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1. PICArc Bound box wid 1 2 p TCLine at 0 PICEllipse PICCLEC LET ine sTo move N move move from from PICSp 3 arrow from arrow from arrow from arrow from arrow from Text e to Object w Arc w to Object e Bound n to Object s Line n to Object s Box n to Bound s Circle n to Bound s Ellipse n to Bound s 275 TCBoundObject move 9 60 wid 1 8 ht 1 dotted at woe 1 zL move 1 arrow from Spline n to Line s A 6 Figure 2 5 E ellipse wid 2 ht 1 E c E e at E e ljust E ne at E ne ljust Esse at E se lj st E s at E s below E n at E n above E sw at E sw rjust E w at E w rjust E nw at E nw rjust A 7 Figure 2 6 down lineht 0 3 ellipse IR arrow box wid 1 5 Calculate number of phrases num arrow box i 0 arrow L1 line to 7 2 7 line to 0 3 0 Lime to 10 7 2 7 L4 line to last arrow s i lt num at 0 2 7 arrow from 0 3 0 Y ljust box wid 1 2 compile phrase i arrow 61 L5 line to 7 4 4 line to 0 4 7 line to 0 7 4 4 line to last arrow s error 2 at 0 4 4 arrow from 0 4 7 N ljust left A arrow Bibo atk line from B n up 2 05 to L4 gt right arrow from Ll s N above circle done arrow from L5 s Y above
2. set the text in the EW to one of the three different attributes normal erroneous and selected get the position of the CIP and call isAtObjectPhrase to determine which kind of object the CIP is in update the attribute area by showing different attribute panes for different objects The syntax error checking is implemented based on the result of compiling IR The compiler compiles IR phrase by phrase and returns a correct IR with error phrases set to white spaces The original IR is gotten directly from the edit window and is stored in the variable iro Com piler compile returns a syntax error free IR and stores it in the variable ir The differences between the ir 0 and ir are marked as syntax errors Canvas repaint paint is an important method in MyCanvas It first calls drawGrid to draw the grid draw Grid checks whether there is an active grid It then gets the grid values by calling Com piler getGrid with CIP as a parameter and draws the grid Next paint calls PICObject draw to draw different objects Finally paint calls drawSelected to draw the selected objects and drawClIP to draw the CIP on the canvas 42 2 5 Evaluation pic is targeted to draw diagrams in computer science documents As an enhancement of pic WD pic certainly does better than pic The author used WD pic to draw all the diagrams in this thesis except those containing screen shots The pic code of the figures are lis
3. to renew the look of the EW and the canvas insertModifier s is similar to insertPrimitive s It is used to insert up down right left 5 and the attribute tokens The difference is that when the string s is added to the IR it is not added in a new line but following the previous existing text and with a white space in the front and after isAtPostCtIPhrase is used to check whether the CIP is after an at from or to setSelected idx sets the object with the index idx to be selected idx is restored for future use The related text in the IR is marked in selection color The canvas is repainted setCIPAfterSelected is called when a user selects an object on the canvas and runs the setCIP action This method first retrieves the index of the selected object and calculates the position of the text of the object in the IR It then sets the caret in the EW to point to the end of the selected object s text Finally the canvas is repainted 26 renewLooking is called whenever there is any change in the IR It renews the look of the text in the EW calls the canvas to adjust and update the attribute area in the palette Refer to Section 2 4 3 2 3 5 Canvas The Canvas module handles all the painting actions and the mouse events Because Canvas is a key word in Java MyCanvas is used instead as the class name The main methods in MyCanvas are paint processMouseEvent e processMouseMotionEvent me and ad justCavnas
4. B 2 Ins rting an Object oo io e a es o Re eS 66 B3 Selecting an object lt ss te ios da e ee ee a aa aa 66 BA Defining amp activating grid be ewe ee ee eR ee edades 66 B 5 Setting font and size of text ede aia ee a ee ee a 66 C WD pic user s manual 72 viii List of Figures 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 153 1 6 2 1 Ze 2 3 2 4 29 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 3 1 3 2 B 1 B 2 WD PICHSA SEmi acne a a a a a eral a aa ered 3 Execution steps in WD piC 64 456454 254 2348 A RA 5 Acsample dra WD ODE ia a a a N A eee T A campledrawi bY PIC sser on rn cara da ad a 7 dot code of Figure 3 a a a a aa 7 pic code of Figure 1 4 4 4 5 6 A AE REE AA 7 Screen layout of WD pIC ies es e Sea ee Shee Boe se Se Boe es SE 18 Screen layout with box attribute buttons o 19 WD pic system architecture eses ka ee eee a a 24 PIC Object class diagram A A Sa ee a Oe RS 28 Corners of a ellipse over ES ee ee ee a 29 Compiling process s sss sac caa a ea eg ra ee ra ee 32 Euclidean coordinate amp the screen coordinate ooa a 35 gravitate to ooir pie ie a Gee a a ud WE a da a A p a a a 37 Adjust text position ee ee ae eae a a dr 39 A sample of Tont setting at e e a e end Ra a EEE ae a ee oe ie e 41 Font related data structure o Boh Begs a 41 WD pic project plan 0 tsk Te tO eh OG lO eh TOG AES Sede 47 WD pic development process e o e ane Bee Bowe 49 Sequence diagram of file open Vi ROA at A oa dat a
5. Java JNI is used to run the external editor code in C which is built into a library file The Unix system calls fork and exec are used 5 16 When runExtEditor method is called it first creates a temporary file file in the sys tem s default temporary folder Then it calls EditWindow exportIR file to copy the cur rent complete IR to the temporary file file It then calls exec to run the external editor with the temporary file as the to be edited file After the external editor finishes it calls EditWin dow importIR file to copy the contents of the temporary file back to the edit window as the IR Figure 2 10 was produced from a screen clump rather than by WD pic because it involves graphics not specified in the IR 40 Hell oe test Figure 2 10 A sample of font setting PICObject List PICBox PICStri PICFontString List j ies ryust Hello PICFontString Z Z Arial Bold size 18 from a PICString to World PICFontString LA Courier Oblique si om PICArrow to PICString above PICFontString i es Times Italic size10 from to PICCircle Figure 2 11 Font related data structure 4 Edit window renewlooking renewLooking is a very important method in EditWindow It executes in the following steps 1 2 T get the active grid send the IR and grid values to compile update the font list inform MyCanvas to adjust
6. box wid 1 1 reset compiler arrow box ht 5 wid 1 3 recompile phrase 0 to i 1 line from last box s down 35 then to A s gt A S Figure 2 7 arrowhead 5 L1 arrow 2 X at Ll end WAN at 1 8 0 9 arrow from L1 down 2 Y rjust at last arrow end Mea Vat RO Ly 1 8 0 0 above at 0 0 arrow dashed from 0 2 1 to 2 1 X at last arrow end 62 MM dE Ly 005 1 arrow dashed from 1 2 to 1 0 2 Y at last arrow end rjust MET at Aloy 01 0 0 at 1 2 0 9 line right from 2 1 6 Screen coordinate at 3 2 1 6 line dashed from 2 1 9 Euclid coordinate at 3 2 1 9 A 9 Figure 2 11 down PICFontString List move 2 box wid 2 ht 1 box same box same xX 25 y 4 PICFontString at x y Arial Bold size 18 at x 3 y 0 25 from at x 2 y 0 46 EO at Xt 2p Y 05 PICFontString at x y 1 Courier Oblique size 24 at x 3 y 1 25 Fl from at x 2 y 1 46 Tl to at x 2 y 1 65 PICFontString at x y 2 Times Italic size 10 at 0 1 2 65 from at 0 2 86 to at 0 3 00 x 2 5 y 8 63 PTCObject List at x y move 2 box wid 1 5 ht 2 2 box wid 1 5 ht 1 2 box wid 1 5 ht 75 PICBox at x 4 y 4 move 2 box wid 1 ht 7 at x y 0 9 move 2 box same move 6 box same PICString at x 1 y 0 7 move 2
7. implementation 6 11 testing 7 31 Figure 3 2 WD pic development process e May 16 manual second update e June 11 second demo all features done e July 31 testing end Figure 3 2 illustrates the whole development process Some phases in the software development process are not exactly bounded to the clear time line The spare time in the previous phases of implementation was used to do research such as writing proof of concept POC code The implementation phase was counted from writing the main frame code of WD pic White box testing was actually combined with the implementation phase Whenever a class was developed it was white box tested Whenever a feature was implemented it was tested against the use case in the manual Thus the testing phase in Figure 3 2 was for only black box testing after all the features were implemented i e integration testing and system testing 49 3 2 1 Requirements The requirement phase took longer time than that was planned totaling 4 months from writing the outline to finishing up all the features Writing the manual was actually the process of re quirements elicitation Sometimes a feature was proposed in a very early version but it took several revisions to capture what the customer really wanted In some cases the customer did not know exactly what he wanted until he had seen the manual description of what he thought he wanted We had 11 revisions before the im
8. in WD pic Among all the source code 13 524 LOCs are GUI code in Java 10 464 LOCs are pic compiler code in C and 103 LOCs are external editor code in C Among the pic compiler code 9 567 LOCs are reused code from the original pic compiler 897 LOCs are newly coded Implementation went much faster than expected 52 WD pic was planned to run only on Unix Solaris systems However the result shows that after compiling the pic source code into a dynamic link library on Windows it works with the GUI in Java on Windows as well So a Windows version of WD pic was implemented as well with slightly different code for font setting and invoking the external editor 3 2 4 Testing White box unit testing was done to every class during the implementation phase The user s manual was used as the test plan and the source of black box test cases Results show that the user s manual works as a good test plan and source of test cases The user s manual has all the information that a normal test plan and test cases have including the system requirement of the program the execution steps and the correct results Once a feature was implemented the software engineer did black box testing by following the exact steps in the manual to make sure the program worked as expected Most of the testing was done during implementation Later more black box testing was done when the author used WD pic to draw all the line diagrams in this thesis The author realized t
9. 67 Sequence diagram of inserting an object o o 68 1X B 3 Sequence diagram of selecing an object B 4 Sequence diagram of defining and activating grid o B 5 Sequence diagram of setting font and size Chapter 1 Introduction This thesis has two main goals 1 the investigation of a new paradigm for picture drawing programs and 2 the investigation of the use of a program s user s manual as its requirement specification 1 1 A new paradigm for picture drawing programs 1 1 1 Motivation and goals Line diagrams are widely used in today s computer science technical documents especially in software engineering documents They are used through out the whole process of software devel opment from requirements specification system design testing and maintenance Flow charts state diagrams system structure graphs program call graphs and object to object dependency graphs are some commonly used line diagrams Therefore it is important to have some good tools to draw the diagrams Many researchers are working on picture drawing tools Each of most of these tools can be classified into one of two categories e WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get direct manipulation e g xfig Paint Mac Draw and This dichotomy is used by the customer of WD pic Berry to motivate the requirements and to provide goals batch e g pic 9 10 18 dot 13 Shpilberg discusses the advantages
10. design document based on the user s manual and implemented the features described in the user s manual Finally the user s manual was used as the plan for testing WD pic During the whole process the manual was kept up to date 1 2 2 Related work Previous work of WD pic Shpilberg in the Technion designed and implemented the first prototype of WD pic with Berry as her customer 6 17 The prototype established the basic requirements and proved the concept but the customer was not happy with the user interface The profusion of pop up windows in this prototype was inundate For example if the user wants to draw a box with a specified size and location The user has to do the following steps 1 Click the box button on the palette 2 Click the size button on the palette The Size dialog shows up 3 Input the size of the box 4 Click the OK button Then the user has to do the similar steps to change the location of the box This causes lots of mouse movement and the click of the OK button to confirm the correct ness of inputting text is actually not necessary It would be much nicer if the user can just click the box button and type from the keyboard the size and location of the box without moving the mouse The UI problem in Shpilberg s prototype is not fixable because she used standard widgets These widgets require bringing up an interaction window when it is desired to input from the key board and these windows require c
11. edit window 3 Copy paste cut undo and redo do not work with the canvas but they work with the edit window 4 One cannot do search and replace in the edit window but one can do search and replace in an external editor 5 Font information of the text is not saved but the user can add the font command manually in the IR and pass the IR to pic 43 6 One cannot directly manipulate constructs e g for if and block on the canvas 7 One cannot output pictures in a standard graph format e g gif and png or print from WD pic 2 5 1 Evaluation of WD pic relative to the pros and cons of batch and WYSIWYG WD pic fixes the disadvantages of most of the WYSIWYG picture drawing program as we men tioned in Section 1 1 1 e Changing one object in the picture will not destroy the entire picture Because the layout is done by pic e It is now easy to manipulate the objects of a category as a group For example the user can use an external editor to search all the box in the IR and replace with circle WD pic also fixes the disadvantages of the batch programs e The user can now see the picture while composing its description e Instant feedback on the canvas reduces the errors 2 5 2 Future work WD pic has met all the requirements of the customer the author s advisor However it still has certain shortcomings Some of them are easy to eliminate Some are difficult given the current implementation of
12. ie Gc G6 se gs oe os eget oe ee ee se Ee ke 31 DIAZ Helpe rb ats Gt E a Ge ge os ea a a A ee ae a 31 2 4 Implementation 2 5 6424 deb b eb deb de SLA EN SLE SSR EOS SS 31 24 1 pic CODO TUS 2 x ed eee a be Ee e eed 31 2 4 2 Data structures and algorithms 2 208 34 2 4 3 Miscellaneous implementation details 40 29 EAU A IA AU E at atl ot A Sa A at Me 43 2 5 1 Evaluation of WD pic relative to the pros and cons of batch and WYSIWYG 44 2 32 a a AAA ee Ste ig a hie A oe SER NES atoll the ial Uae ah Og 44 Case study 46 3 1 Project plans nes a AAA 46 3 2 Results and introspection 2 2 0 eee ee 48 3 2 Requirements ea e ca e sa Se Say Ha SS e ee be eS 50 9 22 Design cosido ae a e e a a a aa ta 52 3 2 3 Implementation s 2 ce a oe ad ad a a Eee A 52 32A A er doa a E te E oS BE IR Be RI S 53 3 3 Author s feelings during the life cycle aoaaa e 53 vii 4 Conclusions 55 A pic source code of figures in the thesis 57 Peal e A cs ose A BS Sh SS ER BS eS 57 A2 Peur A ene oe eos Se OE a E ee ONE he Se BE aa Sie BE a 58 AS Pierur kA a Siac Sans A oe Set Sneed od echt ado 58 AA POU AAA aiie es Lt ee es II Site Sa eB se Be 59 o AAA a ee HSS a a ee ee eee E A 60 A 6 Figure ZIRE 61 Pal Figure AAA 61 AS Figure AS di a a OH a Oe 62 PO FUE DL me i ai a hae eas Rec as aa Le a aah Be a aae a a A 63 A O O E E a 64 Ar e a a e am da e e a A 65 B Sequence diagrams 66 BL oO pene a A A Oe E 66
13. nw at last box se implementation E box fill 2 ht 8 with nw at last box se testing line 4 6 from A ne 10 1 01 line 3 7 from B ne aay olin line 2 7 from Cine 1 1 02 move move line 1 5 from D ne Ze line from E ne 5 1 line from E se 6 31 spline from C w left 1 35 to Byw gt spline from D w left 2 8 then to B w gt spline from D w 0 1 left 2 to C w gt spline from E w 0 1 left 4 8 to B w gt spline from E w left 2 to D w gt 65 Appendix B Sequence diagrams B 1 B 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 Opening a file Inserting an object Selecting an object Defining amp activating grid Setting font and size of text 66 aa lt rids importIR file text color in the EW updated attfib ute area updated y EditWindow PICCompiler i ay oia ir grid EEN j anvas VA i grid fea Figure B 1 Sequence diagram of file open 67 Al set attr LMC a token compile ir Figure B 2 Sequence diagram of inserting an object 68 j User 1 I LMC an object ted Figure B 3 Sequence diagram of selecing an object 69 itWindow Compiler GC a PICObject 1 dy drid variable list ii igetObject idx attr je H kei ae aai E drawn on the cp getGrid tie comia Toe Figure B 4 Sequence diagram of defining and activating g
14. s manual as its requirement specification is a promising method It is worth additional case studies 56 Appendix A pic source code of figures in the thesis A 1 Figure 1 1 ellipse document arrow A box WD pic arrow ellipse pic file arrow box pic arrow box troff arrow circle rad 28 circle picture at last circle c down arrow from A s circle rad 28 circle picture at last circle c 57 A 2 Figure 1 2 down A box invis keyboard B box invis mouse arrow from A e right down boxht 2 arrow from B e right up boxht 2 right C ellipse GUI input arrow affecting IR events right 1 D box IR arrow ellipse pic compiler E arrow ellipse GUI output line from C se right down line to E c x movewid C se y moveht arrow to E c box dashed at D e wid 5 5 ht 2 WD pic above at last box n A 3 Figure 1 4 down box wa arrow dotted B ellipse b arrow left down event ljust below crrcle o arrow from B s right down ellipse wid 1 Hello World 58 affecting session events A 4 Figure 2 3 EE box wid 1 2 External Editor move Help box Help File box File at EE x 1 move boxwid UI box UI move boxwid Gravity box Gravity EW box wid 1 EditWindow at 1 2 2 5 move 5 Canvas box Canvas Grid box Grid wit
15. used to verify whether the designed modules working together to carry out all the use cases Some of these sequences diagrams are given in Appendix B The user s manual helps the design in the following ways e The use cases are already there it is easy for the designer to generate the use case diagrams e Because a use case in the manual describes in each step what the user inputs to the CBS or what the CBS responds to the user it is easy for the designer to construct the sequence scenario diagrams e The manual helps the designer to verify whether the design covers all the features in the manual by verifying each use case 3 2 3 Implementation The user s manual was used as the guideline to implement all the features Lots of research was done during the process of preparation and requirement such as studying the pic source code and Shpilberg s prototype code and getting familiar with Java Swing and Jni POC code was written in the requirement and design phases For instance a small piece of Java code was written to show that the C coded pic compiler works with a simple Java coded GUI program Therefore once the design was fixed the software engineer could write a main frame and put everything together to make a rough working version then implement the use cases and abstracted features in the manual one by one From this rough working version to all features done it took about two months Totally there are 24 091 lines of code LOCs
16. 2 shown on the canvas It helps the user to track the location of the CIP in the IR The objects are painted in two colors on the canvas black and light purple RGB 204x204x255 Black is for normal objects Light purple is for selected objects In order that the user easily lo cate the selected objects on the canvas and in the edit window the same selection color is used in the edit window The divider between the canvas and the edit window is adjustable It can be moved up and down to adjust the sizes of the canvas and the edit window 2 2 7 Edit window The edit window EW is implemented as a text editor with which the user can view and edit the IR copy paste cut undo redo like a normal text editor It also helps the user to do syntax checking The text in EW is shown in three colors black light purple and red Normal text is in black Selected text is in light purple Text with a syntax error is in red 2 2 8 Status bar The status bar is used for displaying error information and the coordinates of the point if any on the canvas at which the mouse is pointed If a user runs some session command and does not see any change on the canvas there might be some error message shown in the status bar For example if a user activates a grid but the grid is not drawn on the canvas there might be some information in the status bar telling the user what is wrong The coordinates of the mouse s position on the canvas might be displaye
17. A At 1 AZ Wpasic des iodo ai piel By col Blot Pe Slee A 4 lla Related Work ie A e A A A cae gt eg 5 1 2 Case study of using a user s manual as a requirements specification 9 120 M tvatomand soals A A O A 9 LAMA Related WOTE a A Se e Bee 9 Las EAN a ra a e a Saag a 12 1 3 1 Notational conventions oaaae 12 1 32 TO is a ls e a ra la ers 13 1 3 3 Abbreviations s a s e ace os HO ee ee eee ed 16 1 3 4 Organization of this document 00 16 2 Picture Drawing 17 2 1 Basic paradigm andrequirements 000000000008 17 Ben Userinterface cto ia a ra o ead o Suk tS 18 Pedal CCE layout Da e a ee ee A A 18 2222 Neo Das aos ds wee E iS 20 22 3 POP UP Men airada AA A 21 2 2 Tool DA rra aaa a a a a aa 22 225 gt AN 22 2 20 CAVAS 252 ood eee eS a a a A A E 22 vi 22d Edit Window ia A a dia 23 B28 IN o ee ee E AE ee E A S A 23 2 3 High level design modules ra a a 23 Beso User ir o A te os REE Be E I Re IS A 25 OAE i E E E E E e a A 25 A Editor Jt 2 a ar e amp ad wae Sy PIEN A E R GA SS ee G 25 2 3 4 EditWindow spell O al ese Sg we ele fe Se 26 Do ME AMV AS iore e Be amp leo 82 tee iH eo SES et Da Se AES BSE BS N 27 20 PICO x Sau Sa he Dah ae 27 Zeb PICCOMpUCR Sa sete ee ae ES Be te ee ee tee as 28 A A a a ae ae ae to 29 239 MOANA a e ene Sec ge a ee ea ase pete ec a See Ber hae Ba ae 30 ZO SONO a saan ii a To eee eh eae Gel ee ee Sed 30 Ds RODE
18. WD pic More direct manipulations to the objects on the canvas can be added to the program such as copy past cut changing sizes and locations They are not very difficult to implement based on the current implementation of WD pic since we can track the objects on the canvas and their related positions in the IR Search and replace are not difficult to add to the built in text editor in the edit window This would be a nice feature for WD pic to have 44 pic does nothing on font settings There is no font information in the internal representation of a picture Because in different systems the same font could have different names this made saving font information in WD pic difficult Direct manipulating the constructs is difficult too because there can be nested construct in a construct To output pictures in standard formats such as pS JOQ requires good knowledge of these formats These are the challenging features to implement 45 Chapter 3 Case study As mentioned in Section 1 2 1 one goal of this thesis is for it to be a case study in the use of a user s manual of a software product as requirements specification The goal of the case study is to see how well the user s manual of WD pic works as the requirement specification and how effectively the manual can be used as a reference in the design implementation and testing phases In this case study Berry worked as the customer of WD pic The author of this thesis was the
19. WD pic a New Paradigm for Picture Drawing Programs and its Development as a Case Study of the Use of its User s Manual as its Specification by Lihua Lizzy Ou A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Mathematics in Computer Science Waterloo Ontario Canada 2002 Lihua Ou 2002 I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis I authorize the University of Waterloo to lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research I authorize the University of Waterloo to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or other means in total or in part at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research 11 The University of Waterloo requires the signatures of all persons using or photocopying this thesis Please sign below and give address and date 111 Acknowledgements Thanks are given to many people for their help on this thesis First of all I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Daniel M Berry who made the whole thesis possible and gave me many excellent suggestions I would also like to thank my readers Dr Joanne M Atlee and Dr Michael W Godfrey for their great help on modifying the thesis Jo also gave me plenty of encouragement and support to do the first presentation of the work at an early stage Michael lent me his PC for the testing at the last sta
20. al view of the diagram The documentation window is only for showing and editing information of a selected object Unlike most other WYSIWYG picture drawing tools Rose has partially auto layout For example in a class or use case diagram 1f the user changes the size or location of one node the edges that are connected to that node are adjusted automatically There fore the layout of the entire picture might be still good The most prominent feature of Rose in drawing diagrams is that the diagrams of the same system share elements All the diagrams actually describe the same system in a different view As we can see Rose does a good job in drawing diagrams that it is supposed to draw It is widely used in designing software systems but it cannot draw other kind of diagrams as the user likes 1 2 Case study of using a user s manual as a requirements specification 1 2 1 Motivation and goals Berry et al discuss the motivation to use user s manual as requirements specification 6 The motivation to do the case study in this work is to find out how well a user s manual works as a requirements specification and how effectively the manual can be used as a reference in each phase of software development For case study of this thesis Berry the supervisor worked as the customer The author of this thesis was the software engineer Berry helped the author to make the user s manual of WD pic capture his requirements The author wrote the
21. alog make sure the cursor is in the yyy field of zzz dialog type xxx from the keyboard xxx is added to the yyy field of zzz dialog 1 3 3 Abbreviations BIC Basic Interpretation Cycle CIP Current Insertion Point EW Edit Window GUI Graphic User Interface IR Internal Representation LMC Left Mouse Click RMC Right Mouse Click WD WYSIWYG Direct manipulation WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get 1 3 4 Organization of this document Chapter 2 describes WD pic s requirements user interface high level design implementation and evaluation Chapter 3 gives the details of the case study the project plan results and intro spection and future work Chapter 4 is a conclusion 16 Chapter 2 Picture Drawing 2 1 Basic paradigm and requirements Compared to other picture drawing programs the major advantage of WD pic is its GUI Not only does this GUI provide both WYSIWYG and textual views of the picture to users but also it provides grid and gravity external and internal text editors syntax checking etc The novel UI requirements of WD pic are that e All styles of input i e by mouse or by keyboard are fully interchangeable without the need to inform the application from where its next input is coming e There is no need to move the mouse to the canvas or the EW except to explicitly and directly identify a point or an object therefore mouse movement is minimized e Wh
22. and disadvantages of these categories 17 The advan tages of WYSIWYG picture drawing programs are as follows The user can see the whole picture while composing It is easier for the user to decide the objects shapes sizes positions etc Therefore obvi ous errors can be avoided Most of the WYSIWYG picture drawing programs have the following disadvantages Changing one object in the picture might destroy the whole picture because the layout of each object in the picture is done manually by the user For example if the user changes the size or position of one object the size or position of the other objects which are connected to the changed one have to be changed as well It is not easy to manipulate the objects of a category as a group e g changing all the boxes in the picture to circles and changing the sizes of all the boxes in the picture Programs in batch mode on the other hand have advantages which are lacking in WYSI WYG mode programs The advantages of batch mode programs are as follows Inserting or deleting an object or changing its size or location does not destroy the entire picture The batch program recalculates the layout of the whole picture and redraws it automatically It is easy to manipulate objects of a category as a group For example if the user wants to change all the boxes in the picture to circles Since the description of whole picture is stored in a plain text file the user can search
23. bject on the canvas the attributes of that object would be shown in the attribute area But in the implementation the attribute area is made up of attribute buttons So it is difficult to show all the values of the attributes in the attribute area So we changed the attribute buttons to be used for insertion only i e 50 no matter what the existing values are LMCing an attribute button always resets the value of the attribute in the internal representation e There is no grid information in the internal representation But the customer wants grid to be saved We need save the grid in a file on the hard disk During the implementation we realized that we can further use this file to create a recently opened file history which is a popular feature in most GUI applications e It was said in the manual that preference setting effected inputting from the palette the same as inputting from the keyboard In the implementation it is difficult to let the program know what the token is just input from the keyboard So we changed the preference setting only effects the input from palette Refer to the user s manual for details e We planed to develop and execute WD pic in a Unix environment Because the code was written in Java we built a Windows version without too many changes in the code The first three updates actually could have been avoided if we do a better review of the manual but not the last four They are related to implementation
24. cation The software engineer will discuss with the customer all the features and document them in the manual The user s manual will be organized by use cases It will describe all the fundamental concepts as well and is not to be ambiguous 47 Design All the features in the manual will be designed High level design modules should be given The design should be clear enough to show how the modules work together Implementation All the features in the manual will be implemented Java Swing will be used to code the GUI Java Jni will be used to communicate between the Java coded GUI and the C coded pic compiler The project will be carried out on a Unix Solaris environment Testing Both black box testing and white box testing will be used to test the program The user s manual will be used as a source of test cases for black box testing All the use cases in the manual should be covered Unit testing will be done on every class 3 2 Results and introspection The project was carried out not exactly matching the schedule that was planned The following is a list of the actual milestones e October 2 2001 project started e November 1 manual started March 28 2002 manual final design started April 20 design final implementation started April 22 manual first update May 15 first demo basic features done 48 10 2 01 preparation 11 1 requirement 3 28 02 design 4 20
25. cessible from the system to be the ex 25 ternal editor and running the specified external editor These actions are done by getExtEditor setExtEditor edi tor and runExtEditor Because the Runtime class in Java cannot run non windowed application e g pico and vi from a GUI program a C program is written for the Unix version of WD pic to run non windowed programs in a standard terminal window For details please refer to Section 2 4 3 2 3 4 EditWindow The EditWindow module handles actions of the IR e g composing importing and exporting the IR sending the IR to the pic compiler to compile and actions of the built in text editor including Copy paste cut undo and redo as well as checking syntax and setting the CIP The main methods of this class are importIR file exportIR file insertPrimitive s insertModifier s isAtPosCtIPhrase isAtObjectPhrase setSelected idx setCIPAfterS elected and renewLooking importIR file is used for importing the file file as the IR to the edit window expor tIR file is used for exporting the IR to a file named file These two methods are mainly used by File when the user opens and saves a file insertPrimitive s is called when a user LMCs the pic primitive tokens e g box circle ellipse arc line spline arrow and move on the palette It first calculates the CIP Then it inserts the string s at the beginning of a new line into the IR and calls renewLooking
26. d as a grid point or as an object s corner if it is available Otherwise it is shown in a pair of real numbers the x y coordinates of the mouse s position 2 3 High level design modules Figure 2 3 illustrates the system architecture of WD pic It is made up of the following modules Ul File ExternalEditor EditWindow Canvas PICObject PICCompiler Grid Gravity History Font and Help 23 gt navigate External Editor Help reference File UI Gravity Grid EditWindow Canvas Font PICCompiler PICObject History Figure 2 3 WD pic system architecture 24 2 3 1 User Interface The Ul module is responsible for the user interface of WD pic including the screen layout men tioned in Section 2 2 and all the dialogs that the user sees It consists of the WDPic class the AttrPane package and the MyDialog package WDPic implements the main frame of WD pic AttrPane contains the attribute pane for each pic primitive MyDialog contains all the dialogs Each element e g a menu item and a button on the user interface is assigned an action command If two elements implement the same function they are assigned the same action com mand WDPic itself implements ActionListener which is a standard class in Java Therefore when WDPic hears an action it checks the action command and calls the related method Thus 1t d
27. details Compared to writing traditional requirements specification writing the user s manual at the requirement phase has the following advantages e The user s manual is written at the user s level so it is easy for the user or the customer to see and to tell what he or she wants It helps requirements elicitation e It is also easier for the software engineer to capture what the customer wants By writing a use cases centered user s manual what the user inputs to the CBS and how the CBS responds to the user are clear to the software engineer e By reading the use cases the customer can verify whether these are what he or she wants Berry the customer s previous experience being a requirement engineer and a customer is relevant to this case study because he learned how to be a demanding customer But his previous experience with WD pic was irrelevant because each time he does this he goes for what he believes are correct requirements The fact that he has done WD pic before changes only set of features not the software engineer s job to find out what he wants and to specify and implement it 51 3 2 2 Design WD pic user s manual was used as the guideline for design It is actually a repository of use cases from basic to advanced By reading all the use cases 1t is not difficult for the designer to figure out the main modules Then each key use case was visualized to a UML sequence diagram Last the user s manual was
28. ds of a picture file It is defined as following GridList Hashtable GridName GridDef GridName String GridDef Center dX dyY Center pic expression dX pic expression ay pic expression The name of the grid is the key of the hashtable When activateGrid is called it searches for the contents of GridName in the GridList then calls EditWindow renewLooking EditWindow renewLooking sends the grid deter minants together with the IR to compile and calls MyCanvas to repaint MyCanvas paint calls Compiler getGrid to get the grid values from the VarSet list and draws the grid lines Refer to Section 2 4 1 Gravity The following is the pseudocode of the algorithm in the key method gravitateTo in Gravity 1 If gravity is off return the pair of real numbers as the indicated point 2 If gravitating to pic corner is selected gravitate To p does the following minDis 00 q P for each object o in the object list do for each corner c of o do dis p distance c if dis lt minDis 36 pp yr dx center tn y0 Figure 2 8 gravitate to if p distance c gt gravity tightness radius return p else return q 3 If gravitating to grid point is selected the point p that the user LMCed on the canvas must be located in some grid cell as illustrated in Figure 2 8 To figure out the values of m and n we get the following inequalities
29. e Shpilberg discussed a few of each in 17 A famous diagram visualization system with both WYSIWYG and textual views of the pictures is Graphviz 1 2 It was developed by AT amp T research lab Graphviz is a set of graph drawing tools including dot 13 neato 15 lefty 12 dotty 14 etc which are similar in construction to WD pic dot pic Like pic dot is a batch picture drawing program It accepts input in the dot language and makes hierarchical layouts of directed graphs Undirected graphs are handled by neato which shares with dot the input file format and the graphics drivers Figure 1 3 is a simple graph generated from the dot code in Figure 1 5 It has four nodes connected by three edges Figure 1 4 is a graph generated from the pic code in Figure 1 6 showing the same layout We can see the main differences between dot and pic from the above sample In dot the user specifies the nodes and their attributes including shape label which by default is the node s name and the edges and their attributes including the source and the target nodes The sizes and positions of nodes and edges are calculated automatically The picture drawing orientation by default is from top to bottom In pic nodes and edges are equally treated as objects The user has to specify the length and path of the line object that connects two node objects The drawing orientation by default is from left to right Therefore dot is more powerful in draw
30. e attributes for the object that was most recently inserted menu bar used for operating and adjusting current session made up of the File Edit Tools and Help menus menu item a unit of a menu tool bar shortcuts to some menu items made up of the New Open Save Copy Paste Undo Redo Grid and Help buttons screen layout made up of a menu bar a tool bar a palette a canvas and an EW as shown in Figure 2 1 left mouse click abbreviate as LMC a left mouse click right mouse click abbreviate as RMC a right mouse click double click two LMCs not more than second apart current insertion point abbreviate as CIP the point in the IR in which the next object will be inserted indicated by the cursor on the canvas and the cursor in the EW normally it is after the last inserted object 14 the picture corresponding to an IR the picture generated by pic when it interprets the entire IR from start to end regardless of where in the IR the CIP is current file name a name for the file into which a Save would cause writing of the entire IR basic interpretation cycle abbreviate as BIC the process starts with inputting into the IR and ends with the picture on the canvas being redrawn For example following sequenced steps illustrate a BIC 1 LMC a pic token on the palette 2 The token is added to the IR 3 The picture on the canvas is redrawn pop
31. e by writing the user s manual instead of a requirement specification In fact I would say that we lost time Everything got paid back in the later design implementation and testing phases Having walked through the requirement elicitation process I knew exactly what I was supposed to im plement Testing became very easy too as the use case oriented manual itself was a source of covering test cases Implementation went much faster than expected When I did the first demonstration to the customer the customer was really impressed When I was using WD pic to draw the diagrams in this thesis I realized that this software turned out to be much better than I expected The GUI gives users much more flexibility to draw diagrams than the original pic program Without too much knowledge of the pic language I was able to draw all kinds of line drawings easily Compared to projects that I did before the requirement phase in this case study was no easier than that in a normal life cycle I expected that writing a user s manual would have been easier than writing a formal requirement specification However design implementation and testing went much better than expected The project finished on time and with the customer s satisfaction While in my past experience of about 5 years usually the early requirements and design phases went much more smoothly than in this project However in the past projects always requirements and design problems were d
32. eference setting is added e The program can run on Windows as well as Unix environments As we can see the GUI of the new WD pic is much more user friendly The customer is very happy with the product Development of flo Wolfman designed and developed the program flo by using user s manual as the requirements document 6 flo is a pic preprocessor It translates a flowchart specification that is embedded inside a file containing ditroff input into a pic specification In this project Wolfman was the soft ware engineer Berry was the customer The project was research in electronic publishing They started from writing the user s manual because of the batch nature of the program Later they realized that this user s manual became the requirement specification and the whole development was centered on the production of the user s manual Industrial case stud y Finestein did a case study of using user s manual as a requirements specification in the devel opment of ExpressPath 6 7 ExpressPath is a natural language speech recognition system developed by LGS an IBM company Finestein participated in the entire requirements analysis 11 and system design The results of the case study show that it was easier than normal to work with the customer to address potential human computer interface issues with a user s manual form of requirements specification The user s manual reduced the learning curve of new devel opers by at least 50
33. en inputting text that is expected and that has an algorithmically detectable end there 1s no need to move the mouse to a text window to input the text and to confirm at the end e The internal representation should be as much as possible what a human would write in the pic language to achieve the picture shown on the canvas The first three are achieved by virtue of the fact that the user is viewed as inputting internal representation rather than building a picture per se This view permits the grammar of the internal representation to guide the program s acceptance of the user s input 17 Atril 4 Area Figure 2 1 Screen layout of WD pic 2 2 User interface 2 2 1 Screen layout WD pic starts up with the screen layout illustrated in Figure 2 1 The main window is made up of six main parts e the menu bar e the tool bar e the palette 18 WD pic Untitled o x File Edit Tools Help BEETS EEO Coc ellipse arrow move y a E label Macros Variables ite y i hox Attributes Se eal e ee ul Hd asshed dete just ust above betowr as fa Figure 2 2 Screen layout with box attribute buttons e the canvas e the edit window EW e the status bar The red star on the canvas represents the current insertion point CIP The attribute area is empty in the start up scree
34. for each box in the picture and replace it with a circle The disadvantages of the batch mode programs are as follows The user cannot see the picture while composing its description It is easier to make an error WD pic pic gt troff Figure 1 1 WD pic usage Our motivation is to develop a picture drawing program that gets the best of both batch and WYSIWYG modes The pic program is a troff 11 preprocessor It is ideally suited for drawing diagrams in computer science documents The internal representation of a picture in pic language is easily understood by a human Based on these facts we built WD pic on top of the pic program Our goal is to keep the pic program s batch defaults and additionally make it possible for users to compose pictures through a graphic user interface i e by mouse clicking or by typing from the keyboard For example to draw a picture with a circle in it the user can use any text editor to compose a pic file with circle in it as with the batch pic program Alternatively in WD pic the user can either type circle from the keyboard or simply click the circle button on the palette Either way a circle is drawn on WD pic s canvas What the user sees on the canvas is what the user gets WD pic can be run as an independent program on a Unix Solaris or a Windows 95 98 2000 environment or as a preprocessor of the pic program It draws pictures on its b
35. from Figure 2 8 To n dr lt p lt o n 1 dz Yo Mx dy lt Yp lt Yo m 1 dy P Xp Yp is the point that the user LMCed on the canvas o yo is the center of the grid The other two determinants of the grid are dx and dy lFigure 2 8 was not produced by WD pic because it shows grid lines whose specifications are not stored in the IR Instead the figure is a portion of a screen snapshot 37 Therefore we can get the following formula n aI n 2 The four corners of the grid cell in which p yp is located are the closest grid points to p Their coordinates are to n dx yo mx dy to n dx yo m 1 x dy o n 1 dz yo m dy ao n 1 dz yo m dy The distances from p Yp to the four points are calculated The closest point is chosen If the distance from p to the closest grid point is greater than the gravity tightness radius then p is returned as the indicated point Otherwise the expression of the grid point is returned The returned grid point expression is optimized to be more natural For example it is more natural to write expression ty 1 dx as zo dz 4 If both gravitating to pic corner and grid point are selected choose the closer pic corner or the grid point Adjusting the position of text By default the alignment attribute of text in pic is center which can be changed to above below vertically or Ljust rjust
36. ge Thanks to Dr Andrew J Malton for his valuable suggestions Thanks to Steve and Shelly Rose for proofreading the manual Last but not the least thanks to my family and friends including my boy friend without whom this thesis would have been much harder to write Thank you 1v Abstract The pic language is a graphics language for specifying line drawings to be typeset The pic pro gram is a pre processor of troff that runs in batch mode on Unix environments In this work WD pic a WYSIWYG Direct manipulation pic is developed WD pic operates on a new paradigm for WYSIWYG direct manipulation picture drawing in which mouse movement is minimized by use of natural defaults being used for information normally provided by the mouse and in which the internal representation is directly editable in the program The work is also a case study of using the user s manual for a Computer Based System CBS as its requirement specifi cation The result of the case study indicates that along several dimensions user s manual makes an excellent requirement specification for CBSs The user s manual not only specifies the what not how of the CBS at the users level but it also serves as a useful requirements elicitation and validation tool as a repository of use cases and as a useful source of covering test cases Contents 1 Introduction 1 1 1 A new paradigm for picture drawing programs 1 1 11 Motivation and goals srs A AA
37. h sw at Canvas ne 1 0 Font box Font with nw at Canvas ne boxwid Lboxht left Object box PICObject with ne at Font sw 0 3 move Compiler box wid 1 PICCompiler move History box History at 5 4 2 arrow from UI w to EE s arrow from UI n to Help s arrow from UI w to File e arrow from Ul e to Gravity w arrow from Ul e to Grid w arrow from Ul s to EW n arrow from Ul s to Canvas n arrow from Ul s to Font n line from EE s to File n ine from File s to EW n ine from File s to History n ine from EW e to Canvas w ine from EW s to Compiler n ine from EW s to Object n line from Canvas s to Compiler n line from Canvas s to Object n line from Canvas e to Font w 59 lin from from from from 0 000 000 line from from at Canvas e to Grid w Grid n to Gravity s Font s to Object n Object e right 1 5 then up 2 then to Gravity e Legend move down 3 arrow right line at 3 75 move i iD navigate E Compiler e to Object w referenc move History e right 4 then up 1 5 to Grid s 3 s 195 box at 4 2 0 2 A 5 Figure 2 4 Text Object Arc Line Box Ellipse Circle Spline arrowhead arrow arrow box box box box p box p box box box PICBox ICText PLEOb ject move
38. hat it was very convenient and fast to use WD pic to draw the line diagrams if the user had the layout of the whole diagram in mind Users of the traditional batch pic reported the same phenomenon To summarize the user s manual helps testing by serving as the test plan and providing test cases 3 3 Author s feelings during the life cycle When I first heard the idea of using a program s user s manual as its requirement specification the idea sounded a little bit strange because in a normal life cycle the user s manual is the last document to be written Furthermore a user s manual and a requirement specification have different readers They have different focuses on the content During the preparation phase as I was getting to know more about the pic program I was not sure how much this GUI we were going to built on top of pic could enhance the pic program s functionalities Even if a user knows the pic language well the flexibility that the pic program gives to the user is limited because of the limitations of the batch mode program 53 The requirement phase was the hardest phase during the whole life cycle The requirement elicitation was hard Describing the requirement to capture what the customer really wanted was hard too I felt that writing a good user s manual which is to be used as a requirements specification is as hard as writing a normal requirement specification We didn t save time during the requirement phas
39. he following is the C code VarSet structure typedef struct _VarSet double picVar 20 33 double gridX0 gridY0 gridDX gridDY int idx0 idxl struct _VarSet next VarSet We mentioned before that the IR is compiled phrase by phrase so when the compiler com piles an IR phrase it generates and adds an object to the object list At the same time it also gets the grid and variable values and adds an element to the variable list idx0 and idx1 are used to locate the start and the end of the phrase in the IR When the CIP moves in the IR we search in the variable list to get the VarSet where idx0 lt cip lt idxl For details of other pic data structures please refer to 17 2 4 2 Data structures and algorithms pic data structures Two variables are added to the original pic obj structure and a new structure VarSet is added as mentioned in Section 2 4 1 Euclidean coordinate amp screen coordinates The pic compiler calculates a position p Yp by Euclidean coordinates However when WD pic draws the position on the canvas screen coordinates e y are used The difference between the Euclidean coordinates and the screen coordinates is illustrated in Figure 2 7 The origin of the screen coordinates is at the top left corner of the screen while the origin of the Euclidean coordinates is at the center Furthermore the Y axis in the screen coordinates goes down while the Y axis in the Euclidean coord
40. horizontally enter means the text is centered at the geometric center of the object it is associated with The attribute 1just causes the left end to be at the specified point which means that the text lies to the right of the specified place and r just puts the right end at the place above and below center the text one half line space in the given direction There are several horizontal lines indicating the position of a text item as illustrated in Fig ure 2 9 Figure 2 9 was produced from a screen clump rather than by WD pic because it involves graphics not specified in the IR 38 Top line yt Center line yc Base line y Bottora line yb Figure 2 9 Adjust text position In Java the position of a text item is indicated by its base line If the text attribute is center Yc is given by pic To draw a text item whose center line is at yc the following formula is used to calculate the base line y all the calculations in this section are in the screen coordinates TextHeight asc dsc asc dsc 3 2 dsc ye dsc E Y Yet If the text attribute is above y is given So to draw a text item whose bottom line is at y y dsc If the text attribute is below y is given To draw a text item whose base line is at yp Y Yi asc The value of asc and dsc are given by a Java standard API Ye Yb Y are as shown in Figure 2 9 The horizontal attributes center ljust and rjust are si
41. inates goes up The following formulae are used to do the translation Lo Tp La Xo Yo Yp Ly Yo Za Zy o Yo are constants Z and Z are used to adjust the length of unit on the canvas Since the Y axis in the Euclidean coordinates goes in the direction opposite of that of the Y axis in the screen coordinates Z lt 0 34 0 0 A i i l i 1 Screen coordinate a gt 2 Euclid coordinate Figure 2 7 Euclidean coordinate 4 the screen coordinate A unit in pic is 1 inch A unit on screen is 1 pixel To make a unit in pic look like a unit on a 17 inch monitor with 1024x768 resolution Za Zy V 1024 7682 17 75 294117647 Xo Yo are used to adjust the position on the canvas In this version of WD pic xo canvasW idth 2 Yo canvasHeight 2 History The recently opened files names and their grid information are stored in a vector In order to keep the information when WD pic exits it is saved into the wdpicrc file on the disk Then the next time WD pic launches it retrieves the history information from the wdpicrc file The following is a sample record in the wdpicrc file E WDpic PicObject pic Gridl 0 0 movewid moveht The first line is the full path name of the file A grid s name center dX and dY are 6699 separated by in the second line 35 Grid A hashtable GridList is used to store the gri
42. ing complex graphs i e graphs with lots of nodes However it draws directed acyclic graphs only hierarchically pic is more suitable for drawing simple directed or undirected graphs There are some other advantages of dot It has color and font attributes and outputs in com mon graphics languages e g pS gif and png while pic being a troff pre processor does not have these features lefty lefty 8 12 is a two view graphics editor WYSIWYG view and textual view The user can edit the picture from any of the views From the WYSIWYG view a node can be added or relocated by mouse movement An equivalent result can be obtained by entering expressions in the editor s language in the textual view A unique feature of lefty is its use of a single language to describe all aspects of picture han dling Picture descriptions consist of two parts data structure that hold information about the picture e g objects in the picture and their locations and sizes and functions that implement op erations on the data structure e g functions to insert delete move draw objects The language was inspired by the language in the EZ system 8 It is similar to AWK and C not as easy to read as the pic language Another prominent feature of lefty is its programmability e a user can program and cus tomize lefty to the way he or she likes by using its programming language For example by default a left mouse click on the canvas inserts a ne
43. ing and keyboard typing events from the GUI are classified into two categories e affecting the IR and e affecting the session After an event of the former kind the current complete IR is sent to the pic interpreter The pic interpreter builds from the IR a data structure describing each picture element and its size location and other attributes The GUI gets the picture information from the data structures and draws the entire picture on the canvas Figure 1 2 illustrates the process of how WD pic works Some other design goals of the user interface of WD pic are the following e All styles of input i e by mouse or by keyboard are fully interchangeable without the need to inform the application from where its next input is coming keyboard affecting IR events mouse affecting session events Figure 1 2 Execution steps in WD pic e There is no need to move the mouse to the canvas or the EW except to explicitly and directly identify a point or an object therefore the mouse movement is minimized e The internal representation should be as much as possible what a human would write in the pic language to achieve the picture shown on the canvas e When inputting text that is expected and that has a definite end there is no need to move the mouse to a text window and to confirm at the end 1 1 3 Related work Most picture drawing programs come in either WYSIWYG mode or batch mod
44. iscovered during implementation and testing In this project there were much fewer problems discovered during implementation and testing allowing them to go very quickly 54 Chapter 4 Conclusions In this work two contributions are that 1 WD pic was implemented and 2 acase study of using a program s user s manual as the program s requirement specification was carried out We have the following conclusions First WD pic follows a new paradigm for WYSIWYG direct manipulation picture drawing programs It has the following advantages e It inherits all the advantages that the batch mode pic program has and it fixes the disadvan tages of the batch and most WYSIWYG picture drawing programs e It provides convenient direct manipulations and directly editing the internal representation of picture to users e Input by mouse or by keyboard are fully interchangeable The user does not have to inform the application where its next input is coming from e It minimizes the mouse movement However because WD pic is built on top of the pic program its features are limited to the features that pic can provide Besides this the current implementation of WD pic also has some other shortcomings that are independent of pic 55 Changing the sizes and locations of objects cannot be done by direct mouse manipulations Copy paste cut undo and redo do not work with the canvas Changing attributes of constructs cannot be do
45. milar The Java default is ljust Instead of using asc and dsc we calculate the width of the text layout To draw a text item whose center is at e z Te wid 2 To draw an rjust text item ze wid Font A vector is used to store the font information of a picture file The structure is defined as follows 39 FontList vector of FontElement FontElement Font from to Font font style size from document position to document position FontElement is implemented as PICFontString The from and to record the positions where this font setting starts and ends Figure 2 10 illustrates a sample picture on the canvas Letter e is set to font Arial Bold size 18 Letter o is set to Font Courier Oblique size 24 World is set to Times Italic size 10 The rest text is in default font default size The related data structures of this picture are shown in Figure 2 11 Every time there is a change in the IR the positions of the text items change Therefore the Font List needs to be updated 2 4 3 Miscellaneous implementation details Run external editor Because Java Runtime cannot run a non windowed application e g pico and vi from a GUI program the approach for runExtEditor depends on the underlying operating system If the current operating system is Windows Java Runtime exec editor is called to run the exter nal editor editor If the current operating system is Unix
46. n A Typesetter independent TROFF Computer Science Technical Report No 116 Bell Laboratories March 1982 12 Eleftherios Koutsofios Editing Pictures with lefty June 1996 13 Eleftherios Koutsofios and Stephen North Drawing graphs with dot AT amp T Bell Labora tories Murray Hill NJ February 2002 http www research att com sw tools graphviz 14 Eleftherios Koutsofios and Stephen C North Editing graphs with dotty June 1996 15 Stephen C North Drawing graphs with NEATO April 2002 16 Marc J Rochkind Advanced Unix Programming Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs NJ 1985 17 Faina Shpilberg WD pic A WYSIWYG Direct Manipulation pic Master s thesis Faculty of Computer Science Technion Haifa Israel July 1997 18 B Srinivasan Unix Document Processing and Typesetting World Scientific Singapore New Jersey London 1993 74
47. n layout It is filled with attribute token buttons when the CIP is at some object These attribute buttons change according to the object where the CIP is at Figure 2 2 illustrates the screen layout when the CIP is just after box 19 2 2 2 Menu bar The menu bar is used for operating and adjusting current session made up of the File Edit Tools and Help menus Details on each of these are found in the manual in the appendix File menu The File menu has the following items e New to start a new picture file e Open to open an existing file which is assumed to contain pic code e Save to save the current complete file Save As to establish a new current file name and save the current complete IR in the named file Recent File to re open a recently opened file without specifying the full path of the file e Exit to exit the program Edit menu The Edit menu has the following items e Undo to undo the last action in the edit window Redo to redo the last action in the edit window Copy to copy the selected content in the edit window to the clipboard Paste to paste the content in the clipboard to the edit window Cut to cut the selected content in the edit window Change Attribute to change the attributes of the selected object Reset Font to reset the font of the selected object 20 e Set CIP to set CIP after the selected object e Run External Editor to run the external editor Und
48. ne by direct manipulations e Pictures cannot be output in a standard graph format The first two are not real limitations They can be overcome by using the built in text editor They are not difficult to fix based on the current implementation The later two are the challenges for the designer of the next version Second the result of our case study shows it is useful to write the user s manual at the requirement phase A non ambiguous use case centered user s manual helps the whole process of the software development e The user s manual makes an excellent requirement specification for CBSs It specifies the what not how of the CBS at the users level e It helps requirements elicitation by helping both the customer and the software engineer to see what is wanted But it cannot solve the problem that sometimes the customer does not know what he or she want e The user s manual is a good validation tool 1t helps the customer to verify the requirements specification and helps software engineer to verify the design and implementation e The user s manual as a repository of use cases and a useful source of a test plan and covering test cases e There is no need to write the user s manual again after the development finished The one used by the software engineer a lot is also easy to be read by users There is no completely satisfactory way to validate any SE method but at best our re sult shows that using a program s user
49. o and Redo are not always available Undo is enabled only when there has been some change made to the IR e g adding deleting text The user can widUndo to the beginning of the session Redo is enabled when Undo has been done Tools menu The Tools menu has the following items e Font to change the font of the selected text on the canvas e Set External Editor to set the external editor to an accessible text editor on the user s system Define Grid to define a new grid or modify an existing grid Activate Grid to activate a previously saved grid Set Gravity to set the gravity values e Preferences to set the preferences of pic objects Help menu The Help menu brings up the help information of WD pic It has Contents and About items 2 2 3 Pop up menu The pop up menu is made up of the Set CIP Change Attribute Reset Font Activate Grid and Set Gravity items These menu items are shortcuts to the same items in the menu bar 21 2 2 4 Tool bar The tool bar is made up of the New Open Save Copy Paste Cut Undo Redo Grid Activate and Help buttons These buttons are shortcuts to the related menu items Tips are provided for users who are not sure about the usages of buttons By moving the mouse over a button a small tip of what the button is for shows up The tool bar can be dragged out of the current position and floated horizontally or vertically in the main window 2 2 5 Palette The palette is u
50. oes not need to care whether the action is from a menu item or a tool button For example both the New item in the File menu and the New button in the tool bar create a new file They are assigned the same action file new If a user selects New from the File menu WDPic gets the file new action the new method of the File class is called If the user LMCs the New button in the tool bar WD pic also gets the file new action and calls the new method 2 3 2 File The File module handles all the actions that are invoked by the File menu including creating a new file opening an existing file saving current complete file establishing a new current file name saving the current complete IR in the named file and exiting the program These actions are done by doNew doOpen doSave doSaveAs and doExit doOpen calls EditWindow to import the file as to be edited IR It also looks up in the history database file to see whether there are previously saved grids If so it retrieves the grid information and activates the grid It then updates and saves the history database file records the just opened file as the most recently opened file doSave calls History to update and save the history database file For details of History please refer to Section 2 4 2 2 3 3 ExternalEditor The ExternalEditor module handles actions of the external editor including getting the name of the system default editor setting a specific editor that is ac
51. onfirmation of the input To fix this problem actually means rewrite all the code Still later four students Daudjee Dong A and T Nelson at the University of Waterloo wrote improvements of the user s manuals for WD pic Because of time limits they did not implement the specified systems The documents of the previous work of WD pic were given to the author at the beginning of the project for her to get familiar with the project She laid these documents aside when she started to design the program Shpilberg s prototype was developed in X windows environment using C In the new WD pic the idea of re use of the pic compiler is the same But the author did not reuse any of Shpilberg s code The new WD pic was coded in Java from scratch Major improvements and new features added in the new WD pic are as the follows e Mouse movements are minimized Pop up windows are used only when necessary e A built in text editor is added e It is able to report all the syntax errors 10 e More direct manipulations are added The user can now specify an object to be drawn anywhere on the canvas by a mouse click at the desired point e The use can preview font settings e Recently opened file history is added e Grid is added The user can define as many grids as he or she like Gravity supports three levels e The user can see current values of the pic variables as well as change these values e A tool bar and a status bar are added e Pr
52. over having a traditional SRS The customer was satisfied with the fact that the requirements processes allowed the customer to detect and readily address human computer interaction problems that arose during the requirement specification 1 3 Conventions 1 3 1 Notational conventions The following text conventions are used in the manual e Times Roman is used for normal text e Times Italics is used for emphasis and new terms in normal text e Times Bold is used for section names e Helvetica is used for program file class module and method names except in command lines e Helvetica Oblique is used for widget and key name variables e Helvetica Bold is used for widget and key name constants e Courier is used for internal representation contents e Courier Oblique is used for variables of pic internal representation syntax e Courier Boldis used for constants of pic internal representation syntax e Computer Modern Sans Serif is used for command code and use case names 12 1 3 2 Terms The following terms are used throughout the manual e WD pic the name of the program e user the person who uses WD pic addressed by you e pic primitive abbreviate as primitive defined by the pic grammar e g box line arrow circle ellipse arc spline and move e pic object abbreviate as object a pic primitive together with its attributes e pic token abbreviate as token a smallest
53. paint draws everything on the canvas including the picture grid and CIP etc All the mouse events can be classified into two categories e MouseEvent including MOUSE_CLICKED MOUSE_PRESSED MOUSE_EXITED and MOUSE_RELEASED e MouseMotionEvent including MOUSE_MOVED and MOUSE_DRAGGED processMouseEvent e handles the former category e is one of the four mouse events processMouseMotionEvent me handle the later me is one of the two mouse motion events adjustCanvas is used to adjust the overall layout of the picture in the canvas 2 3 6 PICObject The PICObject module is responsible for all pic objects The architecture of the PICObject module is illustrated in Figure 2 4 PICObject is the base class of PICBoundObject PICLine PICArc and PICText PICBox PICCircle and PICEllipse are subclasses of PICBoundOb ject PICSpline is a subclass of PICLine These classes handle the attribute values of pic objects as well as other information that is needed when drawing The main methods in PICObject are set att 1 distance p draw and getCorner The set att r method is invoked by the PICCompiler module After the IR is compiled all the information of the picture is stored in an object array Refer to Section 2 4 1 When 27 PICText _ PICObject PICArc PICBoundObject PICLine PICBox PICEllipse PICCircle PICSpline Figure 2 4 PICObjec
54. plementation started and 3 more revisions later when the author decided to change the manual from MS Word format to ATX format Some revisions had only minor changes to correct mostly grammar mistakes To avoid ambiguity the final version of WD pic user s manual has a glossary defining 34 fundamental concepts including the program name WD pic user grid and gravity The main part of the manual was organized by use cases from basic use cases to advanced features A step by step sample run was given for each use case Later after implementation started we had the following several updates e We planed to play an alert sound if there was a syntax error when the user tying in the edit window We decided to use a different color red to mark out the text with errors as this would help the user better than the sound which is unfocused e A status bar was added at the bottom of the main frame to show session command errors The advantage of using status bar is that the user does not have to click the OK button in the warning dialog as in other applications The coordinates of the cursor on the canvas can always be shown in the status bar as well e Selected object is high lighted in the same selection color as the selected text in the editor window Then the user can easily see the relationship between the selected object on the canvas and in the edit window e It was said in the manual that when the user selected an o
55. r opens the same picture file the grids are not lost When WD pic is first launched the file wdpicrc is created in the user s home directory The created file wdpicrc serves as the recently opened file history database The names of the recently opened files and their grids if any are stored The History class maintains this history It has loadHistory saveHistory lookupHistory and updateHistory When WD pic opens a file loadHistory is called It retrieves the history information from the database file and updates the Recent File list in the File menu saveHistory saves the history information into the database file 30 lookupHistory looks in the database file to see if the most recently opened file is in the database If so 1t gets the grid information from the database updateHistory keeps the recently opened file list up to date and makes sure that there is no duplicate records in the list When the just opened file is in the list it deletes the oldest record adds a new one as the most recently opened file and re orders the remaining records by creation time 2 3 11 Font The Font module deals with font setting There are two classes in this module PICFont and PICFontString As there is no font information in the IR all the font information is stored in a list of PICFontString Refer to Section 2 4 2 PICFont handles the font settings e g setting the font style and size The main methods in this clas
56. rid 70 Pont User i select text T sMouseMotio vent e pto gt ing i from to date font list set font size 1 repaint j TE 1 1 ca E ai Figure B 5 Sequence diagram of setting font and size 71 Appendix C WD pic user s manual Bibliography 1 http www research att com sw tools graphviz 2 http www graphviz org 3 http www omg org 4 http www rational com 5 System Calls and Library Routines volume 2 of Unix programmer s manual CBS College Publishing s Unix System Library 1986 6 Daniel M Berry Khuzaima Daudjee Jing Dong Maria Augusta Nelson and Torsten Nel son User s Manual as a Requirement Specification Technical Report CS2001 17 May 2001 7 Igor Finestein Requirements specification for a large scale telephony based natural lan guage speech recognition system Master s thesis School of Computer Science University of Waterloo Waterloo ON Canada 2002 8 C W Fraser and D R Hanson High level languages facilities for low level services 72th ACM Symp on Prin of Programming Languages pages 217 224 1985 9 Narain Gehani Document Formatting and Typesetting on the Unix System second edition Silicon Press Summit NJ 1987 10 Brian W Kernighan PIC A Graphics Languages for Typesetting Bell Laboratories Computer Science Technical Report No 116 December 1984 13 11 B W Kernigha
57. rids ac tivateGrid invokes the Grid Activate dialog for the user to activate an existing grid If there is no previously saved grid it shows a warning message getActiveGrid gets the name of the active grid 2 3 9 Gravity The Gravity module is responsible for the gravity settings e g on and off the gravity tightness radius gravitating to a grid point and gravitating to a pic corner The main methods in this module are enableGravity rad grid corner disableGravity and gravitateTo p enableGravity rad grid corner enables gravity with the tightness radius rad The parameters gird and corner are Booleans specifying whether to gravitate to grid points and to gravitate to pic corners respectively disableGravity disables gravity If gravity is disabled a pair of real numbers is taken as the indicated point If gravitate to grid point and gravitate to pic corner in the Gravity Setting dialog are selected gravitate To p returns the grid point or the object corner that is closest to p p is the point at which the mouse was LMCed If the object is not labeled the Label dialog is invoked for the user to enter a label for the object Refer to Section 2 4 2 for details 2 3 10 History History is programmed to record the last four recently opened files history and the files grids Refer to Section 2 4 2 Since there is no grid information in the IR these grids are saved in a wdpicrc file Therefore the next time that the use
58. rjust move 2 Hello PICString at x 1 y 1 6 move 3 World PICArrow at x 3 y 2 6 PICString at x 1 y 2 9 move 2 above move 2 ESSE pICCircle at x 3 y 3 8 Tine from 0 2 0 89 to 2237 0 38 gt Line from 0 2 1 05 to 2 37 0 38 gt line from 0 2 1 85 to 2 5 0 38 gt line from 0 2 2 05 to 2 5 0 38 gt line from 0 2 2 9 to 2 25 1 2 gt line from 0 2 3 06 EO 2255 lo2 gt A 10 Figure 3 1 boxwid 1 boxht 4 A box fill 2 preparation B box fill 2 ht 1 6 with Es box ld 2 HE 43 wath nw at last box s nw at last box se requirement design 64 t 7 wid 1 2 with nw at last box se implementation t 7 with nw at last box se testing D box fill 2 h Es box Erill 22 i line 4 6 from A ne line 3 7 from B ne ine 2 7 from C ne ine 1 5 from D ne ine from E ne 6 1 ine from E se TES spline from D w spline from E w left 2 to A 11 Figure 3 2 10 2 01 11 1 3 28 02 move move 4 20 q q left 3 then to B w gt D w gt boxwid 1 boxht 4 A box fill 2 preparation B box fill 2 ht 8 with nw at last box se requirement C box fill 2 ht 4 with nw at last box se design D box fill 2 ht 1 2 wid 1 2 with
59. s are setFont font setStyle st y 1e setSize si ze and setInvisible PICFontString deals with the relationship between the position of text in the IR and its font When the IR is changed the positions of some characters are changed too revalidate is used to keep the positions of the text in the font list updated 2 3 12 Help The Help module is responsible for the help information 2 4 Implementation 2 4 1 pic code reuse The original pic code is reused with some modifications The original pic code works fine when there is no syntax error in the IR but if there are errors in the IR it stops at the first error without compiling the rest of the IR We changed the code to make the compiler work in a way that 1t can finish compiling an IR with errors and it returns a correct IR Then by comparing this IR and the original one we report the errors to the user When the IR is sent to the compiler instead of compiling the whole IR at once the compiler compiles it phrase by phrase If an error occurs 31 Ce Calculate number of phrases num compile phrase i Y reset compiler recompile phrase 0 toi l i Figure 2 6 Compiling process the compiler replaces the error phrase with white spaces and then restarts the compilation from the beginning Figure 2 6 illustrates how the compiler works These changes are implemented in the ne
60. sed for causing input to the IR The box circle ellipse line arrow spline arc Constructs Copy Macros Label and Variables buttons are always available in the palette If the name of a button begins with a lower case letter e g box and circle it is a pic token LMCing this button inserts the token into the IR at the CIP LMCing a button beginning with an upper case letter e g Constructs and Macros invokes a dialog for inputting the parts of the pic statements not beginning with pic primitives such as conditionals loops and macros The attribute buttons are available when the CIP is at some object As shown in Figure 2 2 there are three kinds of attribute buttons in the attribute area e an independent button e g fill and invis LMCing one of these buttons will add its token e g fill and invis to the IR at the CIP e a button with a value field e g wid and ht After filling in the corresponding value field LMCing one of these buttons causes the addition of both the selected token and the value shown in its value field to the IR e a button in a set of buttons connected with s e g solid dashed dotted LMCing one of them to add its token to the IR At most one of these buttons can be selected 2 2 6 Canvas The canvas is used for displaying the picture corresponding to the complete current IR and di rectly manipulating objects such as selecting an object and indicating a point The CIP is always 2
61. semantically meaningful syntactic unit in the pic language e g box line arrow circle ellipse arc spline move up down left right and variable identifiers e attribute used to give more information about a primitive consisting of a keyword perhaps followed by a value e g h eigh t expr wid th expr rad ius expr diam eter expr up opt expr down opt expr right opt expr left opt expr from position to position at position with corner by expr then dotted opt expr dashed opt expr chop opt expr gt lt lt gt invis solid fill opt expr same text list expr In these attributes the parenthesized text describes an optional full spelling of the contain ing token 13 internal representation abbreviate as IR the text file containing the pic code corre sponding to the picture drawn on the canvas session an invocation of WD pic edit window abbreviate as EW the window used to view and edit the IR external editor your preferred text editor not part of WD pic indicated to your operat ing system by setting a shell variable e g setenv EDITOR vi canvas used for displaying the picture corresponding to the IR palette used for causing input to the IR made up of the box circle ellipse line arrow spline arc Constructs Copy Macros Label and Variables buttons and an attribute area whose content changes to provide th
62. software designer developer and tester 3 1 Project plan The project started in the beginning of October 2001 It was planned to be finished by the end of July 2002 for a total duration of 10 months The project schedule was planned as a classic wa terfall as illustrated in Figure 3 1 The rest of this section quotes the project plan as it was written in September 2001 including the project schedule requirements design implementation and testing plans Schedule e preparation 1 month from October 1 to October 31 2001 e requirement 2 months from November 1 to December 31 2001 e design 1 month from January 1 to January 31 2002 46 10 1 01 preparation 11 1 requirement 1 1 02 2 1 implementation 5 1 testing 6 31 Figure 3 1 WD pic project plan e implementation 3 months from February 1 to April 31 2002 e testing 2 months from May 1 to June 31 2002 e others 1 month During the whole development process the manual will be kept up to date The preparation phase is to study Shpilberg s prototype of WD pic and all the existing documents and to get familiar with pic its features its source code Java Swing and Jni One month flexible time is left to deal with unexpected events Requirements No formal requirements specification will be written Instead we will start by writing a user s manual which will be used as the requirements specifi
63. t class diagram PICCompiler is requested for the information of an object o it calls o set at tr to assign the attribute values att r of the specific object o distance p draw and getCorner are implemented in different subclasses of PICOb ject o distance p calculates the distance from a specific point p to the object o The distance between a point p and an object o is defined as the shortest distance from p to any point on the object o If p is on the object o then the distance is 0 o draw draws the object o on the canvas o getCorner gets the coordinates of a specific corner of an object o Each object in pic has 9 corners c n ne e se s sw w and nw Lines and arrows have a start an end and a center in addition to corners Figure 2 5 illustrates an ellipse and its corners 2 3 7 PICCompiler PICCompiler is the pic compiler The original pic source code is converted into a library file working with other Java code PICCompiler is responsible for compiling the IR and calculating the values of variables and grids The main methods in PICCompiler are native methods com pile ir center dx dy getGrid idx center size and getVariable idx var compile ir center dx dy compiles the IR stores the objects information in a list for future use Refer to Section 2 4 1 A grid s determinants e center dx and dy are 28 Figure 2 5 Corners of an ellipse pic expressions made of constants object attribu
64. ted in the appendix The author did not know too much about pic grammar But she found out that WD pic was very easy to use without too much knowledge of pic The token buttons and the attribute buttons on the palette are very straightforward Furthermore the internal representation of the diagrams are very similar to what a human would write Shpilberg did a comparison between WD pic and xfig in 17 It shows that WD pic is more comfortable to use to draw simple flow diagrams This occurs because by default pic produces chains of drawing elements with default sizes and positions Furthermore once the flow diagram is drawn it is easier to edit On the other hand WD pic is more limited than xfig in drawing complex non regular pictures WD pic s set of primitive elements is poorer It doesn t have the full set of element manipulations that xfig has Compared to dotty which was mentioned in Section 1 1 3 WD pic is more user friendly You have to know the dot language well in order to draw a desired picture But dotty does a better job on the layout of hierarchical diagrams On the other hand besides the limitations of pic the current version of WD pic has the following shortcomings 1 One cannot change the sizes of objects by direct mouse manipulations but one can change the sizes of objects in the edit window 2 One cannot change the locations of objects by direct mouse manipulations but one can change the locations of objects in the
65. tes and variables When the IR changes the determinants values change too Therefore every time when the IR is compiled the values of the currently active grid is calculated and stored getGrid idx center size gets the grid values at the object whose index in the object list is idx and stores the values into center and size There are 20 variables in pic 10 e g boxwid and boxht getVariable idx var gets the value of variable var at the object idx getAttributes ob j gets the attributes of an object ob j from the IR and stores them into a hashtable Finally it returns the hashtable getLabel ob3 gets the label of an object obj The method first gets the text phrase in the 6699 IR of the object then searches for in the phrase If there is a in the phrase the method 66499 returns the text before the as the label Otherwise an empty string is returned 2 3 8 Grid The Grid module deals with the actions of grids including defining and activating a grid It consists of GridAction and GridElement In WD pic a session can have as many grids as the user likes but only one is active at a time These grids are stored in a grid list Refer to Section 2 4 2 Each grid has a unique name and is determined by its center dx and dy The main methods in this module are defineGrid activateGrid and getActiveGrid 29 defineGrid invokes the Grid Define dialog for the user to define new or existing g
66. the computation and sends the new layout information such as coordinates sizes etc back to lefty lefty then redraws the graph As with lefty dotty is intended to be programmed to act as a front end for other applications It can run also stand alone However because dotty is built on top of dot and lefty its features are limited to the features that dot and lefty provide The same as lefty it has only a simple window as the canvas and a pop up menu which can be invoked by a right mouse click on the canvas This GUI is not as user friendly as WD pic s However dotty uses dot to do layout So dotty is more suitable for drawing a complex picture with lots of nodes or to be used a font end Rational Rose Rational Rose is UML based model driven tool which can generate diagrams for object oriented analysis modeling and design 3 4 Laying aside its analysis and designing function we only discuss its function to draw diagrams here Rose has a standard GUI which contains a menu bar a tool bar a browser a documentation window and a diagram window The dia gram window is actually the canvas as in WD pic Rose has a limited set of elements for the purpose of design and analysis the user can generate only class use case state machine in teraction component and deployment diagrams Working with these diagrams the user can do move resize copy paste cut etc direct manipulations in the diagram window Rose does not have a textu
67. uilt in canvas Its internal representation can be made into a pic file and then passed to the pic program which outputs to troff as illustrated in Figure 1 1 What is printed finally is what was shown on the canvas in WD pic The reader should be aware that all the line drawing figures in this thesis were produced by the author using WD pic The produced pic file was then processed as suggested in Figure 1 1 by pic and troff to produce a POSTSCRIPT file that is included into the TEX source for this thesis 1 1 2 Basic design idea Like other WYSIWYG picture drawing programs WD pic has a Graphic User Interface GUD which provides menus palette canvas and a built in text editor to users for directly manipulating pictures or textually composing and editing picture descriptions The canvas provides a graphical view of the picture while a textual view of the picture is shown in the editor window The basic design ideas are as follows 1 WD pic is made up of a GUI and a pic interpreter built from the pic program which is effectively a pic compiler thus obtaining pic code reuse They are connected by a bridge The GUI consists of standard components e g menu bar tool bar and a palette which contains all the pic primitive tokens a canvas for graphical view of the picture and direct manipulations and a text editor window EW for a textual view of the internal represen tation IR of the picture All the mouse click
68. up menu a menu that is opened by a RMC on the canvas grid a network of horizontal and vertical lines that provide coordinates for locating points on the canvas a grid is determined by Center dX and dY values where Center is the origin AX is the distance between any two adjacent horizontal lines AY is the distance of any two adjacent vertical lines grid point a point in a grid at which a horizontal line and a vertical line cross gravity used to control the restriction of positioning points it has no effect on the IR gravity tightness radius abbreviate as tightness radius the radius of the area around a grid point or an object corner around which gravity is effective approximate point the point on the canvas that you LMCed indicated point the point corresponding to an approximate point that is finally indicated by WD pic by use of gravity and inserted into the IR type xxx type xxx from the keyboard without concern for the location of the cursor xxx 1s added to the IR at the CIP and is shown also in the EW 15 type xxx into the EW make sure the cursor is in the EW type xxx from the keyboard xxx 1s added to the EW at the CIP type xxx into the external editor make sure the cursor is in the external editor type xxx from the keyboard xxx 1s added to the to be edited file which is taken as the IR after you save and quit the external editor type xxx into the yyy field of zzz di
69. w node The user can change the program to insert a new node by a middle mouse click However with only a simple split window for WYSIWYG view and text view and a long pop up menu which is invoked by a right mouse Figure 1 3 A sample drawn by dot digraph G a shape box a gt b style dotted c shape circle b gt c label event d label Hello World b gt d Figure 1 5 dot code of Figure 1 3 Hello World Figure 1 4 A sample drawn by pic down box a arrow dotted B ellipse bp arrow left down event below rjust circle c arrow from B s right down ellipse wid 1 Hello World Figure 1 6 pic code of Figure 1 4 click on the canvas lefty is not convenient to use It does not have a menu bar a tool bar a palette etc as most GUI picture drawing tools have lefty s ability to communicate with other processes allows it to use existing tools to compute specific picture layouts and allows external processes to use it as a front end to display pictures data structures graphically dotty dotty is built on top of dot and lefty Like lefty it can be customized and controlled by a WYSIWYG interface and a textual interface dotty loads the picture file in the dot language lefty starts up dot as a separate process to compute layouts When the user asks for a new layout lefty sends the graph to dot dot has very good auto layout algorithms So it does
70. wly added files in the pic source code package Compiler c Compiler h Variables h and PICObjects h These files together with Com piler java implement the following functions 1 converting the object array generated by the pic compiler to a Java format object data structure for the GUI to use and 2 getting the current values of the 20 pic variables and grid determinants 32 Variable o_srcFrom and o_srcTo are added to the obj structure in pic h to indicate which piece of text in the IR generated the object The following is the C code obj structure typedef struct obj int o_type int o_count number of things int o_nobj index in objlist int o mode hor or vert float o_x coord of center float o_y int o_ntl lst index in text for this object int o_nt2 2nd difference is text strings int o_attr HEAD CW INVIS etc go here int o_size linesize int o_nhead arrowhead style struct symtab o_symtab symtab for float o_ddval value of dot dash expression float o_fillval gray scale value Liz indicate which piece of text in the IR generated this object int o_srcFrom int o srelo ofloat o_val 1 actually this will be gt 1 in general type is not always FLOAT obj A new structure VarSet is defined in Variables h to store the grid and the 20 variables values T

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