to innovate new approaches serving water 3 Poor and low efficient consistency management of the irrigation systems 1s identified as a main reason of the low efficiency of water use at the irrigation systems 4 Lack of reliable monitoring network each irrigation system 5 Lack of effective tool and equipment for improved irrigation management 6 Insufficiency of updated policy and organizational arrangement 7 Low labor productivity 8 Lose huge quantities of water through random irrigation process 9 Large number of workers 10 Increase the problem because of the absence of accurate supervisory 11 Lack of knowledge in modern irrigation methods that can save a large quantities of wasting water After reviewing the irrigation problems as mentioned above we have decided to ensure a solution for those problems we headed to the Ministry of Agriculture then submitting our proposed solutions They granted us a plot of land where we can conduct our experiments Unexpectedly we faced ot
36. her problems the irrigation system in operation was old and not electrical needing specialized agronomists to provide us with the required information regarding those equipments Besides the site is so far from the university that it was arduous to get the devices and equipments from the university Frankly we were zealous due to the problems we faced at the beginning of the project Such barriers have increased our desire to submit optimal solutions More importantly we could manage an innovative approach to deal with the agricultural environment with no need to conduct any experiments in fields Hence the problems we faced can be recapitulated in two elements the first is related to the agricultural irrigation while the second is concerned with the place needed to conduct experiments and implement the system Chapter Irrigation Water in Gaza Strip 2 4 Proposed solution We can solve these problems by using a traditional method such as build dam to save water but the rise in building components owing to passages closures and due to the existence of the occupation that could destruct the dam anytime that result in not implanting this notion Modern technology that can save our resources in simple and smart way that does not cost that much compared with its benefits That technology is called SCADA system as we can control and supervise the irrigation systems So we will solve the main problem in saving the quantities of water that
37. ich converts the signal data to the required digital format In addition many transducers require some form of excitation or bridge completion for proper and accurate operation The principal tasks performed by signal conditioning are e Filtering e Amplification e Linearization e Isolation e Excitation 17 Chapter3 SCADA System 3 4 4 Data acquisition hardware Data acquisition and control DAQ hardware can be defined as that component of a complete data acquisition and control system which performs any of the following functions e The input processing and conversion to digital format using Analog to Digital Converters ADCs of analog signal data measured from a system or process the data 1s then transferred to a computer for display storage and analysis e The input of digital signals which contain information from a system or process e The processing conversion to analog format using Digital to Analog Converters DACs of digital signals from the computer the analog control signals are used for controlling a system or process e The output of digital control signals Data acquisition hardware is available in many forms from many different manufacturers such as National Instrument NI Signatec Plug in expansion bus boards which are plugged directly into the computer s expansion bus are a commonly utilized item of DAQ hardware Other forms of DAQ hardware are intelligent stand alone loggers and contr
38. ip 2 1 Introduction In this chapter we shall handle water s status in the Gaza Strip in general and the most significant concerns facing the agricultural sector in particular The following information was gathered in cooperation with the Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture through site visits to agricultural nurseries in Gaza strip interviews with expects and the Palestinian Authority brochures We shall summarize the most significant problems facing the agricultural irrigation and review some of possible solutions for serving the irrigation water 2 2 Irrigation Water in Gaza Strip Life as we know it 1s not possible without water And water is valued because it sustains life Since the down of civilization man had worked to make water serve him He has been able to create gardens within deserts by means of intricate irrigation systems Through out history man struggled to survive in areas with limited water resources In all the regions of the middle east water is scarce As a result conflicting claims on existing water resources are often put forward The Gaza Strip G S depends entirely on water from the coastal aquifer that runs from the northern border of Egypt to Haifa at the north of Palestine The aquifer drains from east to west with negligible north south flow Therefore the water pumped from the southern portion of the coastal aquifer in the occupied Palestine has virtually a large effect on the availability and the q
39. itive input of the PGIA and signals connected to ACH lt 8 15 gt are routed to the negative input of the PGIA 58 Appendix Programmable Gain Instrumentation Amplifier Vm Measured Voltage A V Vm Vins Vin Gain Figure B 3 Programmable Gain Instrumentation Amplifier PGIA In NRSE mode the AISENSE signal is connected internally to the negative input of the PGIA when their corresponding channels are selected In DIFF and RSE modes AISENSE 1s left unconnected In NRSE mode the AISENSE signal is connected internally to the negative input of the PGIA when their corresponding channels are selected In DIFF and RSE modes AISENSE 1s left unconnected AIGND is an analog input common signal that is routed directly to the ground tie point on the boards You can use this signal for a general analog ground tie point to your board if necessary Table B 2 Available Input Configurations A channel configured 1n DIFF mode uses two analog input lines One line connects to the positive input of the board s programmable gain instrumentation amplifier PGIA and the other connects to the negative input of the PGIA A channel configured in NRSE mode uses one analog input line which connects to the positive input of the PGIA The negative input of the PGIA connects to analog input sense AISENSE RSE A channel configured in RSE mode uses one analog input line which connects to the positive input of the PGIA The neg
40. ivated land is under modern irrigation schemes but no one of these schemes is using monitoring systems Great concerns have emerged in recent years about uncontrolled bore holes digging over pumping and over application of irrigation water The scarce availability of resources such as land and water in the Gaza Strip combined with the demands and pressure placed upon them by agricultural development and urban expansion means that the Palestinian planners as well as at the local municipal level must start thinking about possible strategies for the management of these very limited resources in the Gaza strip Other sources of loosing water are leakage and the absence of water control instruments and water meters both in water wells and irrigation systems So we had started from this point doing our best to show that it 1s possible to save not less than 15 of the total water used in irrigation These results would be quite different if we started a new irrigation methods with modern technologies where the existing irrigation schemes even being modern ones has no monitoring systems and depend mainly on farmers experience Experts are saving an estimated 70 excess of irrigation water by using Monitoring and Control System This is mainly due to the over application of irrigation water both in open field and under green house conditions Chapter Irrigation Water in Gaza Strip 2 3 Statement of problem After handling water s status in t
41. l conditioning Host Computer Filters and amplifiers na Data acquisition y N software X A Filtered and amplified signal Allis A gt A Um Nu Field wiring 16 samples per second hardware 12 bit resolution Data acquisition Figure 3 3 Functional diagram of a PC based data acquisition system Each element of the total system is Important for the accurate measurement and collection of data from the process or physical phenomena being monitored and is discussed in the following sections 16 Chapter3 SCADA System 3 4 1 Transducers and sensors Transducers and sensors provide the actual interface between the real world and the data acquisition system by converting physical phenomena into electrical signals that the signal conditioning and or data acquisition hardware can accept Transducers available can perform almost any physical measurement and provide a corresponding electrical output For example thermocouples resistive temperature detectors RTDs thermostats and IC sensors convert temperature into an analog signal while flow meters produce digital pulse trains whose frequency depends on the speed of flow Strain gauges and pressure transducers measure force and pressure respectively while other types of transducers are available to measure linear and angular displacement velocity and acceleration light chemical properties e g CO concentration pH voltages currents resistances or pulses In
42. l purpose counter l Counter l Output Thos output is from the general purpose counter l output 56 Appendix Table B 1 I O Connector Signal Descriptions Continued PFIS UPDATE PFITISTARTSCAN PFINGPCTRO SOURCE PFISGPCTRO GATE DON Indicates that the signal 15 active low 1 Not available on the 6023E Not available on the 6023E or 6024E PFIS Update 4 s an mput this 15 one of the PFIs As an output this is the UPDATE AO Update signal lngh te low edge cn UPDATES indicates that the analog output primary group 15 being updated for the 6024E or 6025E PFI6 Wavefomn Ingzer As an input this 15 one of the PFs As an output this 15 the WFTRIG O Start Trigger signal In timed analog output sequences a low to high transition indicates the mutiztion of the waveform generation PFT Start of Scan As an input this 15 one of the FFTs As an output this is the STARTS CAN Al Sean Start signal This pm pulses once at the start of each analog mput scan in the interval scan A low to high transition indicates the start of the scan PFIS Counter 0 Souree As an mput this 13 ome of the PFIs As an output this 15 the GPCTRO SOURCE signal This signal reflects the actual source connected to the general purpose counter U FFI Counter U Gate As an input this 15 one of the PFI As an output this 1s the GPOTRO GATE signal This signal reflects the actual gate signal co
43. ms of different magnitudes and frequencies another useful way of extracting information is through the frequency spectrum of a signal This indicates the magnitudes and frequencies of each of the sinusoidal components that comprise the signal rather than the time based characteristics of the signal 1 e shape slope at a given point etc This is shown in Figure 3 7 Power Spectrum Figure 3 7 Ac Signal in frequency domain Analysis in the frequency domain allows for easier detection and extraction of the wanted signal by filtering out unwanted noise components having frequencies much higher than the desired signal The digital signal processing DSP required to convert the time measured signal into frequency information and possibly perform analysis on the frequency spectrum can be achieved with software or with special DSP hardware Finally in this chapter we learn how deal with DAQ Card and with Analog and digital signal 22 PART 1 CHAPTER 4 SCADA IRRIGATION SYSTEM HARDWARE DESCRIPTION Chapter4 Hardware Description 4 1 Introduction In this chapter we handle the practical part m which the project consist of two main parts The first part is concerned with constructing a model representing the agricultural soil which observed in reality We divided those spots of soil into four agricultural areas Gaza Rafah Khanyounis and Jabalya and we processed HMI system that represents each area sepera
44. nce 8 cm It means that the value of the variable resistance soil varies from 250MQ high moisture to 3GQ Low mositure according to the quantity of water in the soil If we connect a 10 VDC voltage source of on the constant resitance and the variable resistance soil as shown in Figure 4 2 Then if we pour some water on this soil we notice the variety of voltage value on voltmeter when the amount of water increases Voltage Drop on R as shown in Figure 4 4 On contrary when the amount of water decreases in the soil it leads to decrease in Voltage Drop on R as shown in Figure 4 5 Figure 4 4 Testing in wet soil Figure 4 5 Testing in dry soil Calibrating this measurement will be handled on the next chapter in order to realize the actual average of moisture in the soil 26 Chapter4 Hardware Description The Figure 4 6 explains the mechanism of using Moisture Scale in the project Figure 4 6 Moisture Scale in project We put the pole of the moisture scale near the crop and a distant from the water supply In order to make sure that the water reached a depth of the soil 27 Chapter4 Hardware Description 4 3 Water Pump Source needed 220V AC Terminals Two terminals I O Water in Water out Description When you apply a 220V AC to the water pump terminals it pumps the used water to outside the water tank If you disconnect the source the pump will stop working In Figure 4 7 a water pump 1s shown
45. nd storage by a computer In a large majority of applications the data acquisition DAQ system is designed not only to acquire data but to act on it as well In defining DAQ systems it is therefore useful to extend this definition to include the control aspects of the total system Control is the process by which digital control signals from the system hardware are convened to a signal format for use by control devices such as actuators and relays These devices then control a system or process Where a system is referred to as a data acquisition system or DAQ system it is possible that it includes control functions as well 15 Chapter3 SCADA System 3 4 Fundamental of Data Acquisition A data acquisition and control system built around the power and flexibility of the PC may consist of a wide variety of diverse hardware building blocks from different equipment manufacturers It 1s the task of the system integrator to bring together these individual components into a complete working system The basic elements of a data acquisition system as shown 1n the functional diagram of Figure 3 3 are as follows e Sensors and transducers e Field wiring e Signal conditioning e Data acquisition hardware e PC operating system e Data acquisition software Physical Transducers Field wiring phenomena a Thermocouple a E Temperature An Noisy a h d pressure electrical motion signal Strain gauge Signa
46. nnected to the general purpose counter U Counter O Qutput Thos output 15 from the general purpose counter output Frequency Output This output 15 from the frequency generator output 57 Appendix B 2 PCI 6024E structure In this section I will presents an overview of the hardware functions on PCI 6024E Figure B 2 shows a block diagram for the 6024E Calibration T cenang PE Analog Mode AD Sue MM e Multiplexer le lata Interface MITE netace AddressData 3 Trigger Analog Input Interface Tim ng Control i s Isepazaji DMA gt central Corral i metas Counter Timing VO Analog Output Digital VO Timing Control RTS Bus al E 82055 us 1 Interface cube creed 2 t 2 O o C O O O I l IG l bro AQ Control PCI Connector for PCI 602X PXI Connector for PXI 6025E DIO Control B025E Only Figure B 2 PCI 6024E structure Analog Input Modes You can configure your board for one of three input modes non referenced single ended NRSE referenced single ended RSE and differential DIFF as shown in table B 2 With the different configurations you can use the PGIA in different ways Figure B 3 shows a diagram of your board s PGIA In single ended mode RSE and NRSB signals connected to ACH lt 0 15 gt are routed to the positive input of the PGIA In differential mode signals connected to ACH lt 0 7 gt are routed to the pos
47. oessevecbsid 220228283399 ERE ERE nee tasaeasiesecnenieeuoee DN 32 Fesur 3 1 Moisture Curve estara ern 37 Pipurce 9 2 Plow Chart rara cas N A 38 Fisure 5 3 Administrat r Account air Bun 39 XI Bioures d Main Page i ER Eo E ae 39 Risto Montoro Pace sites ida 40 bieure 3 06 Logo int Data nass Es 41 Fi ur ss Trend PASO a ar a OSSOS on eem 42 Risute o O petal Or ACCOUNT ee 43 Eisure 3 9 Monltor ns Page ns een 43 Figure 5 10 Moving through pages 0 cece cece cece eee eee eee 44 xii List of Tables 3 SC AD A Related DENNIS apenso nenne 11 A MUTT ANC riada ai ld doi Ed kottazi 30 LAE Output Pablo TR Ds Danas 30 A Analog SO MAIS tdo 31 Table LEE Ab sas ae 45 xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Chapter Introduction 1 1Introduction Automation plays an increasingly important role n the global economy and n daily experience Engineers strive to combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities and automat on system means a system that is automatically process w thout human intervention There are still many jobs which are in no immediate danger of automation No device has been invented which can match the human eye for accuracy and precision in many tasks nor the human ear Even the admittedly handicapped human is able to identify and distinguish among far more scents than any automat
48. ollers which can be monitored controlled and configured from the computer via an RS 232 interface and yet can be left to operate independently of the computer Another commonly used item of DAQ hardware especially in R amp D and test environments is the remote stand alone instrument that can be configured and controlled by the computer via the IEEE 488 communication interface As for card which using in our project was the company NI contains 68 pins 3 4 5 Data acquisition software Data acquisition hardware does not work without software because it is the software running on the computer that transforms the system into a complete data acquisition analysis display and control system Application software runs on the computer under an operating system that may be single tasking like DOS or multitasking like Windows Unix OS2 allowing more than one application to run simultaneously The application software can be a full screen interactive panel a dedicated input output control program a data logger a communications handler or a combination of all of these There are three options available with regard to the software required to program any system hardware e Program the registers of the data acquisition hardware directly e Utilize low level driver software usually provided with the hardware to develop a software application for the specific tasks required e Utilize off the shelf application software this can be applica
49. onents Y Charting and trending Y Typical SCADA system architecture Y Spreadsheet Data logging 13 Chapter3 SCADA System Typical SCADA system architecture Human Machine Interface HMI Operator Central Control Station MASTER TERMINAL UNIT MTU E A a illl Communication via Internet Wireless Network Wired Network or Switched Public Telephone Network Relatively low data rate usually open loop control wu Field Data Acquisition amp Control Unit REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT RTU may be Programmable Logic Controller PLC Relatively High Data Rate Usually Closed Loop Control Field Data Elements such as Pumps Sensors Switches etc Figure 3 1 Typical SCADA system architecture 14 Chapter3 SCADA System SCADA Example in this example take two value water pump and level sensor as shown in Figure 3 2 Human Machine Interface HMI Central Control Station MASTER TERMINAL UNIT MTU Radio Modem Radio Link Radio Modem Field Data Acquistion amp Control Unit REMOTE TERMINAL UMIT RTU may be Programmable Logic Controller PLC EIA 485 Interface N Level Sensor Water Pump Figure 3 2 monitoring main tank 3 3 Data Acquisition and Control Data acquisition is the process by which physical phenomena from the real world are transformed into electrical signals that are measured and converted into a digital format for processing analysis a
50. ontrol signals to the remote site The transmission rate of data between the MTU and the remote site is relatively low and the control method is usually open loop because of possible time delays or data flow interruptions Communications means Communication method between the MTU and remote controllers Communication can be through the Internet wireless or wired networks or the switched public telephone network Remote terminal unit RTU Functions as a slave in the master slave architecture Sends control signals to the device under control acquires data from these devices and transmits the data to the MTU An RTU may be a PLC The data rate between the RTU and controlled device is relatively high and the control method is usually closed loop As discussed previously a SCADA architecture comprises two levels a master or client level at the supervisory control center and a slave or data server level that interacts with the processes under control In addition to the hardware the software components of the SCADA architecture are important 12 Chapter3 SCADA System Here are some of the typical SCADA software components e SCADA master clent Y Human machine interface HMI v Alarm handling Y Event and log monitoring Y Special applications Y ActiveX controls e SCADA slave data server Y Real time system manager Y Data processing applications Y Report generator Y Alarm handling Y Drivers and interfaces to control comp
51. ontrols are used for inputs adjusting a slide control to set an alarm value turning a switch on or off or stopping a program Indicators are used as outputs Thermometers lights and other indicators indicate values from the program These may include data program states and other information Every front panel control or indicator has a corresponding terminal on the block diagram When a VI is run values from controls flow through the block diagram where they are used in the functions on the diagram and the results are passed into other functions or indicators VI Front Panel The front panel is the user interface of the VI You build the front panel with controls and indicators which are the interactive input and output terminals of the VI respectively as shown in Figure A 2 Controls are knobs pushbuttons dials and other input devices Indicators are graphs LEDs and other displays Controls simulate instrument input devices and supply data to the block diagram of the VI Indicators simulate instrument output devices and display data the block diagram acquires or generates VI Front Panel Temperature Running Average Front Panel Front Panel Toolbar ae ON Boolean Control Graph Legend Waveform Graph Plot or Scale Legend Fer Aans Legend ni com NATIONAL Figure A 2 VI Front Panel 51 Appendix VI Block Diagram The block diagram contains this g
52. oposed SOLUTION sit Skieken a ju de 9 Chapter3 SCADA System 10 SOLON LORD assess aora ica 11 3 2 SCADA System Evolution Definitions and Basic Architecture 11 PESCADA Dein ton esse ae nei 11 3 2 2 SCADA System Aschiteet te said iia 12 3 3 Data Acquisition and Control aid A A a dia 15 3 4 Fundamental of Data Acquisition ccccococcccccccnnnnnncccnnnnncnn eee 16 34L Trdnsducers and Sensors success renta Ab te ee les Ends 177 3 4 2 Field wiring and communications cabling ena 17 3015 Sonal CONdIEONINS nenne rue 17 3 4 4 Data acquisition hardware ai u u 18 vil 3 4 5 Data acquisition software 2 0 cece cece cece essere eee errar erra eee 18 34 9 IOS COMMULCE entered 19 3 2 Analog and Digital Signals aaa a 20 SO DIA Sienals aan 20 A id ham Ui cd dad dai ai bd 20 Chapter4 SCADA Irrigation System Hardware Description 23 4 OUEN Sea ae nes era 24 MAIO IIS 24 4 2 1 Components of measurement sauna an a a dena 25 42 2 The idea o Moisture Scale unse 26 d Water PON Derer dei e eh 28 DAN ONE ee nee a a a a na 28 4 Walter Level Sensor see ee ee 29 4 6 NI 6024E Data Acquisition Card 6024E DAQ Le een ern ee nenze mnn 30 Chapter5 SCADA Irrigation System Software Description 34 SU AMOCUCIION RR RR RR een 35 9 2 SCADA SSH War COMponents aliada 36 ls A nn as 36 5 4 Algorithm of SCADA Irrigation System ooooccocccccnnocccccccnnnnnnnnnn mm 36 FI SC ADAM Ert atom SIM dada 31 S OrAdmimistrtalot ACCOUN
53. or the tank the pump the main valve and the secondary valve Meanwhile the right area includes the needed information about HMI system The right side of the page which includes the needed information about HMI on the same page In Moisture Setting the administrator defines the saturation average by considering the maximum average of saturation at the upper limit and the minimum average allocated by the administrator at the lower limit The saturation average can be easily defined when the reading of Moisture Scale It starts to vary very slowly Then we realize that the soil reaches the saturation average Here description of button and Labels Water Need It is the screen that enables the administrator to know the quantity of the water irrigated in this area Level Tank It is responsible for the water level in the tank Average water every week Whereas the Administrator can account the water quantity spent for irrigation during the last week and it 1s related to a database Pump and Valves Whereas we are able to know the status of the pumps and the valves The green color indicates the working status while the red one indicates the stop status 40 Level Tank Water Need L 100 Chapters Software Description Manual Control These buttons are concerned with the manual control process of the pumps and the valves that we can stop the work of the pumps and the valves when the soil is in need to irrigation
54. put of analog output channel 0 Analog Channel 1 Output This pin supplies the voltage output of analog output channel 1 Analog Output Ground The analog output voltages are referenced to this node All three ground references ATGND ADGND and DGND are connected together on your beard Dizital Ground Tlis pin supplies the reference for the digital stenals at the VO connector as well as the 4 VDC supply All three ground reference ATG D AOCGND and DXX Dare connected together on your board Dhzital DO signals DIO6 and 7 can control the up down signal of general purpose counters U and 1 respectively Port bidirectional digital data limes for the S2C55A programmable peripheral interface on the 6025E PAT is the SB PAO is the LSB Port B bidirectional digital data lmes for the 820554 programmable peripheral interface on the 6025E PBT is the SB PRO is the LSB Port bidirectional digital data lmes for the 820354 programmable peripheral interface on the 6025E PCT is the SB PCO is the LSB 5 VDC Souree These pms are fused for up to 1 A of 5 V supply The fuse 15 salf resetting 55 Appendix Table B 1 I O Connector Signal Descriptions Continued SCANCLE DGND Input PFIO TRIG PFT TRIG FFILCONVERT PF MGPCTRI SOURCE PFI4 GPCTR GATE Scan Clock Th s pin pulses once for each A D conversion m scamunz mode when enabled The low to h zh edge indicates when the input si
55. r3 SCADA System This is shown in Figure 3 5 Figure 3 5 DC Signal As the timing of the measurements made of slowly varying signals is not critical the DAQ hardware would only be required to convert the signal level to a digital form for processing by the computer using an analog to digital converter ADC Low speed A D boards would be capable of measuring this class of signal Temperature and pressure monitoring are just two examples of slowly varying analog signals in which the DAQ system measures and returns a single value indicating the magnitude of the signal at a given instant in time Such signals can be used as inputs to digital displays and gauges or processed to indicate a control action e g turn on a heater or open a valve required for a particular process For example control hardware like a valve actuator requires only a slowly varying analog signal the magnitude at a given point in time determining the control setting DAQ hardware that could perform this task would only be required to convert the digital control setting to an analog form using a digital to analog converter DAC at the required instant in time A low speed general purpose D A board could perform this function The most important parameters to consider for low speed A D boards and D A boards are the accuracy and resolution in which the slowly varying signal can be measured or output respectively B Analog AC signals The information conveyed in
56. raphical source code Figure A 3 Front panel objects appear as terminals on the block diagram Additionally the block diagram contains functions and structures from built in LabVIEW VI libraries Wires connect each of the nodes on the block diagram including control and indicator terminals functions and Structures VI Block Diagram Black gt lemperature Kunning Averape vi Block Diagram Diagram Be Est Operate Tech Browse window Help Toolbar OIE Divide Function Sub Graph Terminal Wire Data While Loop Numerio Timing Boolean Control ctructure Constant Function Terminal Figure A 3 VI Front Panel 52 Appendix Controls and Functions Palettes Use the Controls palette to place controls and indicators on the front panel The Controls palette is available only on the front panel Use the Functions palette to build the block diagram Figure A 4 There are some blocks represent the common functions or tools as Loops For and while loop Conditions If case structure Controls and Functions Palettes gt Contrmk Controls Palette Front Panel Window Functions Functions Palette Bleck Diagram Window Figure A 4 Controls and Functions Palettes 53 Appendix Appendix B 6024E DAQ B 1 I O Connector The pin assignments for the 68 pin I O connector on the 6023 and 6024E A signal description follows the figure B 1 ACH8 ACH1 AIG
57. s 35 Chapters Software Description Labview through the use of NI Vision is the instrument provides tools for the Digital Image Processing and Decision to suit those pictures In addition to the new and easy to develop myself I loved it these are the reasons which made me used in the work program Labview to implement SCADA system 5 2 SCADA Software Components SCADA Structure SCADA is not simple HMI only but SCADA system must include paging consist of many page to Logging Human machine Interface trend management of alarming and register all event in system and call all of them if I need Here are some of the typical SCADA software components 1 SCADA master client v Human machine interface HMI Y Alarm handling Y Event and log monitoring Y Special applications Y ActiveX controls 2 SCADA slave data server Real time system manager Data processing applications Report generator Alarm handling Drivers and interfaces to control components Charting and trending Typical SCADA system architecture Spreadsheet Data logging Bye NS No CSS NOS AS we saw we need a good software able to facilitate implement SCADA system 5 3 LabView Package Labview considers new language and more professional Labview depends on block programming and wires I used LabVIEW in this project to implement SCADA services for client and server LabView is considered a joker You can use this package to communicate with
58. tely As a result we had DCS system The second part of the practical part which will explained in the next chapter of this report In this chapter we shall handle the model illustrated in Figure 4 1 and its basic compenents Moisture Scale Pump Five valves and 6024E DAQ card in addition to the significance of each part Figure 4 1 The Model 4 2 Moisture Scale It is the device that measures the average of the soil s moisture This device was made by us since the devices available in markets are so costly 24 Chapter4 Hardware Description 4 2 1 Components of measurement This measurement consits of a source of constant voltage connected in series with a constant resistance and connected in series with the variable resistance the soil as illustrated in Figure 4 2 R Constant Value Volta ge y ER Earth DC Resistance Figure 4 2 The ciricut of Moisture scale The variable resistance is conducted with the soil s resistance through Noresta poles which are distinguished as moisture and rust resisting Voltmeter for voltage reading can be explained in Figure 4 3 Figure 4 3 Moisture Scale 25 Chapter4 Hardware Description 4 2 2 The idea of Moisture Scale The idea is mainly based on the variety of the electrical conduction in soil which positively varies with the quantity of water in soil We consider the soil as a variable resistance as mentioned above We will place two Noresta poles with a dista
59. this project and CV for students in About folder ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all and always I thank our God Allah to make me live these moments I am very grateful to my dear supervisor Dr Hatem El aidy and I would like to thank him indeed for his supervision and encouragement Also I would like to thank indeed Eng Nezar El whaidy for providing me some important references and information which related about irrigation systems Also I would like to thank the project discussion committee Eng Abdel naser and Dr Mahmoud abdelati for their active participation and their constructive comments and suggestions Also I would like to thank my friend Eng Zaid senwar Jordan and my dear friends Eng Tammer Ahmed Egypt for helping me I send my greetings to my department faculty and my dear university UG and Project and Research Lab PRL and all there who helped me to achieve this project Last but by no means least I would like to say My parents family friends land I missed you very much You have a special place in my heart vi Contents Chapterl Introduction 1 El InttoQduchon assis asas sas 2 ASCADA ADICON areas seen 3 LS OD CCU Vee rasa na SADO id DCE oi 3 FENO ONE elena lead 3 LO OC ani 71100 ae Rue d Chapter Irrigation Water in Gaza Strip 5 l TOJU OM A HET 6 2 2 It112a110n Wateran GAZA St IP Sisa ou een 6 ZO Sae mmen oE problemi zu u a ee een 8 ZA pr
60. tion software provided with the hardware itself which performs all the tasks required for a particular application alternatively third party packages such as LabVIEW and Labtech Notebook provide a graphical interface for programming the tasks required of a particular item of hardware as well as providing tools to analyze and display the data acquired 18 Chapter3 SCADA System 3 4 6 Host computer The PC used in a data acquisition system can greatly affect the speeds at which data can be continuously and accurately acquired processed and stored for a particular application Where high speed data acquisition is performed with a plug in expansion board the throughput provided by bus architectures such as the PCI expansion bus is higher than that delivered by the standard ISA or EISA expansion bus of the PC Depending on the particular application the microprocessor speed hard disk access time disk capacity and the types of data transfer available can all have an impact on the speed at which the computer is able to continuously acquire data All PCs for example are capable of programmed VO and interrupt driven data transfers The use of Direct Memory Access DMA in which dedicated hardware is used to transfer data directly into the computer s memory greatly increases the system throughput and leaves the computer s microprocessor free for other tasks Where DMA or interrupt driven data transfers are required the plug in data
61. ts DAQ STC system timing controller for time related functions The DAQ STC consists of three timing groups that control analog input analog output and general purpose counter timer functions These groups include a total of seven 24 bit and three 16 bit counters and a maximum timing resolution of 50 ns With other DAQ boards you cannot easily synchronize several measurement functions to a common trigger or timing event This board have the Real Time System Integration RTSI bus to solve this problem 30 Chapter4 Hardware Description It s noticed from above that DAQ can deal with analog and digital signals and 1t consists of sufficient number of inputs and outputs needed for this model Briefly we will mention how DAQ deals with analog and digital signals Analog Signals We have four analog signals indicating to the moisture measured by moisture scale whereas those signals enter to DAQ trough the following ports as shown in Table 4 3 Table 4 3 Analog Signal Gaa ACA EEE Es ASADO CS AC HAS YO AIGND Y A Where ACH refer to Analog Channel number As previously mentioned in chapter 3 analog signals should go though stages like filtration amplification sample and quantization in order to deal the computer In our case we make quantization 12 bits for 1000 samples per minute and all signals are inputs Digital Signals We mentioned before that we have a Water Level Sensor signal as a port to DAQ We
62. ture and pressure vary according to the laws of nature and exhibit properties that vary continuously in time that is they are all analog time varying signals Transducers convert physical phenomena into electrical signals such as voltage and current for signal conditioning and measurement within DAQ systems While the voltage or current output signal from transducers has some direct relationship with the physical phenomena they are designed to measure it is not always clear how that information is contained within the output signal 3 5 1 Digital Signals A digital or binary signal can have only two possible specified levels or states an on state in which the signal is at its highest level and an off state in which the signal is at its lowest level This is shown figure 5 3 Figure 3 4 Digital signal 3 5 2 Analog signals Analog signals contain information within the variation in the magnitude of the signal with respect to time The relevant information contained in the signal is dependent on whether the magnitude of the analog signal is varying slowly or quickly with respect to time or if the signal is considered in the time or frequency domains A Analog DC signals Analog DC signals are static or slowly varying DC signals The information conveyed in this type of signal is contained in the level or amplitude of the signal at a given instant in time not in how this level varies with respect to time 20 Chapte
63. uality in the Gaza portion of the aquifer There are potentially large impacts on water availability to Palestine Estimated of the quantities pumped from and returned to the aquifer indicate real current net effect on water availability in Gaza coastal aquifer Estimates of the renewable quantity of water for the different uses of fresh water in Gaza varies from 120 150 mcm year Irrigation water constitutes the main consumer of the total pumped water 85 95 mcm year At the same time the Palestinian economy is currently characterized by small industrial section that presents 6 12 of the total output or GDP a service sector that represents 42 55 an agricultural sector that represents 20 35 and a construction sector that represents 18 of the total output The total output has varied considerably from year to year since 1980 The state of the economy will ultimately determine the demand for water for each of these sectors overtime The amount of land available for agriculture the portion of irrigated land and the choice of crops will all influence the quantity of water demanded by agriculture and will effect the availability of agricultural land and therefore the quantities of water Water Stalinization due to Sea water intrusion as a result of over pumping from the aquifer is the main threat to the availability of water for irrigation This is the main limitation factor for agricultural irrigation Crop pattern is highly affected by

Automated Irrigation System Using SCADA

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