From Egg to Chicken
Contents
1. E64 0 ma 7 ONVTEZGZN 0223114 IMA 1 269 Bomsju Ag Loe 18 St jeoietorao 3 TRE si guon 6 suswbesde epu vsnosa t 9 Chickel From Egg to CN A Hendrix Genetics Company Explanation of numbers shown on layout of hatchery having a 3 week setting capacity of total 400 000 eggs Hatching egg delivery room Egg container washing and storage room Marek preparation room Egg storage Egg setting room Disinfection room Incubator rooms Transferring and candling room Aile Hatcher rooms Washing rooms Waste room cooling Carton storage room Marek vaccine and administration storage room Sexing rooms Chicken room selection vaccination and packing Chicken storage room Chicken delivery room expedition Shower rooms Technical rooms Office A Hendrix Genetics Company Appendix 5 Preparation of ampoules of cell associated Intervet Marek vaccines Protective gloves and a protective mask should The canes holding the ampoules should be lifted out be worn when handling liquid nitrogen of the liquid nitrogen just high enough to pe2. Hendrix Genetics Company From Egg to Chicken Hatchery Manual A Hendrix Genetics Company cr mE p 7 eae ES FOUNDERS OF FUTURE ISA Hisex A WWW ISAPOULTRY COM CN A Hendrix Genetics Company Introduction Well begun is half done This well known saying applies certainly to poultry keeping since the quality of the day old chick well begun tips the scale towards excellent results The quality of the day old chicks is the foundation of poultry business With this manual From egg to chicken we have tried to give the reader management factors for the production of first class day old chicks At the same time this manual contains several hints for the flock owner and the hatchery man who may positively influence the results An increased hatchability of 1 percent in large hatcheries would mean much better return Have a calculation done for your hatchery on What a 1 percent better hatchability would mean to you You can be sure that improvements in the hatchery offer great possibilities We hope this manual may help you Institut de S lection Animale BV Villa de K rver P O Box 114 5830 AC Boxmeer The Netherlands EU Phone 31 485 319111 Fax 431 485 319112 e mail info isa hendrix genetics com Internet www isapoultry com Hendrix Genetics Company Chapter VI VII Contents Structure of the egg Management factors for hatchin
3. wv c S o c g x o gt c E T D 2 o c a o 9 o o o 2 c 2 o gt Early embryonic death In most cases the causes of death are related to the breed or nutrition of the parent stock care of the hatching egg before setting fumigation during the first days of incubation insufficient turning shocking and trembling 3 CN A Hendrix Genetics Company 1 If disinfects the hatching eggs inside the incubator one should take the greatest caution In case one should not fumigate the eggs between 12 96 hours after setting otherwise the embryo will die Mid term and late embryonic death The turning and the care of the hatching eggs play a great part Embryonic death in other stages of the incubation process may have other reasons Temperature humidity ventilation poisoning or insufficient turning of the eggs or the nutrition of the parent stock D Candling One gets information on the fertility by candling the eggs on the 5th or 6th day of incubation One should distinguish between infertile eggs and eggs in which the embryos died To prevent too much cooling down of the eggs during candling one should not allow the hatching eggs to stay outside the incubator for more then 20 minutes Infertile eggs can be used for consumption purposes Depending on the incubator type it is important to fill trays af
4. 69 90 77 00 88 40 48 40 Protein 11 20 12 40 10 60 17 00 Fat 8 50 9 40 32 60 Carbohydrates 0 30 0 30 0 40 0 20 Ash 10 10 0 90 0 60 1 80 Total 100 00 100 00 100 00 100 00 From this summary it is clear that the yolk contains far more nutrients than the albumen The gross weight ratio of the different parts of the eggs are as follows Shell and shell membranes Albumen and chalazae Yolk Total 5 4grams 9 37 3 grams 64 15 3 grams 27 58 0 grams 100 Roughly spoken the albumen yolk shell ratio is 6 3 1 B The eggshell The shell consists mainly of calcium carbonate Other elements are magnesium phosphorus and manganese with a small amount of protein which has a connective function For the construction of the eggshell vitamin D plays an important part Thickness The average thickness of the shell is 0 35 mm The small end of the eggshell is thickest while on the sides the shell is thinnest When the environmental temperature is high the thickness of the shell decreases as is shown below egg weight 58 gram Temperature 19 C weight of the shell 5 6 gr 100 Temperature 23 C weight of the shell 5 4 gr 96 Temperature 32 C weight of the shell 4 9 gr 88 CN A Hendrix Genetics Company 1 the shell are many openings the so called pores which allow the interchange moisture and gasses Roughly speaking each egg has approximately 7500 pores most of them at t
5. Source S Lourens the Netherlands How to measure embryo temperature To control incubation processes it is very important to have a good idea of the embryo temperature during incubation There are several ways of recording embryo temperatures but the easiest and cheapest way of doing it is by using an infra red ear thermometer as used for humans The way to use them is by checking the eggs in an incubator by placing the head of the thermometer halfway on the egg so under the air cell Simply put the setter trays horizontal open the setter of hatcher pull out a tray half way or in case of a hatcher lift some trays so you can reach the eggs take out an egg and measure it As described in the document concerning the basics of embryo temperature embryo temperature is dependent on heat production of the embryo air temperature air humidity but mainly on air velocity Therefore look for the places with high air velocity top or bottom trays close to the ventilator outer side of the trays and especially low air velocity middle of the tray away from the ventilator Both at the start of incubation but especially at the end of incubation it is very important to control embryo temperature and adjust the air temperature to maintain an embryo temperature of about 99 7 100 0 F at the start of the process and 100 0 100 5 F at the end of incubation See also Appendix 7 for the desired eggshell temperature and humidity The same thermomet
6. Worldwide a lot of the hatching eggs are transported in carton boxes Be sure only clean boxes are used Do not allow the truck drivers to enter the hatchery If eggs are transported on containers clean and disinfect them before returning to the breeding farm When the eggs are not directly put on trays place egg boxes on wood slat platforms in the storage compartment If the hatching eggs need to be stored for several days keep the temperature at 18 C 64 F with a relative humidity of 70 80 After grading dispatch the out graded and boxed eggs as soon a possible Never use egg packing material form poultry salesman disease risk Clean the grading setting room after every setting and the egg receiving area and storage room at least once a week Disinfection room 6 After the eggs are trayed for incubation they need to be fumigated This is best done in a special designed room between the egg receiving grading and storage room and the incubator room This room should function as a sluice No one may pass through On both sides only from outside this sluice need to be opened or closed How to disinfect see page 12 CN A Hendrix Genetics Company At the top of this room an extractor fan needs to be present It is important that the fan shaft can be closed Near to the bottom of this room an inlet for fresh air needs to be constructed When disinfecting take care of concentration of the disinfectant time of
7. as the table below shows weight in grams Part of the egg Fresh egg Egg after Egg after Egg after 1 week incub 2 weeks incub 20 days incub Yolk 18 4 20 2 18 0 7 0 Albumen 34 6 13 4 6 8 Eggshell 7 0 7 0 7 0 6 9 Amnion 15 0 6 0 2 0 Allantois 0 5 5 5 2 0 Embryo with yolk 0 6 9 7 32 0 Total gram 60 0 56 7 53 0 49 9 Remarks During the first week of incubation much water is withdrawn by the yolk from the albumen From 12th till the 16th day of incubation the remaining amount of albumen is absorbed by the embryo CN A Hendrix Genetics Company Summary of the embryonic development from day to da Important in relation to the fi xing of the moment that the embryo if not hatched died in the shell Stage I Development of the internal organs 151 day 2nd day 3rd day 4th day 5th day enlargement of the blastodisc hearts starts beating tiny bloodspots appear initial stage of the beak legs wings initial stage of the tongue shaping on the reproduction organs Stage Il Development of the external organs eth day 8th day 10th day 13th day 14th day beak gets shape shaping of the feathers hardening of the beak shaping of the leg scales and claws the size of the allantois reached its maximum the structure of the embryo is completed the embryo settles for its final position Stage growth of the embryo 15th day 16th day 17th day 19th day 20th day 21st
8. different hatchery rooms Added precautions To eliminate risks one should take the following precautions 1 A correct working alarm system which is daily checked and which is connected to the house of the hatchery manager 2 An emergency stand by generator which is fully dependable and ready for use Once a week it needs to be checked while running 3 Additional water reservoirs Check the calcium content of the water which may give rise to blocked conduit pipes and nozzles 4 Spare parts e g motors belts ventilators thermometers and electronic spare parts need to be present and stored in places which are easy to reach CN A Hendrix Genetics Company 5 The place where chick boxes and pads are stored needs to be dry to prevent moulds Also this place needs to be disinfected regularly A Hendrix Genetics Company CHAPTER VI CHICK DISPATCH Besides the interest of the hatchery man in a high hatching result and percentage of saleable first class chicks the liveability of the day old chicks on the farm during the first week of age is very important too The chick mortality in this period may be caused by mistakes of both the grower and hatchery man www hendrix gen tic A Chick handling Freshly hatched chicks often suffer due to handling several times which means stress for them In the hatchery one may reckon among them 1 The collecting of the chicks never collect chicks for the second
9. lower hatchability and weak day old chicks Drinkers and feeders need to be cleaned regularly to prevent the growth of moulds and the development of other micro organisms Pure non ferrous drinking water should be provided to obtain a good production and good hatching results The water used when vaccinating birds should be clean Clean the silos frequently to prevent them getting mouldy E Male to female ratio As production starts at least 8 males per 100 hens should be present Ten males per 100 females represents the utmost limit An excess as well as a shortage of males will cause fertility problems in the flock F Age of the flock It is wrong to expect good hatching results of first quality chicks from birds of 24 weeks or less One should not collect hatching eggs from light breeds before 25 weeks of age The poor hatching results at the onset of egg production is probably due to the relatively small yolks Best hatching results are obtained from eggs collected from birds between the 8 and 13 months of age 4 ENS A Hendrix Genetics Company G Flock performance Generally there exists a positive correlation between production and hatchability Any factor bringing about a drop in production may affect hatchability as well H Egg size In general large eggs do not hatch well The acceptable weight of hatching eggs range from 50 to 70 grams During the production egg weight increases Shell quality In
10. protection is now insufficient in many countries HVT is marketed in cell free Lyophilized and cell associated under liquid nitrogen form CVI 988 This is the so called Rispens strain It is an attenuated Group MD virus which means that originally it was a pathogenic chicken Herpes virus weakened by attenuation In the past there was a fear that this vaccine could turn into a pathogenic form again and therefore it was not allowed in some countries Experience in the field during many years proved there was no risk whatsoever in using this vaccine In some countries where Rispens is not allowed a cloned strain called CR6 is used on a small scale Rispens vaccine is a cell associated strain so it has to be stored under liquid nitrogen e Polyvalent vaccines SBI SBI is a group MDV On itself it does not give sufficient protection but in combination with HVT it gives better protection than HVT alone This combination is used in some areas where HVT on itself does not give sufficient protection HVT CVI 988 This combination is used in some countries where MD is a very serious clinical problem There are field experiences that this combination gives a good protection for MD however there is little experimental or laboratory work to support these experiences 2 Hygiene As mentioned before MD virus can be isolated in almost all poultry areas world wide It is present in all the dust inside and around poultry houses Furthe
11. selecting hatching egg the requirements regarding shell quality and egg shape will be higher for layers than for broilers Thin shelled eggs tend to crack more easily with the consequent risk of contaminating other eggs and they should therefore not be used as eggs for hatching At peak production during periods of extreme temperatures and at the end of the production period special attention should be given to a proper balance in calcium allowances supplementary oyster shell J Nesting arrangements With individual nest boxes 1 nest per 5 hens should be provided and a satisfactory layer of clean nesting material should be available The nests if not automatic or semi automatic should have clean litter Add new if the layer of litter decreases or becomes dirty Keep hens from roosting in the nest at night and remove all broody hens quickly CN A Hendrix Genetics Company dD A Broken eggs and dirty litter must be removed promptly since their contents must be considered as a potential hotbed of parasitic micro organisms To prevent roll away nests getting dirty take care that bottom of the nest has a good slope and is cleaned regularly Minimise the quantity of floor eggs by 1 have all nests ready before production begins 2 at onset of lay pick up eggs every hour 3 locate a few loose nests boxes in areas with major floor eggs And gradually move them to the regular nest boxes 4 put birds into the nests Si
12. serial numbers and expiry dates of vaccines and diluents Do not use any vaccine or diluent after the date of expiry Only use the diluent recommended by Intervet Preparation of the vaccines should take place in a clean room The ampoules of vaccine should be thawed in water at a temperature of 15 25 This process should take no longer than 1 minute as the titer will drop thereafter Dilution Ampoules of cell associated vaccine withdraw the vaccine from the ampoule using a sterile syringe fitted with an 18 gauge 1 0 mm needle Fill the syringe slowly and discharge it into the bottle of diluent Vials of freeze dried vaccine dissolve the vaccine by adding approximately 2 ml of diluent using a sterile syringe fitted with an 18 gauge 1 0 mm needle insert the needle through the alcohol disinfec ted rubber stopper Withdraw the dissolved vaccine using the syringe and discharge it into the bottle of diluent Flush each vaccine container 3 times with diluent and add the washings to the vaccine mixture Mix gently but thoroughly by swirling Keep vaccine on ice after dilution Research makes the difference Intervet International bv box 31 5830 AA Boxmeer The Netherlands Phone 31 485 587600 Fax 31 485 577333 E mail info intervet com www intervet com From Egg to Chicken Administration The injecting machine or hand vaccinator should be adjusted to deliver the required v
13. service authorities well in advance of plane and time of arrival of the chicks asking them to be present on time so as to get CN A Hendrix Genetics Company quick action this assuring a quick move of the chicks to the brooder house 2 Make sure the van is in good repair and that its tank capacity is filled before each delivery 3 Once loaded the chicks should be moved to their destination without delay so far as practicable 4 Avoid the rush of traffic and diversions 5 The driver should drive directly to the place of destination leaving coffee breaks and lunch interval until off duty 6 Loading and unloading should be done quickly ad b Chick comfort 1 Use a van specially designed for baby chick transportation It should be equipped with a racks b heating and ventilation facilities Temperature in the van body should be at the correct level In summer during waiting periods park the van at a place not in the sun A well equipped van a good chick delivery Hendriy alla 5 Founders Future Generations P sm A t A Hendrix Genetics Company N During the process of loading and unloading never keep chick boxes crooked do not handle them roughly don t throw the boxed chicks Be aware of load limitations of the chick transport van related to temperature ventilation conditions in the body of the van Boxes of baby chicks should be
14. should be operated in the correct way Follow strictly the manufacturers recommendations If the requirements are not met one may be faced with exploders Egg washing if well done is not harmful to the hatchability A Hendrix Genetics Company N Disinfection of hatching eggs The contamination with micro organisms of hatching eggs starts immediately after an egg has been laid The on the farm disinfection of each day s production is necessary This disinfection should take place in a specially designed cabinet in which temperature humidity and the period of disinfection as well as the ventilation can be controlled Disinfect on trays not in boxes The disinfection aims to kill bacteria moulds and some viruses on the eggshell to prevent these micro organisms penetrate the egg through the hundreds of tiny pores of the eggshell As disinfectant formalin can be used either as a powder or as a solution with potassium permanganate Per m disinfection room one uses a 6 grams of formaldegen which is heated to 400 F in special electrical pans Always follow the manufactures recommendation b 20 grams potassium permanganate and 30 cc formalin 4096 CN A Hendrix Genetics Company Use porcelain basins Formalin should be added to the potassium permanganate which is in the basin When using damaged enamel basins oxidation of the metal might take place whereby formic acid is liberated which may be very harmful to the hatching egg
15. stocked in cars and rooms in such a way that sufficient clear space is available between the boxes and sides of the car or walls of the room and between each stock of boxes Placing boxes of baby chicks too near the sides of the car or walls of the room should be avoided at all times In short separate the boxes to allow ventilation completely around them Prevent the boxes from sliding Driving over rough roads too fast driving in sharp turnings and jamming are the chief causes Protect boxed chicks from direct sunshine Don t expose filled boxes to draughts In hot climates it may be more desirable to deliver as early in the day as possible or at night 10 11 12 CN A Hendrix Genetics Company Chicks should be shipped in roomy well ventilated boxes at all times In hot weather start putting only 80 chicks per 100 size box Don t put over 5 boxes in a stock in the chick handling room Chick boxes should be strongly made The punched holes should be open to allow free movement of air through the boxes The inner surface of the bottom should be rough enough to prevent the baby chicks from slipping Chicken rooms with boxed chickens should have a temperature of about 20 Should prompt unboxing be impracticable upon arrival at he farm prevent boxed chicks from remaining in hot surroundings for an excessive period of time anyway In such instances place the boxed chicks in a room per
16. time certainly do not help chicks to hatch by cracking the egg into two parts 2 sexing hand sexing needs to be done with very young chicks take precautions against rough sexing 3 dubbing use a proper well cutting pair of scissors 4 vaccinating Marek inject musculatory do not damage blood vessels nerves or bone tissue Hendrix Genetics Company 5 grading eliminate all malformed and weak chicks 6 preparing the dispatch use only new boxes with the punched holes open adapt the number of chicks per box to the climate conditions in summer less than in winter Put the boxes on racks or trolleys while waiting for delivery When plastic chicken boxes are used clean and disinfect them thoroughly and use paper in bottom of the box B Dispatch Chicks hatched from young breeders may hold less in reserve resistance moisture than chicks hatched from older ones correlation with egg weight For that reason it is advisable to set the eggs of different age groups apart and keep them separate after hatching If chicks are to be transported over long distances use for that purpose the chicks of the older flocks In the case of chicks from young parent stock early delivery is preferred e g the very day of hatching Prior to loading the lorry take care the truck is well cleaned and disinfected the petrol tank has to be filled to capacity During the process of loading be aware of having sufficient clear s
17. 3 2 34 0 31 2 47 46 1 42 7 32 6 30 0 46 45 1 42 5 32 4 30 1 45 44 0 41 2 32 1 30 0 Advice schedule loss of weight is not as important as eggshell temp CN A Hendrix Genetics Company Appendix 2 Table to illustrate the relation between the wet bulb temperature reading and relative humidity at temperature 100 F inside the incubator Wet bulb temperature Relative Wet bulb temperature Relative reading in F humidity reading in F humidity 76 34 86 57 77 36 87 59 78 38 88 62 79 40 89 65 80 43 90 68 81 45 91 70 82 48 92 74 83 50 93 76 84 52 94 80 85 54 95 83 Table to determine the relative humidity by means of the wet bulb thermometer reading Temperature in the room Wet bulb thermometer reading in F C F 6096 6596 7096 7596 8096 8596 R H 10 50 44 2 45 0 45 8 46 5 47 2 47 9 11 52 46 0 46 8 47 6 48 4 49 1 49 8 12 54 47 7 48 6 49 4 50 2 51 0 51 7 13 5 56 49 5 50 4 51 2 52 1 52 9 53 6 14 5 58 51 3 52 2 53 0 53 9 54 7 55 5 15 5 60 53 0 54 0 54 8 55 8 56 6 57 4 Hendrix Genetics Company ARRIVAL REPORT Date of Arrival Airport Time of Arrival Airport Date of Arrival farm Time of Arrival farm Outside Temperature Order No Date of shipment Country of Origin Temp Record Info send back to ISA yes no Carrier Plane Truck Very Good Good Poor Very Poor Arrival Condition cross appropriate box with X 1 2 3 4 COM
18. 5 Malformed chicks insufficient turning of the eggs genetic factors eggs are set with small end up air space in wrong position humidity too low temperature too high or too low for a short period of time temperature too high incubator temperature too low eggs too old or badly acclimated before setting uneven distribution of heat eggs from parent stock of different age groups large and small eggs humidity too high in the incubator humidity too high in the incubator before 1 8 of the eggs were shell fractured temperature too high or with many fluctuations wrong disinfection during hatching humidity too low too high embryo temperature temperature too low average humidity too high nutrition of parent stock small eggs humidity too low too much heat overheating nutrition of parent stock temperature too high humidity too low insufficient turning of the eggs bottom hatching tray too smooth CN A Hendrix Genetics Company Hatching Results Depending on the breed heavy light flock age and generation GPS PS FP an average hatch of 8096 to 8590 of the eggs set should be obtained when the management of the breeding stock the handling the storage and candling of the hatching eggs is well done and the conditions during incubation and hatching are optimum The higher the hatch results the better the quality of the chicks W
19. 7 37 8 37 8 37 9 37 9 38 0 38 1 38 1 38 2 38 2 38 3 38 3 38 4 38 4 F 101 3 101 4 101 5 101 6 101 7 101 8 101 9 102 0 102 1 102 2 102 3 102 4 102 5 102 6 102 7 102 8 102 9 103 0 103 1 103 2 103 3 C 38 5 38 6 38 6 38 7 38 7 38 8 38 8 38 9 38 9 39 0 39 1 39 1 39 2 39 2 39 3 39 3 39 4 39 4 39 5 39 6 39 6 Hendrix Genetics Company Appendix 7 Eggshell temperature EST and humidity
20. MENTS Condition of the boxes upon Arrival open damaged Chicken quality Chicken uniformity Chicken treatment General impression of the delivery NUMBER AND MORTALITY RECORD Daily Mortality Number Ordered incl FOC mammas SUMMARY OF MORTALITY RECORD DOA amp Cumulative 1 7 day Mortality 96 Sex Female Male Female Male Product type Mortality DOA 96 Mortality 1 7 days 95 Total 1 7 Days Total Mortality 25 ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS In case of excessive mortality upon Arrival Air transport 1 Describe problem on the Air Way Bill AWB and on this Arrival Report in Additional Observations 2 Sign AWB under protest 3 Confirmation by official Veterinarian stamped and signed 4 Confirmation by airline representative signed Road transport 1 Describe problem on the CMR and on this Arrival Report in Additional Observations 2 Sign CMR under protest 3 Confirmation by truck driver signed Fax and email the signed AWB or CMR and Arrival Report to ISA Customer Service To keep improving our ISA Quality Assurance Program we thank you for sending faxing this Arrival Report back to us ISA Phone ISA Fax ISA email A Hendrix Genetics Company Appendix 4 Lay out Hatchery 1 xog
21. at the broad end There are many more pores per square centimetre here than anywhere else on the surface of the egg Most of the time the air cell is larger in winter than is summer lower temperature When egg get old the egg contents decrease due to water evaporation in which case the air cell becomes larger Hendrix Genetics Company 1 F The albumen of the egg The albumen or white is made up of three distinct layers They are outer thin white thick white and inner thin white which encloses the yolk As the egg gets older the thick white is transformed into thin white In the centre of the egg on both sides of the yolk lengthwise one finds two coils of thick white the chalazae They arise from the thick white layer at each end and terminate in the chalaniferous layer a very thin film of dense white that surrounds the vitelline membrane which encloses the yolk These chalazae hold the yolk which has a lower gravity weight than the albumen in the central position G The yolk The yolk is surrounded by the vitelline membrane and consists mainly of two parts the yellow yolk and the white yolk which lays inside the yellow The gravity weight of the white yolk is lower than the yellow one The white yolk runs out into the yellow yolk on which end one finds the blastodisc female germ cell The blastodisc is always on the top of the yolk If the female cell has been fertilised by the male germ ce
22. d Temperature 96 hatched chicks Temperature Number of days in F of fertile eggs in F needed for incubation an hatching 96 10 97 22 5 97 50 98 21 5 98 70 99 100 21 0 99 80 102 19 5 100 88 101 85 102 75 103 50 Embryo temperature versus air temperature The embryo temperature depends on the air temperature the heat production by the embryo and the ability to transport heat from egg to air or vice versa Especially the heat transfer between eggs and air is a relevant factor in incubators It is important to realize that this heat transfer is not only a result of the difference in temperature between eggs and air but that for instance air velocity will have a high influence on the rate of heat transfer as well A high air velocity will give a high heat transfer a low air velocity will give a low heat transfer This means that when there is a difference in temperature between egg and air the rate of air velocity will determine the actual embryo temperature at a given moment This is important both at the start of incubation when the eggs are warmed as in the second part of incubation when the embryo starts to produce significant levels of metabolic heat CN A Hendrix Genetics Company See graph at page 22 Temperature and air velocity at 18 days 41 0 Air temperature 40 0 o 4 Eggshell temperature 5 5 D o NN 36 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 Air velocity m s
23. day leg scales and claws become horny from the 15th 19th day the intestines are withdrawn into the body cavity The neck bends forwards the contents of the allantois has disappeared completely the beak directs itself toward the air cell the fluid of the amnion continues to disappear This will be finished at the 19th day the yolk is being withdrawn into the body cavity the air cell gets penetrated by the beak the yolk is withdrawn the embryo fills the whole egg excluding the air space the eggshell is fractured the chicks is hatched CN A Hendrix Genetics Company CHAPTER V MANAGEMENT FACTORS FOR THE INCUBATION AND HATCHING PROCESS A For a special incubation and hatching the following factors are of major importance 1 Temperature 2 Humidity 3 Ventilation 4 Turning 1 Temperature During incubation till 18 days the temperature should be 99 7 F In the hatcher the temperature should be 99 F Make sure of a constant temperature and regularly check the thermometers of deviations During incubation a too high as well as a too low temperature has influence on the hatching results which has been proven in several trials see table 1 In the same time they may influence the time of incubation see table II Table I Table Il The influence of the temperature during The influence of the temperature during incubation Incubation on the hatching results on the time before the chicks are hatche
24. ection 1 To have success in disinfecting be sure all objects are thoroughly cleaned 2 Keep suitable detergent and select the disinfectants with the suitable properties 3 When using a combination of a detergent and a disinfectant remember each combination does not improve the effectiveness of the disinfection CN A Hendrix Genetics Company 4 Quaternary ammonium compounds get inactive with residues of soap which is in contrast with chlorine compounds Quaternary ammonium compounds are incompatible with chlorine compounds 5 Read and apply strictly the manufacture s recommendations concentration temperature humidity time 6 Observe precautionary measures and follow directions mask gloves The best hygiene for hands is washing them with ordinary alkaline soap 8 Prevent recontamination N Hendrix Genetics Company CHAPTER IV THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO To distinguish between the factors which play a part during incubation it is useful to know most important development stages of the embryo Below a very rough summary of these different stages is given A The development of the embryo before the egg is laid 1 Most of the time the mating of the hen takes place when no egg is present in the uterus When mating the cock produces 0 7 cc semen The semen which is discharged by the cock into the cloaca of the hen within 30 hours moves via the oviduct to its entrance the trumpet In the trum
25. er can also be used for measuring day old chick temperatures for instance in the hatcher or during handling storage and transportation Place the thermometer on the cloaca of the chick and do the recording Temperature should be 102 5 103 0 F CN A Hendrix Genetics Company Measuring Embryo Temperature 2 Humidity Inside the incubator it is necessary to maintain a relative humidity of 52 55 Which is equals an 84 85 F reading on the wet bulb see appendix 2 In the hatcher too one should maintain a relative humidity of 52 5596 bus as soon as 1 3 of the shells of the hatching eggs have been fractured one should raise the humidity up to 70 75 91 92 F wet bulb reading This increase in humidity will appear normally without adjusting the hatcher settings In each incubator and hatchery it is absolutely necessary to have a correct functioning hygrometer preferable a wet bulb thermometer The cottons of the wet bulb thermometers need to be cleaned regularly otherwise they get hardened by the calcium salts in the water dust and fluff Use only distilled water in the water reservoirs of the wet bulb Never open the door to the incubator between the time the eggshells are fractured and the chicks are collected 3 Ventilation A correct functioning of the ventilation system is needed To supply oxygen To discharge carbon dioxide To distribute the heat evenly The carbon dioxide content inside the hatchery should never e
26. g eggs Efficient hatchery layout and hygiene The development of the embryo Management factors for incubation and hatching Chick dispatch Marek prevention preparation and administration Appendix 1 Change of the weight of the hatching egg during incubation and of the chick weight after hatching Appendix 2 Table to illustrate the relation between the wet bulb temperature reading and 92 relative humidity at temperature of 100 F inside the incubator Table to determine the relative humidity by means of the wet bulb thermometer reading Appendix 3 Chicken delivery report Appendix 4 Hatchery Lay Out Appendix 5 Marek vaccine preparation and administration Appendix 6 Conversion C to F and vv Appendix 7 Eggshell temperature and humidity PAGE 14 18 19 22 23 30 31 35 36 37 38 39 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 CN A Hendrix Genetics Company Chapter 1 THE STRUCTURE OF THE EGG To be well informed of the factors influencing the quality of the egg both hatching egg and consumer egg and those of the incubation and hatching process it is necessary to know the structure of the egg Below you will find a rough enumeration of the most important parts A The Composition The chemical composition of a fresh egg approximately 58 grams expressed in percentages 96 is as follows Ingredient Whole egg including Whole egg excluding Albumen Yolk shell shell Water
27. haps the service room located in the front of the brooder house where temperature should be around 20 C c Sanitation 1 3 4 For disease prevention the boxes and the filling material in them should be dry and free from disease germs Persons who load and unload filled chick boxes should use clean outer clothes and footwear They should make a practice of washing and disinfecting their hands thoroughly before starting the job Have the van disinfected before each chick transport Don t allow the driver through areas where epizootic poultry diseases exist Some extra points On arrival at destination the chicks should be unboxed without delay Here s what they are immediate need of a A temperature of 32 35 d 54 b Baby chick mash or chick starter and water at 20 C Dry litter free from disease organisms and if need be covered with paper 23 Hours of light daily e QUIETNES CN A Hendrix Genetics Company CHAPTER VII MAREK PREVENTION PREPARATION AND ADMINISTRATION Marek prevention As there is no therapy for MD the only way to fight the disease is by preventive measures For this purpose we have several possibilities at our disposal 1 Vaccination At the moment there are several MD vaccines commercially available e Monovalent vaccines HVT Herpes Virus of Turkeys MDV Group 3 Widely used in many countries It has been given very good results in the past but
28. he broad end very few at the small end Cuticula A thin membrane the so called cuticula covers the whole eggshell This membrane can be penetrated by gasses but functions as a kind defensive mechanism to prevent the entry of bacteria It is made from the sticky fluid which covers an egg freshly laid and it dissolves due to the carbondioxyde activity In this case the shine of the egg disappears and the defensive mechanism is damaged By mechanical means the cuticula can be injured which results in a break down of the defensive mechanism whereby the bacteria may penetrate the egg C Egg shape The egg shape is indicated by the shape index which is the ratio between egg width and egg length multiplied by 100 Width x 100 shape index Length An optimum shape index is 74 i e an egg 58 gr which is 4 2 cm wide and 5 7 cm long An egg with a shape index of 72 is too long An egg with a shape index of 76 is too round D Shell membranes Each egg has two shell membranes Both lie adjacent to each other and to the shell The inner membrane encloses the albumen At the broad end of the egg both membranes separate the inner one comes away to leave an air space air cell These membranes also protect the egg against bacterial invasion Gasses may penetrate them E Air cell As soon as the egg has been laid the egg will cool down the egg contents contract whereby the air cell is created It is normal for the air cell to be
29. he predicted characteristics B The housing of the flock The parent stock flock needs to be housed in well ventilated houses with correct indoor temperatures litter in good condition dry not dusty not crusty without moulds a well adjusted lighting program sufficient feeder and watering space per bird see the ISA management guides Ventilation is the most efficient method to reduce the amount of micro organisms in the air which may contaminate the hatching egg A correct control of the fans eliminates draught maintains an ambient temperature and supplies sufficient fresh air in the house At the onset of lay the dept of litter should not be too deep as this may result in many floor eggs Instead of wood shavings coarse sand may be used If drinkers stand or hang above the litter wet spots may be found in which rotting bacteria may develop giving rise to the explorers Concrete floors asphalt are essential for a good disinfection and the prevention of repeating worm infestations CN A Hendrix Genetics Company 1 C Flock health and applied vaccination program Use only hatching eggs form healthy and vigorous parent stock to whom all recommended vaccinations have been administered according to schedule and who have undergone the blood test for Salmonella Pullorum The vaccination against Epidemic Tremors Avian Encephalomyelitis should be given at least 4 weeks before collecting hatching eggs Never vaccinate against I
30. hen handling hatching eggs e g traying transports candling transferring one should always take the greatest possible caution Rough handling of the eggs decreases the hatch result In most cases large eggs need longer to hatch than small ones do In general small eggs hatch sooner During the hatching of large eggs the chicks that are hatched from the small eggs may loose too much moisture due to the fact that they stay too long in the incubator It is ideal to hatch separately in one incubator the eggs of one age group of parent Stock or still better eggs originated from one poultry house Hatching eggs of light and heavy breeds should certainly be kept separate Hints After transportation hatching eggs need a rest of 18 hours so one should not set them directly on arrival at the hatchery Before incubation hatching eggs need preheating at 25 acclimation for 6 to 12 hours Never fumigate hatching eggs with formalin from the 2 through the 4 day of incubation Transfer the hatching eggs as late as possible bur never before the 18 day of incubation During transfer eggs should not stay outside the machine for more than 30 minutes It is necessary to keep correct records Not just a financial administration but pure technical one Besides breed origin number of eggs set fertility hatching one needs to keep records daily on the temperature and humidity both of each incubator and incubator and of the
31. ll the blastodisc is a little bit larger than it is in the infertile egg 3 to 4 mm At temperatures higher than 27 80 F the embryonic development if the egg is fertile begins H Egg abnormalities There are two kinds of egg abnormalities internal and external Internal e loose yolk the chalazae does not hold the yolk e the yolk sticks to the eggshell the yolk is loose or the egg has become old Thick white has been transformed into thin white whereby it becomes easy for the yolk to start floating e broken vitelline membrane the contents of the yolk have penetrates the white In old eggs the yolk absorbs moisture becomes larger whereby the vitelline membrane may burst e loose air cell the shell membrane does not remain in contact with the shell e the egg contains blood or meat spots This is due to the bursting of blood vessels in the ovary External e Size of the egg e poor shape e rough not uniform shell surface e cracks in the shell e eggs without calcareous shell e double yolk egg E A Hendrix Genetics Company Figure 1 Composition and composition changes in time of the egg entire egg yolk loss in weight increase then decrease in water decrease in specific gravity increase then decrease in volume development of stale odour germinal disc deepening in colour increase in pH egg shell change in fluorescence i e in the colour the shell appears to be under
32. nce it is the desire of a hen to lay her eggs into a quiet dark spot the nests need to be sufficiently deep and not located in full light Gathering eggs Frequent egg collections are determined by the season of the year climatic conditions and the type of nests At the moment an egg is laid it has a temperature of 41 105 F The body temperature of the hen After an egg has been laid this temperature should decrease gradually till 27 C 80 F within approximately 6 hours At this temperature the embryonic development slows almost to a standstill If hatching eggs are kept at temperature above 27 C the blastodisc development continues and when cooled down this overdevelopment blastoderm may later on die Cooling down too quickly is not good In this case the blastodisc development is delayed which may result in a week blastoderm which may die too Those hatching eggs having a chance of gradual cooling down get strong blastodisc which may well stand storage and transport From the foregoing it is obvious that frequent collections of hatching eggs is a must to obtain high quality hatching eggs Especially large fluctuations in temperature are disastrous Always collect eggs into egg tray and keep cracks and dirties apart It in not preferable to collect eggs into wire baskets or buckets Pack all eggs small end down Use key tray carriers Keep egg boxes clean and use new key trays L The storage of hatching eggs For the
33. nfectious Bronchitis IB during the laying period Parasitic infections such as coccidiosis worms and the like have a bad effect on the hatch results The importance using only hatching eggs from healthy disease free parent stock will be clear in one realises that a number of poultry diseases are egg transmitted to the offspring Use only p p l o and Salmonella pullorum free parent stock It is well to remember that the temperature and the humidity of the incubator create perfect conditions for the development of micro organisms which are the causative agents of many poultry diseases Also the incubator is an ideal place for multiplication and distribution of diseases which are on or inside the hatching eggs brooder pneumonia omphalitis Some anti coccidistatica and antibiotics may be harmful to the hatching result if applied during the laying period D Feed and water The breeders should be fed according the rules for feeding as defined in the ISA management guides At the onset of egg production special attention should be paid to the vitamin and trace element contents of the ration as well as to a proper balance in calcium allowances Thin shelled eggs lower the hatching result During stress periods give extra vitamins Periodic supplementation of vitamins may prove favourable for a flock Unbalanced feed and diseases may cause enteritis whereby the absorption of the nutritional compounds decreases this results in poor hatching eggs
34. ntinues After 24 hours the blastodisc is clearly enlarged after 30 hours the embryonic hearts beats 2 There occurs two extra embryonic sacs viz a the 2nd day the amnion develops which has enclosed the whole embryo after the 3rd day The amnion gets larger by the fluid which is liberated from the albumen The amnion has several functions protects the embryo from drying out protects the embryo form shocks prevents the embryo getting damaged b The 3rd day the allantois develops This extra embryonic sac is crowded with blood vessels hits the eggshell membranes and gets filled with excretory fluid CN A Hendrix Genetics Company The function of the allantois are ttakes care of the respiration as long as the pulmonary respiration is not working it stores the waste products Day 1 Day 4 Day 14 3 The development of the embryo can roughly be divided into the following stages a in the hen two layers of cells b during incubation 1st 4th day initial stage of inner organs bth 14th day initial stage of outer organs 15th 20th day growth of the embryo 21st day hatch of the chicken 4 Besides the stages mentioned characteristic moments during the embryonic development are a between the 16th and 18th day amnion fluid and the albumen are completely used up b Onethe 19th day the yolk sac with draws through the navel into the body cavity Around the 19th 20th day the chicks starts to f
35. o maintain a constant temperature otherwise the relative humidity will fluctuate too The ventilation needs to be restricted to a minimum If a cooling system is not present during the night fresh cool air may be let in while during the hot periods of the day the egg storage room should be kept locked During the transportation of hatching eggs avoid shocks in order to prevent cracks Exercise special care in loading and unloading At least twice a week better daily the eggs need to be taken from the egg supply farms and transported to the hatchery if an egg storage room is not available on the farm M Grading and cleaning of hatching eggs In most cases grading and cleaning of hatching eggs is a simultaneous operation in the hatchery In selecting hatching eggs the requirements regarding shell quality and egg shape will be higher for layers than for broilers Eggs unfit for hatching are a dirty eggs b cracks C thin shelled eggs d eggs with shells which are rough and not uniform e misshapen eggs f eggs with abnormal spaces loose or floating air cells to large air cells g eggs with large blood or meat spots Dirty eggs if not too dirty may be dry cleaned with sand paper or wire wool Washing of hatching eggs is possible too but do it in a correct way Do not use a cloth which has been dipped into water or vinegar For egg washing one should have at one s disposal a well constructed egg washing machine which
36. olume and checked periodically during use Shake vaccine before refilling injector machine bottles returning unused vaccine to the ice bath Vaccine should be administered subcutaneously in the neck or intramuscularly in the thigh A sterile needle should be used size 0 9x25 mm 20 gauge x 1 for injecting machines or 0 9x10 mm 20 gauge x 3 8 for hand vaccinators Vaccinate at a rate that ensures that all chickens are vaccinated properly Only enough vaccine for one hour s use should be prepared at a time After completion of inoculations discard all unused vaccine and clean and sterilize the equipment Cintervet 2009 10 45 F 95 0 95 1 95 2 95 3 95 4 95 5 95 6 95 7 95 8 95 9 96 0 96 1 96 2 96 3 96 4 96 5 96 6 96 7 96 8 96 9 97 0 CN A Hendrix Genetics Company Appendix 6 Conversion C to F and vv Formula s F 9 5 C 32 C 5 9 F 32 C oF C 35 0 97 1 36 2 35 1 97 2 36 2 35 1 97 3 36 3 35 2 97 4 36 3 35 2 97 5 36 4 35 3 97 6 36 4 35 3 97 7 36 5 35 4 97 8 36 6 35 4 97 9 36 6 35 5 98 0 36 7 35 6 98 1 36 7 35 6 98 2 36 8 35 7 98 3 36 8 35 7 98 4 36 9 35 8 98 5 36 9 35 8 98 6 37 0 35 9 98 7 37 1 35 9 98 8 37 1 36 0 98 9 37 2 36 1 99 0 37 2 36 1 99 1 37 3 F 99 2 99 3 99 4 99 5 99 6 99 7 99 8 99 9 100 0 100 1 100 2 100 3 100 4 100 5 100 6 100 7 100 8 100 9 101 0 101 1 101 2 C 37 3 37 4 37 4 37 5 37 6 37 6 37 7 37
37. pace between both the boxes themselves and the sides of the van Prevent sliding of the boxes A chick delivery report may be helpful for both the driver to check all the important points the hatchery man to solve troubles if any should arise over a certain baby chick delivery see appendix 3 C Recommendations for baby chick delivery Regardless of the method of transportation the chicks must be moved a Quickly b Comfortably Under optimum sanitary conditions Especially for summer delivery speedy shipment and chick comfort are vital And it goes without saying that strict sanitation is essential at all times ad a Speedy Delivery 1 Where chicks arrive by plane allow the chick transport van to be at the airport one 1 hour prior to the scheduled time of arrival of the aircraft Remember that in a plane that has just landed and is not moving cooling to prevent the chicks from becoming overheated is usually a great problem The chick load must therefore be transferred to the transport van as quickly as possible In the event that the plane arrives over one 1 hour earlier than originally scheduled and the transport van is still not there then the chick boxes must be removed from the plane to a room with an inside temperature between 20 and 22 Make sure to maintain sufficient clear space between the chick boxes Also there should be sufficient air circulation and ventilation Advice customs officers and health
38. people only The procedure given by the Marek vaccine producers must be followed exactly See for an example Appendix 5 on page 40 Most diluents is still sold in bottles Plastic bags are sometimes available The advantage of plastic bags is that no air which can be contaminated is necessary to get the vaccine out of the bag Marek vaccine administration The marek administration can be done intramuscular in the leg and or sub cuthaan in the neck If a double vaccination has to be given it is better to do one in the leg and one in the neck The prepared vaccine must be used within 3 hours In most countries the chickens receive 0 2 cc vaccine If only one droplet is lost app 1596 of the total vaccine is lost Needles must be changed after every 1 000 chickens or earlier if indicated by e g bleedings The needle size is written in appendix 5 CN A Hendrix Genetics Company Appendix 1 Change of the weight of the hatching egg during incubation and of the chick weight after hatching Result of several trials Weight of the Weight of the egg Weight of the egg Chick weight Chick weight egg set after 8 days after 18 days at hatching at day old incubation incubation time 71 67 6 61 5 50 8 47 5 61 58 0 53 4 43 3 41 6 59 57 0 53 5 41 2 38 8 57 55 0 51 5 39 0 36 0 55 53 1 49 8 37 0 34 5 53 51 2 47 1 36 2 34 0 52 50 6 46 3 36 1 33 9 51 49 5 46 2 35 5 32 8 50 48 4 45 0 34 9 32 0 49 47 6 44 1 34 5 31 2 48 46 6 4
39. pet the fertilisation of an egg fusion of the female germ cell with one mal cell occurs 2 The first step in embryonic development takes place inside the hen influenced by the body temperature Before the fertile egg is laid the blastodisc now called blastoderm consists of two layers of cells As soon as incubation starts a third layer is produced The stage in which these layers of cells appear is called the gastralation stage The names of the layers are the endoderm which gives rise to the respiratory and secretory organs and to the lining of various parts of the digestive tract The ectoderms which is the basis for the skin the beak cloaca eye and nervous system The mesoderm third layer from this layer originates the bones blood excretory and reproduction organs After an egg is laid the egg should be cooled down till at least 27 C At this temperature the embryonic development slows down and the egg can be stored during 10 days This is best done at a constant temperature of 15 18 C depending on storage time and a relative humidity of 70 80 Under these conditions of life processes of the dormant embryo is reduced to a minimum B The development of the embryo after the egg is laid 1 Before incubation by judging the size and the appearance of the blastodisc an experienced hatchery man is able to distinguish between a fertile and an infertile egg As soon as incubation starts the development of the embryo co
40. racture the eggshell During a pause 13 14 hours that follows the chick switches from allantoids respiration to pulmonary respiration d The chick turns itself the egg while cutting the eggshell with egg tooth on top of the 1hour When it takes too long a time between the fracturing of the eggshell and the moment the chick cuts the egg into two parts the slimy material inside the egg may dry out and the chick may get stuck to the eggshell or gets sticky itself To prevent the drying out it is important to increase the humidity in the incubator during the pipping The whole incubation time including the hatching takes 20 days Hereafter the chick needs a half day to dry and regain its strength C The correct position of the chick in the egg This is as follows the neck is directed towards the air cell the head is bent forward the beak is under the right wing the legs are resting on both sides of the body in most cases legs are in touch with the head ENS A Hendrix Genetics Company D The weight of the embryo In the different stages of incubation the weight of the embryo is as follows egg weight 60 grams 5th day 0 5 grams 10th day 3 grams 15th day 12 grams 18th day 20 grams 21st day 40 grams E Chemical and physiological processes During incubation from the different parts of the egg complete new tissue is formed Changes in weight of the different parts of the egg occurs
41. rmit removal of one ampoule of vaccine at a time Once taken from the cane the ampoules should not be returned The ampoules of vaccine should be thawed in Mix vaccine with diluent immediately after thawing water at a temperature of 15 25 This process When mixing the diluent should also have a should take no longer than minute as the titer temperature of 15 25 Shake the ampoules and will drop thereafter make sure that there is no vaccine in the neck of the ampoule before breaking it Ampoules of cell associated vaccine withdraw Vaccine should be administered subcutaneously in the vaccine from the ampoule using a sterile syringe the neck or intramuscularly in the thigh Only enough fitted with an 18 gauge 1 0 mm needle Fill the vaccine for one hour s use should be prepared at a syringe slowly and discharge it into the bottle of time diluent Cintervet 2 From Egg to Chicken Ne A Hendrix Genetics Company Handling and administration of Intervet Marek vaccines Proper handling and administration of MD vaccines is absolutely essential particularly for the cell associated vaccines which are very fragile The following points may serve as guidelines for handling and administration General One person should be responsible for storage and dilution of the vaccine The levels of liquid nitrogen should be checked daily and recorded in a logbook A second logbook should be kept listing
42. rmore it requires some time 7 12 days for vaccinated day old chickens to develop a sufficient level of immunity These afore mentioned two facts together show the high risk of young chickens getting the infection before immunity has developed 3 CN A Hendrix Genetics Company To prevent this early strong MD infection against which really vaccination can protect it is important to keep the young chickens under good hygienic conditions The houses must be totally clean to assist prevention of MD a proper cleaning procedure is even more important than good disinfection This includes cleaning and washing of the houses ventilation systems and if possible the area around the house No adult birds which almost all spread MD virus should be very close to the rearing houses Marek vaccine preparation A good and clean preparation of the Marek vaccine is of major importance The Marek vaccine preparation should NOT be done in the chick room but in a separate room only used for this purpose This room must be isolated from the chick room to prevent dust coming into this area The room must be properly sanitised Advisable is to install an ultra violet light tube and put this on every night Be sure no residue of disinfectants remain on the disinfected equipment In the Marek room everything what is needed to prepare and administer the vaccine is stored The preparation of the Marek vaccine should be done by trained
43. s Disinfect for 30 minutes at a temperature of 25 and a relative humidity of 75 If required after disinfection the formalin mixture may be neutralized with ammonia 4096 per m 40 cc ammonia Store the potassium permanganate in dark bottles well sealed Keep the formalin in a cool place but free from frost Potassium permanganate should not be too fine otherwise there may be a danger of explosion CN A Hendrix Genetics Company CHAPTER III EFFICIENT HATCHERY LAYOUT AND HYGIENE General requirements A hatchery rises or falls with the quality of the day old chickens delivered whereby the quality of the hatchery as well as the hatching eggs has played a dominant part Here we will mainly discuss the hatchery a separate chapter deals with the quality of the hatching eggs Some general requirements which a hatchery needs to meet a well isolated situation no other poultry or fowl in the neighbourhood free of trembling not near a railway or main road not high in the mountains lack of oxygen separate hatching eggs of the light and the heavy breeds do not allow persons who come into contact with other poultry to enter the hatchery keep visitors away be sure of energy supply electricity water oil Hatchery layout The following rooms are necessary the numbers refer to the hatchery layout in appendix 4 page 41 and 42 a The egg receiving grading and storage rooms 1 2 4 5
44. sinfect hands In some hatcheries showering is obligatory 8 In each room facilities for hand washing and disinfection needs to be present Hands need to be dried with throw away paper towels 9 Pay special attention to the sexers they move from hatchery to hatchery The clothes and shoes they wear and the tools they use need to remain in the hatchery Let them wash and disinfect hands thoroughly 10 The frequent cleaning and disinfection of the different hatchery rooms is an absolute requirement Hatching room sexing room chick rooms washing room need to be cleaned and disinfected after each hatch Egg receiving room and incubator room at least once a week Do not forget cleaning and disinfecting the drains The knobs taps toilet seat etc need daily cleaning and disinfection 11 Use chick boxes only once Prior to chick loading disinfect the lorry 12 Keep dogs cats birds rats and mice out A control programme to keep rodents out can be used 13 The arrival of the hatching eggs need special attention Take care of flock owner cleans and disinfects his egg storage room frequently Use the packing material only once In case wooden crates for egg collection are used they should have been disinfected before arriving at the hatchery Never use trays or boxes originated from poultry salesman For delivery of out graded hatching and candled eggs use your own packing material Always use new packing material Important rules for the disinf
45. storage of hatching eggs one needs a good egg storage room This room should have two compartments One cleaning and grading eggs and storage of packing material and the other for the storage of hatching eggs The latter needs to be fitted with a cooling and heating system and well insulated to maintain a constant temperature and humidity The K value must be 0 4 0 5 For each square meter one may store 22 boxes each of 360 eggs 7920 eggs If practicable place the boxes on wood slat platforms Dust draught and mice should not penetrate the egg storage room In general it is recommended to store hatching eggs at a temperature of 18 C However one needs to distinguish according to the length of the period that the eggs are stored CN A Hendrix Genetics Company The optimum temperature for eggs which are stored during 3 to 4 days is probably 18 C For a period from 4 up to 7 days the optimum temperature should be 16 If the storage is for more than 7 days the temperature needs to be 15 16 C When the temperature is lower dew on the eggs can occur During storage loss of moisture from the egg takes place due to water evaporation The lower the relative humidity in the air around the higher the water evaporation The correct relative humidity is 7296 Storing conditions however must never reach the dew point when condensation on the shell surface would provide favourable conditions for microbial growth It is absolutely necessary t
46. tation program is generally admitted of one realizes that through the hatchery a great number of diseases can be disseminated salmonellas C R D colibacilosis staphylococcus s streptococcus s aspergillus s etc Often hygienic measures in the hatchery leave much to be desired For sanitary reasons a hatchery should have only two entrances doors viz one for the workers and one for the garbage removal The following points are important for a good hatchery sanitation program CN A Hendrix Genetics Company 1 Several times a year a medical examination of the hatchery workers and sexers for Salmonella is necessary In case of diseases among the workers egg stomach flu extra examination is required New personnel should have been previously examined to know if they are non carriers 2 Tolower the contamination rate the one way traffic rule must be applied The different routing lines should not cross each other The hatchery should be locked all the times The connection between the incubator room and the hatchery room should be used only for the transfer of eggs Keep the door closed 6 The best way is to divide the hatchery into three zones each with a different colour for the clothes and boots of the workers Egg receiving grading storage room khaki Incubator room white Hatching room and other compartments blue 7 When entering the hatchery the workers should change clothes and shoes and wash and di
47. ter candling to get an even distribution of heat In any case the rows should be filled Troubles If too many eggs are infertile one should look for causes in the parent stock To find out what the reasons are for embryonic death it is necessary to know what is normal and what is abnormal Certain trouble indicate certain causes e g Trouble Probable cause 1 Clear infertile eggs insufficient mating old males wrong male female ratio females too fat eggs kept too long or under unfavourable conditions vitamin deficiencies A B C and E parasitic infestations capillary worms vaccination or diseases among parent stock 2 Early embryonic death incubator temperatures too high or too low wrong fumigation of the eggs genetic factors insufficient turning of the eggs diseases among the parent stock 3 Embryonic death between 11th wrong temperature or insufficient ventilation and 20th day mercury damps broken thermometers deficiencies of vitamins or trace elements among insufficient turning diseases among the parent stock CN A Hendrix Genetics Company 4 Deaths close before the fracturing of the eggshell 5 Deaths after fracturing of the eggshell 6 Hatch too early 7 Hatch too late 8 Hatch not coming off evenly 9 Chicks stifled inside the egg 10 Rough and swollen navels 11 Navels badly closed 12 Chicks covered with egg remnants 13 Small chicks 14 Weak chicks 1
48. the disinfecting correct temperature and humidity proper use of the ventilation system people s safety C Incubator room 7 Apply slightly over pressure ventilation Optimum temperature 22 C 72 F and relative humidity 50 For easy handling of trolleys and trays minimum working space of 3 meters should be allowed in front of the incubator Depending on the type of incubator used a distance of 60 cm should exist between the incubators and between the back of the incubator and the wall For cleaning purpose it is desirable to have 1 5 meter space above the incubator The fan capacity depends on the type and capacity of the incubator Generally speaking a standard of 57 m air per hour for each 10 000 incubated eggs is recommended For the ventilation of the incubator a separate incubator ventilation system is preferable CN A Hendrix Genetics Company The different departments must be divided up by well insulated parts CN A Hendrix Genetics Company In this room the eggs candled on the 18th day and transferred on the hatching trays through a shutter to the hatching room Hatching room 10 For hygiene reasons it is preferable to have two or more hatching compartments Especially if chicks pip more than twice a week The optimum temperature in the hatching room is 22 C and the relative humidity 6096 If possible apply too the separate hatcher ventilation system The ven
49. tilation capacity depends on the type of incubator As a general standard 370m air per hour for 10 000 eggs is recommended Use for the room exhaust fans under pressure ventilation Sexing room 15 Temperature 22 and relative humidity 6096 Chick room packing dispatch 16 In this room the chicks are vaccinated counted and put in boxes Chick storage room 17 The storing is done on racks or trolleys Keep enough space between the boxes Prevent direct sunlight Optimum temperature 24 and relative humidity 6096 The optimum temperature is depending how the chicks are stored in the loading room Washing room 11 Good facilities are required for soaking washing and scrubbing of trays etc it may be very convenient to have two compartments one for cleaning and one for disinfection Disposal room 12 This room is used for temporary storage of the disposal bins with dead chickens and egg shell Put the garbage into plastic bags which are previously placed into the bins Loading room 18 This part of the hatchery is used for loading the chicks van control of rain sunshine and temperature Other possibilities for loading the vans are passing the chick boxes through a shutter in the wall of the dispatch room or by means of a conveyor protection against climatic conditions are necessary A raised platform for loading the lorries is very convenient Hygiene The necessity of a strictly applied complete hatchery sani
50. ultraviolet light occasional mottling vitelline membrane stretching and di chalaza decrease in freezing point increase in ammonia level decrease in coagulating portein increase in free fatty acids decrease in phosphorus air cell increase in volume shel shell membrane FT ul evaporation through shell whole albumen loss of free carbon dioxide thick albumen and inner thin albumen loss of water loss of water to yolk rapid increase then decrease in pH increase in freezing point decrease in coagulating protein increase in phosphorus CN A Hendrix Genetics Company Chapter II MANAGEMENT FACTORS FOR HATCHING EGG The following factors are of major importance for the production of hatching eggs that produce high quality chicks Genetic make up the parent stock The housing of the flock Flock health and applied vaccination program Feed and water Male to female ratio Age of the flock Flock performance Egg weight Shell quality Nesting arrangements Gathering of the eggs Egg storage Grading and cleaning of the eggs Disinfection of the eggs Sgr SH oo Se a6 oe We shall go into details of the fore going subjects genetic make up The genetic make up of the parent stock is very important The parent stock should be vigorous Here again rearing plays an important part Sexing errors need to bee eliminated as chicks from false crossings do not posses t
51. xceed 0 596 4 Turning During the incubation period 1 18days the hatching eggs need regular turning 90 to prevent that the embryos getting fixed to the eggshell It is best to turn the eggs each hour To increase the air velocity after 15 days it is possible to stop turning at this time B Checklist For a good supervision of the course of events in the hatchery checklists are necessary see page 25 Besides the records on the temperature and humidity of the rooms one needs to keep records Four times a day on the temperature the humidity and the turning of the eggs of each machine This checklist may be of great value if one needs to solve troubles of the hatching process The figures of these checklists need to be collected regularly and correctly ENS A Hendrix Genetics Company C Embryonic death Embryonic development in chickens is split in 3 periods 0 4 days Early embryonic development 30 5 17 days Mid term embryonic development 1096 18 21 days Late embryonic development 6096 normal ratio embryonic mortality is given in the last column Mortality of embryo s is highest in the last period Respiration change position change and pipping and hatching are causing this Early mortality is caused by the complex start of embryonic development and partly due to storage or transport failures figure 3 Mortality 396 3 1 M 11 IV V VI turned e i o 2 o S gt
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