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RUG LaTEX Course

1. 2 2 bee dee a eee bee ek O 49 References 51 2 RUG LATEX COURSE Preface This book accompanies a LaIEX introduction for first year econometrics students at the Rijksuniversiteit Groningen It is just a quick introduction but lists various more in depth resources Appendices contain additional topics which I consider too important to omit but which do not fit in with a quick introduction Consult them as needed There is an accompanying downloadable zip file with sample code The first chapter tells a bit about the background and philosophy of LaT X The second chapter deals with practicalities such as setting up your own IEX environment It also introduces the ready to run TFX installation of the Rijksuniversiteit Groningen The TeXstudio editor used in the introduction is free cross platform and has palettes of mathematical symbols to facilitate coding mathematics for new LaT X users But most of this book is editor agnostic and the launcher see below makes it easy to switch editors The university installation and the TEX Live launcher A few words about our local setup the university s TEX Live installation resides on the network It includes a launcher with menu entries for the various components of the instal lation Upon first use the launcher does some initialization such as adjusting the searchpath and setting up file associations Note that with a private TFX Live installation these tasks would already have been do
2. 7 2 Getting started with Beamer Beamer comes with elaborate but unwieldy documentation search the documentation list see 2 6 1 for beameruserguide pdf For a faster start I added beamer_sample tex to the practice files You can also dig up the solutions files from the official documentation under the lt TEX Live root gt texmf dist doc latex beamer solutions folder The launcher Documentation menu has an item Beamer Examples for this folder 7 3 Slides are frames Beamer presentations consist of series of frames documentclass beamer begin frame Frame title some content end frame begin frame frametitle Another title more content end frame The frame title can be specified as an argument to frame via a frametitle command or omitted altogether 32 RUG LATEX COURSE 74 Title frame There are various ways to reveal a frame in a stages In Beamer terminology these suc cessive stages are overlays A simple way to create them is with the pause command Alltextual Down to business Wbegin frame frametitle Points begin itemize Points item Some pause gt Some item discussion gt discussion pause item points end itemize end frame Siep R U Groningen The Title December 6 2015 5 9 However there are far more complicated options for overlays Chapter 9 of the Beamer manual gives more details 7 4 Title frame Creating a title frame is very
3. There is a preamble 1cr which defines the alignment of the columns left center and right A table with some empty cells begin tabular 1cr small amp whatever small whatever big amp amp 10000 big 10000 end tabular You do not need to insert an ampersand amp for empty cells at the end You can add vertical rules in the preamble and horizontal rules with an hline command Wbegin tabularj t1 1 r r gt hline amp textit Butter amp textit Cheese hline 2000 amp 9 18 5 7 Butter Cheese hline 2000 9 1 5 7 2001 amp 11 7 amp 6 3 2001 11 7 6 3 hline 2002 12 2 6 5 2002 amp 12 2 amp 6 5 hline end tabular If you use horizontal rules at all you should include the commands usepackage array setlength extrarowheight 1pt in the preamble to get a bit of space between rules and the cells below You can also issue an extrarowheight command in the middle of your document from now on extrarowheight is set to 1pt Fewer rules are usually better see table 5 1 DECEMBER 2015 23 5 TABULARS Table 5 1 Fewer rules are usually better Butter Cheese 2000 9 1 5 7 2001 11 7 6 3 2002 12 2 6 5 5 2 Partial rules With a cline command you can insert a horizontal rule that spans a range of columns begin tabular 1rr hline amp a 8 textit Cheese Butter Cheese cline 2 3 2000 amp 9 1 amp 5 7
4. cite tamethebeast Markey 2009 citet tamethebeast Markey 2009 in text citep tamethebeast Markey 2009 parenthesized citet noted lshort Oetiker et al 2015 noted citep x lshort Oetiker et al 2015 citeauthor tamethebeast Markey citeyear lshort 2015 nocite works as usual See the natbib manual for more variations and for customization options The practice files include a file bibtex_natbib_sample tex to get you started C 4 Generating your own bibliography style with custom bib makebst Journals sometimes have very specific requirements as to the formatting of bibliographic entries without providing a bibliography style implementing this formatting Even if a suit able style exists it may be hard to find one although the UK TEX FAQ has to offer some advice One way out is creating your own bst file If a style is almost correct and if you can make some sense out of bst files a big if then maybe you can fix it yourself Another option is the makebst program This is a two step process In the first step you have to answer a very long list of questions Your answers are written to an intermediate an swers file which you can edit afterwards if some answers turned out not to be quite right In the second step a bst file is generated from this list of answers Search the documentation list see 2 6 1 for custom bib or makebst 42 RUG LATEX COURSE C 5 The latest and greatest biblatex C
5. maketitle 1 First line of regular text footnote First line of regular text And With a regular footnote And some more text some more text Supported by a grant t And another grant With a regular footnote 3 12 Practice Start out with a new document as described in section 2 5 Use this document to try out the code samples from this chapter If you feel ready to try bigger things you can try to typeset some real text If you have nothing suitable of your own you can turn to Wikipedia articles such as http en wikipedia org wiki Factors_of_production You can copy and paste pieces of text from the web page to your own LaTFX document Try to recreate the structure not the appearance e g use sectioning commands instead of manually making headings bold and let LaTgX create the table of contents Also pay attention to proper quotes and typographic characters Consult basics_sample tex from the practice zip see section 2 7 as an example of a complete structured LaTFX document 16 RUG LATEX COURSE Math 4 1 Amsmath Although you can do a lot of math typesetting with LaTFX alone we shall assume that amsmath and related packages are loaded e g with a command usepackage amsmath amsfonts amssymb in the preamble i e between documentclass and begin document For documentation click in the launcher Documentation AmsMath User Guide or search the documentation list see section 2 6 1
6. 2000 9 1 5 7 2001 amp 11 7 amp 6 3 2001 11 7 6 3 2002 amp 12 2 amp 6 5 2002 12 2 6 5 hline end tabular 5 3 Multicolumn the multicolumn macro lets you join columns or change the alignment of a column Its parameters are 1 number of columns to merge 2 preamble 3 content begin tabular 1rr bile Products amp multicolumn 2 c Products MM zR Cl cline 2 3 amp multicolumn 1 c textit B 2000 910 1 5 7 amp multicolumn 1 c textit C 2001 1111 7 0 3 cline 2 3 2002 1112 2 66 5 5 4 Decimal alignment Often you can simply right align since typically all data in a column are specified with the same number of decimal digits This is the case with the Butter Cheese examples above If this is not the case you can put the following code in your preamble usepackage dcolumn newcolumntype d L1 D 1 This lets you use column types d n m with n digits before the decimal point and m after 24 RUG LATEX COURSE 5 5 Text columns begin tabular 1 d 4 2 d 4 1 hline 2000 amp 910 1 amp 5 7 MM 2000 910 1 5 7 2001 8 1111 77 amp 6 2001 1111 77 6 2007 amp 1112 2 amp 6666 5 MM 2002 1112 2 6666 5 hline end tabular 5 5 Text columns For multiline texts there is the p column specification begin tabular 1p 1 65in hline array An improved implementa array 8 An improved implementation of LaTe
7. C 8 1 Example brace delimiters alternate author syntax accented letters Misc clementsgalvao2001 author Clementz Michael P and Galv a o Ana Beatriz title A comparison of tests of non linear cointegration with an application to the predictability of US interest rates using the term structure year 2001 howpublished Mimeo Department of Economics University of Warwick 7 This example encloses values in braces rather than double quotes This makes it possible to use values which include double quotes nesting braces within braces is never a problem The author field uses the alternate syntax of last first The BibTEX manual Patashnik 1988 has more to say about the parsing of author s names Note that this entry has a different set of fields The bibliography style determines which entry types are recognized and which fields are required or optional for each entry type Again braces around US ensure that BibT X leaves capitalization alone Accented characters The above example includes a macro for an accented letter inside braces a You can use accented letters outright but it requires care make sure that the encoding probably utf8 cp1252 or latin1 JabRef ISO8859_1 matches the LaTgx source and that you include a preamble command usepackageLenc inputenc with the right value for enc With the modern TeX engines XeLaTgX and LuaLaTgx you should not load inputenc since these engines always expect
8. Guide to LaT X 4th ed Addison Wesley Kroonenberg Siep 2012 Figures in LaT X URL http tex aanhet net rugtex figlatex pdf Lamport Leslie 1994 LaT X A document preparation system 2nd ed Addison Wesley Lehman Philipp 2015 The biblatex Package Published as part of the biblatex package TEX Live URL http www tug org texlive Markey Nicolas 2009 Tame the BeaST Exhaustive BibTFX tutorial URL http mirror ctan org info bibtex tamethebeast ttb_en pdf NTG Dutch language TEX Users Group URL http www ntg n1 Oetiker Tobias et al 2015 The Not So Short Introduction to LaTgX2 Included in most free TEX distributions URL http mirror ctan org info lshort Oostrum Piet van 2004 Een tutorial over het gebruik van BibTeX In MAPS 30 pp 66 86 URL http www ntg nl maps pdf 30_15 pdf Pakin Scott 2015 The Comprehensive LaTgX Symbol List URL http mirror ctan org info symbols comprehensive Patashnik Oren 1988 BibTfXing Included in most TFX distributions Ref Works Web based reference manager URL http www refworks com RuG TEX LaTeX installation homepage URL http tex aanhet net rugtex Shell Michael and David Hoadley 2007 BibTEX tips and FAQ URL http mirror ctan org biblio bibtex contrib doc btxFAQ pdf Tantau Till Joseph Wright and Vedran Mileti 2015 The BEAMER class Published as part of the beamer package TeXstudio URL http
9. omcC _ aC j 2 I Imj j The Bitstream Charter based font setup of a previous edition of these notes 1 ain 7 6 1 usepackage amsmath 0 T oT usepackage charter mathdesign The price and demand elasticities can now be calculated by _ onc c j i Bing aj Ce 2 A 6 1 System fonts with XeLaTEX and LuaLaTEX The XeTFX and LuaTEX TEX engines support system fonts including non latin scripts and modern Unicode based OpenType fonts This requires the fontspec package Both expect Unicode input although the usual TFX notations e g e for and for quotes are also valid Do not use the inputenc package XeTEX was originally developed to gain access to Mac OS system fonts Later it was ported to Linux and Windows LuaTgX has wider ambitions but what matters here is that it has adopted XeTgX s support for system fonts and OpenType fonts In many cases you can switch between lualatex and xelatex without changing your LaJEX sources Both are available in TeXstudio via the Tools Commands menu but you can also set one of these as the default via Options Configure TeXstudio Build Default Compiler 1 In section 5 7 we already encountered its ability to read OpenOffice spreadsheets 36 RUG LATEX COURSE A 6 Fonts Warning The fontspec package needs information about the fonts that it is going to load XeLaT X and LuaLaT X each have their own font database If they co
10. texstudio org TUG TEX Users Group URL http www tug org UK TEX FAQ URL http faq tug org Zotero Firefox extension for collecting and managing references URL https www zotero org DECEMBER 2015 51
11. 4 2 Math mode Inline and display math Math in running text is bracketed between characters Simple bits of math in running text enclosed in characters x or Simple bits of math in running text alpha or sum_i n_i enclosed in characters x or or gt i nj Notice that ordinary letters are italicized in math mode More elaborate formulas are better typeset as display math on a line by itself Notice the more spacious typesetting of indices in display math mode L x sum_ i 0 infty y_i A se Il Ma I o Display math with automatic equation numbering begin equation co x sum_ i 0 infty y_i label firstequation oS h 4 1 end equation L See equation ref firstequation i on page pageref firstequation See equation 4 1 on page 17 This is yet another example of automatically generated numbers which can be used for cross referencing 4 3 Mathematical notation Many symbols listed below can be entered via the TeXstudio interface either via the Math menu or via the panel at the left But you can also type the code directly 1 Alternative codings or begin math end math 2 Alternative codings begin displaymath end displaymath and only with the amsmath package begin equation end equation DECEMBER 2015 17 4 MATH 4 3 1 Greek letters lowercase alpha beta epsilon varepsilon gamma phi psi xi pi sigma
12. 5 The latest and greatest biblatex A radical reimplementation of bibliography support is biblatex Bibliography styles aren t written in the unfamiliar bst syntax but in LaTpx and the role of BibTgx is reduced to col lecting and sorting the bibliographic entries LaT X itself selects arranges and formats the fields of the bibliographic entries Advantages include many variations in bibliography style can be realized simply with package options with out editing bst files better support for non Western languages e more citation options because LaT X has access to all the bibliographic information easy per chapter bibliographies Fortunately an old BibTgxX database is still compatible with biblatex Getting started with biblatex You can easily experiment with biblatex If you include a package option natbib or natbib true then you can keep using natbib cite commands in your LaTgX source You should also configure TeXstudio to use biber instead of BibT X Options Configure TeXstudio Build Default Bibliography Tool Below are biblatex preamble commands assuming biber as backend note that with bib latex the bibliography command should be in the preamble usepackage style numeric biblatex bibliography bibdemo And near the end printbibliography The complete source for the first example documentclass article usepackage style numeric biblatex bibliography bibdemo begin document See ci
13. LATEX COURSE C 3 Bibliography styles three generations C 2 1 Practice 1 Run the bibtex_sample example Check how the cite commands in the LaT X source the entries in the BibT X database and the citations and reference entries in the typeset output match up with each other 2 Collect a few fragments with bibliographic references from http en wikipedia org wiki Factors_of_production into a LaT X document replacing footnotes with proper cite commands and a proper list of references You can use the factors bib bibliography database from the practice files C 3 Bibliography styles three generations C 3 1 The original BibTEX The original BibTFX from 1988 uses a simple citation style the entries in the list of refer ences get an automatically generated label either numerical or alphanumerical for cross referencing We already saw numerical references Here is an example with alphanumerical labels documentclass article bibliographystylefalpha begin document See cite lcompanion and cite biboostrum bibliography bibdemo end document See MG04 and vO04 References MG04 Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens The BTX Companion Addison Wesley 2nd edition 2004 vO04 Piet van Oostrum Een tutorial over het gebruik van BibTEX MAPS 30 66 86 2004 C 3 2 The next step author Year citation styles The classical bibliography styles didn t provide for auth
14. abstract 2 An English section 1 Samenvatting van het artikel end abstract Samenvatting Samenvatting van het artikel section Een sectie 1 Een sectie Afbreken overgangsregelingen papierversnipperaar overl ydensadvertentie Afbreken overgangsregelingen papierversnippe raar overlijdensadvertentie selectlanguage UKenglish 2 An English section section An English section Enchanted surreptitious interpretation disingenu Enchanted surreptitious interpretation ous disingenuous end document See e g section 2 5 in The Not So Short Introduction for more particulars B 2 Non western scripts with XeTEX and LuaTEX For far eastern and Arab languages and scripts we turn to the newer TeX engines XeTpxX and LuaT X The Polyglossia package replaces Babel for XeLaT X and LuaLaTgX The documentation of this package includes several typeset examples of non Western scripts see the documen tation list 38 RUG LATEX COURSE Bibliographic references For bibliographic references LaTEX uses the BibT X database system This chapter which is not part of the actual introduction takes a look at incorporating bibliographic references during the compilation process see section C 2 1 the evolution of citation and bibliography handling see section C 3 e the BibTFX database format and software to build and maintain such a database see sec tions C 6 and C 10 BibT X practice files are in a separate subd
15. full filename including extension but excluding the directory usepackage amsmath usepackage fontspec usepackage unicode math a fail safe way of specifying TL fonts setmainfontL Q ic Ligatures Tex an Ge EA al da 0 BoldFont texgyretermes bold otf The price and demand elasticities can now be calculated ItalicFont texgyretermes italic otf by BoldItalicFont texgyretermes bolditalic otf Enya In C z 0C j 2 G nj aj C texgyretermes regular otf setmathfontL math style ISO bold style IS0 vargreek shape TeXx texgyretermes math otf This way LaT X can find the font files by the same method as all its other files DECEMBER 2015 37 Language support This chapter briefly discusses of LaTEX s support for non english and multilingual typeset ting This is not part of the introduction and there are no practice files B 1 Babel TeX and LaTX supports many languages also within the same document For LaTgx lan guage support is provided by the Babel package Its principal tasks are proper hyphenation and translation of text strings such as Table of Contents and Chapter For e g Dutch hyphenation and Dutch text strings use the following code in the pream ble usepackage dutch babel It is also possible to use several languages in one document documentclass article usepackage UKenglish dutch babel begin document Inhoudsopgave tableofcontents 1 Een sectie 1 begin
16. preamble usepackageLutf8 inputenc ae ai and ai a ie and a i textcopyright lt lt This method does not cover all unicode characters and if you type a lot of code then you may prefer control codes anyway For full unicode support you should use the XeT X or LuaT X engines see appendix sec tions A 6 1 and B 2 3 6 1 Hyphens and dashes Please be aware that not every horizontal dash is the same A few examples of proper use En dashes for ranges 7 9 for 7 9 or to set off part of a sentence Em dashes also for setting off part of a sentence but now without surrounding spaces A plain hyphen is appropriate for hyphenation and for compound words such as cross referencing 3 7 Lists itemize enumerate and description Itemize unnumbered list begin itemize item camel camel item rabbit rabbit end itemize Enumerate numbered list begin enumerate item soup 1 soup item main course 2 main course item dessert end enumerate 3 dessert Description lists begin description item One This is a short term One This is a short term item Quetzalqoatl Mexican god about whom we Quetzalqoatl Mexican god about whom could tell a lot if only we had the time and we could tell a lot if only we had the time and inclination inclination end description 1 latin1 ISO 8859 1 and cp1252 Windows 1252 are alternatives t
17. the older solutions to the dustbin C 6 The BibTeX database format This section describes the BibTFX database format Like a LaTFX source a BibTeX database is a plain text file It has an extension bib and consists of a series of records such as the following Article biboostrum author Piet van Oostrum title Een tutorial over het gebruik van Bib TeXx journal MAPS volume 30 pages 66 86 year 2004 J Book lcompanion Author Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens Title The LaTeX Companion Publisher AVW year 2004 Edition 2nd 44 RUG LATEX COURSE C7 BibTgX editors and bibliography managers Note the general structure a BibT X record consists of The type of publication e g article or book e A key e g biboostrum or 1companion which is used for citing e A list of fields The list of required and optional fields varies with the entry type You can add additional fields e g as comments for yourself Any field which is not required or optional will simply be ignored For most fields the values should be enclosed in braces and or in double quotes Values which are clearly numbers such as years and volume numbers may be entered n bare You should enclose LaIEX code in an additional set of braces to keep BibTEX from messing with it You should do the same with all caps words As to accented characters the safe solution is alw
18. 12 ie 16 4 Math 17 Ai AMS oso has ae eee sa ee Ee a 17 4 2 Math mode Inline and display math o ooo 17 4 3 Mathematical notation 2 6 40 i040 bee bee be eee twee 17 44 Various Constructs lt ss ce a a aa ee Goto ow Geom ah ae 18 AS a MATICES A ale Wd a e dod a rae Ska ae Wk eerie Bow eee 19 4 6 Multiline equations 2 0 65 4038 ee ee Pe ee ee OO 20 47 Fontsamimath 2 8 654 45 ei 4 sb 4ee 8 be OG RA R OS 21 AS MAGOS ia o Ge Bay Week ciel ee sive e eee Patol ae a 21 49 Practice a cara ae Sw Re a Qe we ee EY ER ee 22 5 Tabulars 23 DL A a a aa aa a aaa Ea a e r a Ea a aa E a e 23 3A Parualrules 2 ici id HURTS aaia a aeaa aE 24 Bio Multiplu s s cs e ake abd RS A A E wd ad de pcan RRR 24 DECEMBER 2015 1 CONTENTS of Decimal augment rora yous yew a See BESS SS wee S 24 I TexVGGliminss ccd a aya ae era a KS a Se OE Ao 25 5 6 Ploatine tables i ceo 20 4 3 So eed hee dh Ge es BES RA AE 25 5 7 Importing table data acoso a Re ee ee ge Re 25 9 87 SPRACHEN ve dae A al Be a aa he de ee Ew a 26 6 Graphics 27 6 1 Extemal graphics 00 3 en ad do ed e bd ee Dee ae 27 6 2 Producers of graphic files 4 4 4 e 54 e o 594 854 4 29 6 3 Including an external graphics file o o o ooo 29 64 Floating figures and tables 0er da ee 30 6 5 Practice documents for graphics and floats o oo 31 7 Presentations 32 Til Alternatives os sra rr ae eee ee ee ea aes 32 TZ Getting star
19. RUG LalTFX Course Siep Kroonenberg RUG LaT X Course version 1 1 December 2015 Created for the Faculty of Economics and Business of the University of Groningen email n s kroonenberg rug nl Copyright 2015 Siep Kroonenberg Copying and distribution of this file with or without modification are permitted in any medium with out royalty provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved This file is offered as is with out any warranty Contents Preface 3 1 Introduction 4 AA RR doesent 4 1 2 The Tex Lalpx ecosystem rsi sa aa a flee ae 4 4 2 Getting started 6 mal Gemine La PX e pa a aaa ed we A A a 6 2 2 The RuG TEX Livelauncher s s sa areec erara anaa ee eS 6 2 3 Next let the system display file extensions 7 2 8 25 Fistdo CUM si A A A EE 8 2067 DOCUMENTAHON ses 24a eta RRA a RR BS 9 29 Practice files i 3 44 20 24 da Sh ee EAS 10 3 Basics 11 BH Paragraphs y dmca les les dere GS a Ew 11 3 2 Comments ons nb wks eG ge MRS RE REECE RST BS ERE KS 11 3 3 Control sequences and characters o o ooo o 11 12 35 Textformatinge 2 2 ars ase wks eae eo O 12 36 Special Characters escri dow og Se Be eg ated hee Fee Bae Bes 12 3 7 Lists itemize enumerate and description 0 13 38 da 14 30 Sectioning COMIDAS asco A A RO ane Be aoa Es 14 BLO E AI a Ee ec ea ee A E A S 15 3 11 Footnotes and thanks ee 15 S
20. Section See section ref sec ASection on page pageref sec ASection Title of article My name December 6 2015 Contents 1 Asection 1 1 1 Asubsection 1 1 A section i See section 1 on page 1 subsection A subsection 1 1 A subsection That s all folks That s all folks Vend document Notice the use of cross referencing commands Mabel ref and pageref Warning Cross references usually require more than one pdf LaT X run before they are correctly resolved This is also true for automatically generated text such as tables of contents After each LaTeX run you should check the message pane below the editing area for errors and warnings 3 11 Footnotes and thanks In the LaT X source footnotes are placed in the running text The footnote command gener ates both a mark in the running text and the footnote itself at the bottom As with sectioning footnotes are numbered automatically Here comes a footnote And Here comes a footnote footnote some more text This is the footnote And some more text 1This is the footnote DECEMBER 2015 15 3 BASICS A special case is a footnote attached to the title or author of an article Note that the footnote should be inside the title or author parameter Sample title A U Thort title Sample title thanks Supported by a grant author A U Thor thanks December 6 2015 And another grant
21. X s tion of LaTgx s tabular and tabular and array environment array environment dcolumn amp Provides decimal and other alignment deolumn Provides decimal and other alignment for tabular and ar ray environments for tabular and array environments hline end tabular Usually text cells are too narrow for good justification Here ragged right would be better This can be done with the array package which provides syntax for adding LaIEX code before and after each column entry usepackage array newcolumntype P 11 A gt raggedright hspace pt arraybackslash p 1 What is TEX TEX SA begin tabular 1 P 1 65cm program hline ming What is TeX amp TeX is a programming language language for typesetting for typeset hline ting end tabular See the documentation of the array and dcolumn packages for additional details on type setting tabulars 5 6 Floating tables In LaTgX speak a table or figure floats when its placement on the page does not necessarily match its placement in the LaTgX source It may be moved to e g the top or bottom of a page or get a page by itself as in table 5 1 We shall discuss floating tables and figures in section 6 4 of the next chapter 5 7 Importing table data A few suggestions for getting data from e g a spreadsheet into LaTgx e There is an excel2latex plugin for Excel available from CTAN that can create LaTgX s
22. aligned equations Q 3 Aln c gt 0 e aji Q Jor y The price and demand elasticities can now be calcu lated by _0lnCc _0C j o Qing aj C pl DECEMBER 2015 Q Al O 1 e ee Q or mi The price and demand elasticities can now be calcu lated by OlnC E 90 j Olnj dj Cr ECj 2 35 A CHANGING THE APPEARANCE A 4 Page dimensions usepackage textwidth 10cm textheight 17cm geometry There are a lot of options also for page headers and footers and for an asymmetric layout Again search the documentation list see 2 6 1 A 5 Font size For a slightly larger font use the 11pt or 12pt document class option documentclass 12pt article The default is 10pt This only works for these predefined sizes The ext classes and the extsizes package provide a few more sizes Except for these options changing font sizes globally involves a fair amount of coding A 6 Fonts Several packages change the font for the entire document However good math fonts are in short supply so choices are limited if you want matching math typesetting Check out the LaTgX font Catalogue or search for font in the CTAN Catalogue The typeset samples below have the required preamble commands on the left Palatino G An 2 a y 5 1 usepackageLTS1 T1 fontenc L o r Q 0 T usepackage amsmath The price and demand elasticities can now be calcu usepackage newpxtext newpxmath lated by
23. ays to use macros e rather than although with some care accented letters may work ok see section C 8 1 C 7 BibTEX editors and bibliography managers For creation and maintenance of your BibTgX database it is best to pick a program that uses BibTgxX as its native format Our TeX Live installation includes the BibTgX editor JabRef which is a Java program and therefore runs on all platforms where Java is installed On Mac OS BibDesk is a popular choice Editing manually with your LaTpx editor is another good option A general purpose bibliography manager may work for you but check its BibTgX export carefully The university offers access to Ref Works However last time I checked its BibTex support left something to be desired Zotero is a popular Firefox extension for collecting and managing references It can create bibliographic entries from e g Amazon pages Below the Zotero BibTEX export from such an entry book voss_latex_2011 title LaTeX Quick Reference isbn 978 1 906860 21 9 language English publisher UIT Cambridge Ltd author Voss Herbert month sep year 2011 Further suggestions can be found at http tex stackexchange com questions 33619 There are other services which create BibT X entries such as http lead to amazon en or if you have an ISBN number for a book you can go to http ottobib com See http tex stackexchange com questions 143 for more s
24. ct DECEMBER 2015 2 Getting started 2 1 Getting La TEX 2 1 1 Editor An obvious component of a La T X installation is the editor in which you enter your docu ments and which compiles them into pdf files For this introduction we use the TeXstudio editor which is free and is available for Windows Mac OS X and Linux It offers extensive assistance for entering LaTpX code and math Since LaT X files are plain text files you can view them in any editor but it is important to edit them in an editor which adds nothing binary You can use a general programmers editor or even Notepad but an editor which understands LaT X can give you a lot more help 2 1 2 TEX system The editor is actually the least important part it delegates all the hard work to the T X system in the background A TFX system is a complex ensemble of command line programs macros fonts and data files The two major alternatives are TFX Live and MiKT X both free The RuG installation uses TpX Live which is available for Windows Mac OS and Unix Linux and is included in most Linux distributions The other one MiKT X is Windows only Both contain all the bits and pieces that you are likely to need although T X Live is a bit more comprehensive They both include the TeXworks editor 2 1 3 More advice My a website http tex aanhet net rugtex contains a page which goes into more detail about putting together your own T X system There are also download link
25. ction 9 With these commands LaT X is more willing to put several floats on a single page and to devote a larger portion of the page to floats without resorting to a dedicated float page Wrapping text around a figure requires an additional package There are several to choose from but the CTAN Catalogue recommends wrapfig and floatf1t 6 5 Practice documents for graphics and floats The file float_sample tex demonstrates both graphics inclusion and floats several figures and one table The figures subdirectory contains graphics files used in float_sample tex All the files in this directory with the exception of diamond eps can be loaded directly by pdflatex and the latter file will be converted on the fly to pdf if the T X installation allows it 3 You can copy and paste this code from the practice file float_sample tex DECEMBER 2015 31 7 Presentations Currently the most popular presentations package is Beamer and that is the package that we are going to discuss 7 1 Alternatives However there are alternatives For instance if you have minimalistic tastes then you could simply set up suitable page dimensions with the geometry package usepackageL paperwidth 108mm paperheight 81mm width 88mm da height 62mm a top 9mm footskip 20pt geometry 2 For my own use I have often started out along these lines Other presentation classfiles besides Beamer are seminar prosper and powerdot
26. enlarged detail at the right NX DECEMBER 2015 2 6 GRAPHICS Pe E Boter B oter 2 4 Kaas des Eieren Kaas 0 5 pe 2009 2010 2011 gt E l eren N Figure 6 2 Vector art a LibreOffice data plot a drawing created with Skencil and Inkscape and a function plot generated with pgfplots Vector graphics are built up from mathematical shapes lines arcs b zier curves text objects see figure 6 2 They scale well Avoid converting vector graphics to bitmap Pdflatex and the other TFX engines can only work with certain types of graphic files pdf can contain both bitmapped and vector elements eps is closely related to pdf and can also contain both bitmapped and vector elements It will be converted behind the scenes to pdf at least if the TEX installation allows itt png is a bitmapped format It is first choice for screenshots 1 If you need more control over the eps to pdf conversion or need conversion the other way or need to crop margins have a look at epspdftk available as the PostScript and pdf conversions utility in the Utilities submenu of the RuG TFX Live launcher and at its command line back end epspdf 28 RUG LATEX COURSE 6 2 Producers of graphic files Figure 6 3 Raster and vector combined jpg or jpeg is a bitmapped format with lossy compression It is first choice for photo graphic images 6 2 Producers of graphic files Mathemat
27. es for global changes in appearance Below we describe the more common commands for styling text 3 5 1 Bold and italic These commands work on all subsequent text within the current block normal itshape italic bfseries bolditalic upshape bold mdseries normal text italic bolditalic bold normal Argument form normal textit italic textbf bold normal italic bold These are the basic text formatting commands from now on argument form italic itshape textit upright upshape textup bold bfseries textbf medium mdseries textmd monospaced ttfamily texttt Some people recommend replacing textit with emph which is short for emphasized as being more in line with structural markup TeXstudio has buttons for bold Bl and italic I on the inner vertical toolbar 3 5 2 Text sizes Predefined text sizes note that some may come out the same aad normalsize scriptsize ee Marge LARGE small Large huge 3 6 Special characters Here a short list of typographic characters and how you can create them in LaT X even if you use only typewriter characters in your input 12 RUG LATEX COURSE 3 7 Lists itemize enumerate and description output code 5 9 vt Single quotes Double quotes gt xr Non breaking space a Hyphen En dash Em dash Accented characters Ve 1 Wi Using accented input characters requires loading the inputenc package in the
28. es mentioned in http tex stackexchange com questions 143 C 11 Troubleshooting C 11 1 Random things to try Rerun LaTeX Maybe you just need another LaTgx run to resolve the cite commands Problems with old auxiliary files Sometimes it helps to start with a clean slate by getting rid of old auxiliary files click on Clean Auxiliary Files on the Tools menu and rebuild DECEMBER 2015 49 C BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES This may be necessary if an error or incompatibility in one of the auxiliary files prevents LaTFX from continuing An incompatibility may arise e g if you change something in the bibliographic options Input encoding Maybe there is a mismatch between the encoding of the BibTFX database export and the LaTFX source In JabRef there is an item Default encoding under Options Preferences General and an item Database encoding for the current BibTeX database under File Database properties C 11 2 JabRef Make sure you run only one copy of JabRef In particular do not load one BibT X file into two JabRef sessions which can easily happen Click File Save database to make sure that BibTgX or biber gets up to date information C 11 3 Get more information In TeXstudio try to get more detailed information e g by clicking on the log tab of the tabbed pane under the edit area Log files can also be useful but it may be difficult to pick out the relevant bits The tabbed Messages pane under the ed
29. folder named practice in a 7zip win dow Drag and drop this folder to your X drive A destination on your desktop is probably ok too z WorkSpace rug nl aps ServerBased TexLive 2015 texmf dist doc latex la_ Name Size Packed Size Modified Cr Zip 1 332 633 1294899 2014 07 13 12 06 10 object s selected 2 7 2 Home TeX installation The practice zipfile is available from CTAN in the info latexcourse rug subdirectory Right click the zip file after downloading select Extract All Take care to pick some reasonable location e g under Documents ESTA or on the desktop The default may well be some directory for temporary files which is probably not what you want 2 This last topic is no longer part of the introduction Nevertheless the LaT X bibliography system is highly recommended 10 RUG LATEX COURSE Basics Keep The Not So Short Introduction handy as mentioned previously itis in the launcher menu under Documentation or search for Ishort in the documentation list see section 2 6 1 Start a new LaTFX document as described in section 2 5 with content documentclass article begin document Hello world Hello world end document You may already have guessed that macros start with and that a parameter can be enclosed in braces A construct begin something end something is called an environment Now try out some of the syntax below on yo
30. h as Notepad or TeXstudio or Emacs 2 Compile your document i e convert it to pdf more on that later 4 RUG LATEX COURSE 1 3 Working with LaTEX 3 Preview it in a pdf viewer such as Adobe Reader or SumatraPDF or the pdf viewer built into the editor if there is one Below you see a marked up source fragment at the left and two typeset results at the right subsection Some mathematics label math The econometric model is confronted with observed data and the parameters are estimated by econometric techniques as shown in equation ref eq smm below begin equation Y_t G_1 Y X hat Theta hat U label eq smm end equation 1 1 Some mathematics The econometric model is confronted with observed data and the param eters are estimated by econometric techniques as shown in equation 1 below Y Gi Y X 9 U 1 1 1 Some mathematics The eco nometric model is confronted with ob served data and the parameters are estimated by econometric techniques as shown in equation 1 below Yt G1 Y X 1 The difference in appearance is entirely due to changes in the document header you can set up the global layout once and for all and then just focus on the text itself LaTgX excels at automatic numbering and cross referencing as well as at other long document features such as bibliographies and indexing This machinery works efficiently and reliably whatever the size of the proje
31. half an hour before the lighting of the match nobody would have been justified in saving the parliament until there had been half a score of boards half a bushel of minutes and a family vault full of ungrammatical correspondence on the part of the Circumlocution Office t was equally impossible to do the plainest right and to undo the plainest wrong without the express authority of he Circumlocution Office f another Gunpowder Plot had been discovered half an hour before the lighting of the match nobody would have een justified in saving the parliament until there had been half a score of boards half a bushel of minutes and a amily vault full of ungrammatical correspondence on the art of the Circumlocution Office This also takes care of vertical spacing of itemize and enumerate environments This is still just a quick hack for a professional result all measurements should be harmonized A 2 Double spacing This looks ugly but is often demanded for draft printouts A line usepackage doublespacing setspace or less radically usepackageLonehalfspacing setspace in the preamble will do the trick A 3 Display math alignment A documentclass option fleqn documentclass fleqn article ensures that displayed equations are not centered but left aligned with a fixed indentation from the left The left sample below has the default centered alignment of equations The right one has the option applied and has left
32. he Control Panel is slated to disappear from Windows 10 eventually Other ways to open this dialog are via Search or via File Explorer clicking first the View tab of the ribbon then the Options button DECEMBER 2015 7 2 GETTING STARTED Tie gt gt mA m w vow gt moas ake gje AHATA 8 TA S y I la ssion model elie al a Pages ito 2015 00 2 y TE aus ures Ready xma AJA AL Figure 2 3 TeXstudio a LaTEX editor Left structure center top editing area center bottom message area right pdf preview 2 4 TeXstudio Figure 2 3 shows the TeXstudio edit screen The editing area is surrounded by various tool bars a structure view on the left and after a successful compilation the built in pdf viewer Optionally there is also a tabbed message pane below the editing pane This item is rather useful If you do not see it you can make it visible by clicking on the second left item Ml at the lower left corner of the editor window While you are at it you can also right click on an empty area of the toolbar or menu bar to get rid of some of the toolbar clutter everything is already available via the menus Also look through the TeXstudio menus in particular The Tools menu and its Commands submenu for running LaTpX and various utilities see section 2 5 The LaTeX menu for inserting various LalgX macro
33. hich includes a link Available package documentation which is this same file MiKTeX lacks such a file but you can still visit the CTAN Catalogue http mirror ctan org help Catalogue brief html and consult package documentation there We shall refer to this list however accessed as the documentation list But you can also use the texdoc TFX Live or mthelp MiK T X command line utility 2 6 2 Tip view pdfs with narrow margins For better use of your screen pixels you may wish that your pdf viewer zoomed in on the printed part of the page Several pdf viewers can do this automatically In Adobe Reader select View Zoom Fit Visible In SumatraPDF part of our TX installation select Zoom Fit Content DECEMBER 2015 9 2 GETTING STARTED 2 7 Practice files This introduction comes with a zipfile practice zip with some example tex files a subdi rectory figures of graphic files for chapter 6 and a second subdirectory bibtex relating to bibliography management in appendix C Several chapters conclude with suggestions for practicing which usually refer to files from this zipfile WorkSpace rug nl aps ServerBased TexLive 2015 texmf dist doc 01 Ea 2 7 1 RUG TEX installation File Edit View Favorites Tools Help The practice zipfile is the Practice files Y gt X N 7 Add Extract Test Copy Move Delete Info item in the Documentation menu of the a launcher If you click the item you get to see a
34. ical software R MATLAB Octave Gnuplot can generate eps and sometimes pdf Professional illustration software can usually export to eps and pdf Inkscape is a capable free alternative to commercial products such as Adobe Illustrator and CorelDRAW OpenOffice LibreOffice and MS Office can export documents and selections of documents to pdf Figure 6 2 shows two vector graphic files created by external programs and one created by a LaTeX macro package Iam not going to list programs for bitmapped graphics There are many good ones often free or inexpensive Download Figures in LaTX for a more in depth although not quite up to date discussion 6 3 Including an external graphics file Graphics inclusion is not built into the LaTgX core The graphicx package provides this facility You need to load it in the preamble with usepackage graphicx You can place a figure in your document with code such as includegraphics APicture Normally you don t need to specify the extension Pdflatex will look for APicture jpg APicture png and APicture pdf With the above code the graphic file should be in the same directory as your tex file With a command includegraphics figures APicture 2 To reduce file size bitmapped images are usually compressed For png this is done in a lossless way i e the png image contains exactly the same pixels as the original uncompressed image Jpeg is compressed in a lossy way i e you cannot recreate
35. icates the first parameter newcommand bvc L1 vec mathbf 1 or if you also want to use it in text without bothering with signs newcommand bvc L1 ensuremath vec mathbf 1 With this definition you can type bvc x rather than vec mathbf x or vec mathbf x for X DECEMBER 2015 21 4 MATH 4 9 Practice When trying out the code samples from this chapter do not forget to load the AMS packages documentclass article usepackage amsmath amsfonts amssymb begin document end document Remember not to use inline math for displayed equations see section 4 2 The practice zip see section 2 7 contains an example LaTgx file math_sample tex When looking for real mathematical texts to convert to LaIgX you may turn to Wikipedia pages such as http en wikipedia org wiki Linear_regression or http en wikipedia org wiki L2_norm or use something of your own 22 RUG LATEX COURSE Tabulars 5 1 Basics Outside math mode the tabular environment provides tables which can be considered the text counterpart of multicolumn arrays As with math arrays columns are separated with 8 and rows with TeXstudio has a tabular wizard similar to the array wizard from the previous chapter but it is not much help when things get tricky A very basic table begin tabular lcr small amp whatever amp 1 small whatever 1 big amp huh amp 10000 big huh 10000 end tabular
36. ions in section 7 3 and 7 5 They will also be listed by a tableofcontents command which you can put into a frame 7 8 Figures and tables In a presentation there is not much point in floating an object Beamer provides non floating figure and table environments for people who want the associated captioning num bering and cross referencing 7 9 Practice Play around with beamer_sample tex from the zipfile and with the solution templates from the Beamer documentation Things to try e Display bulleted lists progressively by inserting pause commands Include graphics either with or without a figure environment Try out various themes See how sectioning commands show up in the output under different themes 34 RUG LATEX COURSE FN Changing the appearance This chapter is not part of the introduction but people who are particular about the looks of their documents can find here some tips to modify the appearance of a document globally These tips use only preamble commands staying within the spirit of LaT X A 1 Empty lines instead of paragraph indentation Use the parskip package Add the following line to the preamble usepackage parskip The left sample below is typeset without the right one with this package It was equally impossible to do the plainest right and to undo the plainest wrong without the express authority of the Circumlocution Office If another Gunpowder Plot had been discovered
37. irectory bibtex of the practice zipfile C 1 The why and how of BibTEX Different journals have different requirements for bibliographic references What to include in what order Capitalization Punctuation Abbreviations Styling of text With a bibliography manager you can maintain a database of bibliographic references and have it generate the references for any paper in the required format Below a very short LaTgx source which references entries from an existing BibTFX database you can find the full BibT X entries on page 44 documentclass article bibliographystyle plain begin document See cite lcompanion and cite biboostrum bibliography bibdemo this line specifies bibdemo bib as database end document As you can guess lcompanion and biboostrum are keys of database entries Article biboostrum author Piet van Oostrum title Een tutorial over het gebruik van Bib TeX year 2004 Book 1lcompanion Author Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens Title The LaTeX Companion DECEMBER 2015 39 C BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES year 2004 We get the following output See 1 and 2 References 1 Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens The KIEX Companion Addison Wesley 2nd edition 2004 2 Piet van Oostrum Een tutorial over het gebruik van BibT X MAPS 30 66 86 2004 You can put the bibliographystyle command any
38. it area has a Log File button for the LaTgx log but not for the BibT X log which may be more useful You can load the BibTFX log into TeXstudio anyway click on File Open Make sure that Files of type is set to All files and then select filename b1g assuming that the LaTpx file is called filename tex Another file to look at is filename aux 50 RUG LATEX COURSE References American Mathematical Society 1999 2002 User s Guide for the amsmath Package Part of the amsmath package included in most free TFX distributions Array package 2015 A new implementation of LaTgxX s tabular and array environment in cluded in most TEX distributions BibDesk GUI bibliography manager for the Mac URL http bibdesk sourceforge net CTAN The Comprehensive TEX Archive Network URL http mirror ctan org CTAN Catalogue URL http mirror ctan org help Catalogue brief html Dcolumn package 2014 Provides decimal and other alignment for tabular and array envi ronments included in most TFX distributions LaT X font Catalogue URL http www tug dk FontCatalogue Getting Started with TEX LaTgX and Friends URL http www tug org begin html Google Scholar URL http scholar google com JabRef GUI bibliography manager written in Java URL http jabref sourceforge net Knuth Donald E 1986 The TfXbook Vol A Computers and Typesetting Addison Wesley Kopka Helmut and Patrick W Daly 2003
39. mpile a document which uses fontspec and they fail to find the information that they need then they will create or update the font database This can take a long time So please think twice before using fontspec on a university workstation while in class Cambria The Cambria font family is especially useful since it contains a full set of mathe matical symbols It is present on most Windows systems and is bundled with e g the free PowerPoint viewer usepackage amsmath Aik Q Seay Je as 1 usepackage fontspec L oF Q OF The price and demand elasticities can now be calcu setmainfont Cambria lated by setmathfont Cambria Math Ecj In C ac i 2 lnj oj C usepackage unicode math Some standard Windows fonts For less serious applications you may want to typeset a sin gle passage in a decorative font If the fontspec package is loaded you can change midway to another font with the fontspec command usepackage fontspec Temporarily switch to tapeo tattoo sahs Wey Temporarily switch to Comic Sans MS and to Comic Sans MS and to Tahoma and back fontspec Mapping tex text Tahoma Tahoma and back A 6 2 OpenType fonts in TeX Live and MiKTEX TEX Live and MiKT X contain several OpenType fonts which can be used with XeLaTpx and LuaLaTgx If these are not also available as system fonts then selecting them can be a bit tricky especially with XeLaT X The safe solution is to specify them with the
40. ne by the installer You can rerun this initializer at any time if something seems messed up For ease of maintenance the new 2015 edition of the launcher reads its menu and file associations from an ini file I intend to make this launcher publicly available at some later date Until that happens you can find a predecessor of the launcher at www tug org texlive w32client html This is an initialization script which creates a menu and file associations and adds TFX Live to the user searchpath It is a batch file Perl script combination which makes use of the built in Perl of TEX Live DECEMBER 2015 3 1 Introduction This book is just an introduction it tries to teach you enough to get you started and explore LaTFX further on your own and hopefully let you see the advantages of doing things the LaTeX way This chapter gives a bit of background 1 1 History LaTgxX is pretty old and its roots are even older In 1977 Donald Knuth a mathematician started creating his typesetting system TFX as a tool for better typesetting expecially of mathematics The first version of TEX appeared in 1978 The second version which was a complete rewrite appeared in 1982 The TEX system is based on a markup language Contrary to html another popular markup language TeX is designed for precision typesetting of complex texts and is also a macro programming language In the early 1980s Leslie Lamport provided a set of macros providing features
41. o utf8 but if we go beyond ASCII input at all utf8 Unicode is the more rational choice 2 Or better with thin spaces 1 DECEMBER 2015 13 3 BASICS Lists can be nested begin enumerate item soup 1 soup item main course 2 main course begin itemize item tortilla filled with meat and vegetables tortilla filled with meat and item refried beans vegetables end itemize refried beans item dessert end enumerate 3 dessert Here a bad example of an item parameter Since the item tag is an optional parameter it uses square brackets and rather than curly braces and 3 8 LaTeX classes Each LaTeX document starts with a documentclass line which selects a class file Class files define available features and a default look Some important LaTeX document classes e article no chapters report book The above classes are very similar in the features they support You can add features or change the appearance by loading packages documentclass 10pt a4paper article usepackageLutf8 inputenc usepackage amsmath usepackage amsfonts usepackage amssymb 3 9 Sectioning commands The standard classes listed above have a predefined sectioning hierarchy parts chapters not for articles sections subsections subsubsections paragraphs and subparagraphs All these commands have an optional and a required parameter e g section Short title A very long and impossibly in
42. omega lowercase a P EY y T 0 0 uppercase Gamma Phi Psi Xi uppercase T O Y II X Q Pi Sigma Omega 4 3 2 Mathematical accents x hat a acute e bar imath vec o dot u ddot v y vec dot Y Note imath for a dotless i and the last example which stacks two accents on top of each other 4 3 3 Various symbols Arithmetic and relational operators alpha theta gamma times zeta a 0 yx x lt y and a gt b M x lt yanda gt b u leq v and i geq j u lt vandi gt j sigma pm tau and beta sim rho rtr and p Arrows leftarrow Rightarrow uparrow Downarrow leftrightarrow gt f l o longleftrightarrow 4 3 4 Finding symbols Many symbols are already available via the TeXstudio interface But for a very comprehen sive list consult the document Comprehensive Symbol list which is part of the TeX Live documentation Search for comprehensive in the documentation list see 2 6 1 4 3 5 Functions Do not write log 100 2 but Do not write log100 2 but log 100 2 log 100 2 ln 100 4 605 MM ln 100 4 605 sin 45 707 sin 45 0 707 4 4 Various constructs For the samples below we use display math since many of them take up too much height to fit within a standard line of text Note the use of braces and to collect several letters and symbols into one argument Subscrip
43. or year citation styles such as in the examples below See Castaldo et al from 2006 and Knuth 1990 References Castaldo R J M A McKay and V Tosic 2006 Exposing gnu octave signal processing functions as extensible markup language xml web services In Proc Canadian Conf Electrical and Computer Engineering CCECE 06 pp 1442 1445 Knuth D E 1990 The TeXbook Volume A of Computers and Typesetting Reading MA USA Addison Wesley DECEMBER 2015 41 C BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES or with a different bibliography style See Castaldo et al from 2006 and Knuth 1990 References R J Castaldo M A McKay and V Tosic in Proc Canadian Conf Electrical and Computer Engineering CCECE 06 2006 pp 1442 1445 D E Knuth The TpXbook vol A of Computers and Typesetting Addison Wesley Reading MA USA 1990 Note the absence of labels in the list of references Author year citation styles are provided by the natbib package and by various alternatives such as the apalike and harvard packages natbib is the most popular one and can replace most of the others This is the LaJIEX preamble code usepackage natbib bibliographystyle chicago first example bibliographystylef apsrev second example Cite commands in the running text See citeauthor castaldo2006 from citeyear castaldo2006 and cite texbook A sample of citation commands supported by natbib
44. ote field is supported by almost all entry types Manual tamethebeast author Nicolas Markey title Tame t he BeaST The B to X of BibTeX year 2005 note url http www lsv ens cachan fr markey BibTeX doc ttb_en pdf J Misc some author Au Thor title Some title howpublished url http www a site net sometitle html J LaTFX source documentclass article bibliographystyle plain usepackage ur1 nocite bibliography nour1 end document 1 Nicolas Markey Tame the BeaST The B to X of BibTeX 2005 http www lsv ens cachan fr markey BibTeX doc ttb_en pdf 2 Au Thor Some title http www a site net sometitle html The natbib reimplementations plainnat abbrvnat and unsrtnat of the corresponding clas sical bibliography styles do provide a url field and do not require the above workarounds More trickery for working around BibTgX s automatisms can be found in Markey 2009 and in the BibTFX chapter of the UK TEX FAQ C 10 Practice Add entries to bibdemo bib and check your work with testbib tex and the nocite command as described in section C 2 A suggestion Find a Wikipedia page with many references e g http en wikipedia org wiki Economics Locate entries with enough bibliographic information and turn them into BibTgX entries Or get more bibliographic details or even a complete BibTEX entry via e g Google Scholar and other resourc
45. ource with a tabular environment from a spreadsheet range It supports MS Office version 2010 and earlier e Gnumeric is a spreadsheet program that can read OpenOffice LibreOffice spreadsheets and export to LaTgx although without a preamble It is part of the Linux Gnome project DECEMBER 2015 25 5 TABULARS Windows used to be supported but not anymore although Windows binaries can still be found on the web e There is a LalpX package odsfile that can read OpenOffice LibreOffice spreadsheets di rectly e g usepackage odsfile begin tabular includespread file filename ods range a3 f8 end tabular This package requires the lualatex engine i e you need to compile your LaTFX source with lualatex instead of pdflatex odsfile is part of our TFX Live installation Search the documentation list see 2 6 1 for odsfile e If your data are in a simple text format or at least in a reasonably simple binary format it may be a nice programming exercise to convert them into LaT X Spreadsheets can export to csv which is such a format Gnuplot is another such format Search the documenta tion list for csv or gnuplot for existing solutions 5 8 Practice Do not forget to load the array and dcolumn packages in the preamble usepackage array dcolumn You probably have tables and spreadsheets of your own to convert to LaTEX Otherwise you can find various table examples in Chapter 8 of Unix Te
46. parately Within both environments a caption command is defined In the examples below there is a label command after the caption command for cross referencing Table 5 1 on page 24 has been placed with the following code begin table t caption Fewer rules are usually better label tab rules centering begin tabular t 1rr end tabular end table and Figure 6 4 on page 30 with begin figure b centering includegraphics width 7in angle 180 figures mouse caption An upside down figure label fig float end figure Figure 6 4 An upside down figure 30 RUG LATEX COURSE 6 5 Practice documents for graphics and floats Codes t and b are optional placement specifiers They indicate preferred placement of the float on the page Use any combination of b bottom t top h here or p a page with only floats Default tbp Note also the centering command for centering the content of the environment This command has no effect on the caption If you have many floating figures and tables it helps placement if you have some or all of the following commands in the preamble setcounter topnumber 2 setcounter bottomnumber 2 setcounter totalnumber 3 setcounter dbltopnumber 2 renewcommand topfraction 9 renewcommand textfraction 1 renewcommand bottomfraction 75 renewcommand floatpagefraction 9 renewcommand db1floatpagefraction 9 renewcommand dbltopfra
47. s e The Math menu for inserting LaT X macros for math As you get to know LaT X better you may prefer to type LalgX macros by hand 2 5 First document Now we are going to do the entire cycle text entry compilation and previewing in the LaT X editor TeXstudio Create a new document by clicking on File New and type the following code documentclass article begin document Hello world end document This is a complete LaTeX document Setup is done in the preamble i e the documentclass line and anything else before begin document In this case we just specified that we wanted an article rather than e g a book or a letter Actual content goes between begin document and end document 8 RUG LATEX COURSE 2 6 Documentation X_i i 1 ldots p and a random term epsilon The model can be written as begn equation o unrecognized command betta_1X_1 betta_2x_2 cdots irepsilon label regression O endfequation ew bd Slt y _l ne 29 Column 0 Messages Log Preview SearchResuits LogFie issues 5 9 06 1 File type tine Message Inregs tex error l ne23 Undefined control sequence begn lin rens tex error line 30 Undefined rontrnl sequence Y hetta Figure 2 4 TeXstudio flagging errors 2 5 1 Compiling Save the document as e g X latexdocs hello tex Then click the Build button If all is well a pdf preview pane
48. s Another useful beginners resource is http www tug org begin html Two important points e Make sure TEX Live or MiK TEX is installed before you run the editor for the first time This enables the editor to configure itself automatically for your TEX system e A full LaT X install takes a long time do not attempt this e g while in class 2 2 The RuG TeX Live launcher The ready to run LaT X installation at the Rijksuniversiteit Groningen is based on TFX Live and contains several editors and utilities some of which will be mentioned later in this book RuG TeX Live 2015 lol x File Editors Viewers Tools Documentation Online Help Select default editor wal texstudio Wysywyg LaTeX Bibliographies LaTeX Editor Figure 2 1 The TgX Live launcher 6 RUG LATEX COURSE 2 3 Next let the system display file extensions Folder Options x General View Search Folder views a You can apply the view such as Details or Icons that BES you are using forthis folderto all folders of this type Apply to Folders Always show icons never thumbnails O Aways show menus Display file icon on thumbnails O Display file size information in folder tips Display the full path in the title bar Classic theme only a Hidden files and folders Dont show hidden files folders or drives Show hidden files folders and drives O Hide empty drives in the Computer folder Ee sa nonce Hide pro
49. scription of the bib format in the original BibTeX documentation Patashnik 1988 This documentation doesn t cover extensions from e g the Natbib and biblatex packages and corresponding bibliography styles C 9 The url field Some bibliography styles including styles created with makebst custom bst support an url field It is even required for the biblatex online entry type It is a good idea to load the url package to make sure that special characters such as underscores and tildes are rendered correctly and to enable line breaking inside the url LaT EX source documentclass article usepackage natbib bibliographystyle plainnat usepackage url nocite biboostrum bibliography bibdemo end document BibTgxX entry Article biboostrum author Piet van Oostrum title Een tutorial over het gebruik van Bib TeX journal MAPS volume 30 pages 66 86 year 2004 url http ww ntg nl maps pdf 30_15 pdf J results in Piet van Oostrum Een tutorial over het gebruik van BibTFX MAPS 30 66 86 2004 URL http www ntg nl maps pdf 30_15 pdf C 9 1 Urls in other fields If the bibliography style does not use an url field you can include an url in another field Howpublished is a good option but only in combination with e g the Misc entry type 48 RUG LATEX COURSE C 10 Practice since it is ignored by most other entry types Alternatively the N
50. should appear see figure 2 3 Also have a look at the message pane below the editing pane figure 2 3 If there are problems then TeXstudio tries to identify and flag the cause see figure 2 4 You can read more about compiling in Section 3 of the online help Help User Manual It also explains what to do in case of errors 2 6 Documentation Built in help The Help menu of TeXstudio provides both help for TeXstudio itself and a LaTgxX reference in html format The launcher Documentation and Online menus contain shortcuts to several other useful manuals and online resources The LaTeX Introduction menu entry points to a book length introduction which covers all the basics It is also a nice demonstration of the bookmarking and hyperlinking that you get virtually for free with LaTFX and which makes the pdf very convenient to consult on screen The next menu item LaTeX Reference is the TEX Live version of the above LaT X reference also in pdf format and also fully bookmarked and hyperlinked The UK TEX FAQ is another useful resource 2 6 1 The documentation list You can gain access to documentation about packages in one of the following ways RUG Launcher In the Documentation menu a menu item All TeX Live documentation by package invokes an html file doc html which contains links to virtually all package man uals Standard TeX Live The menu item Start Programs TeX Live nnnn TeX Live Documenta tion invokes an html page w
51. similar to creating a title block with the article class title The Title author Siep The Title institute R U Groningen Scie Siep begin frame R U Groningen titlepage December 6 2015 end frame Siep RU Groningen The Te December 2015 1 9 7 5 Themes Beamer uses themes to control different aspects of the presentation layout colors fonts and headers and footers The manual shows examples of different themes such as the default theme no usetheme command Antibes Bergen Madrid and PaloAlto Default theme usetheme PaloAlto Blocks DECEMBER 2015 33 7 PRESENTATIONS Instead of such a comprehensive theme you can also load component themes The examples from section 7 3 and 7 4 use useoutertheme infolines info at top and bottom usecolortheme seahorse sets colors Read Part III of the manual for details 7 6 Modes Beamer makes it possible to combine an article and a presentation into a single source There is a mode lt thismode gt command to tell Beamer that the contents between braces only applies to thismode where thismode can be presentation or article Most LalgxX code works normally within a Beamer presentation 7 7 What about sections You can use sectioning commands between frames They may or may not be used in presen tation mode depending on your theme some themes will display them in the page header or in a sidebar see the illustrat
52. such as automatic chapter and section numbering footnotes and automatic cross referencing LaTFX allows authors to concentrate on the meaning and structure of documents rather on appearance This is called structural markup If used well structural markup makes for a faster less error prone publishing process There are LaTgX templates or classfiles for most uses of TFX besides articles reports and books slides and letters are also provided for Most TeX users started using the LaT X system for their documents adding their own stuff as needed rather than starting their own macro package from scratch 1 2 The TEX LaTEX ecosystem TEX and LaTFX caught on and a large ecosystem grew up around it Users around the world contributed macros fonts support for non Western languages manuals and utilities The vast majority is free The CTAN archives are the main repository for TFX related material but quite possibly your TEX installation already contains everything you need or provides an easy way to add the missing pieces The sites of TEX user groups such as http www tug org and http www ntg nl host various mailing lists and have links to other TFX and LaTFX related sites I maintain my own site http tex aanhet net rugtex about the RuG TEX installation 1 3 Working with LaTEX LaTFX is not a wysywyg wordprocessor Preparing a document with LaT X is a three step cycle 1 Enter your text with markup in a text editor suc
53. t You see that every line get its own number unless it is suppressed with a nonumber command The starred version omits the numbering 20 RUG LATEX COURSE 47 Fonts in math Wbegin alignx F x 8 a b 2 j 8 a 2 2ab b 2 f x a b Vend alignx a 2ab b 4 7 Fonts in math 4 7 1 Upright and italic First note that alphabetic characters will be italicized in math mode Use mathrm to get an upright version E mathrm E p mathrm p E E p p 4 7 2 Bold With bold the situation is unfortunately a bit complicated For regular latin alphabetic characters use mathbf which makes the character at the same time bold and upright M mathbf M v mathbf v M M v v For Greek characters and other symbols try boldsymbol instead of mathbf Psi boldsymbol Psi infty boldsymbol infty Y Y 00 co If neither mathbf nor boldsymbol does the trick load the bm package usepackage bm and try again 4 7 3 Fancy math fonts Blackboard mathbb B Blackboard B Calligraphic cal A Calligraphic A Fraktur mathfrak A Fraktur A 4 8 Macros It can become cumbersome to write something like boldsymbol alpha for over and over again You can define an abbreviation with the following code newcommand balph boldsymbol alpha and then you just need to type balph A macro can also have parameters Below 1 indicates the number of parameters and 1 ind
54. tation for more variations L begin pmatrix x amp y amp z amp 01 amp 001 end pmatrix begin bmatrix E y Zz i y z x8 y 8 z MM 0 01 001 0 01 001 0 amp 01 amp 001 end bmatrix Matrix with various ellipses L begin bmatrix a_ 11 8 ldots amp a_ 1m MM 011 Gim vdots amp ddots amp vdots a_ n1 8 ldots amp a_ nm end bmatrix Aani Anm or L begin bmatrix a_ 11 8 Mdots amp a_ 1m MM 411 Aim hdotsfor 3 AM a_ n1 8 Mdots amp a_ nm ni cue sss end bmatrix Bracketing with large delimiters L Meft begin array rr 10 amp 100 10 100 ag b a b end array right This also works with braces and square brackets If you need only one of the two braces use for the other one MN left begin array c a MM a b end array Wright b 4 6 Multiline equations There are various constructs for multiline equations Basic LaTpX has the eqnarray and eqnarray environments the first with the second without automatic numbering But we shall just give an example of the amstex align and align environments begin align f x amp a b 2 nonumber AN f x a b amp a 2 2ab b 2 label AnEquation icon al 2ab b 4 2 gine a b a b label AnOther end align a D a b 4 3 See equation ref AnEquation and ref AnOther See equations 4 2 and 4 3 The amp character defines the alignmen
55. te lcompanion and cite bacgri2003 printbibliography end document Output See 2 and 1 References 1 Lance J Bachmeier and James M Griffin New evidence on asymmetric gasoline price responses In The Review of Economics and Statistics 85 3 2003 pp 772 716 2 Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens The BTfX Companion 2nd Addison Wesley 2004 DECEMBER 2015 43 C BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES An example with author year citations and the new citetitle command documentclass article usepackage bibstyle authoryear block ragged biblatex bibliography bibdemo begin document See citetitle lcompanion by citeauthor lcompanion published in citeyear lcompanion printbibliography end document See The BIEX Companion by Mittelbach and Goossens published in 2004 References Mittelbach Frank and Michel Goossens 2004 The BTX Companion 2nd Addison Wesley The practice files include a file bibtex_biblatex_sample tex to get you started with biblatex By now there are quite a few biblatex styles search for biblatex in the CTAN Cata logue and existing styles can be tweaked with options Still it is conceivable that none of the existing styles are usable And there is no makebst section C 4 for biblatex It is also possible that the recipient has an antiquated TFX setup or is not willing or not able to handle biblatex So it is too soon to assign
56. tected operating system files Recommended xl Restore Defaults Figure 2 2 Letting Windows display file extensions For a standard university UWP computer you should have a menu item Start Programs Text Processing TeX Live RuG yyyy This invokes the RuG TFX Live Launcher see Figure 2 1 The RuG TFX Live launcher is also available in a remote session From this launcher you can start up your favorite LaT X editor consult documentation and do some configuration and maintenance Take a moment to browse the launcher menus The RuG TeX Live website item in the Online menu points to my website mentioned earlier The button at the left labeled La TeX editor invokes your selected default editor The launcher offers you a couple of additional choices besides TeXstudio plus the option to select an editor of your own 2 3 Next let the system display file extensions If you work on a file somefile tex then TFX is going to generate various auxiliary files such as somefile aux and somefile log If you want to tell such files apart you need to configure your computer to display file extensions For Windows you need the Folder Options dialog or File Explorer Options in Windows 10 This dialog can be accessed via the Control Panel in the Appearance and Personalization category Go to the View tab of the dialog see figure 2 2 uncheck Hide extensions for known file types and click OK 1 T
57. ted with Beamer 4 04 042044 a bee ee eS 32 73 Slidesvate frames soscar rac b4 0462044444 44404 4448 34 32 33 To TEMES aos ala ER a AA A A AE 33 TO We 34 TE Wiiataboutsechlone pao apnea ea ea ae as 34 Te Tisutes and tables y escitas ed 34 C A E EEE ETE Hoa a ae 34 A Changing the appearance 35 A 1 Empty lines instead of paragraph indentation 0 35 A2 Doublesspacinig cia fick ahh a ew or BESS GA bs ad EA 35 A3 Display matnalignrnenkt 64 244 84488 0508 Baas 35 AA Page dimensions s esc 6005 5 4 4 eed ad ee Eee ee aS 36 AGS FOE size ica ee EE Gh I ae Soe dE a ees 36 PO FONES oda to ea ent OS Ae i eB OR nn Sd HR ee 36 B Language support 38 BI Babel wes ou eee ch or eee aw ee Bh eR EE eS 38 B 2 Non western scripts with XeTeX and LuaTeX o o o oo o 38 C Bibliographic references 39 Ci The why and how of BbIEX gt cena la Gee oe PS BER 39 C 2 nocite entries without citations ooo o o 40 C 3 Bibliography styles three generations ooo oo 41 C 4 Generating your own bibliography style with custom bib makebst 42 C5 The latest and greatest biblatex o scac 2444 04 Hed ee chaired 43 C6 The BibTex databas format scans A Ra 44 C 7 BibTgX editors and bibliography managers 45 CS Beamiples eae pan ae oR gO eee A tee oe eee O ee a 46 E Thertitl field 0 2 04 44 40 ba 0e Gat a Pea 48 E O E A 49 C11 Troubleshooting
58. the exact original image from the jpeg Nevertheless jpeg compression works very well for photographic images These can be reduced to 10 of their original file size without visible loss of quality DECEMBER 2015 29 6 GRAPHICS pdflatex will look in the figures subdirectory Make sure to use a relative path forward slashes and make sure that there are no spaces or funny characters in file or directory names figures APicture is fine c Documents and Settings your name A picture probably is not The TeXstudio Insert Graphics wizard tries to produce the right syntax If the picture is too large or too small you can scale it to the desired size with a width or height parameter includegraphics height 3in figures mouse sa Sometimes width linewidth may come in handy You can also rotate a picture with an angle parameter Figure 6 4 has been inserted with includegraphics width 7in angle 180 figures mouse 6 4 Floating figures and tables If you place large objects such as figures or tables at their natural position in the text stream you tend to get awkward page breaks Therefore they are usually placed inside a float which means in LaTgX speak an environment which may be moved elsewhere to e g the top or bottom of a page or to a page by itself LaTFX defines two float environments the table and the figure environment It is pos sible to define more Figure and table floats are numbered se
59. ts and superscripts E x_i x_ itl a 2 b xty 2 pxt Xi Xi 1 4 pr Roots without and with optional parameter ME sqrt xty Asqrtin1 2 M1 Vx Y 412 18 RUG LATEX COURSE 45 Arrays matrices Figure 4 1 Quick Array wizard Two styles of fractions and regular text within display math a B y L x y text and y frac alpha beta gamma M x y and Sums products and integrals ME sum_i x_i prod_ i 2 7 i 1 7 2 int_ z 0 infty z 2 pi I i 1 I z Ellipsis dots on the baseline and higher up x_0 ldots x_ 100 x_0 cdots x_ 10 M Xo X100 Xo X10 4 5 Arrays matrices LaT X arrays L begin array 1cr 0 15 amp 3a amp 0 15 3a 0 0 0003 amp 501d amp 10 0 0003 501d 10 0 011 amp 2c 8 1 end array 0 011 2c 1 In the second parameter above 1cr each of the three letters Icr specify the alignment of one column left centered and right TeXstudio has a Quick Array wizard to create a first approximation see Figure 4 1 The wizard assumes that the text cursor is between math mode delimiters such as 1 Matrices amsmath style begin matrix x8y8z MM AR ERA 00 0 01 001 end matrix Notice the absence of column specifications all columns are centered DECEMBER 2015 19 4 MATH You get built in round brackets with pmatrix and square brackets with bmatrix See the amsmath documen
60. uggestions DECEMBER 2015 45 C BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES JR JabRef X practice bibtex factors bib 101 x a reat SL Real eA EN 1 Y E EE ux Book Friedman Price Theory Book Parkin and Esquivel Macroeconomia parkines Book Samuelson and Nordhaus Economics samuels Book Sm The Wealth of Nations 776 ae UE IA Article Stresing et al stresing_ The Wealth of Nations Publisher yy Strahan and T Cadell London Author Smith Adam Peter smith_wealth_nations Status Opened database X practice pibtex factors bib with 5 entries Figure C 1 JabRef BibTEX editor C 8 Examples Now let us have a more in depth look at the BibTFX database format by looking at a series of examples TECHREPORT canond20 3 author Marcel Canoy and Sander Onderstal year 2003 title Tight oligopolies I n search of proportionate remedies number 29 institution CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis address The Hague TECHREPORT is the type of the publication Capitalization is not significant in BibTgx entry types and field names The key canond20Q3 is used by the various cite commands CPB is enclosed in braces to protect it against BibTFX s automatic capitalization Also notice that the author field consists of two authors each in first last format The names are separated with and 46 RUG LATEX COURSE C 8 Examples
61. ur new LaTgxX document 3 1 Paragraphs You need to separate paragraphs with empty lines in the input file a single linebreak is equivalent to a space A linebreak in the source A linebreak in the source creates a creates a space in the pdf output space in the pdf output An empty line in the source ends a para An empty line in the source ends a paragraph graph 3 2 Comments The percent character is the comment character LaJEX ignores it and everything follow ing it on the same line including the linebreak itself one ignore tw one two o 3 3 Control sequences and characters LaTgX commands often take the form of a backslash followed by a series of letters e g LaTexX LaTEX A control sequence swallows succeeding spaces so you sometimes have to follow it with or LaTeX code LaJEXcode LaTex code LaTeX code LaTex LaTEX code LaTgX code LaT X Rendering control characters literally DECEMBER 2015 11 3 BASICS function render literally with comment character parameter grouping MV starts control sequence textbackslash newline 3 4 Grouping A pair of braces can also localize the effect of a command x z footnotesize x z x Z XZXZXZ 3 5 Text formatting The classfile and stylefiles will take care of many changes in text attributes e g in section heads and in bibliographies Do not style these items manually Appendix A contains some simple recip
62. utf8 C 8 2 Example a predefined abbreviation and a dummy field string AW Addison Wesley Book 1lcompanion Author Frank Mittelbach and Michel Goossens Title The LaTeX Companion Publisher AW year 2004 Edition 2nd ignorablefield too fat for my backpack J You can define abbreviations with string entries You can also create a bib file with string entries and load it before the actual database file This entry also uses a dummy field ignorablefield for private information C 8 3 Example author names with a von part number ranges article meycra2004 author Meyer Jochen and von Cramon Taubadel Stephan title Asymmetric Price Transmission A Survey year 2004 journal Journal of Agricultural Economics volume 55 number 3 pages 581 611 J DECEMBER 2015 47 C BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES inproceedings ricejava author Istiqomah Istiqomah and Manfred Zeller and Stephan von Cramon Taubadel title Volatility and Integration of Rice Markets in Java Indonesia booktitle Tropentag 2005 year 2005 These examples feature an author s name with a von part first in von last first syntax then in first von last syntax Again Patashnik 1988 explains handling of author s names Also note that BibTgX will expand the range 581 611 to 581 611 producing a proper n dash in the typeset output You can read a full de
63. volved title which will never fit in a page header subsection A short enough title Sectioning titles may turn up in page headers or in an automatically generated table of con tents If a title is not short and simple you should use an optional parameter which will not cause trouble when it is reused in page headers or in a table of contents 3 9 1 Bookmarks and clickable cross references with hyperref The hyperref package will create bookmarks from your sections and also make all the cross references in your pdf clickable Add an option colorlinks if you do not like the boxes around links usepackage colorlinks hyperref 3 This preamble is generated by the TeXstudio Quick Start wizard 14 RUG LATEX COURSE 3 10 Title 3 10 Title Publications customarily start with some sort of title page or block LaT X creates such a title with the maketitle command You should already have defined an author and title with corresponding commands The author and title commands can be placed either in the preamble or in the body of the LaT X source The maketitle command belongs in the body Here is an example of an article with a usepackage command a title block a table of contents and sections documentclass article usepackage newpxtext newpxmath palatino font begin document title Title of article author My name maketitle thispagestyle empty tableofcontents section A section label sec A
64. where before the bibliography com mand Bibliography styles are provided by bst files plain bst in the example above alpha bst in the example from section C 3 1 both hidden deep inside the TEX Live directory structure Once you have prepared your LaT X source and your BibTgX database compilation re quires the following steps 1 Run pdflatex to generate the information that BibTgx needs 2 Run bibtex to generate the list of references 3 Run pdf latex to include the generated list of references 4 Run pdf latex again to resolve bibliographic references just like other cross references The TeXstudio Build command handles all this for you After further editing a single pdflatex run should be enough as long as the list of refer ences stays the same C 2 nocite entries without citations You can use nocite instead of cite if you do not want an automatically generated citation in the running text but do want an entry in the list of references nocite 1lcompanion Tip You can quickly create a formatted printout of your BibTFX database with the nocite command see testbib tex from the practice files documentclass article bibliographystyle plain begin document nocite x bibliography your_bibtex_file end document 1 LaJEX used to be more restrictive in this respect Therefore many old time LaJEX users still place the bibliographystyle command right before the bibliography command 40 RUG
65. xt Processing an old Unix text which has been republished in O Reilly s Open Book Project http oreilly com openbook utp The practice zip see section 2 7 contains e an example file tabulars_sample tex e Various files some_data which together illustrate getting spreadsheet data into LaT X 1 Actually dcolumn already loads array so there is no real need to load array explicitly 26 RUG LATEX COURSE 6 Graphics Broadly speaking there are two ways to get pictures into your LaIEX output 1 Create graphics externally and load them with LaTEX commands 2 Add picture code directly to the LaTgX source The TikZ package offers a convenient general purpose set of macros for programming dia grams and there are several other options However a big subject such as TikZ is beyond the scope of this introduction here we shall only look at external graphics 6 1 External graphics Before we go any further you should have some rudimentary understanding of graphics file formats The most important distinction is between bitmaps and vectors Bitmaps are built up from pixels i e tiny blocks of solid color The smaller the blocks the sharper the picture and the bigger the file If you scale them up too far the blocks become apparent see figure 6 1 Figure 6 1 Bitmapped or raster graphics above a photograph below a screenshot both with an

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