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IVE Model Users Manual - International Sustainable Systems

1. 1245 Pt SmlEng Med 4Cyc FI Catalyst PCV lt 25K km 0 03 72 0 a EE T 1236 Pt SmlEng Med 4Cyc Carb Catalyst None lt 25K km 0 07 72 0 a 1210 Pt SmlEng Med 4Cyc Carb None None 26 50K km 0 01 72 0 a 8 1209 Pt SmlEng Med 4Cyc Carb None None lt 25K km 0 42 72 0 a AF 1093 Ds Tk Bus Med Dir Inj EGR Improv None 80 161K km 0 2 0 1092 Ds Tk Bus Med Dir Inj EGR Improv None lt 79K km 0 a 3 1088 Ds Tk Bus Hv Dir Inj Improved None gt 161K km 0 9 72 0 CE La 1087 Ds Tk Bus Hv DirInj Improved None 80 161Kkm 0 32 72 0 FIKI 1086 Ds Tk Bus Hv Dir Inj Improved None lt 79K km 0 13 72 0 La ls 1085 Ds Tk Bus Med Dirinj Improved None gt 161K km 0 03 72 0 rire 1084 Ds Tk Bus Med Dir Inj Improved None 80 161K km 0 05 72 0 FIKEI 1083 Ds Tk Bus Med Dir Inj Improved None lt 79Kkm 0 07 72 0 FI ci 1082 Ds Tk Bus Lt Dir Inj Improved None gt 161K km 0 05 72 0 Las 1081 Ds Tk Bus Lt Dir Inj Improved None 80 161K km 0 16 72 0 TA 1080 Ds Tk Bus Lt Dir Inj Improved None lt 79K km 0 34 72 0 a 1079 Ds Tk Bus Hv Pre Inj None None gt 161Kkm 3 48 72 0 Firs 1078 Ds Tk Bus Hv Pre Inj None None 80 161K km 0 21 72 0 a 3 1077 Ds Tk Bus Hv
2. Variable Description Br Base emission rate in for each technology start g start or running g km On Adjusted emission rate for each technology start g start or running g km fry Fraction of travel by a specific technology frat Fraction of time of each type of driving or fraction of soaks by a specific technology Frp average velocity of the LA4 driving cycle a constant kph Uc Average velocity from the specific driving cycle as input by user in Location File kph 10 Additional information on the calculation process internal to the model correction factors and technologies available may be found in Attachment A associated with this manual 11 HI Calculating Emissions Using the Model A OVERVIEW The Calculation Page is the first page that is seen when opening the IVE model The Calculation Page can also be reached at any time by clicking on the Calculation Tab see circle 1 in Figure III 1 Once in the Calculation Page locations to calculate can be selected and emissions estimated for the selected location In order to perform a calculation the user must select a location from the area indicated by circle 5 press the add button circle 4 and then the location will be displayed in the selected location list circle 3 After selecting options and units for output circles 7 and 8 click on the calculate button circle 6 and the results will be displayed in the results section circles 13 and 14
3. Orne Day of the Week Drop Down Menu displays the day of the week for the Location File This is intended only to be a label and will not change any of the calculations the model performs as described above for the Date Menu The Day of the Week menu represents the day of the week the calculation is being performed for not the day the calculation is performed on This allows the user to label and create different files for different days of the week Many times an area will have significantly different driving behavior on different days of the week like the weekends for example Perhaps on the weekends travel occurs later in the day with a lower velocity To edit the day of the week simply click on the right arrow of the menu and enter in the appropriate selection amp The Altitude Entry Box displays the altitude above sea level that the area of interest is located Because the amount of oxygen in the air varies with altitude if the air fuel ratio is not adjusted accordingly the amount of emissions will be altered with change in altitude To change the altitude simply click inside the box and type in the desired number To change the units click on the box containing the units until the desired selection is displayed The units available are feet and meters The I M Class Drop Down Menu stands for Inspection and Maintenance It refers to the general condition of the fleet in the area of interest Some areas implement inspection maintenance
4. Pre Inj None None 79K km 0 08 72 0 La iis 1076 Ds Tk Bus Med Pre Inj None None gt 161Kkm 1 21 72 0 a 3 M 100 02 0 0 100 02 AS r when the Fleet Tab is pressed the Fleet Page will be opened From the Fleet Page the user may enter in the technology distribution of the current fleet save and name the current Fleet File rue File Drop Down Menu shows the current Fleet File By clicking on the arrow on the right hand side of this menu the user can choose from the available Fleet Files From the Add Technology Drop Down Menu the user may select a group of technologies to display in the list The user may limit the selection by specifying the fuel types and technology type The available technologies to select from will then be listed in the third drop down menu when the user clicks on the arrow at the right end of the menu To select from this list scroll down and click on the desired technology Once selected the technology will be displayed in the table below 36 Acotumn Header Buttons label the contents of the column When clicked the associated column is sorted in descending order When clicked a second time the column will be sorted in ascending order A he Group 1 and Group 2 Columns are where the travel fraction for each technology type is entered Only Group is used Group 2 is ignored The very bottom row indicates the current sum of all fractions entered The applicable values entere
5. in the Calculate Locations List circle 3 and display them in the Hourly Results section circle 13 The hour that will be estimated is displayed in the Display Hour Drop Down Menu circle 7 If the hour selected is hour 0 00 but represents an entire day an entire day will be displayed in the hourly results section If the selected location file has no information for the hour of the day that is calculated the results will be shown as zeros Calculate One Day will calculate the current locations that are displayed in the Calculate Locations List circle 3 and display them in the Daily Results Section circle 14 The Display Hour circle 7 has no impact on a daily calculation The daily results will add all of the hourly information contained in the location file together If the location file has only one hour of information the daily results will display that hour If 14 the location file has 12 hours of information the daily results will display the sum of the 12 hours 7 Display Hour Drop Down Menu will allow selection of any hour of the day or an all day selection Often the hour 0 00 is used for data that is intended to be for all day instead of just the hour 0 00 The options range from 0 00 midnight to 1 am through 23 00 11 pm to 12 am Note that if the location file does not contain hourly information for a specific hour hourly results will be displayed as zeros O Display Units Drop Down Me
6. 10 14 24 25 33 36 37 38 39 42 Fleet Page 7 35 36 Formaldehyde 15 FTP 10 40 fuel 5 23 24 26 27 28 36 41 43 Fuel 10 19 23 26 33 fuel characteristics 5 23 fuel quality 23 24 26 27 gasoline 23 26 27 28 global positioning satellite 20 Global Warming Pollutant 15 Hourly Results 14 16 IM 25 Inspection and Maintenance 25 IVE data folder 2 3 30 38 Java 1 2 3 45 Java Virtual Machine 1 2 LA4 10 40 43 Lead 10 15 27 Location Drop Down Menu 24 Location File 111 4 5 10 13 14 15 16 19 21 22 24 29 30 31 38 43 Location Group 13 14 16 Location Group Drop Down Menu 13 Location Page 5 6 14 15 19 23 24 Location Tab 24 Lock Button 37 Methane 15 methanol 23 MTBE 28 multi stop 18 New 14 16 43 NH3 15 Normalize Button 37 NOx 15 27 output 4 12 43 Overall Gasoline Fuel Quality 26 oxides of nitrogen 15 27 oxides of sulfur 15 oxygenate 23 28 particulate matter 15 27 PM 15 premixed 26 Quick Start Guide 111 Remove Button 14 Rename 16 road grade 20 22 26 running emissions 16 45 Save 5 6 16 30 38 43 49 Scroll Bar 37 42 soak 10 19 22 29 45 46 soak pattern 19 29 Soak Pattern Bin 29 Soak Pattern Bins 29 SOx 15 Standard and Multi Stop Columns 37 Standard and Multi Stop Tabs 29 start emissions 10 16 40 45 46 start patterns 19 28 Start up 15 Sta
7. Angeles United States Now Available Fleet files for standard Now Available cycles i e FTP EU cycles Istanbul Turkey Coming in 2008 Bogota Colombia Coming in 2008 Xian China Coming in 2008 II Model Architecture A OVERVIEW Figure II 1 illustrates the process of estimating emissions in the IVE model The basis of the emission prediction process of the IVE model begins with a base emission rate and a series of correction factors are applied to estimate the amount of pollution from a variety of vehicle types There are three critical components that are used in the IVE model to create accurate emissions inventories 1 Vehicle emission rates Base Emission Factor and Correction Factors 2 Vehicle activity Location Input Data shown in Yellow Box and 3 Vehicle fleet distribution Fleet Input Data shown in Yellow Box Figure II 1 Model Core Architecture Model Output Start Up Running Begin Loop a Air Driving or pae puau de Conditioning REELS Adjustment Adjust t E Calculation aus men elec Calculation Calculation Temperature Road Grade Adjustment Adjusment Calculation Calculation ale I M Adjusment Calculation The IVE model is designed to use existing and new vehicle emission rates and easily collectable local data to quantify these three essential inputs Once this information is collected appropriate mobile source inventories can be easily developed and modified for alternativ
8. Finally the File tab see circle 15 at the top of Figure III 1 allows users to export the results to a text file if desired The next section describes each option in detail B OPTIONS Each button window and options are described below in detail 12 Figure III 1 Details of the Calculation Page PIE a e 2 International Vehicle Emissions Model 1 Calculation Location Group 2 m ye Locations Available Locations LA 4 cycle Bag2 amp 3 of FTP tech1079 ARTab Facility Cycle techMY1980 ARTcd Facility Cycle techMY1980 ARTef Facility Cycle techMY1980 Freac Facility Cycle techMY1980 Frea Famy Oe Free Facility Cycle Frer Faciity Cycle techv1980 Freg Facility Cycle Frehs Facility Cycle Local Facility Cycle NonFre Facility Cycle Results Sarup Hour Running Hour E Taano Startup Day Running Day a es Tote ey a ee eee eee O when the Calculation Tab is pressed the Calculation Page will be opened displayed in Figure III 1 From the Calculation Page the user may select files to calculate view results and export emission files 6 Location Group Drop Down Menu contains the name of the current location group If there is no group selected the default location single location is displayed which allows the user to select only one location at a time The group location allows a region or area of multiple locations to be estimated in one calculation For example a
9. a 3 M 100 02 0 0 100 02 oa E MODEL RELEASE AND UPDATE PROCESS The first version of the IVE model was first released in the Summer of 2003 IVE 1 0 3 This version 2 0 is released July 2008 The changes from the previous version can be found at the beginning of this document To date the IVE model has been used in China India South America and Africa Data has been collected for the location and fleet input data from 11 specific locations and this data can be downloaded from the website Table I 2 Improvements and updates to IVE are continuous as new data is incorporated and new features are added to the model There is an email notification list that informs users when an update to the model or new data has been posted When you download the IVE model you will be asked if you would like to be included on this email list If you would like to be included to this email list without downloading the model please send an email to ive_feedback issrc org Table 1 2 IVE Fleet Location and or Base Adjustment Factor Files from Cities Measured as of January 2008 City Country Available for download Sao Paulo Brazil Now Available Santiago Chile Now Available Beijing China Now Available Shanghai China Now Available Pune India Now Available Almaty Kazakhstan Now Available Nairobi Kenya Now Available Mexico City Mexico Now Available Lima Peru Now Available Los
10. changed from kilometer per hour to miles per hour by clicking on the unit box There is a temptation here to keep a given driving pattern and to modify the speed to represent some new driving situation Great care should be exercised in taking this step The driving patterns represented by the 60 driving characteristic bins will likely change for different average speeds It is better to seek out driving patterns that correspond to a given traffic speed at a given location rather than simply change the speed The Soak Pattern Bins are where the distribution of engine soak period is entered There are a total of 10 bins the entries must add to 100 percent For more information on the soak pattern bins refer to the general description portion of this section gt The Totals Box displays the sum of the driving pattern bin and soak pattern bins They should each total 100 percent Rounding sometimes produces values that are not exactly 100 The model will give a warning if the sum is too different from 100 gt The File Menu allows the user to save or create new Location Files C CREATING A LOCATION FILE The user has two options for creating a Location File The user can input the information directly into the entry boxes of the IVE model itself or input the information in a database spreadsheet such as Microsoft Excel and export it into the IVE model If the user enters information directly into the boxes of the VE model once finished t
11. contractor selected by the government Decentralized I M programs are generally considered to be less effective that centralized programs The estimates provided by this portion of the program are based on experience in the United States and should be treated with care relative to use in another country gt The A C Use Entry Box displays the percentage of time the fleet that is equipped with air conditioning would use it at a temperature of 27 C This value is prorated for temperatures between 15 and 32 C At a temperature of 15 C it is assumed that none of the fleet uses air conditioning and at 32 C the entire fleet that is equipped with air conditioning would use it all the time regardless of the value entered in the A C Use Box If the user puts 0 0 in the A C Use box then the model will assume that no air conditioning is used up to 27 C However if the ambient temperature in the location file diamond 13 is entered as 30 C the model will assume that the vehicles that are equipped with air conditioning use it 50 of the time The model will perform the calculation using the value listed in this box plus the fraction of the fleet that is equipped with air conditioning from the Fleet File and the ambient temperature from diamond 13 to calculate the magnitude of emissions impact to the fleet For more information about the effect of air conditioning on emissions please refer to Attachment B The Road Grade Entry Box is an optional box t
12. in bin 11 and 0 4 in bin 12 Table IV 1 Boundaries Assumed in VSP Engine Stress Binning VSP kW Ton Engine Stress Bin Lower Upper Lower Upper 0 80 0 44 0 1 6 3 1 1 44 0 39 9 1 6 3 1 2 39 9 35 8 1 6 3 1 3 35 8 31 7 1 6 3 1 4 31 7 27 6 1 6 3 1 5 27 6 23 4 1 6 3 1 6 23 4 19 3 1 6 3 1 7 19 3 15 2 1 6 3 1 8 15 2 11 1 1 6 3 1 9 11 1 7 0 1 6 3 1 0 7 0 2 9 1 6 3 1 1 2 9 1 2 1 6 3 1 2 12 5 3 1 6 3 1 3 53 9 4 1 6 3 1 4 9 4 13 6 1 6 3 1 5 13 6 17 7 1 6 3 1 6 17 7 21 8 1 6 3 1 7 21 8 25 9 1 6 3 1 8 25 9 30 0 1 6 3 1 9 30 0 1000 0 1 6 3 1 20 80 0 44 0 3 1 7 8 21 44 0 39 9 3 1 7 8 22 39 9 35 8 3 1 7 8 23 35 8 31 7 3 1 7 8 24 31 7 27 6 3 1 7 8 25 27 6 23 4 3 1 7 8 26 23 4 19 3 3 1 7 8 27 19 3 15 2 3 1 7 8 28 15 2 11 1 3 1 7 8 29 11 1 7 0 3 1 7 8 30 7 0 2 9 3 1 7 8 31 2 9 1 2 3 1 7 8 32 1 2 5 3 3 1 7 8 33 53 9 4 3 1 7 8 34 9 4 13 6 3 1 7 8 35 13 6 17 7 3 1 7 8 36 17 7 21 8 3 1 7 8 37 21 8 25 9 3 1 7 8 38 25 9 30 0 3 1 7 8 39 30 0 1000 0 3 1 7 8 40 80 0 44 0 7 8 12 6 41 44 0 39 9 7 8 12 6 42 39 9 35 8 7 8 12 6 43 35 8 31 7 7 8 12 6 44 31 7 27 6 7 8 12 6 45 27 6 23 4 7 8 12 6 46 23 4 19 3 7 8 12 6 47 19 3 15 2 7 8 12 6 48 15 2 11 1 7 8 12 6 49 11 1 7 0 7 8 12 6 50 7 0 2 9 7 8 12 6 51 2 9 12 7 8 12 6 52 12 5 3 7 8 12 6 53 5 3 9 4 7 8 12 6 54 9 4 13 6 7 8 12 6 55 13 6 17 7 7 8 12 6 56 17 7 21 8 7 8 12 6 57 21 8 25 9 7 8 12 6 58 25 9 30 0
13. input file is used if the location of interest has site specific emission rate information The fleet and activity information may already exist or may need to be collected Information from over ten international locations have already been collected and formatted for use in the IVE model Supplemental information for these cities as well as information from new locations continues to be collected These files can be downloaded from the web site and the data from a similar location can be used as an interim approach to making emissions estimates if a region does not have its own data B SETTING UP YOUR COMPUTER The IVE Model is written in Java and as such will require the Java Virtual Machine from Sun Microsystems to be installed on your computer If you do not know if Java is already on your machine you can try and run the model first section I C below It takes about 20 seconds to start up If it does not start you will need to download and install the Java Virtual Machine It can be downloaded for free from http www java com en download manual jsp The model window is 830 x 722 pixels and should be viewed with a monitor with a resolution of at least 1024 x 768 When you are ready to download the model and other files all data for the VE model is located at the website www issrc org ive From the home page you can click on the Software Download Tab or the Data Download Tab You will find the following to download from each
14. parts of the city The proper alternative is to collect and incorporate road grade information into the driving pattern data set 4 Fuel Characteristics The quality and contents of the fuel can have a substantial impact on the emissions from a vehicle Many of the fuel characteristics can be obtained by testing the fuel or contacting the fuel manufacturers Although the model can incorporate vehicles of many fuel types such as methanol and ethanol only fuel characteristics can be provided for diesel and gasoline fuels at this time The entries include overall fuel quality and sulfur content for both diesel and gasoline and lead benzene and oxygenate levels for gasoline fuel The specific impact of each of these parameters and the data used to estimate these impacts can be found in Attachment B B OPTIONS Listed below Figure IV 1 is a detailed description of each item contained in the Location Page 23 Location Location Fleet LA 4 cycle Bag2 amp 3 of 06 T Sentemier gt 2002 ros AIC Use at 27 C 80 F Road Grade A AAA 0 01 Fuel Characteristics Overall Sulfur S Lead Pb Benzene Oxygenate caco aa moderate 00pm moderate 150 Y Overall Sulfur S Diesel moder x moderate 500ppm y Use this hour Driving Characteristics Humidity SST x VSP Bins Soak Bins 50 0 1 0 m 1 0 Temperature az i VSP Bin 1 VSP Bn O VSP Bin 2 VSP 5in3 VS
15. programs where they require vehicles to undergo emission tests to ensure the fleet is operating properly The use of an I M program limits the number of high emitting vehicles and therefore reduces emissions of the fleet Different types of I M programs vary in effectiveness and it is difficult to estimate how effective specific programs are or will be in a particular location The IVE model offers general corrections for several popular types of I M programs They are e No I M program e Idle Decentralized program for passenger vehicles Idle Centralized program for passenger vehicles Loaded Centralized program for passenger vehicles Idle Decentralized program for passenger vehicles and 2 and 3 wheeled vehicles Idle Centralized program for passenger vehicles and 2 and 3 wheeled vehicles 25 e Loaded Centralized program for passenger vehicles and 2 and 3 wheeled vehicles e Idle Decentralized program for all vehicles e Idle Centralized program for all vehicles Loaded Centralized program for all vehicles An idle program refers to an I M program that consists of an emissions test while the vehicle is idling A loaded mode program refers to an emissions test that puts a load on the engine while it is being tested A loaded program is more efficient at capturing high emitting vehicle and is therefore considered more effective A decentralized I M program is a program operated by independent business owners rather than the government or a single
16. user may have a Location File for three adjacent cities that make up a region The region group location would contain these three city locations Another use of grouping locations is when the user has collected information on specific road types in a region For example if there is a Location File for the residential roadways in a city one for arterial roadways and one for freeways the user could create a group location for the entire city that contains each of these specific roadway locations Alternatively a user may want to combine information from all cities or roadways into a single Location File for the area 13 and not use the grouped locations Additional information on how to create a Location Group File is shown in the instructions for the File Tab circle 15 O calculate Locations List displays the Location File s or Location Groups to be calculated Q Add Button adds all highlighted locations in the Available Locations List to the Selected Locations List item 3 If the Location Group is single location only one location will be allowed at any time Remove Button removes all highlighted locations from the Location Group displayed in the Calculate Locations List The removed files will be placed back into the Available Locations List 5 Available Locations List contains all locations in the model that are available to be added to the displayed group New locations can be added by placing appropriately formatted
17. 7 8 12 6 59 30 0 1000 0 7 8 12 6 21 If a user would like to enter in more than two driving patterns such as one for motorcycles one for passenger vehicles and one for buses multiple Location Files would be required To combine these data sets the user would then create a group on the Calculation Page as discussed in Chapter III that would use two Location Files that include all of the vehicle fleet and driving patterns It is important to note that if this is done that the appropriate driving distance or time must be allocated to each vehicle group in their respective Location Files 2 Start Patterns Similar to driving patterns different kinds of starts can have a profound impact on tailpipe emissions The most predominate effect is the engine soak period before an engine starts In this model a cold start is referred to as a start when the engine has been completely cooled off resting for 18 hours or more A cold start typically has the most emissions because the engine must warm up and the catalyst if one exists will take longer to heat up to operating conditions A completely warm start is when a warm engine is shut off for five minutes or less before starting again The term engine soak is defined as the length of time that a warmed up engine has been shut off before starting There are ten groups of engine soaks in the IVE model Table IV 2 Similarly if a user would like to enter in more than two start patterns such as one
18. Base Adjustment Drop Down Menu 24 41 Base Adjustment File 111 5 24 40 41 Base Adjustment Tab 41 base emission rate 9 10 40 42 43 Base emission rate 9 10 biodiesel 26 buses 22 Butadiene 15 Calculate Locations List 14 Calculate One Hour 14 16 calculation process 9 11 Calculation Tab 13 Carbon Dioxide 15 Carbon Monoxide 15 18 19 CH4 15 CO 15 18 19 CO2 15 cold start 22 Column Header Buttons 37 42 correction factor 9 11 40 correction factors 11 Create 5 6 Creating a Base Adjustment File iti Creating a Fleet File 111 37 39 Creating a Location File 111 29 31 Criteria Pollutants 15 Daily Results 14 16 Daily Results Section 14 Date Drop Down Menu 24 Delete Button 37 42 diesel 23 27 Display Header Buttons 42 Display Hour 14 15 Display Hour Drop Down Menu 14 15 Index 48 Display Units Drop Down Menu 15 distance of travel 15 Distance Time 15 28 Driving behavior 19 driving cycle 10 40 43 driving pattern data 23 45 46 driving patterns 19 20 22 24 28 29 driving style 33 Emissions Display Tabs 15 Emissions Tabs 16 engine power demand 19 engine soak 22 29 engine soak period 22 29 engine stress 20 ethanol 23 28 evaporative emission 15 export 4 12 13 15 16 29 37 Export Results 16 field study 46 File Menu 29 37 42 File Tab 14 Fleet Drop Down Menu 24 Fleet File 111 2 4 6
19. Display Tabs allow the users to select the type of emissions to display Simply click on the desired tab to display that category of emission results There are a total of 3 emissions tabs which display a total of 15 pollutants e Criteria Pollutants Carbon Monoxide CO volatile organic compounds VOC evaporative emissions of volatile organic compounds VOC evap oxides of nitrogen NOx oxides of sulfur SOx Particulate Matter less than 10 microns PM e Toxic Pollutants Lead 1 3 Butadiene Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde Ammonia NH3 and Benzene e Global Warming Pollutants Carbon Dioxide CO2 Nitrous oxide N20 and Methane CH4 15 Emissions Tabs label the pollutant to which their respective column s data refer When clicked these tabs toggle between the default state of performing the calculation for the given pollutant signified by a green check and not performing the calculation for the given pollutant signified by a red x The ability to turn off the calculation for a given set of pollutants is generally unnecessary but can be useful to shorten the calculation time when very large calculations are being performed on slower computers Q Hourly Results displays the results of the selected hour when item 6 Calculate One Hour is clicked If a daily calculation was performed using hour 0 00 the hourly results will in reality be daily results The top row displays running emissions the second row displays s
20. EGR Carburetor 2 Way EGR Direct Injection EGR Carburetor 3 Way EGR 4 Cycle Carb Catalyst Carburetor 3 Way El PM Carb Mixer 3 Way Carburetor 3 Way Fl 3 Way EGR 4 Cycle FI None Carburetor 3 Way EGR El PMINOx Carb Mixer 3 Way EGR Carburetor 3 Way EGR 4 Cycle FI Catalyst Single PtFI none FI Eurol Single PtFI 2 Way FI none Single Pt FI none EGR El Euroll Single Pt Fl 2 Way EGR FI 2 Way Single PtFI 2 Way El Eurolll Single PtFI 3 Way FI 2 Way EGR Eurolll Single Pt FI 2 Way EGR El EurolV Single Pt FI 3 Way EGR FI 3 Way EurolV Single PtFI 3 Way El Hybrid Multi PtFI 3 Way FI 3 Way EGR EuroV Single Pt FI 3 Way EGR Multi PtFI 3 WayEGR FI Eurol Hybrid Multi PtFI none Multi PtFI 3 Way EGR FI Euroll Multi Pt FI none EGR ZEV El Eurolll Multi PtFI 3 Way El EurolV Multi Pt FI 3 Way EGR FI EuroV Multi Pt FI 3 Way EGR Multi PtFI LEV Multi PtFI ULEV Multi PtFI SULEV Multi PtFI Eurol Multi PtFI Euroll Multi PtFI Eurolll Multi PtFI EurolV Multi PtFI Hybrid If a user would like to have different driving patterns for various categories of vehicles such as one for motorcycles one for passenger vehicles and one for buses multiple Fleet Files must be created Typically many users create a Fleet File for each class of vehicles passenger cars trucks etc This allows the user to associate a separate driving pattern 33 average velocity and number of starts to each type of vehicle class and to estimate emis
21. Fuel Quality Drop Down Menu Allows the user to vary emissions depending upon the overall fuel quality Moderate Premixed is the default and will not have an effect on emissions Clean fuel will improve emissions of four stroke gasoline vehicles and Non premixed fuel will deteriorate emissions of two stroke gasoline vehicles Non premixed refers to the condition when the vehicle s owner manually mixes oil and gasoline as opposed to the manufacturer or the fuel retailer There are four options for overall gasoline fuel quality gt Moderate Premixed default gt Moderate Non Premixed gt Clean Premixed gt Clean Non Premixed In the future additional fuel quality options may be added Overall Diesel Fuel Quality Allows the user to vary emissions depending upon the overall fuel quality Moderate is the default and this selection will not have an impact on emissions Clean and biodiesel options will moderately improve emissions and water emulsification will increase emissions Biodiesel is derived from plant or animal fat based oils or from their transesterified counterparts Water emulsification of the fuel is when water is added to the fuel or cylinder to lower combustion temperature and can decrease emissions The choices are gt Clean gt Moderate default gt Biodiesel gt Water Emulsification In the future additional fuel quality options may be added Gasoline Sulfur Level Drop Down Menu Allows the user to select a s
22. IVE Model Users Manual Version 2 0 May 2008 IVE Made y pe ee ANA gt pH Disclaimer This Complete User s Guide describes the assumptions options and limitations of the IVE model version 2 0 It is recommended that the user read and understand this manual before using results of the model for any purpose Any questions about the user s guide or model may be directed to ive_feedback Wissre org This document and model may be found online at www issrc org ive 11 Table of Contents PICT ACE tail lso lr iv Model Revisi ns sag cra caine as v I Getting Started A E a A 1 A A A tos Ma a aa 1 B Setting Up Your COMPU as 1 C Quick Start O ef 3 D Overview of the Mod i i 4 E Model Release and Update Process ooooconocccnoccnococonccooncnoncconncconccnnnocnnnos f Hs Model Architecture tai ia 9 A OVET EW dahaa ra el stat a 9 B Cale ulation PECES nian ateo 9 II Calculating Emissions Using the Model oooooocnoccnocccnocanoncconncconccnonocnncconnnconccnnnos 12 O NN 12 BOPA o ns 12 IV Creating and Editing Location Files usina 19 E L T AE E E A NO 19 Ps 0 0 0 cope O O E E E E A ON WO 23 C Creating a Location de As 29 V Creating and Editing Fleet Files caido 33 Pils MINOT A NA 33 Bas PO Sg i steeds dia a 35 E Cra loto 37 VI Adjusting Base Emission Factors ccscccsscsssscsssssssccseccessceserssescesecesessesenssnnes 39 A donne ius a a Oh deve alae oo ea ee tua 39 A SU 40 C Creating a Base Adj
23. Lead in the fuel directly affects lead emissions and renders the catalyst ineffective Choosing a low or high lead level will increase the lead in the emissions and catalyst vehicles will perform like non catalyst vehicles The options are gt None default gt Low 0 07 grams lead Liter fuel gt High 0 2 grams lead Liter fuel Gasoline Benzene Content Drop Down Menu Allows the user to select a benzene content that most closely represents the quantity in the local gasoline fuel Benzene in the fuel directly affects benzene emissions Choosing a super low or low benzene level will decrease benzene emissions and selecting a high benzene level will increase benzene emissions The options are gt Super Low 0 2 gt Low 0 5 gt Moderate 1 5 Default gt High 3 0 Gasoline Oxygenate Content Drop Down Menu Allows the user to select an oxygenate content that most closely represents the quantity in the local gasoline fuel Oxygenates are fuel additives that increases the amount of oxygen in the fuel 28 and improves emissions The two most prominent oxygenates are ethanol and MTBE Choosing fuel with oxygenate will decrease emissions The options are gt 0 default gt 1 gt 2 gt 3 gt The Hour Drop Down Menu allows the user to input different driving and start patterns for each hour of the day The options are 0 00 to 23 00 If the user would like to do an all day entry the hour 0 00 default is typ
24. P Bin 4 VSP 5inS VSP 5in6 VSP 5in7 VSP 5in6 VSP Sna 0 2 1 31 413 P VSPBInf0 VSP5in1i VSPBin VSPBN13 VSPBIN14 VSPBIn15 VSPBinf6 VSPSini7 VSPBIni8 VSPBIn19 Average Velocity 7 06 372 26 1532 sos 131 31 8 kmh VSP5In21 VSPSN22 VSPBIN23 VSPBIN24 VSP5In2S VSPSN26 VSPBIN27 VSPBIN28 VSPBIN29 VSPBIN31 VSPBIN32 VSPBIN33 VSPBIN34 VSPBIN3S 0 2 VSP Bin 45 VSP5inSO VSPBINSt VSPBIn52 VSPBINS3 VSPBIN54 VSPBINS5 VSPBInS5S6 VSPBIn57 VSPBIn538 VSP Bin 59 Total Vehicle BR SES At LG RS ERES VE E eg Distribution 15 min 30 min 1 hour 2 hours gt 4hours 6 hours 8hours 12hours 18 hours Total Soak Time 1100 0 n VSP Bin 36 0 5 VSP Bin 46 VSP5in37_ VSP5in38_ VSP Bin 39 vseanai VSP5in42_ VSP 5in43 VSPBIn47_ VSP5in48 VSP 5in49 lt gt When the Location Tab is clicked the Location Page will open From the Location Page the user may enter location specific data such as local ambient conditions fuel variables and driving behavior to create view and save Location Files for use in the IVE model amp Location Drop Down Menu shows the current Location File By clicking on the arrow on the right hand side of this menu the user can choose from the available Location Files amp Fleet Drop Down Menu shows the Fleet File that is paired with the Location File The selected Fleet File will be
25. ata but it is compatible with EMFAC and measured data in Mexico and Sao Paulo This correction was applied to all gasoline natural gas ethanol propane fueled vehicles except small engines Updated driving pattern adjustments Updated VOC and CH4 emission rates for Natural gas fueled vehicles to be consistent with MOBILE 6 documentation Lead in Fuel Adjustments Added a lead adjustment for acetaldehyde formaldehyde and 1 3 Butadyene Benzene And added alternate driving bin mapping for leaded fuel I Getting Started A INTRODUCTION The International Vehicle Emissions IVE model is a computer model designed to estimate emissions from motor vehicles Its prime purpose is for use in developing countries The model predicts local air pollutants greenhouse gas emissions and toxic pollutants The IVE model has been developed as a joint effort of the University of California at Riverside College of Engineering Center for Environmental Research and Technology CE CERT Global Sustainable Systems Research GSSR and the International Sustainable Systems Research Center ISSRC Funding for model development was provided by the U S Environmental Protection Agency The IVE model can be downloaded and run with the help of this User s Manual located at www issrc org ive The model requires two input files that describe the vehicle fleet and vehicle activity i e driving behavior for the location of interest A third optional
26. ault base emissions rates 40 B OPTIONS Listed below Figure V 1 is a detailed description of each item contained in this page Figure VI 1 Base Adjustment Worksheet in the IVE model canr IVE Model 1 2 File 9 nguage international Vehicle Emissions Model Base Adjustments Base Adjustment file Peru Adjustments Add Technology an FUEL TYP lt Running Criteria Toxics Global warming 1 Pt Auto SmTk Lt Carb None PCV 80 161K km Technology co voc vocea NO SOx PM Pt Auto SmTk Lt Carb None PCV 80 161Kkm 12 1 11 16 os 1ol 1 0 E mm When the Base Adjustment Tab is pressed the Base Adjustment Page will be opened From the Base Adjustment Page the user may enter in corrections for the base emissions rates for each technology of interest 3 Base Adjustment Drop Down Menu shows the current Base Adjustment File By clicking on the arrow on the right hand side of this box the user can choose from the available adjustment files 13 From the Add Technology Section the user may select a group of technologies to display in the list The user may limit the selection by specifying the fuel types and technology type The available technologies to select from will then be listed in the third box when the user clicks on the arrow at the right end of the menu To select from this 41 list scroll down and click on the desired technology Once selec
27. b on the top left of the screen There are four tabs on the top of the model page Calculation Location Fleet and Base Adjustments You run the model from the Calculation Page Before running the model you must select a Fleet file and Location file The available Location files are listed in the Available Locations box on the right hand side In parentheses is the fleet file that is currently assigned to that location Scroll down in the section and click on desired file to model for example Pune General Pune India Overall 2003 Then Click Add If there are no location files in the scroll down file you will need to create one under the Location Tab under File New or by downloading some from the IVE website and putting them in the IVE data folder you will have to reopen the model for the model to see the files Repeat for creating a Fleet File in the Fleet Tab If there is no fleet file in parentheses next to the location name you will need to assign a fleet file to that location Figure I 2 Under the Location tab select the location desired and then select a fleet file You can view change the files you just loaded by clicking on the Location tab or the Fleet tab Change any data you wish by selecting the box you wish to edit and typing in new data When you are ready to run your file go back to the Calculation tab Click Calculate one hour or Calculate one Day Note the ho
28. d range from 0 to 1 A value of 1 would indicate that 100 of the vehicles in the fleet are that technology A blank cell is interpreted as zero Once completed the column should add to 100 A he Group 1 and 2 AC Columns are where the fraction of the technology that is equipped with air conditioning AC is entered Only Group 1 values should be entered The applicable values entered range from 0 to 1 A blank cell is interpreted by the model as zero A The Lock Button when clicked will lock the associated technology from normalization so that if the Normalize Button triangle 10 is clicked the percentages in locked rows will not be adjusted A The Delete Button when clicked will delete the associated technology from the current file At Scroll Bar can be used to scroll up and down for viewing the complete list of echnologies The single arrow will scroll by one technology at a time the arrow with a line will scroll to the end of the selection The Normalize Button when clicked will force all percentages in the displayed fleet to total 100 by adjusting all percentages proportionally to their value except for those technologies that are locked with the Lock Button triangle 7 Please note that because of rounding some combinations of percentages will not total exactly 100 even after normalization Ame File Menu allows the user to save or create new Fleet Files C CREATING A FLEET FILE The user has two options for creati
29. e dF ee Year Day of the week Altitude VM Class 06 Senennar gt 2o02 gt ray 1000 meme fone AIC Use at 27 C mT Road Grade EE 0 o d pa one moderaci n y 0 E pam OOO e Humidity Distance Time Start ups 500 0 mo zee E E E ISPBIn25 VSPBIN27 VSPBIN23 Bin 23 VSPBIN20_ VSPBINn21_ VSPBI22 VSPBIN23 gt O 5 H E o LA p Qu Y sn S ga Q Er D a 9 Q oO A n a o n VSP5in3O VSPBIN31 VSPBIN32 VSPBIN33 A A ee VSP Bin 42 VSP Bin 43 The Fleet page Figure I 5 displays the technology distribution of the selected fleet From the Fleet page you can e Select a Fleet File e Create View Change and Save the vehicle technology distribution of a fleet file Figure I 5 Fleet Page of the IVE model is IVE Model 1 2 Save dia or create a new file International Vehicle Emissions Model Calculation MZ Location X HE eO Input the travel fraction for each vehicle type ms Add Technology all FUEL TYPES Group 1 AC Group 2 AC O Pt Auto SmTk Lt Carb None PCV lt 79K km Technology 1245 Pt SmlEng Med 4Cyc FI Catalyst PCV lt 25K km 72 0 a T 1236 Pt SmlEng Med 4Cyc Carb Catalyst None
30. e LOCATION FILE We define starts as the event of turning on your vehicle after it has been turned off So stops when you are idling at a signal light but do not turn off your engine do not count as a start The idle time would be included in the driving pattern data in the running emissions section Typical starts from a vehicle would occur when you first start your car in the morning when you go to lunch run errands etc Most areas typically see anywhere from 7 to 10 starts per day per vehicle The soak distribution defines how long the engine has been turned off when it starts The soak bins are defined by the length of time the engine has been off For example the value entered in the 0 25 category refers to the fraction of starts that occur after the vehicle has been turned off for 0 25 hours 15 minutes After 18 hours all starts have the same emissions and are therefore lumped into a single category If you want to model a vehicle that is turned off at 17 00 hours starts at 8 00 hours the next day drives for one hour and turns off at 9 00 hours then starts up again at 12 00 hours the soak distribution would contain 0 5 in the 15 hour bin and 0 5 in the 3 hour bin The fraction in the soak distribution boxes must always add up to one An interesting situation developed in one of our studies in India Here motorists are encouraged to turn their engines off during signal lights Since signal lights typically last no more than a minute
31. e is given Finally a discussion on how to create a Location File is given 1 Driving Behavior A vehicle s velocity acceleration and deceleration events all have a profound effect on the tailpipe emissions of a vehicle Figure IV 1 which displays vehicle emissions as a function of engine power demand and stress shows these variations can increase CO emissions up to 200 times under certain driving conditions demonstrating the importance of properly characterizing driving patterns Figure IV 1 Example of Emissions Variation due to Driving Behavior 19 250 Cco2 A m CO g 200 AHC X NOx a E 2 B 150 E W ke A 100 a E E 50 m E E E a A e fi ana aS ANS J oe 04 SSP LMP PG SP A oS HP Pw gt 2H Low Stress Moderate Stress High Stress Power Bin kW ton In the IVE model driving patterns are characterized using two parameters e Vehicle Specific Power VSP Engine Stress Both of these parameters can be obtained from general knowledge of the vehicle type and a second by second velocity trace If road grade is included second by second altitude is also required If road grade is not to be included grade can be assumed to be zero in equation IV 1 Equations IV 1 and IV 2 show how to estimate VSP and engine stress VSP v 1 la 9 81 atan sin grade 0 132 0 000302V Eq IV 1 grade Mio T h 1 vV t 1to0seconds v velocity m s a acceleration m s h Alt
32. e scenario evaluations In cases where some data is missing data from comparable urban areas may be used to make estimates until local data can be collected B CALCULATION PROCESS The emission estimation process in the IVE model is to multiply the Base emission rate for each technology by each of the correction factors which are defined for each vehicle technology and the amount of vehicle travel for each technology to arrive at a total amount of emissions produced The calculation process internal to the model is shown in Equation 1 for estimating the adjusted emission rate Equation II 1 multiplies the base emission rate B with a series of correction factors K to estimate the adjusted emission rate Q from each vehicle type Note The driving correction factor is not used in Equation II 1 It is introduced in Equation 11 2 The correction factors can be categorized into several categories Table 11 1 The value of each of these correction factors is dependent upon the entries selected in the Location File in the model Qu Bio Kon Kon Kon q 1 1 Table II 1 Correction Factors for Location Specific Information in the IVE Model Local Variables Fuel Quality Variables Kung Power amp Driving Variables Kjag Ambient Temperature K tmpyfq Gasoline Overall Vehicle Specific Power Ambient Humidity Kamayy Gasoline Sulfur Road Grade Altitude Kawy Gasoline Lead Air Conditioning Usage Inspection Maintenance Programs Kamy Gasoline Be
33. ehicles Lt Light Vehicle with engine size less than 1 5 liter typically the vehicle will weigh less than 5000 lbs Md Medium Vehicle with engine size greater than 1 5 liters and less than 3 liters typically the vehicle will weigh less than 6600 Ibs Hv Heavy Vehicle with engine size greater than 3 liters and weighing less than 9000 lbs gross vehicle weight rating None None No emissions control technology PCV Positive A control that routes air from the crankcase back to Crankcase the combustion chamber and eliminates some Ventilation evaporative emissions 2wy 2 way catalyst A catalyst treating the engine exhaust that removes HC and CO 3wy 3 way catalyst A catalyst treating the engine exhaust that removes HC CO and NOx most new vehicles EGR Exhaust Gas A control that recirculates a portion of the exhaust Recirculation back to the combustion chamber to lower peak combustion temperatures and reduce NOx formation Particulate Particulate A filter on the exhaust that removes Particulate matter Trap with an approximate efficiency of 90 K km Thousand of Defining the age of the vehicle in terms of odometer kilometers reading in thousand of kilometers traveled User User A user defined vehicle that does not have pre set emission rates B OPTIONS Listed below Figure V 1 is a detailed description of each item contained in the Fleet Page 35 Group 1 Group 2 Group 1AC Group 2 AC
34. ess of whether the user is entering the information via a spreadsheet or directly in the user interface of the model the same information and options apply as discussed in the previous section Also if the user enters in technology fractions that do not add up to 100 and the user does not normalize the fleet before saving the model will give the user a prompt that the file does not add up to 100 38 Fleet Description Auto SnlT ruc Auto SnlT ruc Auto SnlT ruc Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto SnlT ruc Auto Sml T ruck Auto SnlT ruc Auto SnlT ruc Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Auto Sml T ruck Overall Santiago Ch Fuel Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Petro Figure V 2 Example of Creating a Fleet File in an Excel Spreadsheet 1 000 Weight Light Light Light Medium Medium Medium Heavy Heavy Heavy Light Light Light Medium Medium Medium Heavy Heavy Heavy Light Light Light Medium Medium Medium Heavy Heavy Heavy Air Fuel Control Carburet or Carburet or Carburet or Carbur
35. etor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Carburetor Exhaust Control None None None None None None None None None 2 Way 2 Way 2 Way 2 Way 2 Way 2 Way 2 Way 2 Way 2 Way 2 Way 2 Way 2 Way 2 Way 2 Way 2 Way 2 Way 2 Way 2 Way EGR S S EGR EGR EGR EGR 2 2 Evapor ative Control PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV PCV 39 Age lt 79 80 16 aR 4 3 w A BE 3 4 3 4 3 aR New Index So OP OA DANA RUNE o N oN Dn nH v 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Fraction of Miles Driven Group 1 vehicles 0 000 0 014 0 027 0 000 0 024 0 041 0 000 0 000 0 007 Fraction w ith AC Group 1 vehicles 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 143 0 333 0 000 0 000 0 000 Fraction of Miles Driven Group 2 vehicles 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 004 0 000 0 000 0 000 Fraction with AC Group 2 vehicles 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 0 000 VI Adjusting Base Emission Factors A OVERVIEW The IVE model uses base emission rates for runnin
36. evelop accurate mobile source emissions inventories 1 vehicle emission rates 2 vehicle activity and 3 vehicle fleet distribution The IVE model is designed to use appropriate existing information and easily collectable local data to quantify these three essential inputs Once this information is collected appropriate mobile source inventories can be easily developed This manual is designed to help the model user achieve the best possible results There are also four separate attachments to this main document to help the user to better understand the process of estimating vehicle emissions iv Revisions to this version of the Model 2 0 Software Spanish French Chinese amp Russian language versions added Fixed fleet base adjustments sort buttons to work in both directions Created Preference file to remember all settings when exiting Search all sub folders of the data folder for data files Added tabs to distance startup results and units in output file Changed User technology name descriptions Updated to make conducive with Mac version Data Updated Base Emission factors motorcycles EU standards based on COPERT IV using some EMFAC2007 EFs and corrected all CO2 starting emission factors SPFI 3 way catalyst vehicle emission rates Revised HC CO and NOx base emission rates for starts for carbureted and SPFI to be equivalent to MPFI start emission rate data This is not compatible with MOBILE 6 d
37. factors l Estimate Emissions from your Testing Take the second by second processed speed and emissions data from your test for a vehicle type Make sure the data are processed time aligned and error free Group the vehicles according to similar vehicle types and process them in the speedanalysis software that calculates the binned emissions results for you 2 Input the output from speedanalysis into the Type sheets in the BERAFtemplate for each category of vehicle tests 3 Run the IVE model for site specific LA4 cycle and input the data into the BERAFtemplate for each category of vehicle tests 4 The adjustment for each type is calculated for you See the BERAFtemplate worksheet for more detailed instructions 44 VIII Frequently Asked Questions A O GENERAL QUESTIONS When I open up the IVE model nothing happens What is wrong After you have downloaded the IVE model and have double clicked on it you may have to wait up to a minute for the program to open If it still does not open you may need to download or update the Java engine in your computer For information on how to do this refer to Section I B and I C of the User s Manual Where can I find more information and ask questions A Visit the website www issrc org ive for the latest information Email ive_feedback issrc org for any questions you may have ACTIVITY QUESTIONS What are start emissions and soak distributions Located in th
38. for motorcycles one for passenger vehicles and one for buses multiple location files would be required as described in Section 1 Driving Behavior Table IV 2 Engine Soak Categories for Starting Patterns in the IVE model Bin Description Beginning Soak Period minutes End Soak Period minutes 15 min 0 15 30 min 16 30 1 hour 31 60 2 hours 61 120 3 hours 121 180 4 hours 181 240 6 hours 241 360 8 hours 361 480 12 hours 481 720 18 hours 721 n a 22 3 Environmental Variables A few other local parameters are used to adjust emissions such as ambient temperature relative humidity and road grade The option of using road grade is included in the Location File but should not be used if road grade is already included in the driving pattern calculation If a road grade is selected in the local parameters the model will move a portion depending upon the grade of the fraction of driving in one VSP bin to an adjacent bin to account for the increased or decreased power demand on the vehicle The road grade option should normally be used if overall there is a prevailing road grade For example if the user wished to estimate emissions on an uphill section of the roadway the user could enter in the grade and estimate its impact on emissions Alternatively if the user wishes to estimate emissions in a city that has hills great care should be used in applying a road grade adjustment to this situation since the driving is up and down in different
39. g and start emissions for each vehicle technology in the IVE model The base emissions are developed from dynamometer testing on a specific cycle at standard conditions Most of the present data for creating base emission factors is derived from studies carried out in the United States Thus the model provides a method for a user to modify the base emission rates used by the model in cases where the base factors in the model appear to be incorrect for a specific location A series of correction factors can be applied to the base emission rates to obtain real world emission estimates for specific locations for selected technologies The IVE model s base emission rates are based on the United States Federal Test Procedure FTP driving cycle Running emissions are from the LA4 cycle which is roughly equivalent or very similar to Bags 2 and 3 of the FTP cycle Start emission rates are roughly equivalent to Bag 1 minus Bag 3 of the FTP It is anticipated that some users will have local data for various technologies based on a cycle other than the LA4 When such data exists users are encouraged to apply their own base emission rates instead of the default emission rates provided in the IVE model By creating a Base Adjustment File the user will be able to reflect the emissions from specific technologies in an area instead of generalized emissions for that technology This adjustment file will increase or decrease emission rates compared with a def
40. hat allows the user to incorporate road grade to the entire portion of the location The road grade option should normally be used if there is a prevailing road grade for the entire location and only if road grade is not already incorporated into the driving pattern binning For example if the user wished to estimate emissions on an uphill section of the roadway the user could enter in the grade and estimate it s impact on emissions Alternatively if the user wishes to estimate emissions in a city that has hills the road grade option in the local variable section will produce questionable results Instead road grade should be collected and incorporated into the driving pattern information Road grade is entered in the box as a percentage Road grades of less than 14 can be approximated as vertical rise over slope length and is calculated by the following calculation grade ho M 1 d t 100 where ho is the altitude at the beginning of the link or roadway m h is the altitude at the end of the link or roadway m and d 1100 18 the length of the link or roadway from beginning to end m 26 Grade numbers from 0 to 1 will be accepted in the model However actual road grades rarely exceed 0 15 The Fuel Characteristics Section allows the user to enter in the characteristics and quality of the fuel The amounts of the effect of changes in the fuel quality are documented in Attachment B The options are Overall Gasoline
41. he user can simply go to File Save and save the new Location File Once the Location File has been created and saved it will be located in the IVE data subdirectory with the extension dlet A Ict file is only viewable through the IVE user s interface Additionally the user can edit information in an existing location file as save it as a different file under File Save as a Copy If the user chooses to first create the file in a spreadsheet database there is an Excel Location File template that can be downloaded from the IVE website Figure IV 2 When a user is first developing a Location File with multiple times of the day or many inputs this is probably the easiest way to enter in the information Also the user can keep an easily editable version of all the Location Files so that the files can be referred to When the user has completed entering in all of the data in the spreadsheet they need to save it then go to File Save as and save as a tab delimited file in the IVE data folder The next time you open the IVE model the model will read the file and change it to a lct file Make sure if you want access to it to save the Excel and text files because the saving as a table delimited file process will destroy the original Excel files 30 Figure IV 2 Example of Creating a Location File in an Excel Spreadsheet Location Santiago Hourly WkDay Various Input Latitude Longitude Altitude Units Location Info Temphte 500 m
42. hnology Auto SmTk Auto SmTk Auto SmTk Auto SmTk Auto SmTk Auto SmTk Lt Carb None PCV lt 79K km Lt Carb None PCV 80 161K km Lt Carb None PCV gt 161K km Med Carb None PCV lt 79K km Med Carb None PCV 80 161K km Med Carb None PCV gt 161K km Units metric tons Fleets SantiagoGen2001 Co Group 1 start up 0 004250815 0 11643355 0 276211286 0 012327364 0 126783191 0 230941495 0 008671116 1 024661548 CO Group start up 0 002609217 0 071468728 0 169542794 0 007566728 0 077821499 0 14175549 CO Group start up 109 046055 18 CO Group 2 start up ooo o o 0 02952377 0 0 085685902 CO Group 2 start up o ooo o 0 01812215 CO Group 2 start up 7 354085822 CO Group 1 running 0 001791611 0 049159727 0 11598506 0 005233926 0 053529477 0 096975629 0 002005584 0 421471527 CO Group 1 running 0 001067519 0 029291474 0 069108875 0 003118598 0 031895159 0 05778224 CO Group 1 running 45 01733534 CO Group 2 running o ooo o 0 0140315 0 0 138162417 CO Group 2 running o ooo o 0 00836057 CO Group 2 running 8 963058927 VOC Group start up 2 32E 04 0 00652693 1 0 015876398 6 73E 04 0 007107103 0 013274327 5 80E 04 other pollutants here 0 054444898 VOC Group start up 1 42E 04 0 004006332 0 009745 18 4 13E 04 0 00436245 0 008147989 VOC Group 1 start
43. i 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 15 0 46 0 95 knrkilometers Mkm 1000s of kilometers mismiles M m thous ands of miles I Soak Time Distribution Group 2 Vehicles S ingle units M 1000 s i 36 9 46 3 1 0 0 15 3 1 46 292 i 15 min 30 min 1 hour 2 hour 3 hours 4 hours 6 hours 8 hours C degrees Centigrade F degrees Fahrenheit n s meters second mph miles per hour kn hr kilometers hour 31 Regardless of whether the user is entering the information via a spreadsheet or directly in the user interface of the model the same information and options apply as discussed in the previous section The user can add driving and start data in a single hour or multiple hours When the user adds data to a selected hour it is necessary to enter in a distance traveled and average velocity The model will give an error if these fields are left blank Also if the user enters in data that does not add up to 100 the model will notify the user 32 V Creating Fleet Files A OVERVIEW In addition to defining the driving style of a region it is equally necessary to properly define the technologies that make up the vehicle fleet that operates in a region This section explains the format of a Fleet File and how to create one once the information has been collected To learn about how to collect information on the fleet make up in your region refer to the Field Study attachment in Attachment D A Fleet File is simply a list of the fraction of vehicle
44. ically used Once an hour is selected by clicking on the arrow at the right of the menu the driving patterns and start patterns associated with this hour are displayed Everything inside the hour box items 11 20 will vary by hour If the boxes are blank there are no entries for this hour amp gt The Temperature and Relative Humidity Entry Boxes allows the user to enter in the ambient temperature and relative humidity for each hour of the day or daily values if a daily calculation is being conducted To change the temperature or humidity simply click inside the box and type in the desired value To change the temperature units that are displayed click on the units box to the right of the temperature Humidity should be entered in percent The Distance Time Entry Box is where the amount of travel conducted for that hour or day is entered This is the total distanced traveled by the fleet of interest For example if your fleet is comprised of 100 vehicles that each travel 5 miles on roadway that you wish to model during the hour you are modeling you would enter 500 miles in this box Alternatively you can enter a total travel time in this box For example if you are conducting a daily estimate and you know the average vehicle travels 3 hours per day and your fleet consists of 100 vehicles you would enter 300 hours in this box The model will estimate the distance traveled using the average velocity entered in diamond 18 To cha
45. it became an interesting question whether to treat these engine stops and restarts as true stops for modeling purposes At the present in the supplied India files they are not treated as stops due to their short durations However studies are planned for in the future to determine the impact of these ultra short stops 45 How can the soak distribution be calculated Located in the LOCATION FILE below the VKT driving pattern data Instruments have been developed that can be placed in a vehicle to record when the vehicle starts This information provides both the number of starts per day per vehicle the time of day the starts occur and how long the vehicle was sitting before the start These instruments are called VOCE units The methodology is described in the IVE field study document located on the website An alternate method if monitoring equipment is not available is to ask drivers to keep a log of the time of each engine start for a week and provide that data for analysis How do soak distributions and starts influence emissions A Start patterns have a large impact on emissions see the results of Pune India and other areas start emissions can count for half of all vehicle emissions Because the engine and any catalyst on the vehicle is cold when the engine is first turned on the vehicle will emit more emissions than if it was not started until the engine is fully warmed up These excess emissions are defined as start emissio
46. itude m Engine Stress unitless RPMIndex 0 08 ton kW PreaveragePower Eq IV 2 PreaveragePower Average VSP 5sec to 25 sec kKW ton RPMIndex Velocity o SpeedDivider unitless Minimum RPMIndex 0 9 The velocity information can be collected on a set of vehicles equipped with combined global positioning satellite CGPS units If desired the velocity information can then be sorted into various categories either by congestion level roadway type or time of day The velocity is then processed in a computer program using several filters and the equations above to estimate VSP and engine stress More information on how to collect and process activity information can be found in Attachments C and D The result of the processed data is the fraction of time spent driving in each of the VSP and stress categories There are three stress categories and 20 VSP categories making a 20 total of 60 bins The list of VSP and stress categories corresponding to the 60 bins is listed in Table IV 1 Their position on the location page is denoted in Figure IV 1 as diamond 17 The fraction of travel in each of these bins is entered in the Location File and should always add to 1 100 For example if a user has measured the passenger car driving in a region and has determined that 60 of the time the vehicles operate in Bin 11 and 40 of the time they operate in Bin 12 which is not a possible real world scenario the user would enter a 0 6
47. lt 25K kml cias 72 0 ai 1210 Pt SmlEng Med 4Cyc Carb None None 26 50K km categories 72 0 a 3 1209 Pt SmlEng Med 4Cyc Carb None None lt 25Kkm available for a 72 0 a 3 1093 Ds Th Bus Med DirInj EGR Improv None 80 161K km fleet each with 72 0 a F nique drivin 1092 Ds Tk Bus Med Dirinj EOR Improv None lt 79Kkm YPIqUE Criving 72 0 a 3 Sat characteristics I 1088 Ds Tk Bus Hv Dir Inj Improved None gt 161K kml 72 0 a 3 1087 Ds Tk Bus Hv Dir Inj Improved None 30 161K km 3 72 0 a 3 1086 Ds Tk Bus Hv Dir Inj Improved None lt 79K km 0 13 72 0 a 3 1085 Ds Tk Bus Med Dir Inj Improved None gt 161K km 0 03 72 0 a 1084 Ds Tk Bus Med Dir Inj Improved None 80 161Kkm 0 05 hi i F a 1083 Ds TW Bus Med Dir Inj Improved None lt 79K km 0 07 T za oda pe a 3 for indicating 7 1082 Ds Tk Bus Lt Dir Inj Improved None gt 161K km 0 05 whether this a 3 1081 Ds Tk Bus Lt Dir Inj Improved None 80 161K km 0 16 vehicle type is a 1080 Ds Tk Bus Lt Dir Inj Improved None lt 79K km 0 34 equipped with a g ditioni gt 1079 Ds Tk Bus Hv Pre Inj None None gt 161K km 3 48 air conditioning a 1078 Ds Tk Bus Hv Pre Inj None None 80 161K km 0 21 a F 1077 Ds Tk Bus Hv Pre Inj None None lt 79K km 0 08 72 0 a 3 1076 Ds Tk Bus Med Pre Inj None None gt 161K km 1 21 72 0
48. model and should be left undisturbed fo p 4 F IVECode msvcr 1 dll IVE Model 1 2 IVE data f Figure 1 1 Items in the IVE Model 2 0 Folder after Unzipping C QUICK START GUIDE Step 1 a b Step 2 b c Step 3 a b c d e g Download Model Visit http www issrc org 1ve downloadmodel html You may have to register if it is your first use Click on the down arrow and save the file to the directory of your choice for example C IVE model Download Data Visit http www issrc org 1ve downloaddata html Scroll to the files you d like to download We will do all Pune files Pune zip for this example Click on the down arrow and save the file to the directory where the model is located and put in the IVE data folder For example C IVEmodel2 0 IVE data Unzip if necessary All files must be placed directly in the IVE data folder before starting the model The contents of folders placed in the IVE data folder will not be read and files placed into the IVE data folder after the model is started will not be read until the model has been restarted Run Model Double click on VE Model 2 0 exe in the C IVE model folder If model does not open up in 20 seconds see section I B of this user s manual to learn how to install Java Virtual machine onto your computer If you would like to use a model in an alternate language select the language of choice from the Language ta
49. ndreds of vehicle tests and great care should be taken in making adjustments to these values Normally tests of 10 or more vehicles of a technology type are needed before a meaningful adjustment factor can be developed for that technology type Even in the case of 10 vehicle tests of the same type a check of the standard deviation of the sample set will inform the user that the resulting average may be unreliable Base adjustments should not be made based on the sampling of one or two vehicles or if the 90 confidence limit for the pollutant of concern of the sampled vehicles significantly overlaps the IVE model base emission rate Also it may be wise to make a partial adjustment to the base emission rate consistent with the confidence limits of the data set For example the modeler could use a sampled value that is one standard deviation from the sampled emission rate in the direction of the IVE model base emission rate The following procedure outlines the step by step process of applying location specific emission rates as the base emission rates for a specific set of technologies Alternatively there are 2 different templates one using an automated program that bins the emissions data for you and one that calculates it in excel The instructions and templates for these 42 two methods can be found in separate documents with this users guide A brief description of each is below Method 1 Manual correction calculation l Estimate Emissi
50. nemeters ft feet MM DD YYYY Date 8 28 2002 Units Road Grade NA positive value is uphillnegative number is downhill I MClass none none enter text for one of five options Percent AC In Use at 80 F 27 C 80 percent of public with A C on vehicle using AC at 80F 27C ambient temperature Heet File to Use owntown Santiago Chile 2002 Interpolation File to Use A blank willbe interpreted to use a linear fit for miss ing hours Overall Lead Pb Sulfur S Benzene Oxygenate Gasoline moderate non premned none noderate 300ppm 1oderate 1 50 0 Enter gasoline related data Diesel moderate NA noderate 500ppm N A NA Enter diesel relat ed data Description Santiago 6AM Units Driving Style Distribution Facility Cycle Distribution Group 1 Vehicles Time Period 6 hr VSP Bin 1 VSP Bin 2 VSP Bin 3 VSP Bin 4 vspBin5 VSP Bin 6 vspBin7 VSP Bin 8 Total Distance or Time Driven 14639644 km 00 00 00 0 0O 0 037 07k Number of S tatups 46633 S Soak Time Distribution Group 1 Vehicles Temperature 14 c HO 46 431 00 15 341 46 292 Relative Humidity 63 15 min 30 min 1 hour 2 hour 3 hours 4 hours 6 hours 8 hours Awrage Velocity for Group 1 Vehicles 62 64 km hr Average Velocity for Group 2 Vehicles 62 64 kn hr Driving Style Distribution Facility Cycle Distribution Group 2 Vehicles Sa ees Units ge O A 1 VSP Bint VSPBin2 VSPBin3 VSPBin4 vspBins VSP Bin 6 vsPBin7 VSP Bin 8 sec seconds min minutes hr hours M hr 1000 s of hours
51. ng a Fleet File The user can input the information directly into the boxes of the IVE model itself or input the information in a database spreadsheet such as Microsoft Excel and export it into the IVE model If the user enters information directly into the boxes of the IVE model they need to create a new file or edit an existing one To create a new file to to File New and enter a file name To edit an existing file simple open the file you want to edit Then simply fill in or change the 37 boxes with values and go to File then Save and save their Fleet File Once the Fleet File has been created and saved it will be located in the IVE Data subdirectory with the extension flt An flt file is only viewable through the IVE user s interface If the user chooses to first create the file in a spreadsheet database there is an Excel fleet file template that can be downloaded from the IVE website Figure V 2 The user can keep an easily editable version of all the Fleet Files so that they can be referred to When the user has completed entering in all of the data in the spreadsheet the user should save it then go to File Save as and save as a tab delimited file in the IVE Data folder The next time you open the IVE model the model will read the file and change it to an flt file Make sure if you want access to it to save the Excel and text files because the process will destroy the text file in the IVE data folder Regardl
52. nge the units displayed simply click on the box that displays the units The units available are kilometers miles hours and minutes If the user is developing a location file that will be used in combination with other Location Files as a group the distance or time entered in each location file should correspond to the driving associated with the vehicles to be included in the specific Location File The Start Up Entry Box is where the user will enter the number of starts that occur during the specific time period This should be the total number of starts for the fleet and include both cold and warm starts When the Location File is intended to be used with other Location Files as a group the number of starts in each location file should correspond to the start ups for the vehicles represented by the Location File 9 The Group 1 and Group 2 Tabs apply to the driving correction and start correction ins diamonds 17 and 19 Only Group 1 should be used amp The Driving Pattern Entry Bins are where the driving pattern information is entered There are a total of 60 VSP bins the total of which should add up to 100 percent 29 For more information on the driving pattern bins refer to the Overview Section 1 in this chapter gt The Average Velocity Entry Box is the average speed that corresponds to the driving pattern profile entered in diamond 17 The units can be changed by clicking in the box and entering a value The units can be
53. ns In the VE model start emissions are categorized by how long the engine has been turned off at the time it is started which correlates to how much the engine has cooled off and therefore how much start emissions there will be and also the time of day when it is started the ambient temperature affects how much start emissions will occur also The data collected in these studies using VOCE units provide all of this information needed to fill out the start soak distributions for a particular area FLEET QUESTIONS What is the purpose of the Group 1 and Group 2 designation located on the FLEET PAGE and LOCATION PAGE Group 2 should be ignored O What if you would like to estimate emissions from only a portion of the fleet A If you export the results it will show the individual emissions from each technology Alternatively you can create a file for each type of the fleet say one file for all 2 wheeled vehicles Then you can run the IVE program using this fleet For many locations we have already created fleet files for the individual vehicle groups which you can download from the website You can also make your own by inputting the values in the IVE model or creating them in excel and exporting them See section V of this User s Manual for more information on creating Fleet files You may also need to adjust the distance or time in the location file to correspond to the amount of driving for the vehicle class of intere
54. nu will allow selection of the units of mass to display in the results section and to export The options include milligrams grams kilograms metric tons pounds and English tons Distance Time displays the distance of travel with corresponding units that is specified in the location file Alternatively if an amount of time traveled was entered in the Location File for the current scenario the time and units will be displayed The calculated results will be the mass emissions for the displayed distance or time For example if the mass display units selected were grams and the distance specified in the location file was 1 mile the calculated results would be grams of pollutant per mile traveled If the mass emission units selected were metric tons and the Location File specified 12 hours of travel the results displayed would represent tons of emissions per 12 hours of travel If the user wishes to alter the total distance traveled it will need to be done on the Location Page Chapter IV Q Start ups display the quantity of start ups occurring during the period of calculation This value is copied from the number of startups that is entered in the Location File If there was 1 start up entered in the Location File for the specified scenario then the results would be displayed in grams of pollutant per start If the user wishes to alter the total number of start ups it will need to be done on the Location Page Chapter IV Emissions
55. nzene Start Distribution Base Emission Adjustment K Cnty Gasoline Oxygenate Diesel Overall Diesel Sulfur There are two types of base emission rates one for running emissions and one for start emissions Equation II 2 weights the adjusted emission rate by the travel fraction and type of driving for each technology The travel fraction is information obtained from the Fleet File in the model For running emissions the travel fraction frat is given in percent time spent at each VSP condition Therefore to be properly weighted the base emission rate Qh must be converted from grams km to grams time by multiplying by the average velocity of the ftp cycle U prp before the fraction of time in each driving bin can be applied fat After this calculation the grams time value can be converted back to grams distance by dividing by the average velocity of the cycle being evaluated U c The result is the average running emissions in g km for the fleet and driving patterns being analyzed Qrunning For starts the emissions do not need to be converted into grams time because the units are always grams start To get the overall emissions simply multiply by the total distance traveled and the total number of starts Qrunning fig Lag Qi frr fiag i Kjagl U c Eq 11 2 Ostart fig ds Qi Za fiat Kia0 1 Eq 11 2 Table 11 2 Description of Variables found in the IVE Emission Rate Equations
56. of these pages Table I 1 You will probably want to download some data files so you may become familiar with using existing files with the model before creating your own Table I 1 Website Location of the IVE model and files IVE home page Software Download Data Download www issrc org ive http www issrc org ive downloadmodel html http www issrc org ive downloaddata html Description of the http www java com en download manual jsp Available Location and Fleet Files Model free program required to run the model Reports Related l to the Model IVE model Location and Fleet File Templates When downloaded the model is a singe compressed file zip or equivalent Upon decompressing a single main folder will be created containing an exe file IVE Model 2 0 exe a zip file VECode zip and a data folder IVE data Figure I 1 This main folder may be placed anywhere on a computer but the contents must all be left inside the folder with the exe file To run the model simply double click the exe file IVE Model 2 0 exe Be aware that when clicked the Java Virtual Machine must start before the model As a result up to thirty seconds can pass after clicking the exe file without anything appearing to happen All IVE data files that have been downloaded from the website or created should be placed in the IVE data folder The zip file IVECode zip contains most components of the
57. ons from your Testing Take the second by second processed speed and emissions data from your test for a vehicle type Make sure the data are processed time aligned and error free Calculate the VSP fraction in each bin and the average emission rates in g km for each pollutant use the BERAF excel template if desired or the speed analysis program for expedited processing of many data files These are the actual data from your vehicle emissions tests Result 1 Normalize the Test Data The user should create a Location File to contain the average velocity and percent of driving in each VSP driving bin that was calculated in step 1 see Chapter IV If the driving cycle is the LA4 this is available for download on the data download page There are additional standardized driving cycles on the website as well The user should also check to make sure in the Location file that the ambient and fuel conditions are selected to be consistent with the values during the testing i e same temperature humidity fuel grade etc This file is termed the test specific location file Create a fleet file with only one technology corresponding to the appropriate vehicle tested Run this location fleet combination and export note the emission results The output will contain emission rates predicted for the test specific location data for IVE base emission rate data Result 2 The BER CF Result 1 Result 2 This is the ratio the normalized emis
58. rt ups 15 stress 19 20 21 temperature 22 25 27 28 43 46 text file 12 14 30 38 Totals Box 29 Toxic Pollutant 15 units 4 12 15 20 25 28 29 46 units of emissions 4 Update 111 updates 7 Vehicle size 33 47 vehicle specific power 20 21 22 29 vehicle technology 6 9 33 40 vehicle travel 9 28 33 VOC 15 18 volatile organic compound 15 18 VSP 20 21 22 29 warm start 22 29
59. sic components and actions performed from this page The calculation page displays the fleet and location file currently being analyzed and the emission results of the current model run From the calculation page you can e Select a Language English default Spanish Chinese or Russian e Selecta Location File and assigned Fleet File shown in parenthesis to analyze e Select the hour of the day or whole day to analyze e Select the units of emissions output e View and export the emissions results as desired He 1 3 Mai in Calculation Page of the IVE model International Vehicle Emissions Model Fleet Selecta location and corresponding fleet Selected location fleet file displayed here R toas techMY1980 eac Facility Cycle techMY1980 ed Facility Cycle ee Facility Cycle ef Facility Cycle techMY1980 Select emission units to display Press Calculate to display results The Location Page Figure 1 4 displays all the information contained in the selected Location file In the Location page you can e Select a Location File and assign a corresponding Fleet and Base Adjustment File e Create View Change and Save Location File Options ambient conditions fuel characteristics and driving characteristics Figure I 4 Location Page of the VE model 2 ME Model 1 2 SS AA IAA ees Select Location Fleet and Base Files Location Base Adjustmen LA 4 cycle Bag2 amp 3 of FTP v So pmon
60. sions from your testing to the IVE default emissions or the base correction factor for this technology All three of these steps can be completed in the BERCF xls template if desired Insert these ratios in the Base Adjustments Tab in the IVE model Click on the Base Adjustments Tab go to File New and then add the technologies you are interested in see Figure VI 1 and the legend directly below Save when done Now when you go to the Location tab and select your fleet you can also select the Base Adjustments File to use For every type of driving analyzed using this Fleet Profile the results will reflect the new user input emission adjustments For some pollutants not directly measured you can use the values of a more common pollutant to estimate the approximate effects as shown in the table below For example if I wanted to estimate the NH3 levels of my vehicle but did not test them I would use the same BERCF as what I calculated for CO2 For Pollutant Use the BERCF calculated from VOC VOC CO CO NOx NOx 43 PM PM Lead CO2 SO2 CO2 NH3 CO2 1 3 butadiene VOC Formaldehyde VOC Acetaldehyde VOC Benzene VOC EVAP CO2 CO2 N20 CO2 CH4 VOC Figure VI 2 Base Adjustment Spreadsheet for the IVE model Base Adjustments Name Here Description Fuel Weight Air Fuel Control Exhaust Evaporative Age COst VOCst EVAPst Auto SmlTruck Petrol Light Carb
61. sions from the passenger car fleet the truck fleet and the two and three wheeler fleet separately Another option in the calculation sheet is to group the fleets together For example you can add multiple locations fleet files one for passenger cars one for taxis and one for trucks into the calculation tab and name that as Mexico City Overall Fleet In this way the entire fleet emissions can be estimated with the click of a button So by creating a separate fleet file for each category of vehicle the user can easily estimate the emissions of each class and all the classes together Each technology is associated with an Index Number Associated with each index number is an abbreviated description see Figure V I A full description of each index number and technology can be found in Appendix A Table V 2 shows the most common definitions of the descriptions Table V 2 Definition of Common Abbreviations used in the Fleet Files Abb Description Meaning Description Pt Petrol Petroleum fueled vehicle gasoline Ds Diesel Diesel fueled vehicle Ng Natural Gas Natural gas mostly methane fueled vehicle Ngrt Natural Gas Originally built gasoline vehicle modified to run on Retrofit Natural gas fuel Pr Propane Propane fueled vehicle Prrt Propane Originally built gasoline vehicle modified to run on retrofit propane fuel Et Ethanol Ethanol fueled vehicle Etrt Ethanol Originally buil
62. st 46 Q How do you estimate total vehicle kilometer VKT in my city since we don t know the actual number of vehicles on road whereas we know only actual number of vehicles registered A There are several methods for estimating the vehicle kilometers traveled VKT in an area An estimate of annual average travel per vehicle can be calculated from the odometer reading and age of the vehicle The government usually has available registration data for estimating the number of vehicles used in an area Some assumptions such as sales or scrappage rates may need to be applied to this data Another way to develop an estimate of VKT is through visual observation of the number of vehicles that travel on different roadways during all hours of the day This combined with the length of roadways in an area can be a first approximation of obtaining vehicle kilometers traveled Refer to the IVE Field Study report in the Attachment D for more information Q What is meant by small medium and large passenger vehicles and trucks A Youcan find a complete description of each technology in Attachment A Small light duty vehicles refer to engines of less than 1 5 liters medium of between 1 5 and 3 and large of greater than 3 liters in size 47 A C Use Box 25 Acetaldehyde 15 Add Button 14 Add Technology 36 41 altitude 20 24 26 Ammonia 15 Amount of driving 19 Available Locations List 14 average velocity 10 29 32 43
63. t gasoline vehicle modified to run on Retrofit ethanol fuel CNG LPG Compressed Used for natural gas or propane fueled motorcycles Natural Gas or or three wheeled vehicles Liquified Propane Gas Carb Carbureted Vehicle equipped with a carbureted fuel delivery system SgPt FI Single Point Vehicle equipped with a electronically delivered Fuel Injection single stream of fuel to the intake manifold MPFI Multi Point Vehicle equipped with a electronically delivered Fuel Injection stream of fuel to each combustion chamber most new vehicles Pre Inj Pre Injection Diesel Vehicle equipped with no advanced fuel delivery system Dir Inj Direct Diesel Vehicle equipped with advanced fuel delivery Injection system that delivers fuel directly into each combustion chamber 2cyc 2 cycle Gasoline fueled small engine motorcycle or three wheeler that operates on a two stroke combustion 34 cycle and requires oil to be mixed with the fuel Acyc 4 cycle Gasoline fueled small engine motorcycle or three wheeler that operates on a conventional 4 stroke combustion cycle Hybrid Hybrid A vehicle that operates partially off of battery power Vehicle Auto Sm Truck Auto Small Passenger vehicle automobile truck Van or SUV Truck weighing less than 9000 lbs Truck Bus Truck Bus Refers to all vehicles that weigh more than 9000 lbs SmlEng Small Engine Refers to motorcycles or three wheeled v
64. tarting emissions and the last row is the sum of running and start emissions Q Daily Results displays the results of a 24 hour period when circle 6 Calculate One Day is clicked The daily results will sum up every hour in the Location File If only hour 2 00 and 5 00 were filled in the Location File the daily results would display the sum of hours 2 and 5 If only a single hour was filled in the Location File for example hour 0 00 the hourly values for hour 0 00 and the daily values will be equivalent The hourly selection circle 7 does not pertain to the daily calculation Because the results of the daily calculation are dependent upon the proper information all hours filled in in the Location File caution must be used to ensure the daily results are accurate 15 The File tab when selected allows for the following options e About Contains the version and copyright information e New Allows the user to create a new group of individual Location Files Once you create a group simply add the desired Location Files to the group and then save e Rename When multiple locations have been selected this function allows the user to rename the existing Location Group e Save Allows the user to save the current Location Group e Delete Allows the user to delete the current Location Group Export Results Allows the user to export the current calculation to a tab delimited file that may be opened in a spreadsheet or other applica
65. ted the technology will be displayed in the table below W Column Header Buttons label the contents of the column When clicked the associated column is sorted in descending order When clicked a second time the column will be sorted in ascending order El Display Header Buttons display the contents of the label when clicked The current selection will be highlighted in white To select a different group of pollutants click on the gray label of interest When clicked the selected pollutant values will be displayed and the label will be highlighted white 6 The Base Adjustment Entry Boxes displays the current adjustments for each technology To edit simply click in each box and type in the desired number A 1 0 does not change the base emission rate and a blank is interpreted as a 1 0 A 1 10 for example will increase the base emission factor by 10 M The Delete Button when clicked will delete the associated technology from the current file S The Scroll Bar can be used to scroll up and down for viewing the complete list of technologies The single arrow will scroll by one technology at a time the arrow with a line will scroll to the end of the selection Al The File Menu allows the user to save or create new Fleet Files C CREATING A BASE ADJUSTMENT FILE WARNING Creating a Base Adjustment File is one of the more difficult procedures associated with the IVE model The base emission rates found in the model are based on hu
66. text files in the IVE Data folder This process is discussed in Chapter IV The first name is the actual Location File and the value in parenthesis is the Fleet File that is paired with that Location File For example in Figure II 1 the top Location File listed is Pune ART and the fleet paired with this Location File is Pune India Arterial 2003 The second Location File Pune India General does not have a Fleet File selected with it and the user would need to edit the Location File by adding a fleet file before a calculation can be performed If the user would like a different Fleet File to be paired with a specific location the user will need to edit this on the Location Page discussed in Chapter IV Locations selected in the Available Locations List are moved to the Calculate Location List circle 3 by pressing the Add Button circle 4 Once a location is moved to the Calculate Locations List it will no longer be displayed in the Available Locations List To highlight a location in the Available Location List click on the desired location To highlight several consecutive locations click on the first desired location then hold down the shift key while clicking on the last desired location To highlight several nonconsecutive locations click on one location then hold down the ctrl key while clicking on each subsequent location O Calculate One Hour will calculate then add all current locations that are displayed
67. tion The results are automatically named the same name as the Location File if the calculation is for a single file or the Location Group if the calculation is for multiple locations The file is saved in the same location that the IVE model is located in a subdirectory called exports Table III 1 demonstrates the format of the exported Calculation File Q The Language tab when selected allows for the following options English Displays the model in English e Spanish Espa ol Displays the model in Spanish e French Francais Displays the model in French e Chinese X Displays the model in Chinese Russian AHFAMCIAA Displays the model in Russian 16 17 Calculation Results Group single location Containing Locations Santiago Hourly WkDay Hour 0 00 index 00 11 22 33 44 55 6 6 Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Technology Auto SmTk Auto SmTk Auto SmTk Auto SmTk Auto SmTk Auto SmTk Auto SmTk Table 111 1 Tab Delimited Output from an IVE calculation Lt Carb None PCV lt 79K km Lt Carb None PCV 80 161K km Lt Carb None PCV gt 161K km Med Carb None PCV lt 79K km Med Carb None PCV 80 161K km Med Carb None PCV gt 161K km Hv Carb None PCV lt 79K km other technologies here HOURLY TOTALS Hour 2 00 index 00 11 22 33 44 55 Other hours here DAILY TOTALS Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Tec
68. travel by each technology The IVE model contains a total of 1372 predefined technologies and an additional 45 non defined technologies The technologies are grouped using the following parameters e Vehicle Size 7 options including trucks e Fuel Type 5 options e Vehicle Use 3 options e Fuel Delivery System 3 options e Evaporative Control System varies e Exhaust Control System Standards varies The number in the parenthesis indicates how many variables are in each classification Table V 1 lists some of the more commonly used vehicle technologies Each of the classes listed in Table V 1 have additional categories for vehicle age vehicle size and evaporative control For a full description of vehicle technology categories refer to Attachment A Table V 1 Vehicle Class and Technology Categories j Light Duty Vehicles f Heavy Duty Vehicles f Light Duty Gasoline Light Duty Diesel Vehicles eit Vital Gag Y Duty Gasoline Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles ena Natur Gus Gasoline and Ethanol Vehicles Vehicles Motorcycles Propane retrofits etc Propane etc Carburetor None Pre Chamber Inject None Carb Mixer Nome Carburetor None Pre Chamber Inject None Carburetor Nome 2 Cycle FI None Carburetor 2 Way Pre Chamber Inject Improved Carb Mixer 2 Way Carburetor 2 Way Direct Injection Improved Carburetor 2 Way EGR 4 Cycle Carb None Carburetor 2 Way EGR Direct Injection EGR Carb Mixer 2 Way
69. ulfur content of the fuel that most closely matches the local gasoline Sulfur affects the effectiveness of the catalyst and directly impacts the amount of sulfur oxide emissions The amount of sulfur in the fuel is measured by the parts per million ppm of sulfur in the fuel The low and super low sulfur options will decrease sulfur related emissions and the moderate and high sulfur options will increase sulfur related emissions and effectively make catalyst vehicles perform like non catalyst vehicles The options are 27 gt Super Low 15 ppm gt Low 50 ppm gt Moderate 300 ppm default gt High 600 ppm Diesel Sulfur Level Drop Down Menu Allows the user to select a sulfur content of the fuel that that most closely matches the local diesel fuel Sulfur affects the amount of sulfur oxide emissions and particulate matter The amount of sulfur in the fuel is measured by the parts per million ppm of sulfur in the fuel The low and super low sulfur options will decrease sulfur related emissions and the moderate and high sulfur options will increase sulfur related emissions The options are gt Super Low 15 ppm gt Low 50 ppm gt Moderate 500 ppm default gt High 5000 ppm Sulfur also impacts the performance of control systems This is particularly true of NOx control systems Gasoline Lead Content Drop Down Menu Allows the user to select a lead content that most closely represents the local gasoline fuel
70. up 6 581660524 Iv Creating and Editing Location Files A OVERVIEW In order to estimate emissions in an area it is necessary to develop information on the driving behavior and environmental conditions specific to that area Once collected this information can be input into an IVE Location File The Location File contains information about the area s 1 Driving behavior e Amount of driving e The driving patterns speed acceleration profile 2 Start patterns e Amount of starts e The soak pattern the distribution of how long the engine has been resting when it is started 3 Environmental variables e Altitude e Road grade e Temperature 4 Fuel Characteristics e Fuel Quality e Amount of contaminants and additives Some of this information may not exist and may need to be collected before an accurate emissions inventory can be created Each of these parameters is included in the VE model because it has a noticeable and potentially significant impact on the emissions In the Field Study attachment Attachment D is a description of how driving patterns and start patterns can be collected and processed This chapter of the user s manual assumes the user has already collected this information and is ready to make a new Location File or simply edit an existing Location File The remainder of the Overview section provides a general discussion of these four categories Next a detailed description of each item found in the Location Pag
71. ur 0 and the all day share the same slot therefore it is labeled 0 00 all day h The results are displayed on the screen To export results click on File and then export results The exported results can be opened in Excel or other software Figure I 2 Assigning a Fleet File to a Specific Location IVE Model 1 2 C Te File Language International Vehicle Emissions Model Location p Bas tments Location Fleet Base Adjustment Local Facility Cycle y z IM Class mone dF Road Grade 0 0 Benzene Oxygenate moderate 150 Day Month Year Fuel Characteristics Overall Gasoline moderate premixed w Overall Hour M Use this hour Driving Characteristics Humidity Distance Time Start ups VSP Bins Soak Bins 50 01 0 6 mies tg me Temperature 0 rea VSP 5In O VSP Bin 1 VSP Bin 2 VSP 5in3 VSP 5in 4 VSP 5inS VSP 5in 6 VSP 5in7 0 19 1 15 1 72 3 06 VSP5In10 VSPBInii VSP5ni2 VSPBINi3 VSPBini4 VSPBIniS VSPBIn16 VSPBIni7 VSPBn18 VSPB5n19 Average Velocity ea 46 85 23 71 1166 382 1 53 20 7 kmh For other options and details about using the IVE model please refer to subsequent sections of this user s guide D OVERVIEW OF THE MODEL When you open the IVE model the first page you will see is the calculation page Figure 1 3 shows a picture of the Calculation Page and the ba
72. uretor None PCV lt 79Kkm 0 Auto SmlTruck Pi Davis k None PCV 80 161Kkm 1 1 100 12 1200 Auto Sml Truck Pd Insertttheadua IVE start or running None PCV gt 161Kkm 2 Auto Sml Truck Pg baseemission rateraio for the None PCV lt 79Kkm 3 Auto SmiTruck pe eNO meara earna None PCV 80 161Kkm 4 Auto SmlTruck Pe moda None PCV gt 161Kkm 3 Auto Sml Truck P None PCV lt 79Kkm 6 Auto SmlTruck P None PCV 80 161Kkm 7 Auto SmlTruck Petrol Heavy Carburetor None PCV gt 161Kkm 8 Auto SmlTruck Petrol Light Carburetor 2 Way PCV lt 79Kkm 9 Auto SmlTruck Petrol Light Carburetor 2 Way PCV 80 161Kkm 10 Auto SmlTruck Petrol Light Carburetor 2 Way PCV gt 161Kkm 11 Auto SmlTruck Petrol Medium Carburetor 2 Way PCV lt 79Kkm 12 Auto SmlTruck Petrol Medium Carburetor 2 Way PCV 80 161Kkm 13 Auto SmlTruck Petrol Medium Carburetor 2 Way PCV gt 161Kkm 14 Auto SmlTruck Petrol Heavy Carburetor 2 Way PCV lt 79Kkm 15 Auto SmlTruck Petrol Heavy Carburetor 2 Way PCV 80 161Kkm 16 Auto SmlTruck Petrol Heavy Carburetor 2 Way PCV gt 161Kkm 17 Auto SmlTruck Petrol Light Carburetor 2 Way EGR PCV lt 79Kkm 18 Auto SmlTruck Petrol Light Carburetor 2 Way EGR PCV 80 161Kkm 19 Auto SmlTruck Petrol Light Carburetor 2 Way EGR PCV gt 161Kkm 20 Auto SmlTruck Petrol Medium Carburetor 2 Way EGR PCV lt 79Kkm 21 Auto SmlTruck Petrol Medium Carburetor 2 Way EGR PCV 80 161Kkm 22 Auto SmlTruck Petrol Medium Carburetor 2 Way EGR PCV gt 161Kkm 23 Method 2 Automated Method for estimating correction
73. used in calculations and is displayed in parenthesis on the main Calculation Page To change the Fleet File that is paired with this Location File simply click on the arrow at the right of the menu and the available fleets to select will appear Base Adjustment Drop Down Menu shows the Base Adjustment File paired with the current Location File While having a Fleet and Location File is mandatory a Base 24 Adjustment File is optional and should only be used if the user has specific information on the emission rates of vehicles in the area of interest To change the Base Adjustment File simply click on the arrow at the right of the menu and the available files will appear At present no Base Adjustment Files have been created Future studies may result in the development of base adjustment files Chapter VI describes how to create a Base Adjustment File Orne Date Drop Down Menu displays the day and year of the Location File This is intended only to be a label and will not change any of the calculations the model performs The Date Menu represents the date that the calculation is being performed for not the date the calculation is performed on This allows the user to label and create different files for different seasons or years Many times a user will like to project into the future several years and change fuel quality and driving patterns To edit the date simply click on the right arrow of each menu and enter in the appropriate selection
74. ustment File a atthe sdcetalias cans tead page teacae ata eas 41 VII Frequently Asked Questions da ai 43 As General QUESTIONS err eae e E E O E nm enas 43 B Activity Qu stions a A a 43 ORE EADE AAA T A 44 VIII Attachment A Development of the Base Emission Factors ccceee A 1 IX Attachment B Development of the Adjustment FactoTS ooonoccnncnnnnninnccn B 1 X Attachment C Development of the Driving Adjustment Factors C 1 XI Attachment D Field Study and Data Collection oooniccnncninncninninocononcconnccnns D 1 iii Preface Emissions from vehicles in most countries particularly developing countries are not well understood and the ability to make accurate future emissions estimates does not presently exist This has limited the ability of decision makers to design effective control strategies The International Vehicle Emissions IVE model funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency Office of International Affairs is specifically designed to have the flexibility needed by developing nations in their efforts to address mobile source air emissions IVE functions as a tool to help cities and regions develop emissions estimates to e Focus control strategies and transportation planning on those that are most effective e Predict how different strategies will affect local emissions and e Measure progress in reducing emissions over time There are three critical components necessary to d

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