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User Manual TR 210 Tracker 071-0114-01 - To-Way

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1. Model TR 210 MFG by HUNTRON INSTRUMENTS INC Serial HTOXXXX MILL CREEK WA MADE IN U S A N WARNING Horizontal X Vertical Y DD A PROTECTIVE GROUNDING CONDUCTOR MUST BE CONNECTED TO GROUND NO OPERATOR SERVICEABLE 0 COMPONENTS INSIDE DO NOT REMOVE COVERS Signal Fuse REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED PERSONNEL A 100 115 230 CAUTION a THE DEVICE TO BE TESTED MUST HAVE ALL POWE A CAUTION j VAC VAC TUNE OFF AG HAVE AL HIGH GE POMER FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST RISK OF FIRE CAPACITORS DISCHARGED BEFORE CONNECTING 60 50 REPLACE WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING OF FUSE THE TR 210 TO THE DEVICE Hz Hz Remote Switch Figure 1 2 Back panel The line fuse should only open when there is a failure inside the instrument Therefore the problem should always be located and corrected before fuse replacement Be sure to always use a fuse with the type and rating specified on page 1 9 TR 210 User Manual 1 3 Introduction and Specifications Signal Fuse Replacement The Signal fuse is located on the back panel of the TR 210 in a panel mounted fuse holder If the fuse opens replace it with another 5 mm x 20 mm F250 mA 250 V IEC127 2 U type GDB fuse 50 60Hz Selector Switch The 50 60Hz Selector Switch located on the TR 210 back panel is for indicating to the TR 210 what your line frequency is Slide the switch to the set
2. Figure 4 13 TR 210 with Probes to an Inductor TR 210 User Manual Testing Passive Components The Signatures of Different Inductors in LOW2 Range The figure below shows analog signatures for four different value inductors 12 000 WH 1200 uH 120 uH and 12 uH in LOW range pa 12000 uH 1200 uH 120 uH 12 uH Figure 4 14 Signatures of 4 Inductors in LOW2 Range 2000 Hz Note that as the inductance values decrease each signature changes from a horizontal elliptical pattern to a vertical elliptical pattern In ASA a large value inductor has a signature that looks similar to an open circuit And likewise a small value inductor has a signature that s similar to a short circuit Affect of Frequency F on Inductor Signatures _ Rot Pol ol 4 rei Ll F 50 60 Hz F 200 Hz F 2000 Hz Figure 4 15 Affect of Varying F on Inductor Signatures in LOW2 Note that the signature changes from a vertical position to a horizontal position as the frequency increases This means the resistance of an inductor increases as frequency increases TR210 User Manual 4 13 Testing Passive Components Understanding Inductive Signatures Review 4 14 COMMON Figure 4 16 TR 210 Core Circuit Block Diagram with an Inductor The TR 210 s block diagram shows an inductor betw
3. Figure 5 21 TR 210 with Probes to an Unmarked Transistor Do the following 1 Probe pin 1 with the red probe and pin 2 with the black probe 2 Identify the signature Figure 5 22 Signature of Pins 1 and 2 of an Unknown Transistor MED2 Range 3 This looks like a collector base signature What you do not know yet is which pin is the collector and which pin is the base 4 Probe pin 3 with the red probe and pin 2 with the black probe 5 Identify the signature TR 210 User Manual 5 13 Testing Discrete Semiconductors eek a Figure 5 23 Signature of Pins 3 and 2 of an Unknown Transistor MED2 Range 6 This looks like a collector emitter signature 7 Now that you know that pin 2 of the unknown transistor is the collector Place the black probe to the base on pin 1 and move the red probe to the emitter on pin 3 A base to emitter signature will be displayed This transistor is a NPN type since the base emitter signature matches a NPN transistor Figure 5 24 Signature of Pins 1 and 3 of an Unknown Transistor MED2 Range Darlington Bipolar Transistor Signatures 5 14 The Darlington transistor is basically two transistors paired together in a special configuration The emitter of the first transistor is connected to the base of the second transistor The collectors of both transistors are connected together The base of the firs
4. a CHANNEL SCAN Lowi Low2 mebi menz Heh Qe fAPULSE GENERATO X A O O 50 60 200 2000 QO a oe ee PATE ae Tektronix TR210 7 Huntron Tracker A Figure 5 27 Pulse Generator Test Circuit for a NPN Transistor Figure 5 28 shows the test setup for a PNP transistor As for the NPN transistor this signature will be the result of the collector base junction of the transistor 3 CHANNEL SCAN Lowi Low memi menz Min eh fAPULSE GENERATOR X A e e Je Je jio Je 50160 200 2000 O Amm e r ie B Tektronix TR21 1 Huntron Tracker e Figure 5 28 Pulse Generator Test Circuit for a PNP Transistor Analyzing the Active Characteristics of a Transistor Setup 1 Setup the test circuit shown in figure 5 27 or 5 28 depending on what type of bipolar transistor you wish to test 2 Connect the blue grabber test lead from G1 on the TR 210 to the transistor s base lead 3 Press the MED1 range button 4 Set the frequency to 60 Hz Do the following 1 Press the Pulse DC button 2 Press the button for testing PNP type transistors or the button for NPN testing 3 Rotate the level knob until the transistor switches on short circuit signature 5 16 TR 210 User Manual Testing Discrete Semiconductors
5. Figure 5 17 TR 210 Connected to the Collector and Base Leads of a Transistor Diode 1N914 PNP Transistor 2N3906 NPN Transistor PN2222A Figure 5 18 Signature of a Diode and Collector Base of a Transistor MED1 Range Notice that the collector base signature of a NPN transistor is identical to the signature of diode The collector base signature of a PNP transistor which has opposite polarity from a NPN looks similar to a diode with its polarity reversed These are the signatures we expected from our circuit modeling We can do the same kind of comparison with the emitter base circuits Zener Diode 1N5239B PNP Transistor 2N 3906 NPN Transistor PN2222A Figure 5 19 Signature of a Diode and Emitter Base of a Transistor MED1 Range TR 210 User Manual 5 11 Testing Discrete Semiconductors We can see that the base emitter signature of the NPN transistor is nearly identical to the signature of the zener diode The emitter base signature of a PNP transistor is also nearly identical but opposite in polarity to the zener diode je PNP Transistor 2N 3906 NPN Transistor PN2222A Figure 5 20 Signature of the Collector Emitter of a PNP and NPN Transistor MED1 Range Emitter to Common You can see that the collector emitter signature of a PNP transistor looks like a forward biased diode with the knee at approximately 7 v
6. 4 13 Affect of Frequency F on Inductor Signatures uueeessssssnnnnnnenneneeeenenen 4 13 Understanding Inductive Signatures cccccccccccceecceceeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaas 4 14 TRS VC Ze cree ect tesa hte recat inc hee ee ec een ec cetian nm aN ERRERFRRE NFRIGERRRTFRE 4 14 Appl cal ones ee aie rena a Panic 4 15 Electromechanical Switching Components 222222000sssseeeennnnnnnnnnneneeenennn 4 16 Manually Operated Mechanical Switches cccccccccccceeesssseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaas 4 16 PRO Ve Soe Ree A A Gee eS eee ETT eee ee eg 4 18 Electomiec manic al Res een 4 18 os Pha Gol il Ech einen meena A eee eee Gene ee 4 18 Using the Pulse Generator to Test a 5V Reed Relay e 4 19 FR VN Wyse ER ret tte ete acc tas cee aed esc tig eects eee entero reee tne 4 20 Testing Discrete Semiconductors cccccccccsssssssssccsccccccccccscccsscsssssscsssceees 5 1 BIOG Sa ee renee cs Wen CeRir ne re Eee nT nt RCN ROCCE are ot a CN nN En 5 1 Diode Annalo aS onare ee ee kn 5 1 Affects of Frequency F on the Diode Signature cccccsseeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 5 3 The Composite Diode Sishal rer a a nie 5 3 Diode Falle Sen De Se 5 4 Internal Resistance Flaw in a Diode nn ka 5 5 Internal Leakace Blaw 1 2Di60 et nen ee 5 6 PE OCS rac so ceetiye ti ooemeccen A E eases tease seeeaeeaneateswernensat 5 6 Bey Were Re Re E E Men RCE ORE rear 5 8 RTO EC AN ONG re
7. Off On Figure 5 41 Signature of a SCR C106B Type with the Pulse Generator Test MED1 Range Observe that as the test voltage increases to about 0 6 volts the SCR begins to turn on Watch its signature change from an open signature to a short signature The TRIAC is a device designed to switch an AC current with either positive or negative gate control pulses MT1 MT1 MT2 MT2 Figure 5 42 Diagram and Symbol of a TRIAC The next section demonstrates how to dynamically test a triac with the TRT210 s pulse generator 5 25 Testing Discrete Semiconductors Active Testing of Triacs 5 26 Connect the TRT210 to the TRIAC as shown in figure 5 43 N CHANNEL SCAN LOW LOW2 MED1 MED2 HIGH asi Al e _ e e e e e e ile 50 60 200 2000 O Am e ellelleln L RATE B Tektronix TR210 Huntron Tracker Figure 5 43 Pulse Generator Test Circuit for a TRIAC Do the following to dynamically test a TRIAC using the TR 210 1 2 Press the MED2 range button Set the frequency to 50 60 Hz Press the Pulse DC button twice so that the LED flashes Press the and buttons This invokes both positive and negative going pulses Connect the blue easy grabber from TR 210 s pulse generator G1 output terminal to the gate lead on the component Connect the red test probe from
8. le le o2 Tektronix TR210 f Huntron Tracker Figure 4 17 TR 210 with Probes to an Elastomeric Switch SPST Type MED2 MED LOW2 Figure 4 18 Signatures of a Keyboard Pushbutton Conductive Elastomer Switch SPST Type ON position Note that as the ranges change from MED2 to MED1 to LOW2 the signature tilts away from the vertical This characteristic is similar to other components with internal resistance TR210 User Manual 4 17 Testing Passive Components Review The elastomeric switch has significant internal resistance m As the test signal s voltage decreases with each range change the volts per division of the horizontal axis also decreases so that its analog signature becomes more pronounced This is caused by the small voltage drop across the switch s internal resistance Electromechanical Relays A relay s a switch that s activated by an electrical control input The relay consists of switch contacts magnets and an electromagnetic coil The TRf210 can test the coil part of the relay by looking at its inductive analog signature You can also connect the TR 210is pulse generator to the magnetic coil of a 5V relay while at the same time connecting Trackeris test signal to the relay contacts to test the relayis switching action directly Relay Coil Test Do the following
9. Figure 3 1 TR 210 with Test Probes Using Your TR 210 Basics of ASA How it Works 3 2 Here s how ASA and power off testing works The TR 210 outputs a precision current limited AC sine wave signal to a component and displays the resulting current flow voltage drop and any phase shift on the oscilloscope X Y display The current flow causes a vertical trace deflection on the display while the voltage across the component causes a horizontal trace deflection This resultant trace on the display is called an analog signature Understanding the TR 210 s basic core circuit is the key to understanding how analog signatures respond to different types of components Since the induced current is a function of the impedance of the circuit the analog signature displayed can be thought of as a visual representation of Ohm s Law V IR where V voltage I current and R resistance The next figure shows a simplified diagram of the Tracker core circuit The sine wave generator is the test signal source and is connected to a resistor voltage divider made up of Rs and R The load impedance Ry is the impedance of the component under test Ry is in series with the TR 210 s internal or source impedance Rs Because Rs is constant both the voltage across the component under test and the current through it is a function solely of Ry TR 210 User Manual Horizontal Axis TR210 User Manual Using Your TR 210 COMPONE
10. Figure 2 8 Comparison Testing with the Pulse Generator TR 210 User Manual 9 11 A Quick Tour Notes 2 12 TR 210 User Manual Using Your TR 210 TR 210 User Manual Electronic troubleshooting is a skilled art based largely on logical deduction experience and intuition The Tektronix TR 210 uses Analog Signature Analysis or ASA to take full advantage of a technician s skills ASA is the examination of the current verses voltage characteristic of a component under power off conditions for the purpose of troubleshooting The component s analog signature is displayed for visual analysis and indicates its relative health and condition For solid state components ASA enables you to visualize component leakage and substrate damage that is difficult to find with conventional test methods With ASA you can troubleshoot components without applying power saving circuits from possible further damage By comparing the signatures of a questionable component with those of a known good component you can quickly locate failed and marginal components in most cases You can troubleshoot and quickly find problems on circuit boards even if there is no schematic 60Vpk MAX A CHANNEL SCAN LOW LOW2 MEDI MED2 HIGH ject X G1 A 50 60 200 2000 ATS 0 RATE 2 B Tektronix TR210 7 Huntron Tracker
11. The foot switch connects to the back panel of the TR 210 When the switch is depressed the next test range is automatically selected Using the foot switch is a convenient way of avoiding having to manually select the test range on the TR 210 front panel TR 210 User Manual SS a es A Quick Tour The Tektronix TR 210 is a versatile troubleshooting tool having the following features Four test ranges and an additional low voltage 3 Volt range for Low Power Surface Mounted devices m Two channel pulse generator allowing the testing of gate fired devices m Three test frequencies to expand the range capability for testing capacitors and inductors m Two channel compairson mode allowing the automatic switching between the reference signature and the suspect signature m Easy hookup to an oscilloscope with X Y capability for displaying the signatures The TR 210 tests components using a two terminal system three terminal system when the built in pulse generator is used where two leads are placed on the leads of the component under test The TR 210 tests components in circuit even when there are several components in parallel All voltage sources in boards and systems must be in a power off condition when using the TR 210 Electronic protection is a signal fuse connected in series with the channel A and B test terminals Accidental contact of the test leads to active voltage sources for example line voltage powered up board
12. Figure 5 29 Testing Transistors with the Pulse Generator DC Mode MED1 Range 4 Press the Pulse DC button again to select pulse The Pulse DC button LED will flash on and off 5 Use the Width knob to adjust the pulse width of the pulse generator output Figure 5 30 Testing Transistors with the Pulse Generator Pulse Mode 6 Look at the transistor s signature change as the duty cycle changes The figure above shows these signatures as dotted lines This composite signature shows multiple operating states as the base stimulus varies The transistor is actually being switched on and off by the TRT210 Review m A PNP bipolar transistor consists of a layer of N type silicon sandwiched between two layers of P type silicon m A NPN bipolar transistor consists of a layer of P type silicon sandwiched between two layers of N type silicon TR 210 User Manual 5 17 Testing Discrete Semiconductors Applications Optical Switches To test a transistor the base emitter B E collector base C B and collector emitter C E junctions all need to be examined The transistor signature resembles the diode signatures previously examined They have polarity and may exhibit the Zener effect Transistors will display the same type of faulty signature as diodes with a rounded ikneei and non linear or resistive current and voltage legs The TR 210 can be used to determine the type of transistor bipolar Darlingto
13. LOW2 range and Pulse DC illuminated The TR 210 is designed with five impedance ranges LOW1 LOW2 MEDI MED2 and HIGH These ranges are selected by pressing the appropriate button on the front panel It is best to start with one of the medium ranges i e MED 1 or MED2 If the signature on the oscilloscope display is close to an open horizontal trace go to the next higher range for a more descriptive signature If the signature is close to a short vertical trace go to the next lower range NOTE In HIGH range up to 60 V is present on the A and B test terminals When using the HIGH range be careful not to touch probe tips or any circuits connected to the A or B test terminals The NO HIGH lock feature when activated prevents the instrument from entering the HIGH range in either the manual or scan mode The scan feature scans through the five ranges four with the NO HIGH lock activated at a speed set by the RATE control This feature allows the user to see the signature of a component in different ranges while keeping hands free to hold the test leads TR 210 User Manual Frequency Selection Channel Selection TR 210 User Manual A Quick Tour Three test frequencies can be selected by pressing the appropriate button on the front panel The 50 60 Hz button selects either 50 or 60 Hz depending on the position of the rear panel switch Set this switch to match the local power line frequency in use In most cases this
14. Line Fuse 100 115 V 5 mm x 20 mm T160 mA 250 V IEC 127 2 Ill type GDC 230 V 5mm x 20 mm T160 mA 250 V IEC 127 2 Ill type GDC Mechanical Dimensions 11 5 W x 2 7 H x 10 2 D 29 1 cm W x 6 9 cm H x 25 9 cm D Weight 4 6 Ibs 2 1 kg Shipping Weight approx 7 lbs 3 0 kg Environmental Indoor Use Altitude lt 2000m lt 6560 Temperature Operating 0 C to 40 C 32 F to 104 F Storage 50 C to 60 C 58 F to 140 F Relative Humidity lt 80 up to 31 C derated linearly to 50 at 40 C 1 9 Introduction and Specifications Table 1 1 TR 210 Specifications continued Certifications and Compliances EC Declaration of Conformity EMC Directive EC Declaration of Conformity Low Voltage Directive 1 10 Meets the intent of Directive 89 336 EC for Electromagnetic Compatibility Compliance was demonstrated to the following Specifications as listed in the Official J ournal of the European Communities EN 50081 1 Emissions EN 55011 Class B Radiated and Conducted Emissions EN 50082 1 Immunity IEC1000 4 2 Electrostatic Discharge IEC1000 4 3 RF Electromagnetic Field IEC 1000 4 4 Electrical Fast Transient Burst IEC1000 4 5 Power Line Surge Compliance was demonstrated to the following specification as listed in the Official J ournal of the European Communities Low Voltage Directive 73 23 EEC as ammended by 93 68 EEC EN 61010 1 1993 Safety requirements for electrical equipment for
15. OO fol Boyes onl Family ee a astern soe ee anny erage 6 5 CMOS Components and Test Signal Frequency F cccceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 6 7 Troubleshootins Digital Losie ICS cic iasacassasumiasiatdeleh rales dates Menaseanneneertunieasess 6 8 Comparison Testing for Digital ICs au ea a cree 6 9 CAA Were er re Me nee 6 10 Apple ones nee se er eis 6 10 FRING OS Cream neuen 6 11 DADE NIM E P SEE a a Se een 6 11 CD ID SECA CS nee een 6 12 Troubleshooting Op Amp Circuits nri seinn aR 6 13 Linear Voltage Resllators sense aaa 6 14 Revie Were ee Est 6 15 PAD UVC ANON See ee tete ee ee ee 6 15 TOW Dollar Seitens wesen ya 6 16 Rev Wer ee ee ee ee ee 6 18 APPD 21 8 6 1D ee ee es ea 6 18 TR 210 User Manual iii Contents IV TR 210 User Manual _ General Safety Summary To Avoid Fire or Personal TR 210 User Manual Injury Review the following safety precautions to avoid injury and prevent damage to this product or any products connected to it To avoid potential hazards use this product only as specified Only qualified personnel should perform service procedures Use Proper Power Cord Use only the power cord specified for this product and certified for the country of use Use Proper Voltage Setting Before applying power ensure that the line selector is in the proper position for the power source being used Connect and Disconnect Properly Do not connect or disconnect probes or test leads while they are connected t
16. lead TR210 User Manual 4 19 Testing Passive Components Review 4 20 4 Connect the black test lead from TR 210is COMMON terminal to one side of the relay switch contact 5 Connect the red test lead from TRt210is TEST terminal to the other side of the relay switch contact 6 Press Pulse DC button on the TRt210 7 Press the button to activate the positive DC output blue LED should be on 8 Rotate the Level knob slowly and watch the relay s signature for a short circuit At this point turn the knob back and forth and watch the relay relayis signature change between an open and a short If the relay does not activate and you know that it is known good then connect both pulse generator outputs G1 and G2 in parallel to the relay coil terminal for more output drive current This will effectively double the drive current available to the device m The TR 210 can test switches in real time This makes an excellent test for microswitches power switches control switches pressure and heat sensor Switches m As the mechanical switch closes watch for erratic or discontinous signature Switch bounce will display as multiple closure signatures Resistive contacts will display a resistive signature in LOW2 range TR 210 User Manual y A Testing Discrete Semiconductors Diodes The most basic type of solid state semiconductor component is the diode Diodes are formed by creating a junction between p type and n type
17. particularly useful for power supplies where you are unable to turn on devices because the power supply is faulty on power up 6 Refer to later chapters of this manual for details on testing resistors capacitors inductors diodes multiple component circuits integrated circuits SCRs and optocouplers Introduction and Specifications Specifications The specifications for the TR 210 are listed in Table 1 1 Table 1 1 TR 210 Specifications Electrical Test Signal Sine wave Open Circuit Voltage V 60 V HIGH Range 20 V MED 2 Range 15 V MED 1 Range 10 V LOW 2 Range 3V LOW 1 Range Source Resistance R 74 KQ HIGH Range 27 6 KQ MED 2 Range 1 24 KQ MED 1 Range 54 Q LOW 2 Range 10 kQ LOW 1 Range Frequency F 50 60 Hz 200 Hz 2000 Hz Channels Number 2 Display modes A B Alt Overload Protection Fuse 5 mm x 20 mm F250 mA 250 V IEC 127 2 ll type GDB Overvoltage Category CAT Pulse Generator Number of Outputs 2 Level 0 V to 5 V open circuit DC Mode DC Level Pulse Mode or Composite Frequency Matches selected test signal frequency Width pulse mode 2 to 50 duty cycle Source resistance 100 Q each output Short circuit current 50 mA max each output 1 8 TR 210 User Manual TR 210 User Manual Introduction and Specifications Table 1 1 TR 210 Specifications continued Electrical continued Power Requirements Line Voltage 100 115 VAC or 230 VAC Frequency 50 Hz to 60 Hz Power 15 W maximum
18. And Connections Name Function 1 Range Selectors Push buttons that select one of five impedance ranges LOW1 LOW2 MED1 MED2 and HIGH 2 Scan Switch Push button that initiates automatic scanning of the five ranges from LOW1 to HIGH The scanning Speed is determined by the RATE control see item 9 3 Channel A Switch Selects channel A for display on the oscilloscope 4 Channel A TestTerminal Safety shrouded banana jack for channel A test signal 5 ALT Switch Causes the TR 210 to alternate between channel A and channel B at a speed determined by the RATE control see item 9 6 COM Test Terminal Safety shrouded banana jack that is the instrument common and the common reference point for both channel A and channel B 7 Channel B Switch Selects channel B for display on the oscilloscope 8 Channel B Test Terminal Safety shrouded banana jack for channel B test signal 9 RATE Control Controls the speed of channel alternation and or range Scanning 0 G1 amp G2 Terminals Pulse Generator dual outputs 1 WIDTH Control Controls the duty cycle of the pulse generator output 2 LEVEL Control Controls the amplitude of the pulse generator output 13 Pulse Generator Selectors Push buttons that select various output modes of the pulse generator Positive Negative and PULSE DC 4 Frequency Selectors Push buttons that select one of the three signal frequencies 50 60 Hz 200 Hz and 2000 Hz 15 NO HIGH range S
19. However with the pulse generator an in circuit active test of a device is possible Figure 2 5 shows the equivalent circuit of the pulse generator and the signal section with the display connections remove for clarity Ls A 100 Q Gl COM Figure 2 5 Pulse Generator Signal section Equivalent Circuit TR 210 User Manual TR 210 User Manual A Quick Tour In pulse mode this circuit uses the zero crossing of the test signal to trigger the start of a pulse When positive is enabled a positive going zero crossing triggers a positive pulse When negative is enabled a negative going zero crossing triggers a negative pulse If both polarities are enabled then both positive and negative pulses are produced on alternate zero crossings composite pulses Once triggered the duration of a pulse is set by the width control Figure 2 6 shows the waveforms for the three pulse polarity types at various settings of the width control t WIDTH SETTING MIN MID MAX TEST SIGNAL 0 POSITIVE 0 NEGATIVE 0 COMPOSITE 0 Li Le a3 Ld rood Figure 2 6 Pulse Generator Waveforms The LEVEL control adjusts the peak of each pulse from zero to 5 Volts is absolute magnitude with the polarity dependent on the pulse polarity type selected The maximum open circuit outputs are therefore 5 Volts peak to peak with either positive or negative enabled and 10 Volts peak to peak when the composite pulse is activated When DC mode i
20. are susceptible to degradation and eventual failure The TRf210 can easily show these failures 5 27 Testing Discrete Semiconductors Notes 5 28 TR 210 User Manual EEE A Testing Integrated Circuits Digital Integrated Circuits Digital integrated circuit IC chips are made from transistors on acommon substrate Their analog signatures are typically variations of the discrete diode and transistor signatures Most logic ICs contain multiple circuits on one chip These chips can have pins from 14 to over 200 although quite often many pins share quite similar signatures This can make troubleshooting easier by giving us an easy to find signature to use as a comparison Integrated Circuit Failures A functioning IC may stop working for a number of reasons Some of the most common causes of IC failures are TR 210 User Manual EOS Electrical Over Stress occurs when the ICis maximum electrical specifications have been exceeded This condition may result in the IC developing internal shorts and opens ESD Electrostatic Discharge may cause internal resistance to develop in the IC junctions This internal resistance may vary from 5 kQ to 25 kQ with a typical value of 20 kQ ESD exposure can cause internal flaws such as resistance opens and shorts Dendrites are a process flaw that results in particles growing between conductors on a substrate causing shorts Ionic Contamination is contamination introduced at the time of man
21. input pin and view its signature on the CRT display For this example the VCC pin of the 74LS245 is pin 20 Rott 4 TO a ee a Ba Be Buffer pins MED1 range Enable pins MED1 range V Power pin MED1 range Figure 6 2 Signatures of a Digital IC 74LS245 Ground Pin to Test Common Compare these signatures with other signatures of discrete components such as transistors and diodes Note that there are quite a few similarities here TR 210 User Manual 6 3 Testing Integrated Circuits Signatures for Different Logic Chip Families There are a wide variety of logic circuit families Each has its special functions advantages and limitations They range from TTL and its variations F LS S etc emitter coupled logic ECL to the complementary metal oxide semiconductor CMOS and its variations C HC HCT VC etc Comparing Two TTL Families Although the logic function is the same there are differences in the circuitry of each logic family These differences can be readily seen in their signatures using the TR 210 Veo 6A 6Y SA SY 4A AY 14 413 412 11 410 9 8 re gt Di as 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1A 1Y 2A 2Y 3A 3Y GND Figure 6 3 Diagram of 7404 amp 74LS04 We will illustrate these concepts with the following exam
22. it should be acting like an open This is called leakage The diode acts like a diode when it is forward biased When reverse biased the diode acts like a resistor when it should be acting as an open Normal switching and signal diodes conduct when forward biased only When reverse biased they act as opens unless they are operated outside design limits If this condition occurs then so much voltage is applied that they break down and can no longer prevent current flow A zener diode is a different type of diode and is designed for operation when reverse biased diode s cathode connected to positive and anode to negative but under carefully controlled conditions When the zener diode is forward biased diode s cathode connected to negative and anode connected to positive they act as regular diodes and begin to conduct at approximately 0 6V TR 210 User Manual TR 210 User Manual Testing Discrete Semiconductors When reverse biased they act as an open until the applied voltage reaches their specified zener voltage at which time the zener diode begins to conduct current Even if the reverse voltage is increased the voltage across the zener remains constant It is this feature of zener diodes that allows them to be used as voltage regulators and references Because they conduct in both directions the zener diode s analog signature has two knees one at 0 6V and the other at the zener voltage of the diode In ASA terminology this two kne
23. like the capacitor signature When an inductor has a ferrite core its signature distorts from a non ferrite inductoris ellipse The TR 210 is excellent for troubleshooting inductors It can reveal shorted or open windings in large variety of inductive components Components that are inductors or have inductive characteristics can be found in many real world applications For example some of these are power transformers relays solenoids flybacks speakers magnetic sensors stepping motors and motor windings The best technique for testing inductors is the comparison of a known good component s signature to a suspect component For example a motor armature has typically numerous windings so every winding should have a similar analog signature This fact is true whether it s from an elevator or a tape deck The armature of a DC motor can be tested by simply connecting to the motor brush leads and then adjusting the test range for the most pronounced or descriptive signature Slowly turn the armature Observe the TRt210is CRT display This test will check continuity the inductance and the condition of each brush contact without disassembling the motor A computer switching power supply contains inductors For example a computer is reported idead To make a quick diagnosis of the possible problem first make sure the computer is disconnected from AC power Then connect the red and black test probes across the prongs on the AC line cord g
24. measurement control and laboratory use TR 210 User Manual Introduction and Specifications Table 1 1 TR 210 Specifications continued Certifications and Compliances continued Approvals Installation Category Descriptions Pollution Degree UL3111 1 Standard for electrical measuring and test equipment CAN CSA C22 2 No 1010 1 Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement control and laboratory use Terminals on this product may have different category designations The installation Categories are CAT Ill Distribution level mains usually permanently connected Equipment at this level is typically in a fixed industrial location CAT II Local level mains wall sockets Equipment at this level includes appliances portable tools and similar products Equipment is usually cord connected CAT Secondary signal level or battery operated circuits of electronic equipment 2 NOTE Tektronix does not offer a Certificate of Traceable Calibration for the TR 210 The TR 210 is a troubleshooting tool and is not intended for use in calibration or conformance testing applications TR 210 User Manual Introduction and Specifications Accessories 1 12 You can order a foot switch part number 98 0314 and other replacement parts from Huntron Inc at the address below Huntron Inc 15720 Mill Creek Blvd Mill Creek WA 98012 U S A phone 425 743 3171 or 1 800 426 9265 in the U S A
25. of component TR 210 User Manual 6 11 Testing Integrated Circuits Op Amp Signatures 60Vpk MAX A CHANNEL SCAN LOWI LOW2 MEDI MED2 HIGH act e e e e Je jije e 6 50 60 200 2000 O ATL ee eo Tektronix TR210 r4 Huntr tron Tracker Figure 6 11 TR 210 with Test Leads to an Op Amp Do the following to display the analog signatures of an op amp 1 2 6 12 Press the MED 1 range button Set the test signal frequency to 50 60 Hz Place or clip the black test lead from the TRT210 Common terminal to the IC s ground or a power supply pin For this example the negative power supply pin of the 741 is pin 4 and the positive power supply is pin 8 Use the red test lead from the TRT210 A test terminal and probe each pin of the IC Observe that the signature of each of the op amp s pins are unique TR 210 User Manual Testing Integrated Circuits ee a Boy en Pin 2 Input Pin 3 Hnput Pin 6 Output Figure 6 12 Signatures of an Op Amp 741 Type in LOW2 Range LS _ _ _ _ Peau mf Eo a st Pin 2 Input Pin 3 Hnput Pin 6 Output Figure 6 13 Signatures of an Op Amp 741 Type in MED2 Range Common to Pin 4 Troubleshooting Op Amp Circuits TR 210 User Manual Troubleshooting an op amp i
26. semiconductor material The pn junction gives diodes and semiconductor components polarity characteristics that allow them to conduct current when an external voltage is applied They conduct current in one direction but not in the other Current flows in a diode when the positive terminal anode is made more positive than the negative terminal cathode Figure 5 1 shows how the diode symbol indicates the polarity of the diode CATHODE ANODE DIODE SCHEMATIC SYMBOL ne u Figure 5 1 Diode and Schematic Symbol Diode Analog Signatures TR 210 User Manual Diode signatures demonstrate the fundamental operation of a semiconductor junction There is a threshold or forward voltage Vp about 0 6V for a silicon diode at which the diode begins to conduct current The diode acts as an open circuit and no current flows as long as the voltage differential between the anode and cathode is below that threshold As the anode to cathode voltage becomes more positive the diode will begin to conduct current Once current begins to flow in the diode very small increases in anode voltage will cause very large increases in current In analog signature analysis this is called the ikneei effect in a which is characteristic of a good semiconductor junction 5 1 Testing Discrete Semiconductors 5 2 COMMON Figure 5 2 TR 210 Core Circuit Block Diagram with a Diode You can see this knee signature on some diodes in the next section Do th
27. signature at each circuit node is a composite of the basic component signatures in that circuit For example a circuit with both resistance and capacitance will have a signature that combines the analog signatures of a resistor and capacitor The signature of a resistor is always indicated by a straight line at an angle from O to 90 degrees The signature of a capacitor is always in the form of a circle or ellipse shape The signature of an inductor is also a circle or ellipsoid shape that may also have internal resistance Finally the semiconductor diode signature is always made up of two or more linear line segments that most of the time form an approximate right angle a Pali E 4 ee lll 4 CAPACITOR INDUCTOR SEMICONDUCTOR Figure 3 9 Analog Signatures of 4 Basic Components TR210 User Manual 3 7 Using Your TR 210 Notes 3 8 TR 210 User Manual a ee Testing Passive Components Resistors TR 210 User Manual Exploring how the TR 210 ranges interact with different resistance values is a good introduction on how basic ASA troubleshooting is applied This section will briefly familiarize you with TR 210 basic operation and teach you how resistor signatures relate to both test range and the resistance of the circuit under test After completing this section you will know how to Apply test probes across a resistor Identify a pure resistive signature Analyze and predict resistive signatures As
28. signature is a combination of several components connected together in an electronic circuit Up to this point we have been showing you what the basic component signatures look like out of circuit In the real world of electronics troubleshooting components are connected together in a circuit and when testing with ASA the signatures are a composite that may appear quite complex However with knowledge of ASA fundamentals and experience you will find that even the most complex looking signatures can be analyzed quickly and efficiently 5 3 Testing Discrete Semiconductors Diode Failures 5 4 This section will introduce you to some examples of composite diode signatures Figure 5 6 Composite Model of a Diode and Capacitor in Parallel z OM R a et E LOW2 Range Fs 60 Hz LOW2 Range Fs 2000 Hz Figure 5 7 Composite Signature 1N914 Diode and 1 uF Capacitor in Parallel LOW2 Range The signature on the left shows only the diode signature because the test signal frequency is set below any visible contribution due the capacitive reactance The composite signature in the center consists of the distinctive loop of the capacitor and the knee pattern of the diode The signature on the right shows only the capacitor signature because the test signal voltage is below the diode s turn on level When multiple components are connected together it s important to realize that the TR 210 has the ability to selectively
29. test probe to the SCR s anode lead and the black test probe to the SCR s cathode lead Observe the SCR s anode gate signature Gate Anode Gate Cathode Figure 5 39 Signatures of an SCR C106B Type MED2 Range TR 210 User Manual Anode Cathode 5 23 Testing Discrete Semiconductors Active Testing of an SCR 5 24 Connect the SCR to the TR 210 as illustrated below a CHANNEL SCAN LOW1 LOW2 MED1 MED2 HIGH asi AX a e e Je e e e e 50 60 200 2000 AT S r RATE B Tektronix TR210 7 Huntron Tracker Figure 5 40 Pulse Generator Test Circuit for a SCR Do the following to dynamically test a SCR using the TR 210 L 2 Press the MED range button Set the frequency to 50 60 Hz Press Pulse DC and press for selecting DC positive pulse generation voltage The Pulse DC LED should be on and not flashing Connect the blue easy grabber from TRt210 pulse generator G1 output terminal to the component s gate lead Connect the red test probe from TR 210 A test terminal to the SCR s anode lead Connect the black test probe from TR 210 Common test terminal to the SCR s cathode lead Turn the Level knob clockwise to increase the voltage level from 0 0VDC TR 210 User Manual Triacs TR 210 User Manual Testing Discrete Semiconductors
30. 1 Press the LOW2 button 2 Press the 2000 Hz button 3 Connect the black test lead from TRf210is COMMON terminal to one side the relay coil normally the minus lead 4 Connect the red test lead from TR 210is TEST terminal to the other side of the relay coil normally the plus lead 4 18 TR T210 User Manual Testing Passive Components 60Vpk MAX NNEL SCAN LOW1 LOW2 MED1 MED2 HIGH ejeje jjo 50 60 200 2000 z Tektronix TR210 f Huntron Tra Q gt 10O gt m le le E Figure 4 19 TR 210 with Test Leads Connected to Relay s Coil Observe the analog signatures of a magnetic reed type relay in the following figure er ke le eee a a ee Y of w 4 ee E a a I LOW2 MED MED2 Figure 4 20 Signatures Of A Magnetic Reed Relay Coil Note the characteristic inductive oval in LOW2 and MEDI ranges When applying TR 210is test signal to the coil there may be an audible ringing sound generated from the relay under test from the switch contacts being excited Using the Pulse Generator to Test a 5V Reed Relay Do the following 1 Press the LOW2 button 2 Connect the TR 210 pulse generator output G1 to the positive lead of the relay coil 3 Connect the TR 210 COMMON to the relay s negative
31. 10 and observe the oscilloscope display With nothing connected to its test terminals the display trace is a horizontal line that 1s Ry 3 3 Using Your TR 210 Figure 3 3 TR 210 CRT Display with Open Test Terminals Vertical Axis The amount of vertical trace deflection on the oscilloscope display is controlled by the voltage dropped across the internal impedance R of the TR 210 Because R is in series with the load Rx this voltage will be proportional to the current flowing through Ri This current that flows through the component under test is the vertical part of the analog signature When the Ri is zero ohms 0 Q as when you short an output terminal to the common terminal there is no voltage dropped across R so there is no horizontal component in the analog signature This short circuit signature 1s a vertical line trace on the oscilloscope display 1 Connect the red microprobe to the output channel A jack on the TR 210 and the black microprobe to the Common jack 2 Touch and hold the probes together and observe the analog signature on the oscilloscope display 3 You will see a vertical line trace in the middle of the oscilloscope display 3 4 TR 210 User Manual Using Your TR 210 Figure 3 4 TR 210 Oscilloscope Display with Short Circuit Signature Basic Analog Signatures Open and Short In ASA the two most basic analog signatures are the open and the short The open signature occurs when an o
32. 5 Testing Integrated Circuits Veo A 6Y SA 5Y 4A MN 14 413 412 11 110 9 o e e ly Be e e 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1A 1Y 2A 2Y 3A 3Y GND Figure 6 6 74HC14 Block Diagram In this example we will choose a 74HC14 Schmidt Trigger Hex Inverter The HC designation means that it s a member of the high speed CMOS logic family From the block diagram of this part you can see that it has only four different circuit functions They are inverter input inverter output power supply VCC input and power supply ground Do the following to display the analog signatures of a digital IC 1 2 6 6 Press the MED 1 range button Set the test signal frequency to 60 Hz if needed Place or clip the black test lead from the TRT210 Common terminal to the IC s ground pin For this example the ground pin of the 74HC14 is pin 7 Use the red test lead from the TRT210 A test terminal and probe each pin of the IC For this example pins 1 3 5 9 Il and 13 are all input buffer circuits so they will have identical signatures Note This is only for ICs out of circuit Similarly use the red test lead and probe the output buffer pins 2 4 6 8 10 and 12 These pins will have the same signatures Note This is only for ICs out of circuit Use the red test lead from the TRT210
33. A test terminal and probe the power supply VCC input pin For this example the VCC pin of the 74HC14 is pin 14 TR 210 User Manual Testing Integrated Circuits ea it wee he ee ee Ba Ba E Be Pin 1 Input MED1 range Pin 2 Output MED1 range Pin14V MED1 range Figure 6 7 Signatures of a 74HC14 CMOS Hex Inverter CMOS Components and Test Signal Frequency F CMOS logic circuits inherently have a significant amount of internal capacitance This junction capacitance is visible in the CMOS signatures when using the TRf210 Capacitance in CMOS circuitry may be emphasized or de emphasized by changing the frequency of the test signal en er ee E rm i ye S FE F 50 60 Hz F 200 Hz Figure 6 8 Signatures of a 74HC14 Input Pin at Different Frequencies TR 210 User Manual 6 7 Testing Integrated Circuits Troubleshooting Digital Logic ICs The TR 210 ALT mode makes comparing digital IC signatures quick and simple Instead of having to remember the specific signatures of a good component all that s needed is to have a reference component or board along side the one that s suspect This section gave many examples of signatures from TTL Schottky TTL and CMOS logic families Although from first inspection these signatures appear to be complex remember that each of the ICs in the examples had really only four unique signatures buffer input buffer output power supply VCC an
34. AA E ET 2 4 OsCIHOSCOPE IIIS ly 2 22 2 2 2 5 Tia cS CUS ee een 2 6 ELON oa One ere ee Re ee ene en east 2 6 Range Selection anne ea ee eher 2 6 Erequen y o leo es Seren esse emNC ne near eee 2 7 Chi nel oce Oie e e ie use esse 2 7 Foke Genera OE ee elle 2 8 Using Your TR 20an a 3 1 Basics OLASA F HOw 16 Works nen ee 3 2 Horzonal ANIS ien ee essen 3 3 AV un L6 172 8 S E A 3 4 Basic Analog Signatures Open and Short essssssensssssesseeeeeeeeeeeeenennnn 3 5 Four Basic Component Analog Signatures ueeesessssssnnnnnnsnssssneneeeeeeeeennnnnn 3 7 TR 210 User Manual i Contents Testing Passive Componenns cccccccccsssscssscssssssssccccccccccccccccccccccccccsscsccsees 4 1 FRCS US LOG ee re ee ee 4 1 Shorts and Opens Resistor Falls asien nee ee 4 4 PENI NE ER EUREN E E A 4 4 Troubleshooting Appheations sareno ae eee 4 5 CIPRE OE e I A nnn te tamer mee Ane resem 4 6 Capacitor Analog Sienat res zei snaiias a sebisgomsatiles E N en uiauaunads 4 7 The Signatures of Different Capacitors in LOW2 Range sssseeeeeeees 4 8 Understanding Capacitor Analog Signatures ussssssnnnnnnseseeeeeeeeeeennnn 4 9 Capacitor Paures Leakage nes nee 4 10 Roy Wesens nee ee ee 4 11 73 0 0 1 0 2 181611 NORESEITSSEIERRNIENEUNSEERISETESEHERTESOCNIIERENSENERESIGHEERIENIEERRURBGEEREENTERERAHOERREE 4 11 Fs 1 tor ee ee 4 11 Inductor Analog SIENA ee 4 12 The Signatures of Different Inductors in LOW2 Range
35. FF FLASHING on Figure 2 7 Pulse Generator Selector Chart Once the specific output type is selected the exact output is set using the LEVEL and WIDTH controls The LEVEL control varies the magnitude of the output amplitude from zero to 5 Volts peak or DC During Pulse mode the WIDTH control adjusts the duty cycle of the pulse output from a low duty cycle to 50 maximum square wave The start of a pulse is triggered by the appropriate zero crossing of the test signal which results in the pulse frequency being equal to the selected test signal frequency The end of a pulse is determined by the Width control setting which selects the duty cycle The WIDTH control has no effect when DC mode is selected The pulse generator of the TR 210 has dual tracking outputs G1 and G2 so that you can visually compare the analog signatures of two of these three or more terminal components by using the Alt mode The following figure illustrates how to connect the TR 210 when using the pulse generator in ALT mode TR 210 User Manual A Quick Tour BOVpk MAX A CHANNEL SCAN LOWI LOW2 MEDI MED HIGH ash PULSE GENERATOR e Gt Al o ol oe J o J oe o o Lo A 50 60 200 2000 O vo 5 CO Cos ae BLO Tektronix TR 210 COM 7 Huntron Tracker DEVICE DEVICE2
36. I ae 150 Q signature changes with each resistor s value Testing Passive Components Below are four analog signatures of different resistors 150 1 5 k 15 k and 150 k ohms in the upper four ranges Note how the slope or angle of each analog pe td i oo oa ree a ye il eg ee ut tii a 1 5 KQ 15 kQ 150 kQ HIGH Range Fi e J sf Ips a4 fh 4 t oa 1 5 KQ 15 kQ 150 kQ MED2 Range eit lt Fe 1 5 KQ 15 kQ 150 kQ MEDI Range ER EEE NAT ere _ 1 5 KQ 15 kQ 150 kQ LOW2 Range Figure 4 3 Signatures of Resistors in Different Ranges TR210 User Manual Testing Passive Components Shorts and Opens Resistor Faults Two of the most common faults that occur in electronic components and circuits are shorts and opens A short circuit is typically a 0 Q to 10 Q low resistive path between two points in a component or circuit that normally would have a higher resistance between them An open circuit is a break between two points in a component or circuit that prevents current from flowing Short Open Figure 4 4 Short and Open Signature Review The signature of a purely resistive circuit is a straight line because the relationship between voltage and current in a purely resistive circuit is linear m This straight line signature can vary from ncompletely horizontal an open ncompletely ve
37. It uses an alternating current AC sinewave stimulus to show the current I vs voltage V characteristic of an unpowered component on a CRT The IV characteristic is called an analog signature and each pin of a component can have a unique signature When components fail their signatures change so troubleshooting using ASA is simply a matter of finding the defective component by analyzing its signature You can compare signatures of suspect components to signatures of known good components Test current applied across a component is limited When used carefully this technique is non destructive and does not damage any components ASA has many advantages as a proven fast and effective troubleshooting technique You can m Troubleshoot circuitry that cannot be powered up due to a shorted condition m Troubleshoot in a qualitative mode allowing you to see physical problems with a suspect component m Compare device characteristics with known types for better matching m Eliminate risk of accidental shorting across other points during POWER ON testing which could further damage the component or other components on the board m Minimize the risk of shock hazard since the ASA troubleshooting approach requires no power applied to the circuitry Perform preventative maintenance by seeing flaws in components that could possibly lead to untimely failures Look at replacement components before they are installed in circuitry to re
38. NT UNDER TEST SINE WAVE GENERATOR Ve Fo COMMON CRT R Source Resistance V Source Voltage R Load Resistance F Source Frequency Figure 3 2 TR 210 Core Circuit Block Diagram Each test signal or range has two parameters source voltage V and resistance R and source frequency F When using ASA for troubleshooting the objective is to select the range that will display the most descriptive analog signature information The TR 210 can readily accomplish this by changing the proper range parameter The range of the test signal can be used to enhance or disregard semiconductor switching and avalanche characteristics The F or frequency of the test signal source can be used to enhance or disregard the reactive factor capacitance or inductance of a component The voltage across the component under test controls the amount of horizontal trace deflection on the oscilloscope display When the component under test is removed creating an open circuit e g R the voltage at the output terminals is at ts maximum and thus the trace on the display is a straight horizontal line with its maximum width When the test signal 1s positive this means that the voltage and current are positive so the signature s trace is on the right hand side of the oscilloscope display When the test signal is negative the voltage and current are negative so the trace is in the left hand side of the display Turn on the TR 2
39. QUENTIAL DAMAGES IRRESPECTIVE OF WHETHER TEKTRONIX OR THE VENDOR HAS ADVANCE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES Contacting Tektronix Product Support Service Support For other information To write us For application oriented questions about a Tektronix measure ment product call toll free in North America 1 800 TEK WIDE 1 800 835 9433 ext 2400 6 00 a m 5 00 p m Pacific time Or contact us by e mail tm_app_supp tek com For product support outside of North America contact your local Tektronix distributor or sales office Contact your local Tektronix distributor or sales office Or visit our web site for a listing of worldwide service locations http www tek com In North America 1 800 TEK WIDE 1 800 835 9433 An operator will direct your call Tektronix Inc P O Box 500 Beaverton OR 97077 E 7 Contents General Safety Summary auuskenee a nace ees V Introduction and Specifications sssssssssssssssssssossscscccsscscccccccccsccosssssscsssssee 1 1 What s S shat re Analysis onses hemlet nicn snail 1 2 Power Coni oura erene R 1 3 Sietial Fuse Replacement esris u eb 1 4 50 G0HZ Selector SWIC uns aa ee 1 4 Wiripae kne Your TR2 W222 2a a a ales 1 4 Ins E ae ee ee sen er 1 5 Operations tie ER 210 2 ee en ae 1 6 Se CIC A ON ee ee ee 1 8 ACCESS OH Soho a latest ele ne depts het an etd ceten aes 1 12 A OQuick Tours nisse 2 1 Pront Pan Wesel E nee 2 2 A Keg IN PEE E E AAE AE ET AE
40. SERVICEABLE nE oo serene Signal Fuse UN CAUTION lee is p Aam vo R g PRAGE WITH SANE TYEE AND BANG DE RURE Hz I Hz Remote Switch J RED PROBE MAK A CHANNEL SCAN LOWI LOW2 MEDI MED2 HIGH ast PULSE GENERATOR Bmax amp a o e e e e O lz To Device Under Test A eo xw oe Is m e A BLACK PROBE COM ii BP ee elie COM L PE oe i i J lt 3 Ea f ef 2 a k Oscilloscope X Y X Y y Figure 1 3 Typical TR 210 to Oscilloscope connection 2 Using BNC cables connect the first oscilloscope channel 1 or X to the Horizontal X channel of the TR 210 Connect the second oscilloscope channel 2 or Y to the Vertical Y channel of the TR 210 3 Connect the power cord to the TR 210 and switch the unit on TR 210 User Manual 1 5 Introduction and Specifications Operating the TR 210 1 6 Setup the oscilloscope as follows 1 V div vertical scale on each channel 5 ms div time base Trigger on channel 1 X Y mode The TR 210 will be in the LOW2 range Adjust the Horizontal position so that the open circuit trace which should be a horizontal line is at the horizontal crosshair of the graticule Connect the test probes to the front panel A and COM terminals of the TR 210 Short the test terminals A vertical Trace will be displayed Adjust the vertical position of the trace so that it is at the vertical crosshair of the graticule You are now ready to use the TR 210 To select a test range press one of
41. TR 210 s A test terminal to the triac s MT2 lead Connect the black test probe from TR 210 s Common test terminal to the triac s MT1 lead Turn the Level knob clockwise to increase the voltage level Observe the TRIAC begin to conduct first in a forward direction and then in a reverse direction You will see that the TRIAC is turned on by pulses of either polarity TR 210 User Manual Testing Discrete Semiconductors Pole 1b 4 i eo amp It J ee ek Pulse Pulse Figure 5 44 TRIAC Signatures with the Pulse Generator Test MED2 Range Review Applications TR 210 User Manual Solid state photosensitive switch components are turned on by light SCRs and TRIACs are solid state switches that are turned on by a control input pin called a gate SCRs conduct current in one direction while TRIACs conduct current in both directions The TR 210 can also dynamically test optocouplers and phototransistors These components are commonly found in isolation and switching circuits Their operation can slowly deteriorate making them intermittent This type of problem is extremely difficult to troubleshoot With analog signature analysis the TR 210 will detect small amounts of degradation in an optocoupler s LED and the phototransistor s emitter collector junction The SCR and TRIAC can also be a problem to troubleshoot They may be used to switch large currents Quite often these components
42. User Manual Tektronix 7 TR 210 Tracker 071 0114 01 Ce Copyright Tektronix Inc All rights reserved Tektronix products are covered by U S and foreign patents issued and pending Information in this publication supercedes that in all previously published material Specifications and price change privileges reserved Printed in the U S A Tektronix Inc PO Box 500 Beaverton OR 97077 TEKTRONIX and TEK are registered trademarks of Tektronix Inc Huntron and Tracker are registered trademarks of Huntron Inc WARRANTY Tektronix warrants that the products that it manufactures and sells will be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one 1 year from the date of purchase from an authorized Tektronix distributor If any such product proves defective during this warranty period Tektronix at its option either will repair the defective product without charge for parts and labor or will provide a replacement in exchange for the defective product Batteries are excluded from this warranty In order to obtain service under this warranty Customer must notify Tektronix of the defect before the expiration of the warranty period and make suitable arrangements for the performance of service Customer shall be responsible for packaging and shipping the defective product to the service center designated by Tektronix shipping charges prepaid and with a copy of customer proof of purchase Tektronix shall pay for the
43. by the LV family s lower voltage characteristics Compare these signatures with the CMOS logic family and other discrete components such as transistors and diodes Note that these signatures have some common similarities with the other components analog signature we have seen already TR 210 User Manual 6 17 Testing Integrated Circuits Review Applications 6 18 Integrated circuits are complex devices that are built using basic electronic components The IC signatures resemble regular and zener diode signatures There are many causes for IC failures and the TR 210 can display its health as resistive leakage an open or a short Functionally identical pins on a single IC out of circuit will display the same signature The most common point for reference is ground but Vcc or another point might give a more informative signature Testing for faulty Cis is one of the more common uses for the TRfT210 A technician can compare ICis in or out of circuit TR 210 User Manual
44. cturers may have different signatures o IN OUT m 7805 iiil GND IGO Figure 6 14 Diagram and Symbol of a Linear Voltage Regulator 7805 ae a Input MED2 range Output pin MED2 range Figure 6 15 Signatures of a 7805 Voltage Regulator by SGS Thomson Ground Pin to Common 6 14 TR 210 User Manual Review Applications TR 210 User Manual Testing Integrated Circuits oa eee Lo 4 moa N e d A Input ME D2 range Output pin MED2 range Figure 6 16 Signatures of a 7805 Voltage Regulator by Motorola Ground Pin to Common Integrated circuits are complex devices that are built using basic electronic components The IC signatures resemble zener diodes There are many causes for IC failures and the TR 210 can display its health as resistive leakage an open or a short Functionally identical pins on a single IC out of circuit will display the same signature The most common point for reference is ground but Vcc or another point might give a more informative signature Different analog IC families exhibit different characteristic signatures Testing for faulty Cis is one of the more common uses for the TR 210 A technician can compare ICis in or out of circuit 6 15 Testing Integrated Circuits Low Voltage 6 16 There is a new family of logic that offers lower dynamic power consumption lower operating voltages higher output drive faster AC speed
45. d FS m Zener diodes are special diodes that conduct when reverse biased at a specific voltage Applications m Diode damage or degradation can appear as a loss of sharpness or rounding in the ikneei m While faulty diodes display resistive current and voltage legs they are usually nonlinear or curved m The polarity of an unmarked diode can be determined by the orientation of the display with a known diode m The TR T210 can be used to identify an unknown zener diode If the zener diode is damaged locate a good one possibly on another board or in the same circuit and use the TR 210 to approximate the voltage 5 8 TR 210 User Manual Testing Discrete Semiconductors Transistors A bipolar transistor is a three layer device There are two basic types A pnp transistor has a layer of n type silicon material sandwiched between two layers of p type material A npn transistor has a layer of p type silicon material sandwiched between two layers of n type material Figure 5 15 shows the relationship between type of material and circuit symbol for a pnp and a npn transistor C C B E E BASE BASE Figure 5 15 Diagram Of A NPN And PNP Bipolar Transistor Bipolar Transistor Signatures In order to better understand the signatures that transistors create on the TRT210 we can model these devices in terms of equivalent diode circuits These are shown in figure 5 16 These figures show that the collector based junction analog signa
46. d power supply ground We can use this characteristic to develop an effective model for troubleshooting digital logic chips 60Vpk 60Vpk MAK A CHANNEL SCAN LOWI LOW MEDI meon Heh Qo fAPULSE GENERATOR AX a e e j e e e e O 5060 200 2000 ALT le LEVEL RATE s PULSE e B Tektronix TR210 _ pe O OM ra Huntron Tracker h COMMON COMMON TEST TEST LEAD LEAD l Figure 6 9 TR 210 with Test Leads Setup for Comparing 2 ICs food co eo en ca 6 8 TR 210 User Manual Testing Integrated Circuits Comparison Testing for Digital ICs Do the following to setup comparison testing and display the analog signatures of a digital IC 1 Press the MED1 range button 2 Set the test signal frequency to 50 60 Hz 3 Place or connect the black or blue ground clip lead from the TR 210 Common terminal to both reference and suspect IC or boards ground pin 4 Place or clip the black test lead from the TRf210 B test terminal to the suspect IC s pin For this example start with pin 1 of the suspect IC 5 Place or clip the red test lead from the TR 210 A test terminal to the reference or known good IC s pin For this example start with pin of the known good IC 6 Push the Channel A button Observe the signature This is the signature of the pin of th
47. display the signature of a single component Diodes can fail in a number of ways and each type of failure will cause the signature to change The defective diodes often appear as open and short signatures Two other types of flaws are internal resistance and leakage TR 210 User Manual Testing Discrete Semiconductors Internal Resistance Flaw in a Diode Figure 5 8 Defective Diode Model With A Small Series Resistor Sf J J LOW2 range MEDI range MED2 range Figure 5 9 Defective Diode Signature with a 50 Series Resistor The LOW2 range shows that there is a resistive component to the signature when the diode is conducting This is the result of a defect in the diode s internal PN junction The resistance is visible only in LOW2 range because the voltage drop across itis small In the other two ranges the resistance is masked due to the internal resistances being too large to show such a small voltage drop TR 210 User Manual 5 5 Testing Discrete Semiconductors Internal Leakage Flaw in a Diode Figure 5 10 Defective Diode Model with an Internal Leakage Resistance J Oa J ar ea i I 114 MEDI MED2 Figure 5 11 Signature of a Diode with Internal Leakage Flaw 1N914 Diode with a 10 KQ Resistor in Parallel Zener Diodes 5 6 Notice that in LOW2 range there does not seem to be any problem but that in both medium ranges you can see the diode conducting when
48. duce the risk of installing defective ones TR 210 User Manual Introduction and Specifications The Tektronix TR 210 graphically displays the analog signature when connected to two terminals of a component for visual interpretation ASA may be universally applied to any type of passive component like a resistor capacitor or inductor or a solid state semiconductor component like a diode transistor SCR digital analog or mixed signal IC When troubleshooting a board the resultant signature is a composite of various component signatures at a particular node in the circuitry By understanding what different signatures mean you can determine which components are faulty Power Configuration position and install the correct fuse before applying line power CAUTION To avoid product damage set the line selector switch to the correct Line Selector Switch The Line Selector Switch located on the TR 210 s back panel selects between 100 115VAC and 230VAC Slide the switch to the line voltage that you will be using Line Fuse The power entry module on the TR 210 includes the power switch 0 OFF 1 ON power cord connector and a removable tray which holds the line fuse and a spare fuse Make sure that replacement fuses are of the type and current rating specified If necessary insert the specified line fuse see line fuse specification on page 1 9 into the fuse tray
49. e following to display the analog signature of a diode 1 Turn power on to your TRT210 2 Press the LOW2 range button 3 Place or clip the red test lead from the TRfT210 s A test terminal to anode lead of the diode 4 Place or clip the black test lead from the TRT210 s Common terminal to anode lead of the diode e e e e jjo e e 50 60 200 2000 oO 60Vpk MAX A CHANNEL SCAN LOW LOW2 MEDI MED2 HIGH act PULSE GENERATO B MAX LEVEL o lo Tektronix TR210 7 Huntron Tracker BE Figure 5 3 TR 210 with Probes to a Diode TR 210 User Manual Testing Discrete Semiconductors lH LOW2 LOWI Figure 5 4 Signature of a 1N914 Type Silicon Diode Affects of Frequency F on the Diode Signature With the LOW2 range selected and the test signal frequency of 60 Hz the signature of the diode is shown on the left figure below Changing only the test signal frequency to 2000 Hz displays the signature on the right At Fs 2000 Hz the diode s signature has slight circular loop added to it This loop in the signature is due to a physical characteristic of diodes called junction capacitance 60 Hz 2000 Hz Figure 5 5 Signature of a 1N914 Diode at Different Frequencies The Composite Diode Signature TR 210 User Manual A composite analog
50. e known good component 7 Push the Channel B button Observe the signature This is the signature of the pin of the suspect component Or press the Alt button to display the A and B channels alternately Rotate the Rate knob to change the speed of alternating between the two channels 8 Visually compare the reference signature channel A with the suspect signature channel B 9 Keep the red probe on pin 1 an input pin Probe all the other input pins of the suspect component with the black probe until you have identified all the pins that have signatures that are the same as pin 1 10 Move the red probe on pin 2 an output pin Probe all the other output pins of the suspect component with the black probe until you have identified all the pins that have signatures that are the same as pin 2 TR 210 User Manual 6 9 Testing Integrated Circuits Review Applications 6 10 Integrated circuits are complex devices that are built using basic electronic components The IC signatures resemble zener diodes There are many causes for IC failures and the TR 210 can display its health as resistive leakage an open or a short Functionally identical pins on a single IC out of circuit will display the same signature The most common point for reference is ground but Vcc or another point might give a more informative signature Different logic families exhibit different characteristic signatures To simplify the large number
51. e signature is known as the classic chair pattern that is common in many solid state semiconductor components COMMON ORT Figure 5 12 TR 210 Core Circuit Block Diagram with a Zener Diode od Figure 5 13 Single Zener Diode and 2 Zener Diodes in Series Poo ke pk Fo m Single 1N5239B Zener Diode Zener Diodes in Series 1N5239B Figure 5 14 Signature of a Single Zener Diode and 2 Zener Diodes in Series MED2 Range 5 7 Testing Discrete Semiconductors Since each horizontal division on the CRT graticule in MED range is approximately 5 volts from the signature on the left you can estimate that this is about a 9 volt zener diode The signature at the right is the signature of two zener diodes connected in series The Zener voltage Vz of this circuit is the sum Vz of each of the separate diodes The signature shows this voltage to be approximately 18 volts Review m Diodes conduct current in one direction forward biased and not the other The diode s analog signature displays this characteristic as the iknee effect or pattern m Diodes have polarity an anode and a cathode m Diode defects other than opens and shorts are usually resistive m A diode in series or parallel with a resistor or capacitor will create a composite signature displaying both characteristics The TRT210 makes it easier to separate these characteristics from composite signatures using the two parameters range an
52. een see ee she 5 8 Hansen es Tet er CURT E rats 5 9 Bipolar Transist f Si NaMe Seanina O 5 9 Bipolar Transistor Base Collector Signatures ccccccccccssseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaes 5 10 Identifying Unknown Transistors aussen e 5 12 Darlington Bipolar Transistor Sigmatures ccccccccccceeessseeseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaas 5 14 Using the Pulse Generator to Test Transistor Operation 222220eee 5 15 Analyzing the Active Characteristics of a Transistor 5 16 Bey Were ee soar sae eh bean Nee ee 5 17 APD ION essen es nen ren ernie sense 5 18 ODUCaESWICH See ee ee 5 18 PROOI S Or se ee een 5 19 TR 210 User Manual Contents Optocoupler Dynamic Testin ich Sec eons ee ei 5 20 Optocoupler SiON ANNES acacia each A 5 20 SER an A Ua 1 see ee ren merrier mewn Morne merry ee 5 22 Silicon Controlled Rectifiers SCRS ccc ceeecccesecccsecseesecseeesseeesceeeees 5 22 ACUVe Lesne 01 an SC Regier aarti er ah te et tia 5 24 Ta Van states ap esas sitet E aaa ae E ate ome nese ogee tanedecias asa 5 25 Active Lesung Or DIIS a 5 26 Review see een 5 27 Apple One Te ene RC ee ETD EIR TEE eae ASA RO ee 5 27 Testing Integrated Circus 6 1 Disitallnte star d Crisis ae 6 1 Iniesrated Cirean Faliressa ans Esel 6 1 Disital Intesrated Circuit SeHaires ee 6 2 SIEnatures Ol a Diet alle esse series 6 3 Signatures for Different Logic Chip Families 000ssssssesnnneneeseeeeeeenn 6 4 Comiparine Two TIL Famnilesanaes ae ae ea 6 4
53. een the test terminals The current is represented by the vertical axis and is derived as a Series current that flows through TRT210is internal resistance Rs The voltage is represented by the horizontal axis and is derived as a voltage across the inductor The formula for the reactance X of an inductor is XL 27fL As the test signal frequency increases the inductive reactance X becomes larger As a result the inductoris analog signature will change from a rounder elliptical to a flatter resistive type pattern The size and shape of the ellipse depend on the inductor value test signal frequency and the selected ranges internal resistance Rs Since inductors in reality are not pure inductors the elliptical signatures they form on the oscilloscopes display are sometimes distorted Inductors constructed with a ferrite core makes the inductive characteristics different from those constructed without The TR 210 responds with a unique analog signature for each inductor type Inductors display elliptical signatures similar to capacitors Since the inductor also exhibits resistance due to its construction the ellipse may be tilted m As the TR 210 test signalis frequency is increased the ellipse signature becomes flatter This response is opposite to that of a capacitor TR 210 User Manual Applications TR210 User Manual Testing Passive Components As the TR 210 range increases an inductor s signature becomes more vertical
54. es that can be seen in on the CRT display Inductors like capacitors have elliptical analog signatures Also like capacitors an inductor s reactance resistance to an AC test signal is dependent on the test signal s frequency Because of the way they are constructed using wire which some amount of resistance in it it is hard to find a pure inductance An inductor s analog signature will usually be an elliptical pattern with a some slope or tilt to it due to the resistance of the coil wire 4 11 Testing Passive Components Inductor Analog Signatures 4 12 The goal of this part is to explore some inductive signatures and to help you understand how inductor signatures are related to The inductance L in uH of the circuit under test The frequency Fs in Hz of the test signal The active range of the TR 210 Turn power on to your TRT210 Plug the red test microprobe in the A jack and the black test clip lead in the Common jack Do the following to display the analog signature of an inductor 1 Press the LOW2 range button 2 The LED will be on to indicate that the LOW2 range is activae 3 Place or clip each test lead on the opposite ends of an inductor and observe the signature on the Oscilloscope CRT display 60Vpk A CHANNEL SCAN Low Low2 MED1 MED2 HIGH act e e e Je jjo jije e ale 50 60 200 2000 O er S Tektronix TR210 7 Huntr ri on Tracker
55. est signal can be setup so that the switch s analog signature will verify its switching function The goal of this section is to develop a test strategy using ASA to test the switching function This is not a complete test but it will be enough to determine whether or not the device is functioning as a switch Manually Operated Mechanical Switches A mechanical switch has two states it is either open or closed When open no current can flow when closed it acts as a short and allows current to flow The TR 210 can test the switching function of mechanically activated switches easily Unlike the DVM that samples and gives a continuity measurement the TRT210 displays real time activity so if a switch has noisy or intermittent operation its analog signature on TRT210 s display will reflect these conditions Turn power on to your TR 210 Plug the red test microprobe in the A jack and the black test clip lead in the Common jack Do the following to display the analog signature of a mechanical switch 1 Press the LOW2 range button 2 The LED will be on indicating that the LOW2 range is activated 3 Place or clip each test lead to the switch leads and observe its signature on the CRT display 4 Turn the switch to its on or off position 4 16 TR 210 User Manual Testing Passive Components 60Vpk M NEL SCAN LOW1 LOW2 MED1 MED2 HIGH ejeje jjo 50 60 200 2000 z
56. h 9 and 11 through 18 are all the same function Each pin is connected to both an input and an output of a buffer m Circuit 2 Pins 1 and 19 although they have different names are both enables and are inputs to AND gates m Circuit 3 Power supply ground input pin 10 m Circuit 4 Power supply Vcc input pin 20 Each circuit type will produce a different analog signature Because there are only four types of circuits on the chip there will be only four unique analog signatures when out of circuit TR 210 User Manual Testing Integrated Circuits Signatures of a Digital IC Do the following to display the analog signatures of a digital IC out of circuit 1 Press the MED1 range button 2 Place or clip the black test lead from the TRf210 Common terminal to the IC s ground pin For this example the ground pin of the 74LS245 is pin 10 3 Use the red test lead from the TR 210 A test terminal Probe each pin of the IC and view its signature on Oscilloscopes CRT display For this example pins 2 to 9 and 11 to 18 are all buffer circuits so they will have identical signatures Note This is only for ICs out of circuit 4 Use the red test lead from the TR 210 A test terminal Probe the enable input pins of the IC and view their signatures on the display For this example the enable pins of the 74LS245 are pin and 19 and will have the same signatures Note This is only for ICs out of circuit 5 Probe the power supply VCC
57. has a signature that looks similar to a short circuit And likewise a small value capacitor has a signature that s similar to an open circuit 4 8 TR 210 User Manual Testing Passive Components Understanding Capacitor Analog Signatures COMMON CRT Figure 4 10 TR 210 Core Circuit Block Diagram With A Capacitor The Oscilloscopes CRT displays as a response to the test signal an analog signature that represents the relationship between voltage current and resistance of acomponent For circuits that contain capacitors the effective resistance is called capacitive reactance Xc The mathematical formula is 01 An fC Cc Xc 1s inversely related to both capacitance and frequency So to review and summarize capacitive analog signatures up to this point m Changing capacitance As the capacitance of a circuit increases the capacitive reactance Xc decreases This means that when capacitance increases the amount of current in the component or circuit will increase On the TRT210 the elliptical signature will become increasingly vertical that implies more current flow m Changing frequency Fs As the frequency of the test signal increases the capacitive reactance Xc will decrease and the amount of current in the circuit will increase On the TRT210 the elliptical signature will become increasingly vertical that implies more current flow m Changing the range from LOW to HIGH the following occurs Xc of the capacitor is
58. l Testing Discrete Semiconductors 2 Connect the black test lead or easy grabber from TR 210 s Common test terminal to the transistor emitter lead and the diode cathode lead of the optocoupler 3 Connect the red test lead or easy grabber from TR 210 s A test terminal to the transistor collector lead N A CHANNEL SCAN LWI LOW mebi meo Hea Qe fAPULSE GENERATO a e _ e ejlieji e e e e 50160 200 2000 O aT S r RATE B Tektronix TR210 nd Huntron Tracker A Figure 5 35 Pulse Generator Test Circuit for an Optocoupler 4 Connect the pulse generator G1 output with the blue easy grabber test clip to the diode anode lead 5 Press the Pulse DC button and press the button to select a positive DC voltage level These buttons should not be flashing 6 Rotate the Level knob until it is approximately half way 7 Notice that the Junction turns on and off as you vary the DC level above and below its on state voltage level BE Po 4 Off On Figure 5 36 Signatures of an Optocoupler 4N33 Type MED1 TR 210 User Manual 5 21 Testing Discrete Semiconductors SCRs and Triacs A SCR and triac are semiconductor components that are used in switching applications A SCR silicon controlled rectifier 1s used for DC switching circuits A triac is used for AC switching circ
59. l frequency to 50 60 Hz 3 Place or clip the black test lead from the TR 210 Common terminal to the IC s ground pin For this example the ground pin of the 74LVQ245 is pin 10 TR 210 User Manual Testing Integrated Circuits 4 Use the red test lead from the TRf210 A test terminal and probe each pin of the IC For this example pins 2 to 9 and 11 to 18 are all buffer circuits so they will have identical signatures Note This is only for ICs out of circuit 5 Use the red test lead from the TR 210 A test terminal and probe the enable input pins For this example the enable pins of the 74LVQ245 are pin 1 and 19 and will have the same signatures Note This is only for Cs out of circuit 6 Use the red test lead from the TR 210 A test terminal and probe the power supply VCC input pin For this example the VCC pin of the 74LV Q245 is pin 20 rol od I rol od I rol Buffer pins LOW1 range Enable pins LOW1 range V Power pin LOW1 range Figure 6 18 Signatures of a Low Voltage IC 74LVQ45 Type Ground Pin to Common The LOW 1 test range have been developed to enhance the resistive fault signatures that are commonly found when troubleshooting this logic family The test signal voltage VS is lower than theLOW 2 range to ensure that most descriptive signature is displayed A higher VS may result is a signature going toward a short with would mask out flaws The short signature can be attributed
60. l to collector lead of the component 3 Place or clip the black test lead from the TRT210 s Common terminal to emitter lead of the component PULSE GENERATO 60Vpk MAX A CHANNEL SCAN LOW LOW2 MEDI MED2 HIGH act A oe e e Je Je Je 50 60 200 2000 k Tektronix TR210 Huntr ri tron Tracker LEVEL Q gt m fe lo CBE Figure 5 32 TR 210 with Test Probes to a Phototransistor 5 19 Testing Discrete Semiconductors 4 a Eu to Bu No Light With Light Figure 5 33 Signatures of a NPN Phototransistor MRD3056 Type MED1 C E Junction The phototransistor s signature is similar to a diode s signature in reverse breakdown mode when not activated by light and as a short signature when activated by a bright external light Optocoupler Dynamic Testing The TR 210is pulse generator can perform a dynamic test of optocouplers Apply the pulse generator s output to the control input of a switching device and connect TR 210 s test leads across the component s switch terminals Observe the optocoupler s signature for on and off states A C gt di R j E Figure 5 34 Diagram of an Optocoupler Optocoupler Signatures Do the following to display the analog signature of a optocoupler 1 Press the MED1 range button 5 20 TR 210 User Manua
61. lower noise and better dynamic thresholds than HC CMOS These features make this family attractive for low power applications such as battery operated portable applications that is laptop computers pagers phones etc In order to achieve this new improved level of performance the manufacturers of this LV low voltage family of logic ICs have redesigned the internal structure of the device Some manufacturers have changed the input structure by eliminating the input protection diode to VCC Similarly the design of the output structure also has changed by eliminating the output protection diode to VCC and replacing it with a N Channel pull up transistor As a result of these changes the analog signatures of the LV logic family are different from the conventional HC logic family The TR 210 has the built in SMT test range group which has been optimized for this LV logic SMT is an abbreviation for surface mount technology and refers to the physical IC package type in which the LV logic family is commonly available 60Vpk SCAN LOW LOW2 MED MED2 HIGH act e e Je Je jjo Je e 50 60 200 2000 J H Tektronix TR210 7 Huntron Tracker Figure 6 17 TR 210 with Test Probes to a 20 Pin Surface Mount IC 1 Press the LOW1 range button 2 Set the test signa
62. n FET etc The TR 210 can be used to identify the polarity of a transistor PNP or NPN The TRT210 can be used to determine the base collector and emitter on an unknown transistor The TR 210 can be used to match the gain beta of two transistors The above techniques of identification are invaluable when repairing foreign electronics and systems without schematics Use the MED2 range when testing high frequency RF transistors Use the LOW 2 or MED 1 range when testing power MOSFET transistors There are two types of optical switches phototransistors and optocouplers Phototransistors can be used in two modes depending on the application It can be used as either a light activated transistor or as a light activated diode In either mode light is used to turn it on and allow current to flow The optocoupler consists of a light emitting diode and a phototransistor in the same package They are electrically isolated When the diode is turned on by an external signal it radiates light This light falls on the phototransistor base junction that results in the device turning on 5 18 TR 210 User Manual Phototransistors TR 210 User Manual Testing Discrete Semiconductors LIGHT SOURCE N c B E Figure 5 31 Phototransistor Schematic Diagram Do the following to display the analog signature of a phototransistor 1 Press the MED1 range button 2 Place or clip the red test lead from the TRT210 s A test termina
63. n circuit may be very challenging These circuits usually have numerous connections that act as feedback or compensation loops This results in almost an infinite number of possible analog signatures Use the comparison test method when troubleshooting op amps in circuit In this case components on a suspect board is compared to those on a known good board The TR 210 can help locate the defective component quickly The op amp has three main terminals input input and output An alternative way to test an op amp is to connect the TRf210 Common terminal to the op amp s output while making a comparison with the red test probe to the 1 and then the i i leg This eliminates problems encountered when probing op amps that are isolated from power and common When there is more than one op amp in a package compare one with the other The dual op amp and quad op amps are very common This technique also works with comparators 6 13 Testing Integrated Circuits Linear Voltage Regulators Voltage regulators are commonly found in many electronic assemblies One of the most popular integrated circuit of this type is the three terminal device like the 7805 a 5 volt DC regulator The next figure shows the schematic and pin layout of the 7805 regulator Different manufacturers implement their products with different topologies and manufacturing processes So it s not unexpected that the same functionally equivalent component from different manufa
64. n jack CAUTION The device to be tested must have all power turned off and have all AN high voltage capacitors discharged before connecting the TR 210 to the device Do the following to display the analog signature of a capacitor 1 Press the LOW2 range button 2 The button s LED will be on indicating that the LOW2 range is active 3 Place or clip a test lead on the opposite ends of a resistor and observe the signature on the Oscilloscope s display TR210 User Manual 4 7 Testing Passive Components 60Vpk CHANNEL SCAN LOWI LOW MEDI MED HIGH PULSE GENERATO e e Je Je jjo 5o60 200 2000 oO Tektronix TR210 7 Huntr ri tron Tracker Q gt 10O gt m fe le COMMON TEST LEAD Figure 4 8 TR 210 with Test Probes Connected to a Capacitor The Signatures of Different Capacitors in LOW2 Range The figure below shows analog signatures for four different value capacitors 1000 uf 100 uf 10 uf and luf The TRT210 LOW2 range is selected T EY le Peto MeT Rol IKT HD en aus 1000 uF 100 uF 10 UF 1 uF Figure 4 9 Signatures Of 4 Capacitors In the LOW2 Range Note that as the capacitance values decrease each signature changes from a vertical elliptical pattern to a horizontal elliptical pattern In ASA a large value capacitor
65. not affected Vs increases so current decreases proportionately The elliptical signature becomes increasingly vertical TR210 User Manual 4 9 Testing Passive Components Capacitor Failures Leakage 4 10 One common physical failure in capacitors is dielectric leakage The dielectric or insulator in a capacitor normally acts as a non conductor between the capacitor s two plates A flawed capacitor develops a conductive or leakage path between its two plates This can be thought of as a resistance in parallel with the capacitance when observing its analog signature The following examples show what some capacitor leakage problems may look like on the TR 210 display Normal Capacitor Leaky Capacitor Figure 4 11 Signatures of a 100 uF Capacitor with Dielectric Leakage LOW2 Range F 60 Hz This example only simulates the leakage flaw by adding a 100 Q resistor in parallel to a 100 WF capacitor It shows the signature change from a normal circular ellipse pattern to a sloped and depressed vertical pattern The signature of a real capacitive leakage would be quite similar to this example Another example of capacitive leakage is shown for a 10 uF capacitor Normal Capacitor Leaky Capacitor Figure 4 12 Signatures of a 10 uF Capacitor with Dielectric Leakage LOW2 Range F 60 Hz Again this example only simulates the leakage flaw by adding a 68 Q resistor in parallel to a 10 uF capacitor It show
66. ns or practices that could result in damage to this product or other property Terms on the Product These terms may appear on the product DANGER indicates an injury hazard immediately accessible as you read the marking WARNING indicates an injury hazard not immediately accessible as you read the marking CAUTION indicates a hazard to property including the product Symbols on the Product The following symbols may appear on the product A A WARNING Protective Ground CAUTION Fuse High Voltage Earth Terminal Refer to Manual TR 210 User Manual a Introduction and Specifications Figure 1 1 TR 210 TR 210 User Manual The Tektronix TR 210 is an accessory to an oscilloscope which allows power off troubleshooting of electronic circuits by using the technique of Analog Signature Analysis This signature shows the V I characteristics of an electronic device which when compared with a known good device can assist in locating faulty components of a circuit without applying power to the board under test This technique of troubleshooting simply involves the visual comparison of circuit signatures which can assist in isolating circuit failures due to opens shorts device leakage ESD damage power supply over voltage and transients 1 1 Introduction and Specifications What is Analog Signature Analysis Analog Signature Analysis or ASA is a unique power off troubleshooting technique
67. o a voltage source Ground the Product This product is grounded through the grounding conductor of the power cord To avoid electric shock the grounding conductor must be connected to earth ground Before making connections to the input or output terminals of the product ensure that the product is properly grounded Observe All Terminal Ratings To avoid fire or shock hazard observe all ratings and markings on the product Consult the product manual for further ratings information before making connections to the product Do not apply a potential to any terminal including the common terminal that exceeds the maximum rating of that terminal Do Not Operate Without Covers Do not operate this product with covers or panels removed Use Proper Fuse Use only the fuse type and rating specified for this product Avoid Exposed Circuitry Do not touch exposed connections and components when power is present Do Not Operate With Suspected Failures If you suspect there is damage to this product have it inspected by qualified service personnel Do Not Operate in Wet Damp Conditions Do Not Operate in an Explosive Atmosphere Keep Product Surfaces Clean and Dry General Safety Summary vi Symbols and Terms A ZN Terms in this Manual These terms may appear in this manual WARNING Warning statements identify conditions or practices that could result in injury or loss of life CAUTION Caution statements identify conditio
68. of signature variations use the comparison test strategy with the TRf210 The TRT210 features alternately switching display of the A and B channels to allow comparison of two individual signatures Testing for faulty Cis is one of the more common uses for the TR 210 A technician can compare ICis in or out of circuit TR 210 User Manual Testing Integrated Circuits Analog Circuits Analog components and circuits represent another family of integrated circuit components and include operational amplifiers op amps comparators references regulators timers and many other specialized functions These components and circuits present more troubleshooting challenges that are unique to this particular family of ICs Op Amps Frequently each pin of an op amp creates a different signature on the TR 210 This signature is the result of the internal design of the chip and both the internal and external circuit elements connected to it This type of analog component typically has many internal junctions connected to each pin and each pin may also be connected to numerous external components The following example will demonstrate ASA with a commonly used 741 type op amp In this case it is configured as an inverting amplifier circuit as in the schematic below out Figure 6 10 Op Amp Symbol and Schematic Diagram of an Inverter Circuit We will examine the signatures of this analog IC and present some troubleshooting concepts for this type
69. oing to the computer Turn the computer power switch to the On position If there is a response on the ProTrack display adjust the test range for the most pronounced inductive signature Flick the power switch off and on and watch for noisy switch contacts If there is no response start by checking each component up to the primary winding of the transformer With this technique we have just verified the AC cord the AC noise filter the fuse the power switch and the primary winding of the transformer without removing the cover of the computer Another simple test for a speaker or microphone is to apply the TR 210 signal in LOW2 range to the device input leads and listen for the 60 Hz tone or audible hum To test solenoids connect the test probes to the coil leads and manually move the plunger or activator in and out while observing if its signature changes 4 15 Testing Passive Components Electromechanical Switching Components Switches are electrical devices that either stop or allow current to flow ina circuit They are either in an on or off state Switching devices come in all types and sizes There are simple mechanical switches relays optical switches and many kinds of semiconductor switches They are different because each uses a different kind of stimulus to turn them on or off Because there are so many kinds of switching devices there is no single testing procedure that will test them all completely With the TR 210 the t
70. olts The collector emitter signature of a NPN transistor looks similar to a reverse biased diode with the knee at approximately 7 volts All bipolar junction transistors have essentially the same looking signatures Identifying Unknown Transistors 5 12 A Sometimes we need to identify unknown transistors We may need to replace one in a circuit for which we do not have a schematic The TR 210 makes this a relatively simple procedure because each type of junction has a characteristic signature This makes it possible to identify each of the terminals and the polarity of the transistor CAUTION A high frequency bipolar transistor can be degraded by excessive reverse current in its base emitter junction The degradation results in a loss of current gain hFE To minimize the possibility of degrading a high frequency bipolar transistor use only the MED 2 range when probing its terminals The gate in many power MOSFET transistors is not internally protected and can be damaged by excessive gate to source voltage To minimize the possibility of damage use only the LOW 2 or MED 1 range when probing power MOSFET transistors TR 210 User Manual Testing Discrete Semiconductors 60Vpk MAX A CHANNEL SCAN LOW LOW2 MEDI MED2 HIGH act e e e Je jjo e e 50 60 200 2000 k Tektronix TR210 1 Huntron Tr tron Tracker
71. ple of two hex inverters a 7404 and a 74LS04 from different logic families From the logic diagram below you can see that they have the same logic functions and pin order The difference is that the LS chip uses Schottky transistors in its internal construction for increased performance and reduced power consumption Note that there are only four types of circuit connections and therefore only four signatures on this chip inverter inputs inverter outputs VCC and ground 6 4 TR 210 User Manual Testing Integrated Circuits Pin 1 input MED1 range Figure 6 4 Signatures of a 7404 Hex Inverter Pin 2 output MED1 range Pin 14 power MED1 range Pin 1 input MED1 range 4 Pin 2 output MED1 range Figure 6 5 Signatures of 74LS04 Hex Inverter CMOS Logic Family TR 210 User Manual Pin 14 power MED1 range Note the differences between the two logic families They have the same logic function but different construction therefore different signatures To test one of these chips without another reference chip available just compare each input s signature with the other five inputs Similarly compare each output s signature with the other five outputs CMOS circuits are constructed differently than TTL circuits The inputs to CMOS transistors are capacitive due to the use of field effect transistors FET instead of bipolar transistors used in TTL 6
72. r COMMON TEST LEAD Figure 4 5 Using TR 210 to Test a Potentiometer TR210 User Manual 4 5 Testing Passive Components The TR 210 can be used to adjust a potentiometer in circuit to an approximate operational setting This application requires a known good board Adjust each potentiometer on the board under repair to match the settings on a known good operational board In most cases the board under repair can now be powered up to an operational state where it can be adjusted to true specifications Svak PULSE GENERATOR x A CHANNEL SCAN LOWI LOW2 MEDI MED2 HIGH act s ale ej e e j e e e e Le 50 60 200 2000 EVEL O A r e RATE m ze Tektronix TR210 COM a Huntron Tracker WIDTH COMMON TEST COMMON Figure 4 6 Using TR 210 to Compare Two Potentiometers Capacitors With a capacitor connected to the TRT210 the test signal across it responds quite differently than a resistor The typical analog signature of a capacitor is an elliptical circular pattern and this is due to the fact that relationship between the test signal s current and voltage are non linear The current s waveform is 90 degrees out of phase with respec
73. return of the product to Customer if the shipment is to a location within the country in which the Tektronix service center is located Customer shall be responsible for paying all shipping charges duties taxes and any other charges for products returned to any other locations This warranty shall not apply to any defect failure or damage caused by improper use or improper or inadequate maintenance and care Tektronix shall not be obligated to furnish service under this warranty a to repair damage resulting from attempts by personnel other than Tektronix representatives to install repair or service the product b to repair damage resulting from improper use or connection to incompatible equipment c to repair any damage or malfunction caused by the use of non Tektronix supplies or d to service a product that has been modified or integrated with other products when the effect of such modification or integration increases the time or difficulty of servicing the product THIS WARRANTY IS GIVEN BY TEKTRONIX WITH RESPECT TO THE LISTED PRODUCTS IN LIEU OF ANY OTHER WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED TEKTRONIX AND ITS VENDORS DISCLAIM ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE TEKTRONIX RESPONSIBILITY TO REPAIR OR REPLACE DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS IS THE SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY PROVIDED TO THE CUSTOMER FOR BREACH OF THIS WARRANTY TEKTRONIX AND ITS VENDORS WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT SPECIAL INCIDENTAL OR CONSE
74. rtical a short m As resistance increases ncurrent decreases nthe signature becomes more horizontal m As the range increases nthe volts per division of the horizontal axis increases nthe internal resistance increases nthe signature becomes more vertical 4 4 TR 210 User Manual Testing Passive Components Troubleshooting Applications m The TRf210 is a fast and efficient continuity tester providing real time information m The TRf210 will quickly locate resistor defects shorts opens and degradation that other testers cannot find m A majority of component failures are resistive in nature This is important to remember a component fault may only appear in one range because of the resistive nature of the fault m The TRf210is ability to determine the approximate fault resistance value greatly enhances the troubleshooting capability if the correct value is known m The Oscilloscopeis CRT is a real time display and using the TR 210 for testing noisy or dirty potentiometer variable resistors is an excellent application Connect TRT210 s test terminals to one fixed pot lead and the other to the pot s wiper lead Simply monitor the wiper signature while rotating the pot back and forth A flawed pot would have the telltale intermittent angular signature 60Vpk MAX A CHANNEL SCAN LOW LOW2 MEDI MED2 HIGH act G1 a e e Je Je jjo Je e 50 60 200 2000 ALE WI e e e ae e Tektronix TR 210 B Huntron Tracke
75. s or systems charged high voltage capacitors etc may cause the signal fuse to open An open signal fuse is indicated by channel A and B showing a short circuit signature at all times regardless if anything is connected across the probes When this condition occurs follow the directions in Signal Fuse Replacement on page 1 4 for replacing the signal fuse CAUTION The device to be tested must have all power turned off and have all AN high voltage capacitors discharged before connecting the TR 210 to the device TR 210 User Manual 2 1 A Quick Tour Front Panel Before you begin to use the TR 210 please take a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the instrument All of the externally accessible features are discussed in the following sections The front panel of the TR 210 is designed to ease access to its many features All buttons are momentary action type and most have adjacent LED indicators to show which functions are active Refer to Figure 2 1 and Table 2 1 for a detailed description of each item on the front panel 2 1 15 12 10 8 SCAN LOWI LOW2 MEDI MED2 HIGH A O o llo o o o o 50 60 200 2000 ALT O O O RATE BLO Tektronix TR 210 7 Huntron Tracker 6 5 14 Figure 2 1 TR 210 Front Panel With Callouts 2 2 TR 210 User Manual A Quick Tour Table 2 1 Front Panel Controls
76. s selected a zero to 5 Volt DC level is produced at Gl and G2 The polarity 1s again controlled by the positive and negative buttons Pressing the positive button enables a positive DC output and disables the negative button The negative button enables a negative DC output only when positive is off Using this configuration it is easy to change polarities with only one button first press the negative button which is remembered by the control logic then press the positive button which switches the output polarity to positive The next time the positive button is pressed the positive output is turned off which re enables the negative output Therefore each time the positive button is pressed the output polarity will toggle back and forth between positive and negative The Width control has no effect in DC modes 2 9 A Quick Tour 2 10 A variety of output waveforms is available using the pulse generator selector buttons as shown in Figure 2 7 First select the Pulse mode or the DC mode using the PULSE DC button In Pulse mode the LED flashes at a slow rate while in DC mode the LED is continuously on Then select the polarity of output desired using the positive and negative buttons All three buttons function in a push on push off mode and only interact with each other to avoid the NOT ALLOWED state POSITIVE NEGATIVE PULSE il OFF 0 If a COMPOSITE PULSE PULSE PULSE DC c NOT c ALLOWED C O
77. s the signature change from a normal circular ellipse pattern to a sloped and depressed vertical pattern The signature of a real capacitive leakage would be quite similar to this example TR 210 User Manual Review Applications Inductors TR210 User Manual Testing Passive Components As you can see from the two previous examples adding resistance in parallel to a capacitor distorts the normal signature with a diagonal bend to it This is our first look at a composite signature the kind of signature the TR 210 displays when there are several components connected together in a circuit Capacitors have circular or elliptical signatures due to the current and voltage phase shift As the test signal s frequency increases the capacitor s signature becomes more vertical due to decreasing Xc of the component Capacitors with leakage flaws have their ellipses tilted diagonally due to an internal resistance in parallel with the capacitance The TR 210 can locate defective capacitors in or out of circuit The ranges cover 10 pF to 20 000 UF When analyzing a capacitor s signature adjust the TR 210 s ranges and frequencies for the most pronounced ellipse The test signal frequency Fs can be changed to enhance a composite signature by emphasizing or de emphasizing the capacitance Besides resistance faulty capacitor signatures often exhibit other irregularities such as non symmetry broken or distorted ellipse and saw toothed shap
78. selection is the best one to use for general troubleshooting The 200 Hz button selects 200 Hz as the test signal frequency This frequency also allows you to see smaller values of capacitance The 2000 Hz button selects 2000 Hz as the test signal frequency This frequency allows you to see even smaller values of capacitance The 200 Hz or 2000 Hz frequency selections may require you to adjust the oscilloscope time base to optimize the display There are two test signal channels in the TR 210 Channel A and Channel B There are three buttons Alt A and B to select what channel will be displayed on the oscilloscope Before you view an analog signature on the TR 210 make sure that the analog signature is displayed in the correct quadrants on the display by following this procedure When using a single channel plug the red test probe into the corresponding channel test terminal and plug the black test probe into the common test terminal When testing solid state or polarity sensitive components place the red test probe to its positive terminal 1 e anode V etc and place the black probe to its negative terminal i e cathode V ground etc Push the corresponding channel button A or B to view a single analog signature Push the Alt button to enable the Alternate display mode of the TR 210 This mode provides an automatic alternating display of channel A and channel B It s easy to make a visual comparison of analog signatures for t
79. t between 100 115 VAC and 230 VAC input voltage IEC standard connector that mates with any CDD 22 power cord Power fuse holder and Power switch X amp Y outputs connects to oscilloscope Select between 50 or 60 Hz input frequency Using the Foot Switch accessory you can change to the next range in the scan sequence 250 mA fuse TR 210 User Manual A Quick Tour Oscilloscope Display The TR 210 uses the display of any oscilloscope that is capable of displaying an untriggered XY waveform The oscilloscope display can be divided into four quadrants Each quadrant displays different portions of the signatures Quadrant 1 displays positive voltage V and positive current I quadrant 2 displays negative voltage V and positive current I quadrant 3 displays negative voltage V and negative current I and quadrant 4 displays positive voltage V and negative current I VERTICAL AXIS QUADRANT 2 QUADRANT 1 V 1 V 1 HORIZONTAL AXIS QUADRANT 3 QUADRANT 4 V D V D Figure 2 3 Oscilloscope Display TR 210 User Manual 2 5 A Quick Tour Initial Setups Power On Range Selection 2 6 The following setups assume that the TR 210 has been connected to an oscilloscope and the TR 210s power cord has been plugged into an appropriate wall socket Turn the power on to your TR 210 using the power switch located on the rear panel The TR 210 should come on with the LEDs for channel A 50 60 Hz
80. t to the voltage The diagram below illustrates this basic principle for capacitors lac gt gt VOLTAGE C 270 360 0 90 180 _ CURRENT gt gt __ __7 Figure 4 7 Capacitor Circuit with Test Signal s Current and Voltage Waveforms 4 6 TR 210 User Manual Testing Passive Components As the test signal s voltage crosses zero volts and becomes more positive the current flowing in the circuit is at its maximum and becoming smaller By the time the voltage has reached its maximum value the current in the circuit has ceased flowing As the voltage begins decreasing toward zero the current begins increasing toward maximum When the voltage reaches zero the current is at its maximum value Similarly this same pattern follows as the voltage goes negative Because the current is at its maximum value when the voltage is at zero the current leads the voltage This is called phase shift and in a purely capacitive circuit this phase shift equals 90 This analog signature appears as a circular or elliptical waveform Capacitor Analog Signatures The goal of this part is to explore some capacitive signatures and to help you understand how capacitor signatures are related to The capacitance uf of the circuit under test The frequency F of the test signal The current range of the TR 210 Turn power on to your TRf210 Plug the red test microprobe in the A jack and the black test clip lead in the Commo
81. t transistor serves as the external base lead and the emitter of the second transistor serves as the external emitter lead A block diagram of a darlington transistor and its analog signature are shown in the following figures TR 210 User Manual Testing Discrete Semiconductors E ro a B E J unction C E J unction C B J unction Figure 5 26 Signature of a Darlington Transistor TIP112 NPN Type MED2 Range Base to Common Emitter to Common NOTE The B E junction has a sloped leg bend in its signature caused by internal resistors RI and R2 Using the Pulse Generator to Test Transistor Operation transistor which is sufficient current to damage small high frequency transistors To avoid damage do not use this technique if the Ic maximum specification for the transistor is 50 ma or less i CAUTION The following technique can inject up to 50 ma into the base ofa Figure 5 27 shows the test circuit for a NPN transistor using the pulse generator to drive the base The constant current signature produced is similar to that produced by a transistor curve tracer except that only one curve is shown instead of a family of curves This technique can be useful for functionally testing and matching transistor gain characteristics TR 210 User Manual 5 15 Testing Discrete Semiconductors
82. the five range buttons To select a test frequency press one of the three frequency buttons All test ranges will then be using the selected frequency To compare two devices connect the test terminal of channel A to the reference or good device Plug the banana jack of a second test probe to the channel B test terminal See Figure 1 4 for instructions on adjusting the probe tips Connect the test probe to the suspect device Connect the common lead to one of the COM terminals Press the ALT button and set the speed at which channel A and B will switch by turning the RATE knob The signature of Channel A will alternate with the signature of channel B for an easy visual comparison of the two signatures TR 210 User Manual TR 210 User Manual Rotate tip to the left to unlock INSULATED ELECTRODE f toward tip to extend Rotate tip to lock Figure 1 4 Adjusting the Probe Tips electrode to the right electrode at desired length Introduction and Specifications 4 To avoid pressing each one of the test ranges press the SCAN button This will scan through all the test ranges one at a time 5 The pulse generator is used to test gate fired devices like SCRs and Triacs By connecting the G1 terminal to the gate of the device and applying the test terminal across the anode and cathode of the device it is possible to actually turn the device on and look at the V I characteristics of the device This is
83. ting that matches your line frequency Unpacking Your TR 210 Your instrument was shipped with the following items Table 1 2 TR 210 Shipping and Replaceable Parts List Part Number Description Quantity ATL25 1 pair 98 0043 98 0270 161 0230 01 071 0114 XX Replacements available from Huntron Inc See page 1 12 for ordering information t Options add international power cords and translated manuals e N IN Check the shipment carefully and contact the place of purchase 1f anything is missing If there is shipping damage then contact your freight company If shipment is necessary please use the original shipping carton and packing foam If these are not available be sure that the instrument is packed in a box with a minimum of two inches 5 cm of cushioning material on all sides 1 4 TR 210 User Manual Introduction and Specifications The TR 210 requires a 2 channel Oscilloscope with X Y capability for displaying the signature of the device under test 1 The figure below shows a typical connection of a TR 210 to an oscilloscope BACK VIEW N a n A warn ne Horizgfftal X Vertical Y S o 1 TO AVOID ELECTRIC SHOCK THE POWER CORD
84. ture looks similar to a diode signature and the emitter base junction signature looks similar to a zener diode signature Because we have already seen the signatures of these two types of junctions when we tested diodes they should be familiar to you TR 210 User Manual 5 9 Testing Discrete Semiconductors C C 2 0 NPN E E C C U ig PNP E E Figure 5 16 NPN and PNP Bipolar Transistors Equivalent Circuits Bipolar Transistor Base Collector Signatures reverse current in its base emitter junction The degradation results in a loss of current gain hFE To minimize the possibility of degrading a high frequency bipolar transistor use only the MED 2 range when probing its terminals CAUTION A high frequency bipolar transistor can be degraded by excessive Do the following to display the analog signatures of a bipolar transistor 1 Turn power on to your TRT210 2 Press the MED2 range button 3 Place or clip the red test lead from the TRT210 s A test terminal to collector lead of the transistor 4 Place or clip the black test lead from the TRf210 s Common terminal to base lead of the transistor 5 10 TR 210 User Manual Testing Discrete Semiconductors s HANNEL SCAN LOWI LOW2 MEDI MED2 HIGH PULSE GENERATOR max ee e e e e j oe ea z Tektronix TR210 De 7 Huntron Tracker J
85. ufacturing that develops into leakage between substrate channels This causes 5 kQ to 25 kQ of resistance Purple Plague is a destructive interaction between gold and aluminum metal layers Junction connections become very brittle and may cause internal opens Corrosion or Electromigration is another process flaw in which aluminum metalization causes pinholes corrosion and resistance This will create opens and resistance 6 1 Testing Integrated Circuits Digital Integrated Circuit Signatures 6 2 Before we examine the analog signatures of an IC let s study the block diagram of a 74LS245 octal bi directional bus buffer to introduce some basic concepts This IC is a member of the low power Schottky transistor transistor logic family LSTTL Examine the block diagram for this chip below You will see that there are only four different kinds of circuits on this chip ENABLE Ve G B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 20 11911811716115 14113 112 11 TA ITA TTA TTA ATAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 T 8 9 10 DIR A1 A2 A A AS AB AZ AB GND Figure 6 1 Digital IC 74LS245 Block Diagram m Circuit Pins 2 throug
86. uits This section will demonstrate how to dynamically test these components Silicon Controlled Rectifiers SCRs The SCR is a switching semiconductor device that conducts positive current only Its symbol and equivalent circuit can be seen below When the gate G is at the same voltage level as the cathode K the SCR acts as an open When the gate is forced more positive than the cathode positive current flows between the anode A and the cathode A K Figure 5 37 Diagram of a Silicon Controlled Rectifier Do the following to display the analog signature of an SCR 1 Press the MED2 range button 2 Place or clip the red test probe from the TR 210 s A test terminal to gate lead G of the component 5 22 TR 210 User Manual Figure 5 38 TR 210 with Test Leads to an SCR 3 Testing Discrete Semiconductors 60Vpk MAX NEL SCAN LOWI LOoW2 MEDI MED2 HIGH e e e _ eo 50 60 200 2 le le o2 Tektronix TR210 f Huntron Tracker Place or clip the black test probe from the TR 210 s Common terminal to anode lead A of the component Observe the gate anode signature of the SCR Move the black test probe from the SCR s anode lead to cathode lead K of the component Observe the gate cathode signature of the SCR Place the red
87. utput terminal is not connected to anything The short signature occurs when an output terminal is directed connected to the common terminal In the following figures the upper screen represents the TR 210 s oscilloscope X Y display and the lower screen is a graphical plot of the sine wave test signal at the output terminal showing its current and voltage relationship The current and voltage graphical plots are for illustration only and cannot be displayed on the display Figure 3 5 OPEN Analog Signature on Oscilloscope display Horizontal Line TR210 User Manual 3 5 Using Your TR 210 3 6 Figure 3 6 Test Signal Open Circuit with Current and Voltage Waveforms Minimum Current and Maximum Voltage Figure 3 7 SHORT Analog Signature on the Oscilloscope Display Vertical Line Figure 3 8 Test Signal Short Circuit with Current and Voltage Waveforms Maximum Current and Minimum Voltage TR 210 User Manual Using Your TR 210 Four Basic Component Analog Signatures RESISTOR All analog signatures are a composite of one or more of the four basic component signatures which are resistance capacitance inductance and semiconductor Each one of these basic components responds differently to TR 210 s test signal so recognizing these four basic unique signatures on the oscilloscope display are one of the keys to successful ASA troubleshooting When components are connected together to form a circuit the
88. witch Push button that activates a mode where it is not possible to enter the HIGH range either by manual or scan range selection TR 210 User Manual 2 3 A Quick Tour Back Panel Secondary controls and connectors are on the back panel Refer to Figure 2 2 and Table 2 2 for a detailed description of each item on the back panel nr aap AN CAUTION FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST RISK OF FIRE REPLACE WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING OF FUSE Figure 2 2 TR 210 Back Panel 2 4 FG by HUNTRON INSTRUMENTS INC ILLCREEK WA MADE IN U S A Horizontal X Vertical Y 3 6 N WARNING TO AVOID ELECTRIC SHOCK THE POWER CORD PROTECTIVE GROUNDING CONDUCTOR MUST BE CONNECTED TO GROUND NO OPERATOR SERVICEABLE 0 A COMPONENTS INSIDE DO NOT REMOVE COVERS Signal Fuse REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED PERSONNEL E E 100 115 230 IN caution F250mA THE DEVICE TO BE TESTED MUST HAVE ALL POWER VAC VAC TURNED OFF AND HAVE ALL HIGH VOLTAGE CAPACITORS DISCHARGED BEFORE CONNECTING 60 Ty 50 THE TR 210 TO THE DEVICE Hz Hz Remote Switch Table 2 2 Back Panel Connections 1 Input Voltage Selector 2 Power cord connector Power fuse holder P ower switch 3 X amp Y output 4 Input Hz selector 5 Remote Switch 6 Signal Fuse Function Selec
89. wo of the same components or the same node points on two identical circuit boards when in Alt mode Alternate display mode is one of the most useful features for comparing a known good device with a unknown device of the same type The alternation frequency is varied by the RATE control Refer to Figure 2 4 for an example on how to connect your test leads for comparison testing 2 7 A Quick Tour Pulse Generator PULSE GENERATOR ve 60Vpk MAX A CHANNEL SCAN LOW LOW2 MEDI MED2 HIGH uch Q oO oO O O oO O 50 60 200 2000 oO Q O kz Q Tektronix TR 210 Huntron Tracker COMMON TEST BEGEGEEG RAANARAQ _ BEGEEEG NAAANRAQ _ GGEGEEG OGGEEEG l Q N U qe Q ED Q ED q D Q ED Q ED q D RAMA _ RRR _ BGGGEGE gt COEGCCGS gt BOGGCEDG al al el Figure 2 4 Comparison Testing with Alternate Display Mode The pulse generator is used to drive the control input of a device under test which provides a dynamic test for certain types of devices The normal two terminal mode of using the TR 210 can be thought of as a static test since devices with three or more terminals are not tested in their active state
90. you go through the following section make a mental note on the relationship between the TRT210 s test range parameters voltage resistance and frequency Turn power on to your TRf210 Put the red test lead in the A jack and the black test lead in the Common jack 60Vpk MAX A CHANNEL SCAN LOWI LOW2 MEDI MED2 HIGH ject A oO G1 50 60 200 2000 ALTS o se er Tektronix TR210 7 Huntron Trac ker Figure 4 1 TR 210 with Test Probe Leads To display the analog signature of a resistor 1 Press the LOW2 range button 2 The LED will be on indicating that LOW2 range is active 4 1 Testing Passive Components 3 Place or clip a test lead on the opposite ends of a resistor and observe the signature on the Oscilloscope CRT display BOVpR SETS MAX A CHANNEL SCAN LOWI LOW mepi men meh fAPULSE GENERATOR B MAX ei A e ej le ea oe e e 5o60 200 2000 3 a 2 RATE B Tektronix TR 210 7 Huntron Tracker Figure 4 2 TR 210 Connected to a Resistor 4 2 TR 210 User Manual Pot Pot ol 4 150 Q I BE 150 Q roto Pot ol 4 150 Q Fo

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