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1. Select Continue Anyway MN72 433 RevB SIR 3000 User s Manual Found New Hardware Wizard Welcome to the Found New Hardware Wizard This wizard helps you install software for USB Device If your hardware came with an installation CD lt 6 or floppy disk insert it now What do you want the wizard to do Install the software automatically Recommended Install from a list or specific location Advanced Click Next to continue Next gt Cancel Found New Hardware Wizard Please choose your search and installation options CN Y Search for the best driver in these locations Use the check boxes below to limit or expand the default search which includes local paths and removable media The best driver found will be installed C Search removable media floppy CD ROM Include this location in the search C ASUSBwoMSAS Don t search will choose the driver to install Choose this option to select the device driver from a list Windows does not guarantee that the driver you choose will be the best match for your hardware lt Back Next gt Cancel Hardware Installation The software you are installing for this hardware Anchor USB E2 Link Cable has not passed Windows Logo testing to verify its compatibility with Windows xP Tell me why this testing is important Continuing your installation of this software may impair or destabilize the correct operation of you
2. m SCN UNIT 18 00 amp GAIN O AUTO m POINTS 3 m GP1 daB 10 D GP2 dB 15 D GP3 dB 25 o o POSITION D AUTO HOFFSET 25 00 m SURFACE 7 00 amp FILTERS D LP_IIR 800 HHP IIR 100 OLP FIR 0 HHP FIR 0 D STACKING 3 D BGR_RMVL 0 MN72 433 Rev B 11 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Radar This sub menu has four main choices GSSI T RATE MODE and GPS Antenna Choice Under this menu you will be able to enter in the center frequency of the particular antenna you are using This will allow the SIR 3000 to perform the auto surface operation T_RATE The T_RATE is the antenna transmit rate in KHz This rate is capped at 100 KHz A higher transmit rate equals faster data collection ability Some older antennas however are not capable of transmitting at high speeds and setting them at a high transmit rate may cause error Please consult your antenna documentation or call GSSI Tech Support if you have any question about transmit rate All but the oldest GSSI antennas may be driven at 100 KHz and generally it is best to leave this at 100 KHz If you have one of those older antennas consult Appendix E for specific parameters Note If your SIR 3000 beeps repeatedly with an older high power antenna you may have your T_RATE set too high This beeping is a high voltage overload warning A prolonged overload could damage your system Lower your T RATE until the beeping stops Mode The Mode
3. players and camcorders The amount of system card memory is totally dependent on your choice of memory card size e Since radar profiles can sometimes be several megabytes in size GSSI recommends that you purchase a high capacity card e Ifthere is no memory card inserted the system will save the data profile to its internal system memory and data will have to be transferred with the USB connection or by later inserting a memory card The internal memory capacity is approximately 512 megabytes Please see Part 4 Data Transfer and File Maintenance for additional information on transfer Antenna Connector The large protruding 19 pin connector at the back of the system is for the antenna control cable You will notice that antenna connection on the SIR 3000 has five notches cut from the metal These mate with the five raised nubs on the control cable to ensure that the pins line up properly e Screw the cable connector collar onto the SIR 3000 to make proper contact The cable should only be hand tightened Do not use a wrench to tighten the connection as over tightening will result in damage The cable connector collar should be screwed down far enough to cover the red line on the SIR 3000 connector AC Power Serial I O Ethernet Memory Card MN72 433 Rev B 2 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual AC Power Plug in the supplied universal AC power adaptor to run the system from 110 240 V 47 63 Hz power
4. 31 5 cm x 22 cm x 10 5 cm 12 4 x 8 7 x 4 1 4 1 kg 9 lbs including battery Operating e Temperature 10 C to 40 C e Charging Power Requirements 15 V DC 4 amps e Battery 10 8 V DC internal e Transmit Rate Up to 100 KHz Note The SIR 3000 will not work with the short orange attenuated control cable that was sold with the SIR 2000 The SIR 3000 will only work with non attenuated cables blue or black in color MN72 433 Rev B 37 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual A 2 Data Acquisition and Software Data Format RADAN dzt Scan Rate Examples e 220 scans sec at 256 samples scan e 120 scans sec at 512 samples scan Sample size 8 bit or 16 bit user selectable Scan Interval User selectable Number of samples per scan 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 Operating Modes Free run survey wheel point collection Time Range 0 8000 nanoseconds full scale user selectable Manual or automatic gain 1 5 points 20 to 80 dB Filters e Vertical Low Pass and High Pass IIR and FIR e Horizontal Stacking Background Removal System Includes SIR 3000 control unit Transit case AC adaptor User manual e 2 batteries Fully FCC Compliant MN72 433 Rev B 38 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Appendix B The How To s of Field Survey As the old saying goes Garbage in Garbage out The biggest single factor affecting the quality of your data and your ability to m
5. 5 3 Utility S CaM i ariii EE A A AEE E EEA EE EER eee 32 54 Geolopy SCAM inea aare E EAE E E E R EER EERE EE ARANESE 33 Part 6 Using a GPS with Your SIR 3000 cccesccecccceccccccccccceccscesccecscesccees 35 Appendix A TerraSIRch SIR 3000 System Specifications sesosesssosssesesooesoosssosssossssosssoese 37 Appendix B The How To s of Field Survey seessseesoossosesssesssesesooesoosssosesoesssesssoossosssosssssesssese 39 Appendix C Mounting Your SIR 3000 on a Cart sesssesssesssocssoossosesssessseessooesoosssossssesssesssooes 43 Appendix D Dielectric Values For Common Materials And Glossary Of Terms 49 Appendix E Listing of Antenna Parameter ssoessosssoesssesssocssosssosesssesssesesoossoossoosssossssesssosse 51 Appendix F Glossary of Terms and Suggestions for Further Reading ssessessseeee 57 Appendix G Installing Microsoft ActiveSync on Your PC scccescsessecseescecsees 61 MN72 433 Rev B Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual MN72 433 Rev B Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Part 1 Introduction This manual is designed for both the novice and experienced user of ground penetrating radar It is intended as both a reference and a teaching tool and it is recommended that you read the entire manual regardless of your level of GPR experience For information about GPR theory please see the list of genera
6. Customize Choose you antenna by selecting the proper center frequency from the list under the Radar submenu Select Distance based or Time based data collection under Mode Remember to check the survey wheel calibration Choose 512 recommended or 256 samples scan under the SAMPLES submenu and then choose 16 default or 8 bit data collection under FORMAT Next select your maximum depth of penetration from the list of 5 presets 3 5 10 15 20 ft 1 3 5 7 meters Select the appropriate soil type from the list of 4 presents Soil Type 1 4 This will set your dielectric and affect your maximum depth of penetration Then select your scans per unit from the list of presents GSSI recommends a scan density of either 12 or 18 per foot or 25 per meter Soil Types Type 1 Dielectric 4 dry sand or dry grade Type 2 Dielectric 8 damp sand or grade dry silt Type 3 Dielectric 16 agricultural fields sandy silt wet sand Type 4 Dielectric 32 wet conditions clay What is Preset T_RATE 100 RATE 100 Gain Spoint Auto Filters All Offset position Surface position 5 4 GeologyScan This mode is optimized for 2D profiling of shallow geological features such as high bedrock sediment bedding water tables etc It is also useful for archaeological profiling GeologyScan works with the 400 MHz 200 MHz and 100 MHz antennas though only the 400 MHz is small enough to be mobilized on the survey cart Other antennas will need to be drag
7. INDIRECT SPECIAL INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR INJURIES CAUSED BY PROPER OR IMPROPER OPERATION OF ITS EQUIPMENT WHETHER OR NOT DEFECTIVE Before returning any equipment to GSSI a Return Material Authorization RMA number must be obtained Please call the GSSI Customer Service Manager who will assign an RMA number Be sure to have the serial number of the unit available FCC Class B Compliance This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules Operation is subject to the following two conditions 1 this device may not cause harmful interference and 2 this device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesired operation Warning Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user s authority to operate the equipment NOTE This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment or residential installation This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the introduction manual may cause harmful interference to radio communications However there is not guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation
8. MHz and 400 MHz 66 99 will sometimes not image targets close to the surface very Frequency Hazy Zone well While not strictly a dead zone you should be aware inches cm that it may be difficult but not impossible to see targets in this area As a general rule of thumb this zone is equal to 1 5 GHz 1 2 5 the spacing between the transmitter and receiver dipoles but this can vary with soil composition See the chart at 900 MHz_ 4 10 right for a general idea If your application requires you to see deep and shallow consider surveying the area with two 400 MHz _ 6 15 25 different antennas 200 MHz 12 30 5 Target Composition Your ability to see a target depends on the contrast between the dielectric values of the target s material and the material that the radar energy was traveling through just before it hit the target The greater the contrast between the dielectric values the more visible the target is For applications which involve finding metal targets like rebar pipes and drums this is not a great issue because there will always be a great contrast The dielectric of metals is so high that the actual number is meaningless You will always have a visible contrast where metals are concerned MN72 433 Rev B 41 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Composition can affect your ability to see things in different ways For example the contact between a
9. Output gt Transfer submenu click on PC Step 4 From the PC Wait for ActiveSync light to turn green and then right click on green ActiveSync icon located in system tray Next click Explore you will see the mobile device explorer You are now accessing the SIR 3000 s memory Step 5 Navigate to My Computer gt Storage Card and go to the folder containing your projects You will now be able to copy from one location on the storage card to the external storage card or to a folder on the PC by drag and drop When transfer is complete wait a couple of seconds after completion disconnect USB cable from SIR 3000 4 2 Transfer to a PC via the External Compact Flash Step 1 Turn on PC and SIR 3000 If the SIR 3000 has been running stop all collection and playback functions prior to continuing Make sure that your Flash card is inserted AFTER powering up the system Step 2 Enter the TerraSIRch mode and click Run Stop to pause the system Step 3 Under the Output gt Transfer submenu click on FLASH Step 4 A window will appear showing all files on the internal memory Highlight the files and click Enter once on each file to add a check next to them Once all files are checked click the Right arrow to begin the transfer This process will not delete the data from the internal memory MN72 433 Rev B 29 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Step 5 Remove Compact Flash card from the SIR 3000 and insert
10. Shielded cables must be used with this unit to ensure compliance with the Class B FCC limits Canadian Emissions Requirements This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES 003 Cet appareil numerique de la classe A est conforme a la norme NMB 003 du Canada MN72 433 Rev B Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual GSSI is required to notify customers of the following restrictions This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules Operation is subject to the following conditions 1 This device may not cause harmful interference and 2 This device must accept any interference received Including interference that may cause undesired operation Warning Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user s authority to operate the equipment Operation of this device is restricted to law enforcement fire and rescue officials scientific research institutes commercial mining companies and construction companies Operation by any other party is a violation of 47 U S C 301 and could subject the operator to serious legal penalties Coordination Requirements a UWB imaging systems require coordination through the FCC before the equipment may be used The operator shall comply with any constraints on equipment usage resulting from this coordination b The users of UWB imaging devices shall supply detailed operational areas to the FC
11. a lot of colors spread over the middle if you want to highlight variation in weak targets Only 3 of the 5 color tables have transforms available The red white blue and one of the grayscales are linear color tables and cannot be transformed You can also change the color transform under the Output gt Display menu This function is only available in Setup Mode In Run Mode You are in Run mode if you can see display window If you see 3 data display windows and the parameter selection tree you are in Setup mode You can only collect data in Run mode In Run mode the Command Bar will look like this RUN STOP COLLECT PLAYBACK RUN SETUP DISPLAY DEPTH Run Mode Command Bar Run Stop Pushing this button in Collect mode will stop data collection and bring up crosshairs Pushing this again will close the data file bring up the Save File window then start a new data file collection Pushing this in Playback mode will toggle the system from Stop to Run and the selected file will scroll across the screen to the end and bring up crosshairs Clicking the button after the file has stopped will cause it to scroll through again Collect Clicking this button in Collect Run will stop the current data and bring up the File Save dialog After saving the file the system will immediately begin collecting the next file If you click this in Playback Run mode the system will not switch to Collect Run mode and begin a new data file
12. are foam filled and do not require inflation Slide the front wheel onto the front wheel fork and tighten clamp When the clamp is slightly tight turn the handle to the locked position shown This will further tighten the clamp Exercise care not to over tighten the front wheel as this may result in damage to the front fork MN72 433 RevB 44 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Ensure that the survey wheel encoder is correctly positioned on the inside of rear left wheel and that the survey wheel is making contact with the tire s rim Place the antenna into the white plastic tub and secure with the attached straps If you are using the cart system with the 1 5 GHz Mod 5100 antennas place the antenna in the tub and then sandwich it between the bottom of the tub and the white plastic Velcro plate Fix the straps over the top of the plate to secure With the arrows on the top of the antenna housing pointing toward the front of the cart place the tub under the cart so that the tub handles face the front and the back of the cart Lift the tub to fit the metal brackets under the handle and insert them through the 2 double holes on the frame Secure with the metal pins MN72 433 RevB 45 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc MN72 433 RevB 46 SIR 3000 User s Manual The antenna tub should just touch the ground surface It is intended to be loose because it needs to be able to float
13. down Completed mount This configuration allows you to scan much closer to a curbside or building MN72 433 RevB 48 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Appendix D Dielectric Values For Common Materials And Glossary Of Terms Clay wet 8 15 86 110 Clay soil 3 173 d Material Dielectric Velocity ery mm ns Marsh 12 86 Air l 300 Agricultural 15 77 land Water fresh 81 33 Pastoral land 13 83 Water sea 81 33 Average 16 75 Polar snow 1 4 3 194 252 i Polarice 3 3 15 168 one a8 109 en Temperate 32 167 Limestone 7 9 100 113 ice Dolomite 6 8 8 106 115 Pure ice 3 2 167 Basalt wet 8 106 Freshwater 4 150 Shale wet 7 113 ae Sandstone 6 112 Sea ice 2 5 8 78 157 wet Permafrost 1 8 106 300 Goal 4_5 134 150 Coastal sand 10 95 uartz 4 3 145 ary Sand any 326 120 170 Concrete 5 8 55 120 Sand wet 25 30 55 60 penal m AAR PVC 3 173 Silt wet 10 95 Meter to English conversion factor 2 54 cm in 1 inch Table of Dielectric values adapted from Reynolds John M 1997 An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics John Wiley amp Sones New York MN72 433 RevB 49 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual MN72 433 RevB 50 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Appendix E Listing of An
14. dry sand 3 6 and a water table water being 81 will be easy to image while the contact between sandstone 6 and limestone 7 8 will be much more difficult Also remember that it is the electrical property of the material that most governs dielectric Even though concrete and grade are qualitatively very different they are made of similar materials and react to radar energy similarly It is usually extremely difficult to tell the top of grade from the bottom of the slab You should practice trying to image different materials so that you can build up a body of experience See Appendix D for a chart of the dielectric constants of different materials B 3 Data Collection Methods 2D vs 3D Time is money Whether you are a university based researcher working off a grant or performing NDT work for pay the faster you can get the survey done the better off you will be Those charging by the hour understand the fine balance between a price that reflects a realistic estimate of how long it will take to get the job done and padding the cost with unnecessary work The point of this discussion is to get you to think about how much information you really need to make a decision 2D Two dimensional data collection means that you will be collecting and interpreting single profiles of data This is useful for quickly following a pipe by scanning over an area noting the location of the pipe hyperbola on the ground then moving some distance away and scanni
15. of a material is its ability to hold and pass a charge when an electromagnetic field is applied to it Basically it reflects the velocity that radar energy can move through a material e Ifyou know the dielectric value of the material that you are surveying through you can enter it here and get an in field time to depth calculation e Higher dielectric values mean slower travel time and shallower penetration e Generally speaking water raises a material s dielectric constant and surveys should be performed on dry material whenever possible e Please see Appendix D for a chart of dielectric values of common materials and a deeper discussion of dielectrics Possible values are 1 81 Rate The next selection is scan Rate This value is the number of scans the system will record in its RAM memory per second e Ifyou are collecting data based on time this is the number of scans that will be saved each second e Ifyou are collecting data based on distance with a survey wheel this number should be set very high The reason for this is that the system is holding a set number of scans in its RAM per second say 60 If you tell the system that you want to collect 60 scans a foot and you move more than one foot per second the system is going to look for scans which aren t available This is called dropping a scan Assuming your T_RATE is 100 KHz this setting should be at 100 whenever you are collecting with a survey wheel If you set t
16. over small obstacles If you are using a small higher frequency antenna be sure that the antenna is centered in the tub Connect the female end of the control cable to port that is labeled CONTROL and connect the lead from the survey wheel 4 pin to the SURVEY port These leads should only be hand tightened Hold the SIR 3000 in the mounting bracket so that all of the holes line up Beginning with the top 2 holes attach the SIR 3000 with the thumb screws Pivot the SIR 3000 back and forth to get the most comfortable viewing position and screw in the bottom 2 thumb screws Be sure to only hand tighten the screws If you purchased the optional sunshade be sure that it is positioned on the outside of the bracket rather than being sandwiched between the mounting bracket and the SIR 3000 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Attach the male end of the control cable to the antenna port on the back of the SIR 3000 Be sure to only hand tighten this connection as over tightening may cause system damage the Cart Collect the front mount kit parts Attach the kit to the 400 MHz antenna as shown MN72 433 RevB 47 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Remove the front wheel from the cart by loosening the front axel release Attach the front fork of the cart to the antenna as shown Tighten down the clamp at the rear of the antenna All screws should be lightly snugged
17. per second 32 Horizontal Smoothing 5 scans Transmit Rate 50 KHz Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 120 Deep Unshielded 120 MHz standard antenna 100 Very High Power 100 MHz antenna with very high power transmitter Data Collection Mode Continuous Range 400ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 30 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 240 MHz Scans per second 32 Horizontal Smoothing 5 scans Transmit Rate 50 KHz Data Collection Mode Continuous Range 500ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 25 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 200 MHz Scans per second 16 Horizontal Smoothing 5 scans Transmit Rate 6 KHz SubEcho 70 120 Shallow Unshielded 120 MHz standard antenna Data Collection Mode Continuous 70 MHz antenna with high power f transmitter Range 200ns Samples per Scan 512 Data Collection Mode Continuous Resolution 16 bits Range 500ns Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 30 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 240 MHz Scans per second 32 Horizontal Smoothing 5 scans Transmit Rate 50KHz Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 15 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 150 MHz Scans per second 16 Horizontal Smoothing 5 scans HOO Heh Bower Transmit Rate 12 KHz 100 MHz antenna with hi
18. to stop data collection The profile will be saved and can be viewed in Playback mode 3 4 Setting Up for Point Data Collection Point mode collection is currently unavailable on the SIR 3000 Once available it will be a downloadable update to the system software Please contact your GSSI sales consultant for details MN72 433 Rev B 27 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual MN72 433 Rev B 28 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Part 4 Data Transfer and File Maintainence This section describes how to transfer data from the SIR 3000 to a PC for processing and interpretation and also how to clear unwanted data from the system s memory These functions are all accomplished under the Output menu Note If the external memory card was inserted into the system before you turned it on all data files were automatically collected to that memory card They were not saved to the internal memory 4 1 Transfer to a PC via USB connection If this is your first time transferring data via the USB connection please see Appendix G Installing Microsoft ActiveSync on Your PC Step 1 Turn on PC and SIR 3000 If SIR 3000 has been running stop all collection and playback functions prior to continuing Connect Master rectangular end of USB cable to computer Connect Slave square end of USB cable to SIR 3000 Step 2 Enter the TerraSIRch mode and click RUN STOP to pause the system Step 3 Under the
19. 00 User s Manual Appendix G Installing Microsoft ActiveSync on Your PC Connecting your SIR 3000 to your PC for the first time and Installing Microsoft ActiveSync WARNING RADAN 4 0 2 0 and 5 0 0 0 CDs have an older version of the SIR 3000 USB Transfer software that will significantly limit your transfer speed If you had already installed the transfer software from one of these disks or from the previous version on the web site please contact GSSI software technical support Part 1 Having your PC recognize the SIR 3000 unit 1 Please download the latest transfer software and instructions from http www geophysical com softwareupdates htm Navigate to the SIR 3000 software downloads Download the SIR 3000 USB transfer software file ASUSBwoMSASYNC exe and extract it to the root directory typically C Please note the location where you extracted it You will need this information for a later step With both PC and SIR 3000 running but not collecting or playing back data Plug Master rectangular end of USB cable into PC Plug Slave square end of USB cable into SIR 3000 Your PC will generate a dialog stating that a new USB Device has been found Found New Hardware a gee a Installing The remaining steps vary depending on operating system Steps for both Windows 2000 and Windows XP are both included in two sections below Windows 2000 ea 5 A Install Hardware Device Drivers CN 6 x At the Found New H
20. Also set your concrete type from a number of presets ranging from Dry to Wet This sets the dielectric constant and gives you a rough depth calculation What is Preset T_RATE 100 Samples Scan 512 deep 256 shallow 12 and less Mode Distance Format Bits 16 RATE 100 deep 200 shallow 12 and less Scn Unit 5 inch 2 cm Gain 1 point Auto Filters All Offset position Surface position 5 3 UtilityScan UtilityScan is meant for a quick examination of an area in order to locate utilities in soils under concrete slabs or asphalt UtilityScan can be used with the 200 MHz 400 MHz and 900 MHz antennas Both the 400 MHz and the 900 MHz can be used with the survey cart UtilityScan will allow you to create 2D profiles so that you can mark the location of utilities on pavement prior to trenching or excavation Upon clicking the UtilityScan button you will be asked to click Right for English or Left for Metric units You will then see the data display screen and if an antenna is connected it will initialize and data will start to scroll across UtilityScan includes the backup cursor function This allows you to back the antenna over the line you just surveyed and get an on screen cursor that will help you relate the location of targets in the data back to the slab The backup line in the data is the location of the midpoint of the antenna MN72 433 Rev B 32 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual What You Can
21. C Office of Engineering and Technology who shall coordinate this information with the Federal Government through the National Telecommunications and Information Administration The information provided by the UWB operator shall include the name address and other pertinent contact information of the user the desired geographical area of operation and the FCC ID number and other nomenclature of the UWB device This material shall be submitted to the following address Frequency Coordination Branch OET Federal Communications Commission 445 12 Street SW Washington D C 20554 ATTN UWB Coordination d Users of authorized coordinated UWB systems may transfer them to other qualified users and to different locations upon coordination of change of ownership or location to the FCC and coordination with existing authorized operations e The NTIA FCC coordination report shall include any needed constraints that apply to day to day operations Such constraints could specify prohibited areas of operations or areas located near authorized radio stations for which additional coordination is required before operation of the UWB equipment If additional local coordination is required a local coordination contact will be provided f The coordination of routine UWB operations shall not take longer than 15 business days from the receipt of the coordination request by NTIA Special temporary operations may be handled with an expedited turn around time w
22. HP_FIR The first four are frequency filters and the values are all in MHz e LP stands for low pass which means that any frequency lower than the one entered here will be allowed to pass by and be recorded by the system e HP stands for high pass and is the opposite of low pass e By setting these at different ends of the antenna s bandwidth you are determining the range of frequencies the antenna can receive e The default values will be adequate in almost all situations MN72 433 Rev B 15 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Stacking After the frequency filters the next choice is Stacking Stacking is a noise reduction technique that operates by allowing the system to collect a set number of scans averaging them to remove minute amounts of high frequency noise and saving a single scan as the output e High frequency noise generally has a snowy appearance e The larger the number you put in here the smoother the data will be It is possible to over smooth and smudge out real data e A larger number also means that the system is performing a great deal of extra calculations and data collection speed will then be reduced BGR_Removal The Background Removal filter is a horizontal high pass remove low frequency noise operation meant to remove flat lying noise associated with antenna ringing The input number here is scans so in order to use this filter find the length in scans of the fea
23. IR 3000 boots up you will see the introductory screen with the words TerraSIRch SIR 3000 There will be 6 icons positioned over the Function Keys The first one is TerraSIRch TerraSIRch mode gives you complete control over all data collection parameters QuickStart guides are available for each of the other modes Push the TerraSIRch button After a moment you will see a screen divided into three windows and there will be a bar running across the bottom with commands above each of the 6 Function Keys Pushing the Mark button will change your desired units from English to Metric After entering one of the six data collection modes you can return to this screen by either clicking the Power button twice or by removing the power supply and reinserting it to re boot Note For information on other modes please see Part 5 MN72 433 Rev B 6 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc TerraS Rch SIR 3000 TerraSiRch Concrete Structure Utility Geology Quick 3D Scan Scan Scan Scan a I Data Display Windows PLAYBACK Drums dzt A Parameter Selection Tree 8 ajpas yidaq Main Data Display Window Nw V www AU wa Command Bar a RUN STOP COLLECT PLAYBACK RUN SETUP COLOR TABLE COLOR XFRM SIR 3000 User s Manual O Scope right On the far right of the screen you will see a window that shows a single radar scan in an oscilloscope style O scope depiction This will show successive single scans as you
24. In order for your data to be properly positioned in RADAN it must be collected in a specific direction and order Your survey lines must run along your X axis and each new profile must be one increment higher along your Y axis see below This will ensure that your 3D project is correctly generated in RADAN 2 gt x E4 oi gt c s a e pA g QO Dv 5 2 V 2 2 a a oa o Direction of first survey line 5 10 15 20 X Axis in Meters Step 4 Collect the data Collect each survey profile as a separate file Do not reset the gains or do anything to cause the system to re initialize the gains If you accidentally reset the gains either reinitialize the system over the area that you originally set the gains on or manually enter the gain values you have previously Doing so will cause artificial variation in the data across an area and may obscure real data Be sure to keep accurate notes showing the location of each file MN72 433 Rev B 25 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual in relation to other files and immovable objects You will assemble the 3D project in RADAN and 3D QuickDraw after downloading the data to a PC 3 3 Setting Up for Time Based Data Collection The scan spacing horizontal resolution of Time based data profiles is a function of the speed that the system is collection data and the rate that the antenna is moving over the s
25. Insert the manufacturer s installation disk into the drive OK r lected and then click OK click Browse Find the directory you B S E extracted the ASUSBwoMSAS drivers to earlier either C ASUSB or C ASUSBwoMSAS directory by default and select wceusbsh inf Click OK Copy manufacturer s files from JEsasusB 9 Ifyou selected the correct directory you EIIE E get the following dialog Click Next gt Driver Files Search Results EN The wizard has finished searching for driver files for your hardware device Sy The wizard found a driver for the following device a USB Device Windows found a driver for this device To install the driver Windows found click Next SS c asusb weeusbsh inf 10 The installation is complete Click Finish MN72 433 RevB 62 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc Windows XP 6 At the Found New Hardware Wizard select Install from a list or specific location and click Next gt 7 Atthe search and installation options dialog select Search for the best driver in these locations and Include this location in the search Click Browse Find the directory you extracted the ASUSBwoMSAS drivers to earlier either C ASUSB or C ASUSBwoMSAS directory by default and select wceusbsh inf Click OK 8 Finish the driver installation by following the onscreen instructions You will see the following dialog
26. R 3000 s buttons MN72 433 Rev B 18 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 2 4 The Command Bar The six keys across the bottom of the data display window have different functions depending on whether you are in Setup 3 display windows mode or in Run 1 display window mode In Setup Mode You are in Setup mode if you can see 3 display windows with the parameter selection tree at the left If you only see a single data screen and no parameter selection tree you are in Run mode You can only collect data in Run mode In Setup mode the Command Bar will look like this RUN STOP COLLECT PLAYBACK RUN SETUP COLOR TABLE COLOR XFRM Setup Mode Command Bar Run Stop This button stops the transmitter The green light to the right of the Run Stop button will turn off If you are in Setup mode 3 display windows this will stop data from continuously scrolling across the screen If you are in Run mode a single display window this will stop the data collection and bring up crosshairs You can then use the arrow keys to move the crosshairs over your data You will see two sets of numbers at the bottom right of the screen These give the location of the crosshairs The first number is the distance from the beginning of the profile and the second is depth Pushing this button again will bring up the Save File window After selecting Yes or No you will automatically begin collecting the next profile The
27. Run Stop button under the marker button on the right hand side of the system has the same function as this key Collect This button has three main functions The first is to toggle between the Collect and Playback modes You will know which mode you are in by looking at the top left corner of the screen It will say either Collect or Playback then the File that you are on The second function is only in Collect Setup mode From Collect setup 3 display windows pushing this button will cause the transmitter to momentarily turn off then back on This dumps the display buffer and restarts the data scroll The third function is during the Collect Run mode 1 data window Pushing this button while collecting data stops data collection brings up the Save File dialog then immediately opens another data file collection Playback Pushing this button from the Collect Setup mode 3 display windows Collect in the top left corner brings up the File Open window This window shows stored data files that are in the current directory on the memory card Highlight a data file with the arrow keys and push Enter to put a check in the box next to it Click the Right arrow to enter and accept The data will start to scroll across the screen Make any necessary changes under the Process menu and then click Run Setup to toggle to the Playback Run screen 1 display window The whole data profile will scroll across the screen When it has finished scrolling it w
28. Serial I O This is a standard serial connection that can be used to establish communication between the SIR 3000 and a GPS Please see Part 6 Using a GPS with your SIR 3000 for additional information Ethernet This port allows the SIR 3000 to be connected to an Ethernet network or to other devices through an Ethernet connection This will be available in future software updates USB B and USB A These ports are for connection to a variety of USB peripherals including a keyboard memory device and a printer Future software updates will allow you to use a printer Keypad Connector Panel Power Indicator Geophysical Survey Systems Inc Light q Eni Del nter Arrow Pad Insert Mark L Collect Indicator Light E E S E S gt Run Stop Function Keys The keypad on the front of the unit has fifteen 15 buttons and two indicator lights Power This button puts the system into standby The only way to turn the system off is to remove power The system will also turn on automatically when you connect a battery or AC power If you are running on battery power the Power Indicator Light will flash green when you are low on battery power Double clicking this button while in one of the six data collection programs will cause the system to reboot to the TerraSIRch splash screen Enter Arrow Pad This grouping of five buttons is located right below the power button The Enter key is the one in the center These buttons a
29. TerraSIRch SIR System 3000 User s Manual We Provide Complete Survey Solutions Information People Can Use Since 1970 13 Klein Drive PO Box 97 North Salem NH 03073 0097 Phone 603 893 1109 Fax 603 889 3984 www geophysical com ea A Sales geophysical com Copyright 2003 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form Published by Geophysical Survey Systems Inc 13 Klein Drive North Salem New Hampshire 03073 0097 Printed in the United States GSSI RADAN and SIR are registered trademarks of Geophysical Survey Systems Inc Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Limited Warranty Limitations Of Liability And Restrictions Geophysical Survey Systems Inc hereinafter referred to as GSSI warrants that for a period of 12 months from the delivery date to the original purchaser GSSI s products will be free from defects in materials and workmanship EXCEPT FOR THE FOREGOING LIMITED WARRANTY GSSI DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE GSSI s obligation is limited to repairing or replacing parts or equipment which are returned to GSSI transportation and insurance pre paid without alteration or further damage and which in GSSI s judgment were defective or became defective during normal use GSSI ASSUMES NO LIABILITY FOR ANY DIRECT
30. ake decisions based on it is the accuracy of your data collection This appendix has instructions and helpful hints to get you into the habit of collecting quality data from the beginning While many of these points are only relevant to data collection over the ground as opposed to concrete structures you may find this section helpful no matter what your application B 1 Site Selection Radar is not the proper technique for every situation If you are unable to inspect the site have prospective clients send a photograph of the area As you gain experience you will find it easy to judge an area s or an application s suitability In the meantime consider the four following issues before deciding whether you should conduct work at an area e Topography e Ground Cover e Subsurface Conditions e Site Accessibility Topography One of the first things you should consider about a new survey area is the topography In the first place you need to be able to physically move the antenna over the ground surface in a fairly smooth fashion Areas that are full of trenches or extreme slopes are not ideal You can still survey an area of broken terrain but it may require collecting point data rather than continuous data profiles Radar energy travels into the ground perpendicular to the surface This means that if the antenna is flat on the ground and level you are reading right under the antenna If however you are traveling up a steep slope a
31. antennae To use this list you must enter the correct parameters You may wish to save any special parameters in a separate setup under the System menu to help you easily recall them Some of these are no longer commercially available but the system does function with all older antennas They are designated by their center frequency and in some cases a D or S which noted whether that setup is for Deep or Shallow prospecting Please note that many of these antennae have a different listed transmit rate than the default one on the SIR 3000 The transmit rate listed here is the rate that the antenna was tested and rated at It may function correctly at a higher transmit rate and allow you to collect data faster but you must pay careful attention to your data to decide if the antenna is functioning correctly at the different rate If your system is beeping it indicates that your T_ RATE is too high for this antenna 300 Deep 300 Shallow 300 MHz antenna 300 MHz antenna Data Collection Mode Continuous Range 300ns Samples per Scan 1024 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 30 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 1000 MHz Scans per second 32 Horizontal Smoothing 5 scans Transmit Rate 50 KHz MN72 433 RevB 53 Data Collection Mode Continuous Range 150ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 30 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 1000 MHz Scans
32. ardware Wizard 5 A device driver is a software program that enables a hardware device to work with Sy an operating system click Next gt This wizard will complete the installation for this device 7 At the Install Hardware Device ae USB Device Drivers dialog select Search for a 1 i 1 99 1 device driver i fti that mak hard devii k Wind suitable driver for my device and click ressts et E e e o bese O a gt N ext gt installation click Next C Display a list of the known drivers for this device so that can choose a specific driver lt Back Cancel MN72 433 RevB 61 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 8 At the Locate Driver Files dialog Found New Harki A i Locate Driver Files deselect floppy and CD ROM drives Where do you want Windows to search for driver files D and select Specify a location Click Next gt Search for driver files for the following hardware device o USB Device The wizard searches for suitable drivers in its driver database on your computer and in any of the following optional search locations that you specify To start the search click Next If you are searching on a floppy disk or CD ROM drive insert the floppy disk or CD before clicking Next Optional h locations I CD ROM drives IV Specify a location Microsoft Windows Update 8 When directed to Insert the x manufacturer s installation disk a
33. art 3 Setting Up Your System for Data Collection oessoessoossseessoessoossosesssssssessseessoosssossso 23 3 1 Setup f r 2 D Collec Oth ge ssie neinn R EEE E T REE ia 23 3 2 Setup for 3 D Collection wx cccsvcnssiconacusaaesdnpsasnnantagenacnssees wiveasenunvasudecarnanwnnntrscuncesavencarenensantten 25 3 3 Setting Up for Time Based Data Collection sscsiasssdesaiassncesstiecasasssdeansaansdenateandcnusaoniansaaniunees 26 3 4 Setting Up for Point Data Collection s ss sessssnssesseeseesseeseeseesseesersseessesressresseserssressessessees 27 Part 4 Data Transfer and File Maintainence seeseessessoesoesseesoesooeseesoesoosseesoecooeseesoesooesoesoesooe 29 4 1 Transfer to a PC via USB connection jaisccissncanaccseneascacoasdecsnanseaiassssiacennnvonsnvedseaterasiracssensres 29 4 2 Transfer to a PC via the External Compactsi lash pcscscssentasesedincnpinebatedenlacstuvieaxaviebareseniaasts 29 4 3 Transfer to a PC via a USB Keychain Drives ccccicisccicncdeasaxacedeneeiertscesendneaseansaens 29 4 4 Deleting Data from the System ssssssessssessesessressesstssesseestssesseestsseesseesessenssresseseesseesne 30 Part 5 Summary of Pre Set Mode Parameters csssscssssscscsssccsssccsscscsscssssssssssscesssssessesees 31 DUS COMCTeLeS OAD isisisi reseno teea erneer EAE E Eei AEE AaS EECA E ESE E AE OEE O E Eaa SESAO TESE 31 5 2 Structure Scal scutes ta ates eoi eraai erae N A SREE Eina EE AE ASSA E Sa a a E Ea EEE EEE E E 32
34. ause attenuation and impede penetration Finding out the soil grain size sand silt clay will help you to guess the dielectric constant of the material to help you set up survey parameters and make time to depth estimations If you have never worked with soils before you should consult the US Department of Agriculture soils website at http soils usda gov The site has a number of free and low cost resources including soil maps of most of the United States and guides to help you understand soils Site Accessibility Simply put can you feasibly work in the proposed area Is the site in the middle of a dense thicket of trees or is it the outside of a tall building or a tight elevator shaft Remember that GPR and geophysics depends on your ability to see contrasts in the data The area has to be large enough for you to collect enough data to be able to make an interpretation For example if you need to survey an area in advance of an 18 utility trench you want to make sure that you have some coverage over areas outside of that trench so you can see normal conditions Always give yourself some elbow room B 2 Targets The type of targets you are trying to find will govern your choice of antennas setup parameters or even the feasibility of radar for the application There are two main criteria to consider e Target Size e Target Composition Target Size All things being equal antenna choice determines how deeply you are able to pen
35. available in RADAN starting early August 2003 Some other Concerns 1 The TMF file You will notice that the SIR 3000 has created 2 files the data profile DZT and another file with the same name but a different extension TMF This file will be used for some added GPS functionality which is not yet available 2 East vs West The SIR 3000 is set to capture Latitude and Longitude coordinates rather than UTM It does not however tag a North South or East West to those numbers If you are west of the Prime Meridian the Longitude will be negative and if you are south of the Equator the Latitude will be negative MN72 433 Rev B 35 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual MN72 433 Rev B 36 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Appendix A TerraSIRch SIR 3000 System Specifications A 1 System Hardware Antennas Compatible with all GSSI Antennas Number of Channels one Data Storage e Internal memory 512 MB Compact Flash memory card e Compact Flash port Accepts industry standard Compact Flash memory or IBM Microdrive up to 2 GB user provided Processor 32 bit Intel StrongArm RISC processor 206 MHz Display Enhanced 8 4 TFT 800 x 600 resolution 64K colors Linescan and O scope display modes Input Output e Antenna input control cable e DC power e Ethernet I O e RS232 Serial I O GPS port e Compact Flash memory e USB master and USB slave Mechanical e Dimensions
36. aving the system auto servo itself is enough to adequately set the position If however you need to manually adjust the location of Time Zero this is the place to do it Position contains three additional menus Manual Auto Offset and Surface Manual Auto The Manual Auto toggle will allow you to make adjustments in manual mode and cause the system to re servo just like in the gain menu when switched back to auto GSSI recommends that inexperienced users keep the position set to Auto MN72 433 Rev B 14 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Offset This is an internal system parameter that describes the time lag in ns from the SIR 3000 triggering the pulse inside of the control unit until we consider it to have transmitted from the antenna dipole Since there is no way to accurately measure the exact moment the pulse leaves the antenna we use the antenna s direct coupling to figure out the appropriate point to set the offset and thus the transmit pulse The direct coupling is the pulse that travels inside of the antenna housing directly from the transmitter to the receiver As long as the antenna dipoles are not very far apart as is the case with our larger lower frequency antennas like the 100 MHz the direct coupling happens before any reflections from the ground So if we make sure that we have the direct coupling visible in the data we can be sure that we have 100 of our data and most importantly the ground
37. bar will scroll twice across the bottom left corner of the screen initializing the antenna and data will appear in the center window Step 2 Examine the parameters in the Collect tree to ensure that the system is properly configured for the antenna you are using Load Setup Under the System menu open Setup and Recall a factory setup for the antenna that you are using or a saved setup that you have worked with previously Antenna Frequency Under the Radar submenu select the antenna by highlighting the proper center frequency and pushing the Right arrow The system will re initialize Check Range With the system in Collect Setup mode and data scrolling across the screen drag the antenna over the area and find a target that you want to image Note its position on the screen MN72 433 Rev B 23 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual and at what time depth it occurs Ideally it should be halfway down the screen so that you can image targets above and below it If it is not properly located change the range under the Scan menu Check Scn Unit Make sure that you have an adequate number of scans over your target at least 5 6 to image it properly Check GAIN The thin red line superimposed over the scan in the O Scope window is the gain curve The centerline of the scan is zero and to the left of it is negative removing gain and the right is positive adding gain Ensure that the scan is visible you can see c
38. collection You must enter the setup mode before switching from Playback to Collect MN72 433 Rev B 20 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Playback Clicking this button in Playback Run will bring up the Open File dialog so that you can select another file to view Clicking this in Collect Run will close the current collection ask you to save the data and open the Open File window so you can choose a file to view Run Setup Pushing this in Collect Mode will cause the Save File window to come up and close the current data file You will then toggle to Setup Mode 3 windows In Playback mode this key toggles between Run and Setup Display Pushing this key toggles between a linescan data display and a single scan O scope style display The function is the same in Collect or Playback Depth This button allows you to calibrate the system to a target with known depth This will update the vertical scale and the dielectric and give you a more accurate depth calculation than simply guessing dielectric or soil type 1 Scan over your area and find a target Once you do do not stop data collection but just move the system away from that area 2 Drill or dig down and measure the depth Back at the system click Run Stop to bring up crosshairs 4 After the crosshairs come up target then on the first positive peak of that target if it is metal and the first negative peak if it is air Push Depth and scroll to the corre
39. ct depth Click right to take effect Note If you are on dirt the dielectric value may only be an approximation If you are on a homogenous material like concrete this calibration is good for all like material If you are on soils know that the dielectric of the soils can change dramatically with depth and across an area so this is only an approximation Calibrating the depth in TerraSIRch mode updates the dielectric constant but keeps the fixed time range This function in ConcreteScan StructureScan UtilityScan and GeologyScan keeps the entered depth under scan but updates the time range required to scan to that depth given the new dielectric After calibrating in one of these four programs not TerraSIRch click Run Stop twice to reinitialize the gains MN72 433 Rev B 21 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual MN72 433 Rev B 22 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Part 3 Setting Up Your System for Data Collection In this part you will find instructions for configuring your SIR 3000 to collect single 2 D profiles of data that can be interpreted by themselves or stacked together in software to produce a 3 D image You will also find instructions for setting up and collecting a 3 D project The first section of this part includes a step by step checklist to set up your system This refers to the software setup only not the hardware setup If you are using a survey cart please see Appen
40. dividual data profiles This will allow you to place the beginning and the end of your survey lines into a larger real world coordinate system provided that you 1 Survey in straight lines and 2 Have a GPS with sufficient accuracy for your application Your spatial accuracy depends on the accuracy of your GPS receiver There are many inexpensive GPS receivers that provide meter accuracy though if your project demands finer resolution there are systems which provide centimeter accuracy but at a significantly higher cost GSSI does not provide GPS systems and has no particular manufacturer preference The GPS you do choose must have the following 1 Provide data output through a serial RS232 port 2 Output data at a baud rate of 4800 3 Output the NMEA GGA data string Attaching a GPS Step 1 Try your GPS to determine if you are getting a good position and an adequate number of satellites Step 2 Setup and power up your SIR 3000 as normal Step 3 Under Collect gt Radar highlight the GPS menu choice and click Enter Toggle to ON and click the right arrow Step 4 The Enable GPS dialogue box will pop up Follow the instructions in the window to connect your GPS Step 5 When you start a data profile the SIR 3000 will capture a GPS coordinate and place it in the file header It will do the same when you stop the data file and save it These coordinates will be visible when you view the file header in RADAN This function is
41. dix C otherwise see Section 2 1 These first two parts also assume that you are collecting distance based data with the survey wheel If you are collecting data where the scan spacing is based on time Time based see Part 3 3 and if you are collecting single Point data please see Part 3 4 Note If the external memory card is inserted into the system before you turn it on all data files will be automatically collected to that memory card They will not be saved to the internal memory Note Due to constraints on the internal memory the largest single profile you can collect is 64 MB At 512 samples scan and 12 scans foot this translates to 5200 feet or roughly one mile Note You can collect up to 70 files before you need to power down the system and restart it If you collect more than 70 without restarting the system the SIR 3000 will hang up and you will lose that data profile that you are collecting and will need to restart the system Remember to reload any saved setups and recheck your collection parameters to be sure that they are the same as they were before you powered down This may also corrupt your setup file 3 1 Setup for 2 D Collection Step 1 After system boot up press the TerraSIRch function key After a few seconds you will see a split screen with a wiggle trace on the right the parameter selection tree on the left and the main data display window in the center If you have an antenna connected a blue wait
42. dpoint of the antenna What You Can Customize You will choose your antenna 1 5 GHz or 900 MHz under the Radar submenu and also select Distance or Time based collection under MODE Remember to check the survey wheel calibration if you are using Distance Under the Scan submenu choose your maximum penetration depth from a number of presets 6 12 18 36 inches or 15 30 50 100 cm Also set your concrete type from a number of presets ranging from Dry to Wet This sets the dielectric constant and gives you a rough depth calculation MN72 433 Rev B 31 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual What is Preset T RATE 100 Samples Scan 512 deep 256 shallow 12 and less Format Bits 16 RATE 100 deep 200 Shallow 12 and less Scn Unit 5 inch 2 cm Gain 5 point Auto Filters All Offset position Surface position 5 2 StructureScan This mode is for collecting very high resolution 3D data over a concrete slab or wall with the 1 5 GHz antenna and GSSI s patented scan pad This will produce a 3D cube of data that can be viewed in planview at differing depths so as to note clear locations for coring and cutting You must use the scan pad for this mode and collect data in a prescribed fashion Consult the StructureScan QuickStart guide for more details What You Can Customize Under the Scan submenu choose your maximum penetration depth from a number of presets 6 12 or 18 inches or 20 30 50 cm
43. e capacity of a material to hold and pass an electromagnetic charge Varies with a material s composition moisture physical properties porosity and temperature Used to calculate depth in GPR work Gain artificially adding signal to certain section of a radar pulse in order to counteract the effects of attenuation and make features more visible Ground coupling the initial entry of a radar pulse into the ground Hyperbola an inverted U The image produced in a vertical linescan profile as the antenna is moved over a discrete target The top of the target is at the peak of the first positive wavelet Interface the surface separating materials with differing dielectric constants or conductivity values Linescan commonly used method of depicting a radar profile Linescans are produced by placing adjacent scans next to each other and assigning a color scheme to their amplitude values Macro a preset list of processing options that may be applied to perform repetitive functions on an entire dataset Macros may be created and edited to include different functions see RADAN manual for addition information Mark point inserted along a survey line manually by the operator or at preset intervals Migration mathematical calculation used to remove outlying tails of a hyperbola and to accurately fix the position of a target Nano second unit of measurement for recording the time delay between transmission of a radar pulse and rec
44. ected I Allow serial cable or infrared connection to this COM port E 0M1 7 Status COM port is not available IV Allow USB connection with this desktop computer Status Connected I Allow network Ethernet and Remote Access Service RAS server connection with this desktop computer Status Network is available r Status icon MV Show status icon in Taskbar Cancel Help 3 At this point you should disconnect the USB cable from the SIR 3000 and reboot the SIR 3000 After the SIR 3000 starts reconnect the USB cable 4 You should see the ActiveSync symbol turn green in the system tray at this point you can right click on that icon and select Explore 5 You can now Transfer data to your PC through the USB connection MN72 433 RevB 65
45. eption of that pulse s reflections Equal to one one billionth of a second Noise unwanted background interference that can obscure true data Noise floor time depth at which the noise makes target identification impossible MN72 433 RevB 57 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Oscilloscope device used to view and measure the strength and shape of energy waves Common term in GPR industry for a method of data display showing actual radar wave anatomy Passband the frequency range at which the antenna is emitting energy It is roughly equivalent to 0 5 2 times the center frequency Range the total length of time in nanoseconds for which the control unit will record reflections Note indicates two way travel time Sample a radar data point with two attributes time and reflection amplitude A third attribute position is assigned by the user Under sampling will produce a scan wave that does not contain enough information to draw a smooth curve It may miss features Over sampling will produce a larger data file Samples Scan the number of samples recorded from an individual radar scan Commonly set to 512 Scan one complete reflected wave from transmission to reception sometimes called a trace Survey wheel wheel attached to an antenna and calibrated to record precise distances Necessary for accurate data collection Time slice a horizontal planview of amplitude values drawn from adjacent vert
46. etrate and the minimum size of the targets that you are able to see Lower frequency antennas see deep but the minimum target size that they can see is larger Rather than focus on what each antenna can see the table below lists the appropriate antenna by application and depth range MN72 433 Rev B 40 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Frequency Sample Applications Typical Max Typical Range Depth ns Feet meters 1 5 GHz Structural Concrete 1 5 0 5 10 15 Roadways Bridge Decks 900 MHz Concrete Shallow Soils 3 1 10 20 Archaeology 400 MHz Shallow Geology Utility 12 4 20 100 Environmental Archaeology 200 MHz Geology Environmental 25 8 70 300 100 MHz Geology Environmental 60 20 300 500 Antennas by Application Radar is also not a continuous measurement along a survey line The system takes readings scans at a set spacing If your scan spacing is too wide you risk not hitting your target with enough scans to draw a recognizable hyperbola or worse missing the target altogether A good rule of thumb is to set your scan spacing so that you hit your target with at least 5 6 scans For example if you are looking for a 6 inch water pipe you want your scan spacing to be at least 12 foot or 1 inch but probably more like 18 foot That way you will have 6 scans over the target and will have a better chance to see it Lower frequency antennas like the 200
47. ev B 17 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Display This sub menu controls the look and feel of the data displayed on the screen Here is where you can change the mode of display color table and distribution transform and add screen gain There are four parameter inputs here Mode Line Scope C_TABLE C_XFORM and GAIN dB Line This is really the Mode option which allows you to toggle between Linescan and Scope display modes Linescan is the conventional way of looking at GPR data with each scan stacked next to its neighbor and amplitude values along that scan assigned a color value Scope or oscilloscope mode shows you the waveform of the individual scan C_TABLE This option lets you choose which of the pre loaded color tables to use to view your data In addition to grayscale there are several full color tables It is sometimes useful to examine your data in a number of different palettes because altering the colors may help you to see different aspects of your data There are 5 tables to choose from C_XFORM Once you have the data displayed in the proper color table you may alter the distribution of color shades across your data by changing the color transform under the C_XFORM option This will spread out your color shades over different sections of the scan s amplitude range You would do this to show more color shades over the extremes or the mid range values or just a simple black to white Stre
48. ged over the ground surface Upon clicking the GeologyScan button you will be asked to click Right for English or Left for Metric units You will then see the data display screen and if an antenna is connected it will initialize and data will start to scroll across There is no Quick Start Guide available for GeologyScan What You Can Customize Choose you antenna by selecting the proper center frequency from the list under the Radar submenu Select Distance based or Time based data collection under Mode Remember to check the survey wheel calibration Choose 1024 recommended 512 or 256 samples scan under the Samples submenu and then choose 16 default or 8 bit data collection under Format Select the appropriate soil type from the list of 4 presents This will set your dielectric and affect your maximum depth of penetration Please consult the GeologyScan QuickStart guide for examples of each soil type MN72 433 Rev B 33 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Then select your scans per unit from the list of presents The presets are 6 12 18 per foot for English or 10 25 50 per meter for Metric units What is Preset T_RATE 100 RATE 80 Range Max for antenna Gain Spoint Auto Filters All Offset position Surface position MN72 433 Rev B 34 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Part 6 Using a GPS with your SIR 3000 Your SIR 3000 is capable of attaching GPS coordinates to in
49. gh power SubEcho 40 transmitter Data Collection Mode Continuous Range 500ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 25 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 200 MHz Scans per second 16 Horizontal Smoothing 5 scans Transmit Rate 12 KHz MN72 433 RevB Data Collection Mode Continuous Range 1000ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 10 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 80 MHz Scans per second 32 Transmit Rate 12KHz Geophysical Survey Systems Inc 80 MHz 80 MHz folded bow tie antenna Note The 80 MHz antenna is unshielded Data Collection Mode Continuous Range 500ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 25 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 200 MHz Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 50 KHz MLF 120 cm Low Frequency antenna 1 2m length Note The MLF antennas are unshielded Data Collection Mode Point Range 250ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 30 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 160 MHz Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 12 KHz MLF 240 cm Low Frequency antenna length 2 4m Data Collection Mode Point Range 500ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 15 MHz Ver
50. he average result E E i Measured Calibration Line 4 Start Finish Default Settings for the Survey Wheel are Model 611 3 5 6 wheel 2000 ticks meter 609 6 ticks foot Model 620 16 wheel 417 ticks meter 127 ticks foot Model 623 Survey Cart 1583 ticks meter 487 8 ticks foot MN72 433 Rev B 24 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Step 4 Push the function key under Run Setup to begin collecting a profile of data The system will beep twice to open the Collect Run window 1 display window and then beep again it is ready to receive data You can also click the marker button on your antenna handle to open a data collection At the end of your profile push and hold down the Run Setup key to stop data collection The profile will be saved and can be viewed in Playback mode 3 2 Setup for 3 D Collection Step 1 Follow all the above steps for 2D in order to set your SIR 3000 to local conditions and antenna choice Step 2 You must lay out your survey grid so that you can cross your targets with at least 3 profiles Three profiles will allow you to tell the difference between a point target and a linear target For example if you are looking for graves 2 meters in length your survey profiles should be spaced 0 5 m apart and try to orient your survey grid so that you cross the graves perpendicular to their long axis in order to have the greatest possibility of hitting them Step 3
51. hen circumstances warrant The operation of UWB systems in emergency situations involving the safety of life or property may occur without coordination provided a notification procedure similar to that contained in CFR47 Section 2 405 a e is followed by the UWB equipment user MN72 433 Rev B Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Table of Contents Part 1 Introduction ssesssesscossserssrsscnsscsnssrsscesscsncesssensecencecsssnssccscensecneecscsscassssscessscnsesenssssseeses 1 1 1 Unpacking Your Syste siiis iseanan ean aee E seexiadnanedasassicaaaantacaaspsascaanisaviens 1 1 2 General Description casgvscaricassantacensacenceanebvensosuncexsunaantn tense encesnurenGincavansGeeantacencunenutmanen ean 1 Part 2 Getting Started and TerraSIRch Module Setup ssscscssssssesscssscscscsscncessaceessences 5 Bole HardWare NCU saxiwascaownconieernnsnasawinrnntdtnandseenes TEESE SEEE E EEA EEEE ENAA SEEE EAE CETERE A 5 2 2 B ot Upa nd Display Sereen snsrcseinrarnona aa NEE 6 2 3 System Modes and Menus A General Description sssssssssesessssessesesseessessressersesresseeseese 8 Th Systemi MENU 35 to caccoisscrersnsictaesunsdssnuespnacuren en E TR T O EE a E a S 9 The Collect Men sirsie seinnt nenne aean ea e E EEEE EA EEA EE at 11 Th Playback Men cic ecaseeccsaierenvnssvneaseoivecsasnnnastesaunecvesuveesdrnsenncoeaneaneosaleearwrereniverssnbecenamen 16 The Qutp t MefUsiscsiissnnien eaer E E E E 17 P
52. hes and distance in feet Under VSCALE you can choose to display in depth or time Setup This allows you to either save the current list of data collection parameters hereafter called a setup recall saved setup or a factory loaded one e Factory setups cannot be overwritten but the system has 16 slots where single user setups can be saved e After choosing your antenna under the Collect mode you will have to find the correct setup for that antenna and recall it e These are named SETUPO to SETUP16 SETUPO0 is a default setup that contains the parameters the system was collecting the last time that it was used MN72 433 Rev B 9 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Path Think of this as the location in which your files are stored on the SIR 3000 There are two basic types of paths Common and User defined e Fach file in the Common path will be named with the word FILE and then a number For example the first data file will be FILE001 then FILE002 and so on e The user defined path allows you to change the root name instead of FILE and the location of your data This is useful if you are surveying multiple areas or if you prefer to name your files during collection with a site name instead of doing it later after download e To create a user defined path select New from the Path menu This will bring up a window with six letters and an up down arrow Enter the new name by scrolling through the lette
53. his value higher than possible given the 100 KHz T_RATE and the number of samples scan the SIR 3000 will automatically lower it to the maximum possible Sen Unit The last choice is Scn Unit or scans per unit of horizontal distance This parameter is the scan spacing when you are collecting with the survey wheel MN72 433 Rev B 13 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual e Having a smaller scan spacing produces higher resolution data but much larger file sizes The number here is the number of scans that the system will collect per unit of distance So for example if you see a 12 here and the system is set to English feet rather than Metric units you will collect 12 scans per foot or 1 per inch e Generally you want to hit your target with 5 6 scans in order to draw a recognizable hyperbola on the screen so you can tell it is a target To set this parameter think of how large your target is and set this so that you space 5 6 scans across it For example if your pipe is 6 inches wide you should set this parameter to 12 scans foot which equals one an inch e The StructureScan setting for shallow structural features in concrete is 60 scans foot or 5 scans inch This is the densest recommended scan spacing and it is only meant for the 1 5 GHz antenna e Lower frequency antennas like the 400 MHz will require coarser collection 12 24 scans foot Gain Gain is the artificial addition of signal in order to counteract
54. ical profiles The time slice is produced for a particular time depth and is vital for understanding the horizontal positions of features in a survey area Time window the amount of time in nano seconds that the control unit will count reflections from a particular pulse Set by the operator Transect a line of survey data An area is systematically surveyed by recording transects of data at a constant interval The transects are then placed in their correct position relative to each other in a computer and a horizontal time slice is produced Wiggle trace method of GPR data display showing oscilloscope trace scans placed next to each other to form a profile view Commonly used method in seismic studies MN72 433 RevB 58 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Further Reading Annan A P Cosway S W Ground penetrating radar survey design Paper prepared for Annual Meeting of SAGEEP Davis J L Annan A P Ground penetrating radar for high resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy Geophysical Prospecting 37 531 551 Conyers Lawrence B and Dean Goodman Ground Penetrating Radar An Introduction for Archaeologists Altamira Press Hatton L Worthington M H and Makin J 1986 Seismic Data Processing Theory and Practice Blackwell Scientific Publications Boston MA 177p Jackson J D 1975 Classical Electrodynamics Wiley amp Sons Jordan E C Balmain K G 1968 Electromagnetic Wa
55. ill stop and crosshairs will come up This will allow you to check distance and depth of targets and to scroll back and forth through your data MN72 433 Rev B 19 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Run Setup This button toggles between Run mode 1 window and Setup mode 3 windows Pushing this while in Collect Setup begins data collection The TerraSIRch will beep twice then switch to Run mode It will then beep twice again and then it is ready to accept data Pushing this while collecting data will cause it to beep twice again and bring up the Save File dialog It will then go to Setup 3 windows mode Pushing this while in Playback Setup will open the Playback Run mode 1 window The data file you selected in the Open File window will scroll to the end then stop Crosshairs will come up Pushing this again will take you back to the Playback Setup 3 windows Color Table Pushing this key will allow you to scroll through the 5 available color tables The TerraSIRch will redraw the data from the beginning of the display buffer in that new color You can also change the color table under the Output gt Display menu This function is only available in Setup Mode Color Xform This button allows you to scroll through the different color transforms available for some of the color tables A color transform is a different spread of the same colors over the amplitude range of the scan You might use a transform that has
56. ion Mode Continuous Range 60ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 30 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 1000 MHz Scans per second 32 Horizontal Smoothing 4 scans Transmit Rate 100 KHz 400 MHz Model 5103 SIR 3000 User s Manual 400 MHz ground coupled antenna Depth of viewing window is approximately 4m assuming a dielectric constant of 5 Range 50 ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 100 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 800 MHz Scans per second 64 Transmit Rate 100 KHz 200 MHz Model 5106 200 MHz ground coupled antenna Lower frequency antenna optimized for mid range profiling Range 100ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 50 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 600 MHz Scans per second 64 Transmit Rate 100 KHz MN72 433 RevB 52 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 100 MHz Model 3207F 100 MHz ground coupled antenna Low frequency for deeper profiling Range 500ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 25 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 300 MHz Scans per second 16 Transmit Rate 50 KHz E 2 Parameter Listing for Older Specialty Antennae The following list of antenna setups is provided to assist you in using the SIR 3000 with additional
57. it into a USB CF card reader or similar and attach the card reader to your computer You can now access the data as if you had another disk drive on your computer 4 3 Transfer to a PC via an External USB Keychain Pen Drive HD This choice is available to allow you to use a USB memory stick to transfer your data This method is preferred over the other two because USB memory devices tend to be more physically durable than Flash cards Also this method is much faster than the direct USB cable link from computer to SIR 3000 Step 1 Turn on PC and SIR 3000 If the SIR 3000 has been running stop all collection and playback functions prior to continuing Make sure that your memory stick is inserted AFTER powering up the system Step 2 Enter the TerraSIRch mode and click RUN STOP to pause the system Step 3 Under the Output gt Transfer submenu click on HD Step 4 A window will appear showing all files on the internal memory Highlight the files and click Enter once on each file to add a check next to them Once all files are checked click the Right arrow to begin the transfer This process will not delete the data from the internal memory Step 5 Remove the USB Keychain Pen Drive from the SIR 3000 and insert it into a USB port on your computer You can now access the data as if you had another disk drive on your computer 4 4 Deleting Data from the System While it is always advisable to keep the data on your system un
58. l geophysics references that can be found in Appendix F If you experience operation problems with your system GSSI Tech Support can be reached 9am 5pm EST Monday Friday at 1 800 524 3011 or at 603 893 1109 International 1 1 Unpacking Your System Thank you for purchasing a GSSI TerraSIRch SIR System 3000 hereafter referred to as SIR 3000 A packing list is included with your shipment that identifies all of the items that are in your order You should check your shipment against the packing list upon receipt of your shipment If you find an item is missing or was damaged during the shipment please call or fax your sales representative immediately so that we can correct the problem Your SIR 3000 system contains the following items 1 Digital Control Unit DC 3000 with preloaded operating system 1 Transit Case 2 Batteries 1 AC Adaptor 1 Operation Manual Your choice of antenna cables and post processing software is available for an additional purchase 1 2 General Description The SIR 3000 is a lightweight portable single channel ground penetrating radar system that is ideal for a wide variety of applications The various components of the SIR 3000 are described below The major external features of the control unit are the keypad color SVGA video screen connector panel battery slot and indicator lights The video screen allows you to view data in real time or in playback mode It is readable in bright su
59. llow you to navigate through the menu tree e Highlighting a menu item by pushing Up or Down the menu tree and then pushing the Right arrow will open any menus that are under that menu choice Left arrow will collapse those menu items to refresh the menu tree MN72 433 Rev B 3 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual e Pushing the Enter key on some menu items will cause a pop up menu to appear so you can toggle between two or more parameter choices For example to setup data collection mode pushing Enter when Collect gt Radar Mode is highlighted will bring up a pop up menu which will allow you to choose from Time continuous data collect Distance survey wheel or Point measurement Highlight your choice and push Enter to see your choice applied and then Right arrow to accept and cause the pop up menu to disappear Insert Mark This button is located below the Enter Arrow Pad Pushing this button while collecting data will cause the system to set a User mark in the data e User marks are helpful for noting distance traveled if you are not using a survey wheel and for noting the location of obstacles such as columns trees pits etc e User marks will appear as long dashed vertical white lines through the data window Run Stop This button is located below the Insert Mark button Pushing the Run Stop button in Collect gt Run stops data collection and brings up a set of crosshairs Clicking this button again close
60. move your antenna across an area while in Setup mode e Time depth increases down the screen e At the bottom of the window you will see a color bar This shows you the distribution of colors across the range of reflection amplitudes size of the peaks of the scan to the left and the right of center The exact color and distribution depends on your choice of color table and color transform MN72 433 Rev B 7 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Main Display center The main data display window in the center shows a radar profile in linescan format In this depiction successive single scans are assigned color values and stacked next to each other in sequence to form a continuous image e The vertical scale on the left of this data display window shows time depth or sample number e New scans will be placed at the right side of the window and data will scroll from right to left Command Bar bottom The bar across the bottom of the screen is the Command bar and allows you different toggles and functions depending on whichever system mode you are in at the time You can activate these commands by pushing the function key right below the wording These commands are each explained in more detail later on when the different system modes are discussed Parameter Selection left To the left of the main data display window is the parameter selection tree window This window is where you will navigate through the va
61. mples should only be used in 8 bit mode e Note that as sample number increases scan rate drops and file size increases e GSSI recommends sampling at 512 or 1024 samples per scan for most applications More samples will be required for deep geologic or polar ice thickness applications MN72 433 Rev B 12 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Format Data can be collected in either 8 bit or 16 bit format 16 bit data is recommended for most applications because it has a greater dynamic range If you are only collecting data to be viewed on the screen no processing or are collecting very high samples scan data you should set this to 8 bit data 16 bit data profiles are much larger in terms of computer storage Range Range is the time window in nanoseconds ns that the SIR 3000 will record reflections from a single pulse The range has direct bearing on depth because a longer range will allow energy to penetrate deeper and give reflections from deeper down e tis important to remember that the range is two way travel time so that a range of 50 ns means that the deepest reflector is 25 ns deep e Bear in mind that you still have a set number of samples to draw a curve and a very long range may require a greater number of samples The range can be set from 1 8000 ns e Please see Appendix B for a list of common ranges for individual antennas Diel Diel refers to the dielectric constant of a material The dielectric
62. nd the antenna is not level you will be reading the ground slightly ahead of your current location but it will appear on the record as being under your true location This forward scanning of the antenna could lead to serious position errors Ground Cover If your antenna is floating on top of thick grass or a layer of gravel you may get errors in your data because the signal is taking too long to couple penetrate with the ground When this happens more of the signal than was intended bounces off of the ground surface instead of going into the ground Always try to keep your antenna flat on the ground surface The systems will have no problem penetrating carpeting or low grass A good rule of thumb for the 1500 MHz is no thicker than low carpet and for the 400 MHz no more than 1 inch NEVER survey through standing water no matter how shallow the puddle MN72 433 Rev B 39 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Subsurface Conditions If you are working with concrete try to make sure that the concrete has had some curing time Three months is usually adequate for a standard slab on grade while a suspended slab may cure faster The best solution is to practice on slabs of different ages so that you have a first hand feel of the way they will look Concrete that is not well cured will be difficult to see into Try and find out some information about the area s soil and water content Generally speaking clay and water c
63. ng again for the pipe The real benefit of 2D data collection is speed and ease of use Processing is certainly possible on 2D data to clean up the image but most clients will only use it for visually noting the presence absence of targets in the field 2D data collection is also useful for geologic applications such as bedrock and water table mapping 3D Collecting data for 3D imaging obviously takes more time than 2D collection While the SIR 3000 makes it faster and easier than it has ever been before it can still add significant time and cost to a job It also requires some software processing to produce an interpretable image These two issues may frighten some users away from 3D data collection but like GPR in general it only requires some practice to gain confidence Three dimensional data can be a great aid in interpretation The question many people ask is When do I use 3D Aside from producing a 3D map for its own sake there are really only three main reasons a complicated area prospecting or dangerous targets in the subsurface A complicated area might be a city street with many different types of pipes running in different directions In a situation like that the best option is usually to do 3D data collection so that you are able to visually track targets as they twist and turn around other targets Prospecting is mainly what those doing Archaeology will face In this case you don t have any concrete information about
64. nlight though an optional sunshade for the unit is available Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight will cause the screen to heat up and may affect screen visibility Note Do not use Windex or other ammonia based glass cleaner to clean the display screen as this may damage the coating Use only a clean slightly damp cloth to gently clean the screen The battery slot in the front of the unit accepts the 10 8 V Lithium Ion rechargeable battery provided Survey time with a fully charged battery is approximately 3 hours Batteries are recharged with the optional battery charger or by simply leaving the battery in the unit and connecting the unit to a standard AC source and leaving the system in standby mode Time to recharge a battery is approximately 4 5 hours Be sure to keep the battery slot cover on the unit while in use to ensure that no dust or dirt enters the unit s interior MN72 433 Rev B 1 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Hardware Connections On the back edge of the unit the SIR 3000 has six connectors and one slot for the memory card The five top row connectors are from left to right AC Power Serial I O RS232 Ethernet USB B and USB A Memory Card Data can be stored on Compact Flash cards USB key drives Compact Flash format RECOMMENDED or IBM Microdrives for transfer to PC for processing These cards are widely available and are the same type used in other digital devices such as cameras MP3
65. nual Borehole 300 MHz Borehole antenna frequency 300 MHz Data Collection Mode Point Range 300ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 38 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 600 MHz Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 50 KHz Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Appendix F Glossary of Terms and Suggestions for Further Reading Antenna a paired transmitter and receiver that sends electromagnetic energy into a material and receives any reflections of that energy from materials in the ground Also called a transducer Antennae are commonly referred to by their center frequency value i e 400MHz 1 5Ghz This frequency determines the depth of penetration and the size of the objects or layers visible Attenuation the weakening of a radar pulse as it travels through different materials Center Frequency the median transmit frequency of an antenna The antenna will also transmit energy at a frequency range of 0 5 2 times its center value For example a 400 MHz antenna may actually transmit at a range from 200 800 MHz Clipping occurs when the amplitude of a reflection is greater than the maximum recordable value The system disregards the true value of the reflection and writes in the maximum allowable value Clipping appears in the O Scope as signal that goes off the scale at the sides of the window Dielectric permittivity th
66. ocation as opposed to post processing As noted earlier TerraSIRch mode allows you full reign over all collection parameters The 3Dscan mode is similar to TerraSIRch in that it is fully customizable but with the added feature of defining an easy 3D data collection project Please note that some of these modes may require additional equipment purchase in order to get full functionality Expanded instructions for each of these modes are available in the form of separate QuickStart manuals Contact your GSSI sales consultant for more details The four additional modes are e ConcreteScan e StructureScan e UtilityScan e GeologyScan 5 1 ConcreteScan ConcreteScan is meant for a quick and dirty scan of concrete You would use this mode to locate shallow structural features in concrete and mark their location directly on the survey surface prior to any cutting coring or drilling It works with the 1 5 GHz and 900 MHz antennas Upon clicking the ConcreteScan button you will be asked to click Right for English or Left for Metric units You will then see the data display screen and if an antenna is connected it will initialize and data will start to scroll across ConcreteScan includes the backup cursor function This allows you to back the antenna over the line you just surveyed and get an on screen cursor that will help you relate the location of targets in the data back to the slab The backup line in the data is the location of the mi
67. r system either immediately or in the future Microsoft strongly recommends that you stop this installation now and contact the hardware vendor for software that has passed Windows Logo testing STOP Installation Continue Anyway Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Part 2 Installing Microsoft ActiveSync After the USB connection is installed install the latest version of MS ActiveSync It can be downloaded from Microsoft s web site l Using a web browser go to http www microsoft com Search for Active Sync or ActiveSync Download the latest version of MS ActiveSync If saved to disk double click on the MSASYNC exe icon directory to start the installation It will copy files and then begin setup Microsoft ActiveSync Set Up Microsoft ActiveSync 3 7 Before you can exchange information between your mobile device and this computer you must set up ActiveSync This setup wizard will quide you through Installing the ActiveSync program on this computer Setting up your mobile device Note It is strongly recommended that you exit all Windows programs before continuing with this setup wizard Click Next to continue with the setup process Click Cancel to quit setup Back Cancel Help 3 Follow the onscreen instructions to complete the Microsoft ActiveSync setup Use the default folder if possible It is likely that the installation will appear to hang at app
68. re 2 1 Hardware Setup Hardware setup for the SIR 3000 is very simple We will assume the 400 MHz Model 5103 antenna for this example but the hardware connections are the same for other GSSI antennas and the cable connections are clearly marked Follow the steps below 1 Attach the survey handle between the two vertical mounting plates on the top of the antenna with the two removable pins adjust the angle for comfort and connect the marker cable to the antenna at the Mark port j Antenna connector panel 2 Connect the female end of the antenna control cable to your antenna Then connect the male end to the antenna connection on the back of the SIR 3000 Connect the two protective caps together MN72 433 Rev B 5 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual 3 Attach the survey wheel to the brackets at the back of the antenna as shown below and connect the cable to the Survey port on the top of the antenna Be sure that the triangular plate protecting the survey wheel encoder faces down 4 Connect power source battery or AC to the SIR 3000 and the system will turn on automatically If you purchased your SIR 3000 with a cart as in the UtilityScan System or purchased the cart system separately please see Appendix C Mounting your SIR 3000 on a Cart The cart also incorporates a survey wheel that is used in place of the survey wheel pictured earlier 2 2 Boot Up and Display Screen After the S
69. rious commands set system parameters and enter file name information The tree is similar to the basic folder and file browser seen in many Windows based applications Upon setup you will see three choices that indicate the three modes of the SIR 3000 Collect Playback and Setup as well as the System menu used to change system parameters 2 3 System Modes and Menus A General Description The SIR 3000 has four main system menus Collect page 11 Playback page 16 Output page 17 and System page 9 We will first look briefly at the System menu GP connecr Pj PLAYBACK GF ovreur Pj SYSTEM MN72 433 Rev B 8 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual The System Menu If you are using your SIR 3000 for the first time or if you need to change some system parameters you should enter this menu first Highlighting System and pushing the Right arrow will bring out seven additional menu choices e UNITS e SETUP D DEPTH foot e PATH D DISTANCE foot e BACKLIGHT i VSCALE depth E SETUP DATE TIME D RECATE e BATTERY O SAVE PATH VERSION DO NEW BACKLIGHT D LEVEL 4 amp DATE TIME O DATE DO TIME G amp BATTERY D STATUS version O SHOW Units You can select English or Metric units for Depth and Distance as well as the appropriate scale For example if you are using a very high frequency antenna to scan 18 inches into concrete you may choose to display depth in inc
70. rox 91 for a few minutes Allow it to continue After completion you may see the New Partnership dialog In order to successfully transfer SIR 3000 data via USB you will need to set up a guest connection with the SIR 3000 Select No at this dialog each time you connect your SIR 3000 as you do not synchronize any information with the PC Synchronization is for Pocket PC users and similar who need to synchronize information You should configure MS ActiveSync to bypass this dialog by following Step 1 of Part 3 below MN72 433 RevB 64 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Part 3 Configuring Microsoft ActiveSync If you have trouble with your MS ActiveSync connection to the SIR 3000 check your configuration 1 If you do not want to respond to the New Partnership dialog each time you connect the SIR 3000 to your PC find and double click on ActiveSyncKeys exe in the ASUSB or ASUSBwoMSAS directory Select Force Guest Only connections and click okay Configuration Tool xi JV Force GuestOnly connections Run this app when device connects NOTEPAD EXE J Run this app when device disconnects CMD EXE cme 2 Double click on Microsoft ActiveSync icon Go to File gt Connection Settings Make the selections shown below Click Next gt Connection Settings xj a Click Get Connected to connect your mobile device to this La 5 computer Status Waiting for device to connect Get Conn
71. rs with the Up Down and Right Left arrows Backlight This controls screen brightness The scale runs from 1 to 4 with 4 being the brightest The darker the screen is the longer the battery will last because powering the screen is the largest draw on the power supply Date Time Use this selection to set the system s internal clock to the current date and local time The SIR 3000 will attach this information to each radar profile you collect This information is saved and will not be lost each time you turn the system off or remove the battery Battery This selection allows you to check the remaining charge on the battery The value here is percent of total charge remaining Version This allows you to check the current version of the TerraSIRch operating software MN72 433 Rev B 10 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual The Collect Menu The Collect menu is similar to the Collect Setup mode on the older GSSI SIR 2 and SIR 2000 If you are familiar with those systems you will notice a lot of similarities here Under Collect there are five main sub menus that can each be accessed by pushing the Down arrow to highlight the sub menu then the Right arrow to see additional menus inside the sub menu These are e RADAR SCAN ee COLLECT G RADAR e POSITION 0400 MHZ e FILTERS OT RATE D MODE Distance D GPS OFF amp SCAN OH SAMPLES 512 o FORMAT bits 16 D RANGE nS 60 OH DIEL 10 00 O RATE 100
72. s a data collection file and causes the system to ask if you want to save that file Clicking this button during Setup in modes other than TerraSIRch or 3D will cause the system to re initialize the gain and auto position servos This will reset the gains to the area under the antenna and could minimize clipping Help This button is located under the Start Stop button Pushing the Help button will bring up a menu of help topics The onscreen help is only accessible from the TerraSIRch splash screen Use the Mark button to highlight links and Enter to jump to a help topic Pushing the Run Stop button on the right hand side of the unit will take you back to the previously viewed screen Function Keys These six 6 buttons are located below the video screen Pushing one of these from the initial start screen will cause the SIR 3000 to operate in the desired software module MN72 433 Rev B 4 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Part 2 Getting Started and TerraSIRch Module Setup In Part 2 you will find instructions for connecting all of the hardware inputs and an introduction to the different menus and functions that are available to you in TerraSIRch mode TerraSIRch mode allows you total control over all collection parameters and is the most versatile data collection method usable for all GPR applications If desired these 2 D profiles can later be transferred to a PC for processing in GSSI s RADAN post processing softwa
73. selection allows you to collect data as point distance or time based Point data collection is commonly selected only for very deep applications or very difficult terrain The system will record one scan every time the mark is pressed The antenna is then moved to the next location and the next scan is taken In time based data collection the system is recording a certain amount of scans per second The data density over an area depends on the speed that the antenna is moved over the ground The rate scans second is set in the Scan submenu Distance based collection is performed with a survey wheel The system records a certain number of scans per unit of distance This is the most accurate data collection method and it is strongly recommended that you collect data in this mode if possible GPS This selection allows you to toggle the GPS capability on and off If you are using a GPS with your system connect the GPS to the serial port and toggle this to ON Consult Part 6 of this manual for additional instructions and setting up the GPS and working with it Scan Scan contains six additional menus Samples Format Range Diel Rate and Scn Unit Samples Each scan curve is made up of a set number of individual data points called Samples The more samples you collect the smoother the scan curve and the better your vertical resolution will be e You can choose from a preset list of 256 512 1024 2048 4096 or 8192 samples per scan 8192 sa
74. surface to perform a depth calculation The number here is nanoseconds from trigger pulse inside the SIR 3000 If you need to adjust this parameter use caution not to lose that direct coupling wave Surface Surface is a useful display option and is new to the SIR 3000 This allows you to visually cut out the flat part of the scan and the direct coupling and show the scan from the first reflected target which should be the ground surface The other information is still collected and saved but not displayed This allows you to set the display to show an in field time to depth calculation For simplicity the value is set as a percentage of the total vertical window The SIR 3000 will examine the offset and the antenna type you entered under Radar to find the proper surface automatically It will set near to the first positive peak of the direct coupling Filters This menu allows you to set data collection filters to either remove interference or smooth noise Many of these are antenna specific especially the High and Low Pass filters In the ConcreteScan StructureScan UtilityScan and GeologyScan these will be automatically set when you choose your antenna under the Radar menu In order to set factory values for the filters you must recall a factory setup for the antenna you are using under System gt Setup gt Recall There are six menu selections here LP IIR HP IIR LP FIR HP FIR STACKING BGR REMOVAL LP_IIR HP_ITR LP_FIR
75. ta DIEL The Diel parameter allows you to input the dielectric constant so that the system can do a time to depth calculation Once again for convenience this parameter is duplicated from the Scan sub menu of the Collect menu Possible values are 1 81 Process This menu allows you to apply different filters and mathematical operations to the data in order to remove noise or make subtle features more visible These functions do not permanently alter the data but are only for display purposes The options here are identical to those under the Filters sub menu in the Collect menu but there is one additional item AGC AGC AGC stands for Automatic Gain Control AGC lets you choose a set number of gain points 2 3 or 5 distributed evenly through the vertical scale The object of AGC is to normalize make even looking the scan by reducing the gain for areas where the signal is very strong usually near the surface but adding gain with increasing attenuation usually with depth This dramatically slows the scroll speed of the data especially if 5 points are used A faster option is Display Gain located under the Display sub menu in Output The Output Menu This menu controls the data display printing and file maintenance There are three sub menus to the Output menu e DISPLAY ourpur DISPLAY e PRINT E Zi E LINE MC _XFORM 2 OM GAIN dB 0 PRINT O None G TRANSFER O Pc O FLASH O HD D DELETE MN72 433 R
76. tching more colors over a particular value ranges allows you to see more subtle variations in the data Bear in mind that not every transform is available for every color table There are 4 different transforms available Gain The final display option is Gain This is often referred to as display gain because it basically just increases the amplitude of your data by multiplying every sample throughout your scan by a constant value The result is that you will be able to better see weaker reflections but those already strong reflections will be over gained This function is useful for a quick viewing of data that is attenuated or otherwise under gained to guarantee that it was not clipped Print This sub menu will allow you to choose a pre loaded printer so you can print data records directly from the system In order to activate this function select the appropriate printer from the list To deactivate select None Note This function will be available with future software updates Transfer This sub menu allows you to perform file maintenance The four options for this sub menu are PC FLASH HD hard drive and DELETE PC HD and FLASH allow you to move data from the internal system memory to an external device such as a PC flash card Microdrive or an external USB keychain drive Transfer to a PC will be controlled by the external computer through Microsoft ActiveSync while transfer to the removable Flash card can be done using the SI
77. tenna Parameters The SIR 3000 comes with preloaded setups to fit the system s data collection parameters and filters to the most commonly used currently available GSSI antennas Settings for additional antennae are also provided below to assist you in creating a setup for an older or specialized antenna Please note that these are only generalized setups and it may be necessary to alter these to your particular situation For example deeper penetration can be set by increasing the range in the Collect gt Scan menu E 1 Preloaded Setups 1 5 GHz Model 5100 1 5 GHz ground coupled antenna Depth of viewing window is approximately 18 inches in concrete Setting is optimized for scanning of structural features in concrete Range 12 ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 2 Vertical High Pass Filter 250 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 3000 MHz Scans per second 100 Vertical IIR High Pass N 2F 10 MHz Transmit Rate 100 KHz 900 MHz Model 3101D 900 MHz ground coupled antenna Depth of viewing window is approximately 1 m assuming a dielectric constant of 5 Range 15 ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 2 Vertical High Pass Filter 225 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 2500 MHz Scans per second 64 Horizontal IIR Stack TC Smoothing 3 scans Transmit Rate 100 KHz MN72 433 RevB 51 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc 500 MHz 500 MHz antenna Data Collect
78. the natural effects of attenuation As a radar scan travels into the ground some of the scan is reflected some of it is absorbed and some of it keeps traveling down As the scan gets deeper it becomes weaker We apply gain to the scan at particular points to make the subtle variations in weaker data more visible The two choices under the gain menu are a Manual Auto toggle and a listing of point numbers e Setting the Gain on manual will allow you to change the number of gain points and to add strength to the signal at your own discretion This is not recommended for inexperienced users as it is possible to create features in the data by over gaining areas e Setting the gain back to Auto will cause the system to re initialize and adjust its gains to the area under the antenna This is useful if you find that your data is clipped over gained over a particular section of your survey area Just find the clipped area and re servo over it to set the gains at a lower level e Gain is added at a number of evenly spaced points throughout the data scan You can select up to 5 gain points and then manually add or subtract gain values from individual points e Use caution not to add too much gain to a single point because you may create what will look like a layer in the data Position This menu controls the position of Time Zero Time Zero is the location of the beginning of the transmit pulse and thus the beginning of the scan Typically h
79. the subsurface so you will need to do 3D over the area and look for human made patterns that could be targets An example of the final reason would be coring or cutting into an area that has live high voltage in the floor When the safety of your crew is at stake the more information the better MN72 433 Rev B 42 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Appendix C Mounting Your SIR 3000 on a Cart Mobilizing your system on the GSSI Model 623 survey cart allows you to cover ground much more easily and conveniently than with the conventional system configuration described in Part 2 1 The cart can accommodate the 400 MHz 900 MHz and 1 5 GHz antennas It also incorporates a survey wheel for high precision distance measurements Step 1 Unfolding the cart and attaching the wheels Step 2 Mounting the antenna Step 3 Attaching the SIR 3000 Step 4 Optional mounting of the 400MHz on the front of the cart MN72 433 Rev B 43 SIR 3000 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc User s Manual C 1 Step 1 Unfolding the cart and attaching the wheels Unfold the cart frame and insert the black tips of the top assembly into the receivers on the front wheel fork Secure with the attached pin Squeeze the silver wheel lock clamps and insert the wheel shaft into the axle It will slide all the way in and lock securely To remove wheels squeeze the wheel lock clamp again and pull the wheel straight out Note The wheels
80. tical Low Pass Filter 90 MHz Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 12 KHz MN72 433 RevB 55 SIR 3000 User s Manual MLF 360 cm Low Frequency antenna length 3 6m Data Collection Mode Point Range 750ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 10 Vertical Low Pass Filter 60 Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 12 KHz MLF 480 cm Low Frequency antenna set to a length of 4 8m Data Collection Mode Point Range 1000ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 6 Vertical Low Pass Filter 40 Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 12KHz MLF 600 cm Low Frequency antenna set to a length of 6 0m Data Collection Mode Point Range 1000ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 1 Vertical Low Pass Filter 50 Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 12 KHz Geophysical Survey Systems Inc Borehole 120 MHz Borehole antenna frequency 120 MHz Note The borehole antennas are unshielded Data Collection Mode Point Range 500ns Samples per Scan 512 Resolution 16 bits Number of gain points 5 Vertical High Pass Filter 30 MHz Vertical Low Pass Filter 240 MHz Scans per second 32 Stacking 32 scans Transmit Rate 64 KHz MN72 433 RevB 56 SIR 3000 User s Ma
81. til you have downloaded it if desired and checked the integrity of the data eventually the memory may fill up or you may simply want to do some housecleaning GSSI suggests that you download all of the data from a particular jobsite and completely delete the data before starting a new job This will help to avoid confusion over which files belong to specific projects Step 1 Highlight Delete under the Transfer submenu and push Enter You will see a window with a list of files 3 Step 2 Using the Up and Down arrow keys highlight the file to be deleted and push Enter to place a check in the empty box to the left of the file name Step 3 Repeat until there are checks next to all of the files you want to delete Click the Right arrow key to accept and delete those files Note When you attempt to collect a new file the system will find the lowest number it can to assign to the new file For example if you have 25 files and you delete File 001 the next file will not be File 026 it will be File_001 In other words it will fill in any gaps in the memory before adding new files MN72 433 Rev B 30 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Part 5 Summary of Pre Set Mode Parameters The section briefly describes four out of the six operation modes for the SIR 3000 These modes are more limited in their customization because they are meant for specific applications or to collect data for on screen target l
82. tup mode and data scrolling across the screen drag the antenna over the area and find a target that you want to image Note its position on the screen and at what time depth it occurs Ideally it should be halfway down the screen so that you can image targets above and below it If it is not properly located change the range under the Scan menu Check Rate This number will be scans per second Your data density now depends on the rate you move the antenna over the survey surface Check Gain The thin red line superimposed over the scan in the O Scope window is the gain curve The centerline of the scan is zero and to the left of it is negative removing gain and the right is positive adding gain Ensure that the scan is visible you can see curves If not select Auto under the Gain menu This will cause the system to re initialize and add subtract gain to produce a visible signal Drag the antenna over the area and look for evidence of clipping If your data becomes clipped leave the antenna over the area where it is occurring and re initialize by changing Auto to Manual and then back to Auto This will depress the gains so that the data will not clip MN72 433 Rev B 26 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Step 3 Push the function key under Run Setup to begin collecting a profile of data The system will emit a beep when it is ready to receive data At the end of your profile push and hold down the Run Setup key
83. ture that you want to remove and put that number into the system Features of this size or larger will be removed from the data e Also please note that this filter will remove your direct coupling making positive identification of Time Zero difficult To preserve data integrity it is best to collect data without this filter and then apply it in post processing if needed The Playback Menu If you want to review the data you just collected or access any of the Playback functions push the Down arrow to highlight the particular menu choice If you would like to review a previously collected file pushing the Playback function key will bring up a window that lists stored data files If you select a single file it will cycle through that one or you can choose multiple files and the system will play them back in sequence The playback menu has two sub menus PLAYBACK e SCAN 50 scan e PROCESS OM DIEL 10 00 D SURFACE 3 10 00 E PROCESS OM LP IIR 0 MHP IIR 0 OM LP FIR 0 DHP FIR 0 D STACKING 0 BGR RMVL 0 MAGC OFF MN72 433 Rev B 16 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Scan The scan sub menu contains two parameters Diel and Surface SURFACE Surface operates just like the surface item in the Position sub menu of Collect menu and it has been duplicated here for convenience Once again this input is percentage based Changing the surface position here will not permanently eliminate any da
84. urves If not select Auto under the Gain menu This will cause the system to re initialize and add subtract gain to produce a visible signal Drag the antenna over the area and look for evidence of clipping If your data becomes clipped leave the antenna over the area where it is occurring and re initialize by changing Auto to Manual and then back to Auto This will depress the gains so that the data will not clip Remember this location if you should need to reinitialize the gains later Step 3 Survey Wheel Calibration Make sure that Mode is set to Distance Once you select Distance the survey wheel calibration dialogue will come up You can either enter the factory setting for smooth terrain or calibrate it to local conditions If Distance already is shown as the selection you should still check that the calibration is correct by selecting another choice and then selecting Distance In order to manually calibrate the antenna for difficult terrain you will need to lay out a measured line on your survey surface It can be of any length but the longer the line the more accurate the calibration Enter the calibration distance and position the antenna at the start of the calibration line The exact part of the antenna front center rear that is positioned at the beginning of the line must finish at the end of the survey line as pictured below This is critical for an accurate calibration Repeat this procedure several times and take t
85. urvey surface The higher you set the Rate in scans second and the slower you move the antenna the denser the data will be Time based data has no real distance tag so the software has no idea how far you actually traveled It is extremely important move the antenna at a constant speed and to add user marks by clicking the mark button at consistent intervals Time based data requires additional processing in RADAN to create a 3 D image If 3 D imaging is your goal you should collect Distance based data with a survey wheel Step 1 After system boot up press the TerraSIRch function key After a few seconds you will see a split screen with a wiggle trace on the right the parameter selection tree on the left and the main data display window in the center If you have an antenna connected a blue wait bar will scroll twice across the bottom left corner of the screen initializing the antenna and data will appear in the center window Step 2 Examine the parameters in the Collect tree to ensure that the system is properly configured for the antenna you are using Antenna Frequency Under the Radar submenu select the antenna by highlighting the proper center frequency and pushing the Right arrow The system will re initialize Load Setup Under the System menu open Setup and Recall a factory setup for the antenna that you are using or a saved setup that you have worked with previously Check Range With the system in Collect Se
86. ves and Radiating Systems Prentice Hall NJ pp 139 144 Oppenheim Willsky and Young 1983 Signal and Systems Prentice Hall Reynolds John M 1997 An Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysics Wiley and Sons Roberts R L Daniels J J 1996 Analysis of GPR Polarization Phenomena JEEG 1 2 139 157 Sheriff R E and Geldart L P 1985 Exploration Seismology Volume 1 History Theory and Data Acquisition Cambridge University Press New York 253 p Sheriff R E and Geldart L P 1985 Exploration Seismology Volume 2 Data Processing and Interpretation Cambridge University Press New York 221 p Telford W M Geldart L P Sheriff R E Applied Geophysics Cambridge Univ Press MA p 291 Wait J R Geo Electromagnetism Academic Press New York Yilmaz Oz Seismic Data Analysis Processing Inversion and Interpretation or Seismic Data Investigations in Geophysics No 10 Society of Exploration Geophysicists Tulsa OK MN72 433 RevB 59 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 3000 User s Manual Useful Websites 1 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc www geophysical com 2 American Database of Archaeological Geophysics www cast uark edu nadag 3 United States Department of Agriculture Soils Website http soils usda gov 4 USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Ground Penetrating Radar Program http nesoil com gpr MN72 433 RevB 60 Geophysical Survey Systems Inc SIR 30

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