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MOTOROLA PowerPC Excimer Laboratory Manual

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1. sect unsigned int 0x8000 lt lt 3 sector 3 flash command unsigned int flash addrl command allfives command 1 command allfives command unsigned int flash addr2 command allas command 1 command allas command unsigned int flash addrl command zerosones command 1 command zerosones command unsigned int flash addrl command allfives command 1 command allfives command unsigned int flash addr2 command allas command 1 command allas printf Sx unsigned int sect sect Zeroscs void program unsigned int addr unsigned int word unsigned int command command unsigned int flash addrl command allfives command 1 command allfives command unsigned int flash addr2 command allas command 1 command allas command unsigned int flash addrl command zerosfives command 1 command zerosfives printf Sx unsigned int addr printf Sx n word addr word void unlock bypass unsigned int command command unsigned int flash addrl command allfives 93 command 1 command allfives command unsigned int flash addr2 command allas command 1 command allas command unsigned int flash addrl command zerosfours
2. 3 Type your program to a text file using notepad or edit and save it in the directory you have chosen to contain your code 4 Compile the C code with the hcppc command included with the Metaware C compiler using the following command on the DOS command prompt heppe Hppc603 c file c Note file c stands for the C code file You may name your C code file as you wish but remember to use the chosen name in the hcppc command The result from this command will be file o which is the object file For more information about the options of the compiler type hcppc h 5 Link the object files using 1dppcl command to invoke the linker program included with Metaware C compiler using the following command on the DOS Command Prompt ldppc B start addr 70000 xm file o Note file o is the object file generated in the last step The object file will be named exactly as you named the C code file The result from this step will be the file a hex the file that will be later downloaded to the Excimer board The B start addr 70000 is an option that speci fies where does your code is going to be paced in the memory of the Excimer Board For more information about the linker type Ldppc h References e Metaware High C C Compiler http www metaware com Suggested Code int fibonacci int x define printf dink printf unsigned long dink printf unsigned long 0x6270 main in
3. printf j my if i 1 size 2 printf print ye printe Iy for l 0 l lt size l printf sd matb i sizetl printf if i 1 size 2 printf pe Enh print for 1 0 l lt size 1 printf Sd matcl i sizetl printf printf n User Input Function By Chuck Corley Za void my_scanf char fmt int v char ch int no_runs 0 while ch getchar Oxd Carriage return if ch Ox7f ch 0x8 Delete putchar 0x8 Backspace putchar 0x20 Overprint a space putchar 0x8 Backspace Assume modulo arithmetic to subtract last digit added no_runs no_runs 10 else if ch gt 0 amp amp ch lt 9 A digit putchar ch Echo it and Accumulate the value no runs no_runs 10 ch 48 ASCII character 48 equals the digit v no runs Assign second Arg the value Memory Allocation Function By Chuck Corley ET int malloc unsigned int size static int buffer 2048 static int next buffer int p next next size 7 amp 7 if next gt buffer sizeof buffer Terminate by executing a zero asm long 0 return p file matmult s Assembly Language program to multiply 2 3x3 matrices EMR 990407 Parameters r3
4. compute _ seconds fpl 0 Ifor Z 32 amp amp z 32 fpu fpl 0 Unlikely result that TB was zero Prepare to return all zeroes for the floating point value Add DP bias 1023 1 to the exponent Biased DP EXP will be 63 leading zeroes in TB 1023 lis r5 Local _storage h ori r5 r5 Local_storage l stw r3 O r5 stw r4 4 r5 lfd 2 0 r5 fdiv f1 f 2 f1 blr Load back in as 64bit float Divide by bus clock ticks per second Return time in seconds as double in fpl Routine passed sample values of TBU and TBL Returns FPU and FPL as unsigned long lFor CodeWarrior lasm struct TB View conversion test unsigned long Upper conversion test unsigned long Lower double TICS or Lox h8 03 Use test values of TBU and TBL passed in r3 and r4 or r6 r4 r4 las substitutes for values read from TB mflr rll Save the return address bl conversion Convert TBU and TBL into FPU and FPL mtlr rll Return in r3 and r4 lFor CodeWarrior la r3 Local pointer SP Return a pointer to the FPU storage location blr Routine passed sample values of TBU and TBL Returns seconds as double lFor CodeWarrior lasm double float_test unsigned long Upper unsigned long Lower double TICS float test or Lo 13563 Use test values of TBU and TBL passed in r3 and r4 or r6 r4 r4 las substitutes for values read from TB mflr rll Save the return address bl conversion Convert TBU and TBL
5. rI 210 1 r9 6 r9 r9 208 r12 108 R9 r12 r10 another Jj ESj r5 1 r9 6 r9 x9 208 Load n T R12 lt 0 then goto incr j else Pointer to row of A using i Pointer to col of A using k Pointer to Aik Load immediate shifted to R9 Pointer to data section Load Aik to R6 Pointer to row of B using k Pointer to col of B using j Pointer to Bkj Add start address of data section Load Bkj Aik Bkj R12 it4 Pointer Cij Load Cij Cij Aik Bkj Store Cij Increment k Load n If R12 gt R11 then goto another _k else Increment j Load immediate shifted to R9 Pointer to data section Load n If R12 gt R10 then goto another j else Increment i Load immediate shifted to R9 Pointer to data section 39 exit lwz r12 108 R9 Load n cmpw r5 r12 T f R5 lt R12 then pilt another i goto another i else blr lexit Prr rrr re rr br rb rr br bbe bbe ed DATA section PEPELEA EEEE EE EE EEEE ETE KEA eV el A org 0x600d0 data matrix a word 1 word 1 word 1 word 1 word 1 word 1 word 1 word 1 word 1 matrix b word word word word word word word word word NMNNMNMNNNN DN NH matrix c word word word word word word word word word OOOO O OO 0O G Ww word Students should be able to note that Programming in assembly is a bit complex However the increase in performanc
6. size r4 pointer to matrix c r5 pointer to matrix a r6 pointer to matrix b Register usage rl4 i r15 j 50 ri k 1 l r17 temp r18 offset to current value of cell in matrix a r19 offset to current value of cell in matrix b r20 offset to current value of cell in matrix c Li A R AE E A a AES E ae CODE Section TT st Te ETETA T a AN T a E e A A EEA E e org 0x60000 etext align 2 global matmult matmult xor r14 r14 r14 Clear R14 xor ely tly EL Clear R23 cmpw r14 r3 Tf i gt size then bge exit goto exit else another i xor GIS y Ly ELS Clear j another j xor E16 r16 r16 Clear k another k mullw r18 14 r3 Offset to row of A using i add LB 1B ELG Offset to col of A using k slwi 118 r18 2 Multiply by 4 we re loading words not bytes lw2x Ele ayp 18 Load Aik to R21 mullw r19 r16 r3 Offset to row of B using k add ELIS rL ELS Offset to col of B using j slwi r19 r19 2 Multiply by 4 we re loading words not bytes lwzx r19 r6 r19 Load Bkj to R22 muliw Eiye r2byp E22 Aik Bkj add 423 623 EET Cij Aik Bkj incr k addi rl6 r16 1 Increment k cmpw r16 r3 Tf k lt size then blt another k goto another _k else save val mullw r20 r14 r3 Offset to row of C using i add E205 020 25 Offset to col of C using j slwi r20 r20 2 Multiply by 4 we re using wor
7. ter i es r3 Returned as unsigned or signed integer as appro priate zero or signed extended to 32 bits if necessary pointer to any type r3 and r4 Returned with the lower addressed word in r3 and the higher addressed word in r4 46 r3 a high addressed word was loaded into long double Storage The T of this buffer is passed as a hidden struct greater than 8 Buffer argument in r3 bytes e Metaware Compiling When you are combining assembly and C you can t compile like you did in the last laboratory This is r3 and r4 It is returned as if the following steps had oc to 8 bytes curred union less than or equal l The struct or union was first stored in an to 8 bytes 8 byte aligned memory area The low addressed word was loaded into an example of compiling C and assembly using hcppc the Metaware C C compiler hcppc Hppc603 Hldopt e main Hldopt B start _addr 70000 H1ldopt x Hldopt m c_code c assembly codes The option Hppc603 tells the compiler to generate PowerPC 603 code The Hldopt are options passed to the linker The value after the equal sign is the option and the value after the comma is the value of the option For example e tells the linker what function is the starting point in the code In this example the starting point is the main function The B has a lot of values One of the most use ful is start_addr It tells where the code starts in memory In this example the code st
8. GA define printf my printf define fprintf my fprintf define fopen my fopen define fclose my fclose define exit my exit extern int my printf const char extern int my fprintf const char extern FILE my fopen extern int my fclose extern void my _exit file support c This file provides substitutes for some of the library function calls used in Dhrystone which DINK doesn t support EY Set the number of dhrystone loops here define NUMBER OF RUNS 10000000 include lt stdarg h gt These are the magic addresses for the DINK functions unsigned long dink printf unsigned long 0x6638 A version of malloc that will only supply up to 2048 bytes total char malloc unsigned int size static char buffer 2048 static char next buffer char p next next size 7 amp 7 if next gt buffer sizeof buffer Terminate by executing a zero asm long 0 return pF Scanf is used only to read the number of times through the ARGSUSED void scanf char fmt int v y NUMBER OF RUNS loop This only will handle the printf calls in dhrystone The DINK printf doesn t work for floating point so convert the value her int my printf const char fmt int al a2 a3 sign char neg zero fmt double round fraction val va_list ap va_start
9. This address is used to request the Autoselect mode data as specified by the Flash ROM data sheet a shift by 3 mor ria rid r14 Clearing Register 14 lis r14 65472 Register 14 contains FFCO0000 addi r14 r14 10920 Register 14 contains FFCO2AA8 This address is used to send the first step into the Autoselect sequence as specified by the Flash ROM data sheet a shift by 3 kor 415 715 415 Clearing Register 15 lis r15 65472 Register 15 contains FFCO0000 addi r15 r15 5456 Register 15 contains address FFC01550 This address is used to send the second step into the Autoselect sequence as specified by the Flash ROM data sheet a shift by 3 xor rl6 r16 r16 Clearing Register 16 addi r16 r16 170 Through this steps the data SAAAAAAAA which will be slwi r16 r16 8 sent to the Flash on the first step of the Autoselect addi r16 r16 170 sequence is assembled Note that bit reversal has been slwi r16 r16 8 accounted for addi r16 r16 170 slwi r16 r16 8 addi r16 r16 170 Register 16 contains data SAAAAAAAA KOC cl ELVA el Clearing Register 17 lis r17 21845 Data 55555555 is assembled through this steps This is addi r17 r17 21845 Ithe data that will be sent on the second step of the Autoselect sequence Bit reversal has been taken care of xor r18 r18 r18 Clearing Register 18 addi r18 r18 9 Data 09090909 is assembled through this step
10. Write operations to the cache can be performed on a byte basis and a complete read modify write operation to the cache can occur in each cycle The load store and instruction fetch units provide the caches with the address of the data or instruction to be fetched Procedure 1 Develop an assembly program to enable and disable cache memory Refer to the PowerPC 603e manual for the registers involve in enabling and disabling the cache Follow the procedure of experiment Running the Linpack Benchmark Link the assembly code developed here to the code of experiment Run the benchmark with cache enable and note the results Oh ae ee Pe Disable cache and run the benchmark again compare both results and state your conclusions 79 References 1 The L2 Company What is Cache http www mindspring com 12co WhatIsCa html 2 What is cache memory http www whatis com cachemem htm 3 MPC603e amp EC603e RISC Microprocessors User s Manual Suggested Code Troubleshooting 1 Make sure you are using the correct registers for enabling and dissabling cache 2 Refer to the troubleshooting to experiment Running the Linpack benchmark 80 Experiment 13 Flash ROM debugging stage Problem Statement This experiment requires the development of an assembly language program starting on Programmer Space RAM location 70000 that will copy a program which resides on RAM location 71000 to a
11. command 1 command zerosfours void write _word unsigned int addr unsigned int word unsigned int command command unsigned int flash command zerosfives command 1 command zerosfives printf Sx unsigned int addr printf Sx n word addr word void unlock bypass reset unsigned int command command unsigned int flash command zerosnines command 1 command zerosnines command unsigned int flash command allzeros command 1 command allzeros void leds_main int decimal_no char LED char number do printf nSelect the LED you want to blink n printf tS Press S for the Status LED n printf tE Press E for the Error LED n printf tQ Press Q to Quit n LED getchar if LED E LED e printf nEnter the number of times 1 9 to blink the dot number getchar while number gt 0 putchar number decimal no number 48 Error LI i amp amp number lt 9 blink leds 0x40600000 decimal_no else if LED S LED s printf nEnter the number of times 1 9 to blink the Status LED dof number getchar while number gt 0 amp amp number lt 9 putchar number decimal no number 48 blink leds
12. gt 0 amp amp number lt 9 putchar number decimal_no number 48 blink_leds 0x40200000 decimal_no while L return 0 XK or x D Q amp amp LEI E o Q zal 24 void blink_leds int addr int i unsigned long count int loop for loop 0 loop lt i loop char addr 0x00 turn on error for count 0 count lt Oxfff 00 count char addr 0x08 turn off error for count 0 count lt Oxfff 00 count char 0x40600000 0x08 Students should be able to note that e a PowerPC Excimer Board program can obtain data from a user via the Keyboard e the getchar function is not useful in cases you need more than character as input so an im plementation of a scanf function would be useful Troubleshooting If the student is not able to e Access DINK 32 interface functions use the st command to verify that the address for the DINK functions matches the ones provided in this manual e Blink the LEDs verify the memory mapping for each of the LEDs Experiment 6 A simple scanf function for Excimer Problem Statement e In this experiment the student will develop a C function for taking character input from the terminal emulator s keyboard attached to Excimer through the serial port and converting number characters to decimal values used in other programs Contributed by Chuc
13. 0x40600000 0x08 Students should be able to note that e The speed which drives the PowerPC microprocessor is very fast and thus a blinking effect might not be perceived e For different loop parameters the LED will remain ON or OFF for a different time period e The LED s are configured as Common Anode negative terminal connected together Troubleshooting If the student is not able to turn ON or OFF the LED check that e the address being written to is either 0x40600000 or 0x40200000 e a suitable value for the time delay loop has been defined e the student has compiled linked and downloaded the program correctly Experiment LED Control from Keyboard Problem Statement e This experiment requires the compilation downloading and execution of a C language pro gram which blinks the Excimer Board s ERROR Light Emitting Diode LEDs the number of times specified by the user input Contributed by Noel Serrano and Jos I Qui ones Objectives Upon completion of this laboratory experience students will be able to e use the DINK functions presented in experiment 3 e print to the DINK 32 interface e capture single characters from the keyboard and echo them to the DINK 32 interface Procedure Write a C program that will blink the on board LED s based on user input The program should ask the user which LED he wants to blink and how many times Hint To create this program use the pro
14. 11 z rlwnm shift count of 11 Z Z 11 n r7 rlwnm shift count of 32 n 32 11 Z r9 Shift TBL right n 11 z Mask off 0 11 Shift remaining TBL bits left n 32 11 Z Ifor z gt 11 fpu tbl lt lt z 11 fpl 0 rlwnm r3 r6 r7 12 31 Shift TBL left n Z 11 Mask off bits 0 11 tbl_is zero Xor E3 E37 E3 xor r4 r4 r4 b compute_seconds form_exponent addi r8 r8 1022 rlwinm r8 r8 20 1 12 or ESPYS 3 8 compute_seconds fpl 0 Ifor Z 32 amp amp z 32 fpu fpl 0 Unlikely result that TB was zero Prepare to return all zeroes for the floating point value Add DP bias 1023 1 to the exponent Biased DP EXP will be 63 leading zeroes in TB 1023 lis r5 Local _storage h ori r5 r5 Local_storage l stw r3 O r5 stw r4 4 r5 lfd 2 O r5 fdiv f1 2 f1 blr Load back in as 64bit float Divide by bus clock ticks per second Return time in seconds as double in fpl Routine passed sample values of TBU and TBL Returns FPU and FPL as unsigned long For CodeWarrior lasm struct TB View conversion test unsigned long Upper conversion test unsigned long Lower double TICS or ESES yE Use test values of TBU and TBL passed in r3 and r4 or r6 r4 r4 las substitutes for values read from TB mflr rll Save the return address bl conversion Convert TBU and TBL into FPU and FPL mtlr rll Return in r3 and r4 lFor CodeWarrior la
15. Count Register 32 CTR In addition there are two read only registers associated with the Time Base Facility TBU and TBL The GPRs are used to manipulate integer data They come in two sizes according to the implementation of processor 32 bit GPRs for the 32 bit PowerPC and 64 bits for the 64 bit PowerPC They are used as source and destination registers in the integer instructions The FPRs are used with floating point instructions They are 64 bits wide independently of the implementation and can manipulate single and double floating point data Related to these registers is the FPSCR It contains all floating point exception signal bits excluding summary bits exception summary bits exception enable bits and rounding control bits The CR is a 32 bit register divided into eight 4 bit fields This register contains the results of certain arithmetic operations and provides a way for testing and branching The XER register indicates overflows and carry conditions for integer operations The LR register and the CTR register are like the GPRs their size depends on the implementation The LR supplies the branch target address for the Branch Conditional to Link Registers instructions The CTR holds a loop count that can be decremented during execution of appropriately coded branch instructions The Time Base Facility consists of a 64 bit register divided in two 32 bit registers Time Base Upper TBU and Time Base Lower TBL Th
16. ap fmt if stremp fmt 7 11f n 0 to integer EA 70 fmt S6d 1d n neg zero fmt Sld l1d n round 0 05 fraction 10 0 goto fake float else if strcmp fmt 10 11f n 0 fmt 9d 1d n neg zero fmt S1d ld n round 0 05 fraction 10 0 goto fake float else if stremp fmt VAX MIPS rating 10 31f n 0 fmt VAX MIPS rating 9d 03d n neg zero fmt VAX MIPS rating 1d 03d n round 0 0005 fraction 1000 0 fake float val va_arg ap double if val lt 0 sign l val val else sign 1 Round the value val round al val a2 val fraction al fraction if al 0 amp amp sign 1 fmt neg_zero fmt al sign else al va_arg ap int a2 va_arg ap int a3 va_arg ap int dink printf fmt al a2 a3 va_end ap Dummy out the calls to exit fopen fprintf and fclose void my exit int my fopen return 1 int my fprintf int my fclose Students should be able to note that There are lies damn lies and benchmarks in that order The Dhrystone benchmark is small enough to understand see opportunities for optimization and port easily to various computer environments The Dhrystone benchmark is string intensive and the resulting performance metric may be mean ingless in applications involving ot
17. break case 1 printf sd second n int seconds break 61 b default printf sd seconds n int_seconds End of int seconds switch printf If your time was not 20 seconds n printf bus speed is 20 your_time 66 67MHz n Bonus Exercise Given the bus speed calculate the processor core speed HID1 Reg get_HID1 gt gt 28 Move HIDI 0 3 to 28 31 printf HID1 indicates PLL CFG x n HID1 Reg printf If bus sdMHz IBUS MHz switch HID1 Reg case 0x4 PLL CFG 0b0100 printf Core Freq 2x sdMHz amp 2 IBUS MHz printf VCO Freq 2x dMHz n 2 IBUS MHz break case 0x5 PLL CFG 0b0101 printf Core Freq 2x sdMHz amp 2 IBUS MHz printf VCO Freq 4x dMHz n 4 IBUS MHz break case 0x6 PLL CFG 0b0110 printf Core Freg 2 5x sdMHz amp int 2 5 float IBUS MHz printf VCO Freq 2x dMHz n S IBUS MHz break case 0x8 PLL CFG 0b1000 printf Core Freq 3x sdMHz amp 3 IBUS MHz printf VCO Freq 2x SdMHz n 6 IBUS MHz break case Oxe PLL CFG 0b1110 printf Core Freg 3 5x sdMHz amp int 3 5 float IBUS MHz printf VCO Freq 2x dMHz n 7 IBUS MHz break case Oxa PLL CFG 0b1010 printf Core Freq 4x sdMHz amp 4 IBUS MHz printf VCO Freq 2x SdMHz n 8 IBUS MHz break case 0x7
18. c sw metaware hcppc bin hcppe Ic sw metaware hcppc inc Hnocopyr c nofsoft OPTLEV TARGFLAGS AS c sw metaware hcppc bin asppe c big si LKOPT Bbase 0x70000 xm e main Bnoheader Bhardalign xo q Qn Cglobals Csections Csymbols Ccrossref gt D xref txt LINK c sw metaware hcppc bin ldppe LKOPT testscanf src testscanf o my scanf o LINK testscanf o my _scanf o c sw metaware hcppc lib be fp libmw a testscanf o testscanf c CC testscanf c o testscanf o SUPPORTOPT my scanf o my scanf c CC my _scanf c o my scanf o SUPPORTOPT Students should be able to note that e Characters are received from the keyboard as bytes of ASCII encoded information e Input Output functions normally available in standard C libraries for a given computer may not be available or may exist in different simpler forms on a small embedded evaluation system like Exci mer e Programmers can write their own input output routines or link in routines that are provided in the embedded system 30 e Hard coding addresses of embedded routines is a dangerous way of linking code if the routines are relocated by DINK revisions Troubleshooting If the student is not able to e Get started Suggest that the student develop and debug the C program on the host computer by including lt stdio h gt before substituting the DINK routines and downloading to Excimer This should clarify the ASCII encod
19. each sector Read address Ox SA get data 0x00000000 for non protected Read address Ox SA get data 0x80008000 for protected Reset sequence exit autoselect mode Write address 0x0000 with data Ox0f0f0f0f Erasing a flash sector sequence Write address 0x2AA8 with data 0x55555555 Write address 0x1550 with data OxAAAAAAAA Write address 0x2AA8 with data 0x01010101 Write address 0x2AA8 with data 0x55555555 Write address 0x1550 with data OxAAAAAAAA Write address sector address with data 0xOCOCOCOC Programming flash memory Write address 0x2AA8 with data 0x55555555 Write address 0x1550 with data OXAAAAAAAA Write address 0x2AA8 with data 0x05050505 Write address Word address with data to be programmed Now some notes The Flash ROM device can change a one to a zero in any cell bit but not visa versa Thus it is a good practice to erase the memory first before writing to it Otherwise after writing the memory may be corrupted since a zero can t be changed back to a one In some cases you can play with the byte to be recorded If for example a cell has the byte 0x55 programmed on it and you want to 87 write 0x11 it can be done without erasing the cell This is a good idea when there are only a few bytes to be programmed but it would not be wise when programming large amounts of data Erasing can only be done one sector at a time or the entire chip so one can not erase only a portion of a sector The smalle
20. free space Flash ROM location Program copied into Flash ROM will auto execute from its present location Contributed by Jos I Quifiones and Eisen Montalvo Ruiz Objectives Upon completion of this laboratory experience students will be able to e Write and assemble an assembly language subroutine e Execute a piece of code that will in turn copy another piece of code to Flash ROM and execute it e Write assembly code directly into Flash ROM space by means of assembly code Background Information Any microprocessor based system needs memory devices to hold data and program instructions Memories can be classified as volatile and non volatile The basic difference between both realms of memories is that volatile memories looses its data contents when power is removed from the semiconductor chip while non volatile memories holds its data con tents even when power is removed This has some very interesting implications which must remain clear to microprocessor based system designers since both types of memory have their advantages and disadvantages as well as a typical use 81 Non volatile memory is used when a system is to execute a dedicated application Take for example your computer When you turn it on it executes a self initialization procedure we call booting How does the CPU know what to do The BIOS Binary Input Output System is the dedicated application for initialization and is stored on a non volatile type
21. from high to low memory address and is 16 byte aligned It doesn t have a maximum size but it has a minimum The minimum stack frame consists of the stack frame header with padding to a 16 byte alignment Any padding must occur within the local variable area The Stack pointer points to the Back Chain word of the most recently called function This forms a linked list of stack frames The stack frame can include the following areas as required by any function Floating point register save area non volatile floating point registers modified General register save area non volatile general registers modified CR save area condition register fields modified FPSCR save area floating point status and control register bits modified Local variable space local variables of function not mapped to registers 44 Parameter list area allocated by the caller of function must be large enough to contain the argu ments that the caller stores in it LR save word contents of the link register as they were at the time of entry to a function Back chain word pointer to the previous stack frame s back chain word The parameter list area is not preserved across function calls and it must follow the stack frame header immediately Register usage Table 7 1 contains the usage and status of the registers in the function calling process Non volatile registers belong to the calling function If the called
22. insight into the board s state at all time The terminal screen of your program should look like this 10 Duart Initialized 32 General Purpose Registers Initialized 32 Floating Point Registers Initialized 166 Special Purpose Registers Initialized Data Cache has been enabled Instruction Cache has been enabled DDD III N N K K 333 222 D D I NN N D D I N NN DDD III N N K K 333 22222 for MPC603 Version 16 6 Revision 4 Written by Motorola s RISC Applications Austin TX Released Nov iiith 1998 Welcome to Excimer A Minimum System PowerPC Design Copyright Motorola Inc 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 DINK32_683e gt gt Figure 1 DINK32 on terminal client More information on DINK can be found at www mot com SPS PowerPC teksupport teklibrary index html Procedure 1 First make sure you have your evaluation board connected using the serial cable provided to serial port 1 COM1 Open your terminal client and configure it to connect through COM 1 using the following parameters Parameter Value Protocol Serial Port COMI Baud Rate 9600 Data Bits 8 Parity N Stop Bits 1 RTS CTS Enabled Turn on the evaluation board and press Connect on your terminal client You should be able to see the initialization window with the DINK32_603e gt gt prompt as presented in the figure shown below see step 4 2 Compile the program you created on experiment number one using the Me
23. memory address that is the value in register rA will contain the value stored in register rD 35 Branch Instructions Set These instructions are commonly used with compare instructions You place the branch after the com pare using the result of it to make the decision opcode label where label is the address of the code where you want to branch to The assembler takes care of translating the label to the address Metaware Assembler Directives The assembler directives are instructions to the assembler on how to configure data and where to put the code and data in memory The most useful are a text identifies where the code section starts b data mark the start of the data section c word lt value gt reserves space for a word in memory d org lt address gt starting address of the following code and or data e global lt label gt makes this routine a public one You can put comments in any line but they must begin with a In addition you can use labels for branching They must end with a semicolon and must be at the beginning of the line with or without code in the same line Metaware Assembly Compilation For compiling your code using Metaware you must go through two steps First compile the code using asppc the Metaware Assembler asppc o filename o filename s The extension of yo 36 ur file must be s In this way the Assembler recognizes the file The o
24. option tells the assembler the name of the object file If you don t use it the default name is the same as the code file with o as the extension The second step is to convert the object to Motorola S3 record and to set again the address of the code and data section elf2hex p text 0x70000 data 0x70100 o filename hex xm filename o The p option is used to tell where the section of the file starts in memory In this case text section will start in address 0x70000 and the data section in 0x70100 The o option is the name of the output file The xm tells the program to generate a Motorola S3 record and filename o is the file of the object file Procedure 1 Write an assembly language routine that multiplies 2 3x3 Matrices Remember ay diz os aij bi biz Tan b i Cio Cj Ay An we Gy ba Dy F Co Ca Caj ai ajo a ba biz b Ci Cin Ci Cy 4 b a b 4 b where nis the matrix dimension Hint Set the start of the matrices in memory so you know where the code has to look for the data Also make it flexible so you can change the size of the matrices without making changes in your code 37 References 1 Motorola PowerPC Microprocessor Family The Programming Environments for 32 Bit Microprocessors MPCFPE32B AD Rev 1 1 97 Suggested Code file matmult s Assembly Language program to multiply 2 3x3 matrices 1 EMR 990321 1 Register usage r9 Pointe
25. or granted hereby any right or authority to the other or to any third party to assume or create any express or implied obligations on its behalf Information such as data sheets as well as sales terms and conditions such as prices schedules and support for the prod uct may vary as between parties selling the product Accordingly customers wishing to learn more information about the products as marketed by a given party should contact that party Both Motorola and IBM reserve the right to modify this manual and or any of the products as described herein without further notice NOTHING IN THIS MANUAL NOR IN ANY OF THE ERRATA SHEETS DATA SHEETS AND OTHER SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION SHALL BE INTERPRETED AS THE CONVEYANCE BY MOTOROLA OR IBM OF AN EXPRESS WARRANTY OF ANY KIND OR IMPLIED WARRANTY REPRESENTATION OR GUARANTEE REGARDING THE MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS OF THE PRODUCTS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE Neither Motorola nor IBM assumes any liability or obligation for damages of any kind arising out of the application or use of these materials Any warranty or other obligations as to the products described herein shall be undertaken solely by the marketing party to the customer under a separate sale agreement between the marketing party and the customer In the absence of such an agreement no liability is assumed by Motorola IBM or the marketing party for any damages actual or otherwise Typical parameters can and do vary in different appl
26. the address in DINK The code that defines the function would look like the following example for the printf function define printf dink printf unsigned long dink printf unsigned long 0x6270 In the following section we present examples of three DINK functions a get char This function enables the programmer to capture characters from the keyboard through the DINK interface The get_cahr function can be accessed by using the following code define getchar dink get char unsigned long dink get char unsigned long Oxle4c4 This will enable you to capture characters from the keyboard The syntax for reading character from the keyboard would be char LED LED getchar 15 b write_char This function enables the programmer to display characters on the terminal screen that is running DINK The write char function can be accesed by using the following code define writechar dink write char unsigned long dink write char unsigned long 0x5eb4 This will enable you to output characters to the screen The sysntax for displaying single charac ters from the keyboard would be char LED N LED writechar LED c dink_printf This functions provide the programmer the option of displaying a string of char acters on the DINK interface and also provide the user the ability of including a runtime variable either char or integer on this string I
27. type of random access memory RAM that stores the most recently used instructions and or data from a larger main memory system Cache memory can be accessed faster than regular RAM Cache memory is categorized in levels Level I L1 cache memory is on the same chip as the micro processor Level II L2 and later levels are usually separate memory chips The microprocessor first looks for the instructions in L1 cache if it is not there a miss it goes to the next level it continues looking from level to level until reaching main memory or in the worst case a mass storage device such as disk drives or hard drives These memory chips are typically static RAM SRAM modules that do 78 not need to be electromagnetically refreshed as DRAM does These characteristics make cache memory faster and more expensive than regular RAM There is a slight catch with cache memory if there is a cache miss then it takes around more clocks cy cle to access data from DRAM or ROM For this reason a L2 cache that is too small could theoreti cally decrease performance The 603e provides independent 16 Kbyte four way set associative instruction and data caches The cache line is 32 bytes in length The caches use a least recently used LRU replacement policy The caches provide a 64 bit interface to the instruction fetch unit and load store unit The surrounding logic selects organizes and forwards the requested information to the requesting unit
28. value lt 0 if sourcel lt source2 value 0 if sourcel source2 value gt 0 if sourcel gt source2 set _eq 2 set _cr0 0 set Gril aix toc aix T strcmp aix stG stremp tc strcmp ds aix align 2 aix globl strcmg ds aix csect strempf ds aix long stremp pr TOC tc0 0 aix globl strcmg pr aix csect strempf pr aix strcmp sect text align 2 extern strcmp strcmp nt reldata nt globl strcmp nt strcmp nt long strcmp toc nt text nt globl strcmp nt strcmp r0 temporary r3 sourcel pointer result mask for first words r4 source2 pointer r5 0x80808080 r6 0x01010101 r7 source2 word r8 sourcel word r9 temporary r10 sourcel pointer rll temporary r12 index 67 See if the two pointers are both word aligned xor r0 r3 r4 rlwinm r0 r0 0 30 31 addis r6 r0 0x0101 mr r10 xr3 bne Byte By Byte Generate an initial index so the word containing the first byte will be loaded Compute a mask to set all bits in the bytes prior to the first in the words that are loaded rlwinm r11 r3 3 27 28 li nS PAi rlwinm r12 r10 0 30 31 subfic rl11 r11 32 neg r12 r12 slw r3 r3 r11 Complete the setup for the word aligned loop ori r6 r6 0x0101 lwzx r8 r12 r10 le lwbrx r8 r12 r10 or r8 r8 r3 Mask off unused bytes slwi r5 r6 7 subfc r0 r6 r8 andc ro 65 8 lwzx r7 r12 xr4 le lwbrx r7 r
29. 00 Register 14 contains Address FFCO2AAC Clearing Register 15 Register 15 contains Address FFC00000 Register 15 contains Address FFC01550 Clearing Register 16 Through this steps the data SAAAAAAAA which will be sent to the Flash on the first step of the Autoselect sequence is assembled Note that bit reversal has been accounted for Register 16 contains data SAAAAAAAA Clearing Register 17 Data 55555555 is assembled through this steps This is Ithe data that will be sent on the second step of the Autoselect sequence Bit reversal has been taken care of Clearing Register 18 Data 05050505 is assembled through this steps This word is sent to the Flash to differentiate the command sequence from all others This data is specific to the Autoselect mode Register 18 contains data 05050505 Store 55555555 data in Address SFFCO2AA8 First sequence step taken care of It has to be written to both memory banks 90 stwx rl16 r15 r13 Store SAAAAAAAA data in FFC01550 addi r15 r15 4 Second sequence step taken care of stwx r16 r15 r13 Tt has to be written to both memory banks subi r12 r12 4 Subtract 4 from R12 so that the address FFCO2AA8 is lonce again available stwx r18 r12 113 Store 05050505 data in Address FFCO2AA8 addi r12 r12 4 Third sequence step taken care of stwx r18 r12 r13 It has to be written to both memory banks XOY ELI FLO ae Clea
30. 0003 4000_5001 O 1056 A_0002_8008_0000 4208 _0002_8008_0000 7 73e2 1 58e16 0038_0001 4001_0005 0 1076 C_0000_A000_8002 434C_0000_A000_8002 9 46e8 1 84e19 FEDC_BA98 7654_3210 0 1086 F_DB97_530E_CA86 43EF_DB97_530E_CA86 1 10e12 Table 2 Example TB to Floating Point Conversions Procedure 1 Write an assembly language routine which accepts two unsigned integer arguments TBU and TBL and returns a double float value Suggestion Assembly language routines are used primarily for speed or access to hardware resources that are otherwise not available To make this routine faster try using static branch prediction For example a TB value of zero has to be tested as a special case to form EXP but is unlikely Likewise values over 2 are unlikely why would there be a conditional branch for this value Hint You may find the assembly language instructions cntlzw and rlwnm very useful 2 Write a C program which calls the assembly language routine with the example values of Table 2 and check that it returns the correct floating point value Reminder DINK Version 10 5 provides a dink printf routine that may be used to print results to the terminal However it will not format floating point numbers results will have to be displayed as two unsigned long int values Is there a C construct which will permit viewing two 32 bit memory locations as both unsigned long int and double 3 Write an assembly language routine that reads Excimer s TB
31. 03e is a big endian device while AMD Flash chips are little endian Address bus was already fixed so that little address bit were reversed by hardware Data bus does not has to be hardware reversed since it is irrelevant if you programmed a cell backwards When it is read it will get backwards again and thus rectified This leaves programmers with the problem that whatever the Flash chip is expecting as a command will have to be reversed by hand Bit reversing is sometimes confused as taking a 1 and changing it to a 0 and viceversa This will actually not work when writ ing commands to the Flash device What we mean by bit reversing is actually a mirror of the word That what was the MSB now becomes the LSB and viceversa If you are having trouble entering into a specific mode check that you have done this right Another common mistake is to reverse the nibbles in the bytes or the bytes on the word You actually have to reverse the 16 bit word An 0A reversed is not A0 but 50 00001010 mirrored is not 10100000 but it is 01010000 96
32. 0x40200000 decimal no while LED Q amp amp LED q Xor x return void blink leds int addr int i unsigned long count int loop for loop 0 loop lt i looptt char addr 0x00 turn on error for count 0 count lt Oxfff00 count char addr 0x08 turn off error for count 0 count lt Oxfff00 count char 0x40600000 0x08 void blank Troubleshooting Trouble to enter a mode using the specified word sequence tends to occur either because data was not properly reversed or because address was not properly shifted Recall that the memory mapping of the Excimer does not have to be that of the AMD memory devices as specified on the AM29LV800B Data Sheet In fact no memory device has to actually be memory mapped as specified by a datasheet Those addresses provided by the manufacturer are offsets and depend greatly on were they were placed On the Excimer Board Flash ROM was placed on address FFC00000 Every offset has to be added to that base address But this is not all Since Power PC data bus is 64 bits wide and chips are just 16 they must be cascaded to supply the need If you are using the AM29LV800B Data Sheet as reference take in mind that every address presented has to be shifted by three If you are using the notes pre sented on this lab section the addresses are already shifted 95 As explained earlier Power PC 6
33. 11 1111 1110 000_0000_0001 1022 000_0000_0000 Reserved for zeros and denormalized numbers Table 1 Biased Exponent Format Examples of TB integer values converted to double precision floating point representation are shown in Table 2 Since it would take 35 000 years to test a conversion program for the upper limits of the TB this experiment should include a test program that supplies these example values to an integer to floating point assembly language conversion routine and verifies that the correct floating point value is returned The last column of Table 2 shows the floating point value of the TB converted to seconds given Excimer s 66MHz bus clock TB count decimal TBU hex 0 0000_0000 1 0000_0000 2 0000_0000 524 288 0000_0000 1 57e6 0000_0000 3 67e6 0000_0000 TBL hex 0000_0000 0000_0001 0000_0002 0008_0000 0018 0000 0038_0001 EXP biased dec 1023 1024 1042 1043 1044 FRACTION hex 0_0000_0000_0000 0_0000_0000_0000 0_0000_0000_0000 0_0000_0000_0000 8 0000_0000_0000 C_0000_8000_0000 DP Floating Pt Value hex 0000_0000_0000_0000 3FFO_0000_0000_0000 4000_0000_0000_0000 4120_0000_0000_0000 4138_0000_0000_0000 414C_0000_8000_0000 Seconds dec 0 00 6 00e 8 1 20e 7 3 15e 2 9 44e 2 2 20e 1 55 1 67e7 0000_0000 OOFE_502B 0 1046 F_CA05_6000_0000 416F_CA05_6000_0000 1 00 3 22e9 0000_0000 C000_0401 0 1054 8_0000_8020_0000 41E8_0000_8020_0000 1 93e2 1 29e10 0000_
34. 12 r4 and rit 0 69 addi r4 r4 4 addi r12 r12 4 or r7 tl 3 Mask off unused bytes bne Sourcel Has Null Word Loop subfc r3 r8 xr7 bne Words Differ lwzx r8 r12 r10 le lwbrx r8 r12 r10 subfc r0 r6 r8 andc r9 r5 xr8 and rl11 r0 r9 addi r12 r12 4 lwzx C1 LUZ LA le lwbrx r7 r12 r4 beq Word Loop Sourcel Has Null We terminated the loop because r8 has a null byte Shift both words right so the null byte is the LSB Can t do this with cntlzw because of a borrow if the byte preceeding the null has the value one rlwinm r10 r8 0 0 7 li r9 24 beq shift rlwinm r10 r8 0 8 15 Ta 19 16 beq shift rlwinm r10 r8 0 16 23 li r9 8 beq shift li r9 0 shift srw EIEI 9 srw subfc blr Words Differ r8 r8 xr9 r3 r7 xr8 We terminated the loop because the words differ but r8 does not have a null byte Return 1 or 1 based on the unsigned comparison subfe r3 r3 r3 nand r3 r3 r3 ori r3 r3 1 blr Byte By Byte Do strcmp a byte at a time lbz lbz subfc bnelr Byte Loop cmpi beq lbzu lbzu subfc beq blr Null Byte mr blr r9 0 r3 r0 0 r4 r3 r0 r9 _cr1 0 r9 0 _cr1 Null Byte r9 1 r10 r0 1 r4 37 60 9 Byte Loop r3 r0 References 1 Communications of the ACM vol 27 no 10 Oct 1984 pp 1013 1030 Suggested Code File dryl h Defines the functions defined in support c and used by dhry2la c
35. 31 0x00000003 0x40005001 0x420A0002 0x80080000 Casel FRACTION TB 11 63 FPU 12 31 TBU 11 30 FPU 0 TBU 31 FPH 1 31 TBI 0 30 0x00380001 0x40010005 0x434C0000 0xA0008002 Casel TPL 1 63 FPU 12 31 TBU 1 20 FPH 0 10 TBUL 21 31 FPH 11 31 TBI 0 20 OxFEDCBA98 0x76543210 Ox43EFDB97 Ox530ECA86 struct Test struct Result MAX EXAMPLES sizeof Example sizeof Examplef 0 for i 0 i lt MAX EXAMPLES i These printf formats are for the restrictive dink print routine printf TBU sx Example i TB GPR View TBU View printf TBL sx Example i TB GPR View TBL View 60 Result TB FP test TB FPasGPR View conversion test Example i TB GPR _View TBU View Example i TB_GPR_View TBL View TICS PER SEC if Result TB FP _test TB FPasGPR View TBU View Example i TB FP test TB FPasGPR View TBU View Result TB FP test TB FPasGPR View TBL View Example i TB FP test TB FPasGPR View TBL View printf ERROR n printf FPU x Result TB FP test TB FPasGPR_View TBU View printf FPL x n Result TB FP test TB FPasGPR_View TBL View This is not useful on Excimer because we can t print the floating point result It is a useful check in CodeWarrior on the Mac CJC Result TB FP test TB FP View float_test E
36. Excimer Output asserted low To successfully blink an LED you must carefully select the delay timing Remember that the mi croprocessor may turn the LED on and off so quickly that you will not see the blinking effect Since your program will be written in C a simple for loop instruction may do the job For counter 0 counter lt parameter counter Note counter must be declared as unsigned long in the program The value parameter will define the delay time There are other ways to accomplish a time delay for example using the PowerPC s internal timer register These techniques will be demonstrated in the successive experiments Procedure 1 Write a simple C code that alternatively blinks the Status and Error LEDs ten times 2 Compile the C code with the hcppc command included with the Metaware C compiler using the following command on the DOS command prompt heppe Hppc603 c file c 20 Na gt n D Note File c stands for the C code file You may name your C code file as you wish but remember to use the chosen name in the hcppc command The result from this command will be file o which is the object file Link the object files using 1dppcl command to invoke the linker program included with Metaware C compiler using the following command on the DOS Command Prompt ldppe B start _addr 70000 xm file o Note File o is the object file generated in the last step The object f
37. Instructors Manual MOTOROLA PowerPC Excimer Laboratory Manual Jose Quinones Noel Serrano Walter Guiot Luis Narvaez Eisen Montalvo Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Chuck Corley PowerPC Applications Engineering Motorola Editor Jose L Cruz Rivera Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez VOLUME I DISCLAIMERS Motorola Inc 1999 Portions hereof International Business Machines Corp 1991 1995 All rights reserved This document contains information on a new product under development by Motorola and IBM Motorola and IBM re serve the right to change or discontinue this product without notice Information in this document is provided solely to enable system and software implementers to use PowerPC microprocessors There are no express or implied copyright or patent licenses granted hereunder by Motorola or IBM to design modify the design of or fabricate circuits based on the information in this document The PowerPC 60x microprocessors embody the intellectual property of Motorola and of IBM However neither Motorola nor IBM assumes any responsibility or liability as to any aspects of the performance operation or other attributes of the microprocessor as marketed by the other party or by any third party Neither Motorola nor IBM is to be considered an agent or representative of the other and neither has assumed created
38. Linpack bench mark Experiment 12 Cache Impact on Benchmark Metrics 76 Write a single program to time the performance of Dhrystone and Linpack with the caches enabled and dis abled Experiment 13 Flash ROM 80 Write a program that copies itself into Flash ROM and begins executing from there Experiment L Metaware Tutorial Problem Statement e In this experiment the student will develop and compile a C program that will calculate the first 12 Fibonacci Numbers using the Metaware PowerPC compiler Contributed by Noel Serrano Objectives Upon completion of this laboratory experience students will be able to e write debug and compile a C program using the Metaware and Code Warrior compilers e write a recursive function that will generate the first 12 Fibonacci Numbers Background Information This experiment is designed to take you through the major steps required to implement a simple algorithm for the generation of the first 12 Fibonacci numbers using the Metaware compilers for the Excimer board The Metaware compiler facilitates code writing debugging and optimization More information on the compiler may be obtained from www metaware com The Fibonacci sequence represents a series that has as its first two elements 0 and 1 The re maining elements can be obtained by simply adding the last two numbers to get the next For ex ample the first 12 Fibonacci Numbers the first element in the sequence 0 is n
39. PLL CFG 0b0111 printf Core Freq 4 5x sdMHz amp int 4 5 float IBUS MHz printf VCO Freq 2x dMHz n 9 IBUS MHz break case Oxb PLL CFG 0b1011 printf Core Freq 5x sdMHz amp 5 IBUS_ MHz printf VCO Freq 2x sdMHz n 10 IBUS MHz break case 0x9 PLL CFG 0b1001 printf Core Freg 5 5x sdMHz amp int 5 5 float IBUS MHz printf VCO Freq 2x sdMHz n 11 IBUS MHz break case Oxd PLL CFG 0b1101 printf Core Freq 6x sdMHz amp 6 IBUS MHz printf VCO Freq 2x sdMHz n 12 IBUS MHz break case 0x3 PLL CFG 0b0011 printf PLL in bypass n break case Oxf PLL CFG 0b0011 printf CLOCK OFF How can this be n break default printf ERROR INVALID PLL CFG End of HID1 switch return 62 Students should be able to note that e A 64 bit rotate instruction would be very useful but has to be synthesized in the 32 bit PowerPC architecture e The PowerPC Embedded Application Binary Interface EABI specifies how arguments are passed to an assembly language routine and values are returned e The syntax for assembly language programs varies widely among compiler assembler vendors e The only way to pass data between the integer registers GPRs and the floating point registers FPRs on PowerPC is by writing and reading to memory e With wise use of the reg
40. TB ticks sec at Excimer bus clock double TICS PER SEC BUS FREQUENCY 4 Bus frequency as an integer in MHz int IBUS MHz BUS FREQUENCY 1000000 Excimer does not support lt stdio h gt DINK has it s own print routine called dink print which supports a limited number of format types decimal d hex x string s etc Redefining printf to point to the dink print function enables standard C programs downloaded to Excimer to print to the terminal The address of dink print is available from the symbol table command symtab in DINK If the version of DINK on Excimer is updated from the Motorola website at http www mot com PowerPC teksupport the address of dink print must be updated here GTA define printf dink print unsigned long dink print unsigned long 0x6368 file Exercise h st Header file for common typedefs for Exercise Chuck Corley 981218 struct TB View unsigned long TBU View unsigned long TBL View b union DPFP View struct TB ViewTB FPasGPR View double TB FP View J struct Test_struct struct TB View TB GPR View union DPFP View TB FP test file dtime s For Metware High C C Compiler Assembler Assembly language routine to convert 64 bit PowerPC TB facility to Double precision floating point number Plus additional routines for testing CJC 981216 Register usage r3 FPU uppe
41. arts at 0x70000 The m generates a map list file of the code The standard output is the screen You can use redirec tion to send the output to a file And finally the x tells the linker to generate Motorola S3 records ready to be downloaded to the Excimer Board The last parameters are the filenames of the C and As sembly code The output code will be named a hex Procedure 1 Write an assembly language routine that multiplies two N x N matrices and a C language program that asks the user for the size of the matrices their initial values and shows the resulting matrix The C program should call the assembly routine Hint You can use the assembly routine you made in the last laboratory If you followed the hint in that laboratory you shouldn t need to make too many changes 47 References 1 Motorola PowerPC Microprocessor Family The Programming Environments for 32 Bit Microprocessors MPCFPE32B AD Rev 1 1 97 Suggested Code file MatrixMult c C program that calls an assembly routine It asks the user for the size and initial values for the matrices and then shows the results of their multiplication EMR 990407 aa define scanf my_scanf Useful Functions defin getchar dink get char define putchar dink write char define printf dink printf void my scanf char int Pointers to functions in Dink Memory unsigned long dink get char unsigned long unsign
42. ata Sheet Device erasure occurs by executing the Erase Command sequence This initiates the Embedded Erase algorithm an internal algorithm that automatically preprograms the array if it is not already pro grammed before executing the erase operation During erase the device automatically times the erase pulse widths and verifies proper cell margin The host system can detect whether a program or erase operation is complete by observing the RY BY pin or by reading the DQ7 Data Polling and DQ6 toggle status bits After a program or erase cycle has been completed the device is ready to read array data or accept another command The sector erase architecture allows memory sectors to be erased and reprogrammed without affecting the data contents of other sectors The device is fully erased when shipped from the factory The AM29LV800B Data Sheet explains all other mentioned states Also how to enter and exit the men tioned modes of operation can be clearly seen on Tables 4 and 5 of said document But be careful al though AMD is very specific in telling all addresses where specific data has to be written the imple mentation of the Excimer board did changed these parameters The way the four Flash ROM chips were assembled on the Excimer Board configured as a two mem ory bank of double 16 bit words redefines all addresses and expected data to and from the memory chips First of all is the definition of the Power PC 603E Microproce
43. ch assembly function you want to call you have to declare it external Then use the pragma directive Alias for linking the internal name to the external name The following code should make it clearer extern foobar pragma Alias foobar name void main foobar e Function Calling Sequence One of the most difficult parts of assembly language programming is parameter passing in function calls Fortunately the PowerPC function calling and parameter passing is among the easiest one in the realm of assembly programming Here goes a brief description of this process If you want more infor mation read the books in the reference section Stack Frame Layout Figure 7 1 shows the memory stack frame organization for the PowerPC system Every function needs to establish their stack frame but the stack frame is only necessary if the function is going to call an other function 43 Stack Pointer High Address Stack grows aa Back Chain Word Figure 7 1 Standard Stack Frame Ne o a Floating point register save area General register save area F down Conditional register save area FPSCR save area Local variable space padding allowed here only Parameter list area Link register save word mie Back Chain Word Address ia Tae a Stack frame of the most recently called function Stack frame header The stack frame grows downward
44. chmark completes in a second by the number of Dhrystones per second performed by the now ancient Vax 11 780 from Digital Equipment Corporation On the other hand it is widely disparaged because it is so small that it fits entirely within the first level cache of most modern microprocessors and compiler vendors soon made a game out of optimizing it to get ever higher Vax MIPs numbers Motorola publishes Dhrystone 2 1 Vax MIPs numbers for the PowerPC 603e processor on the Exci mer board because the number is often requested After the first loop through the benchmark it resides entirely in the L1 cache of any PowerPC microprocessor At that point the performance varies linearly with frequency and the results reflect the efficiency of the micro architecture and the effectiveness of the compiler in generating code to capitalize on it Motorola s published numbers are 1 41 Vax MIPs per Mhz For an Excimer board running at 133Mhz to keep it comfortably cool in a still air environ ment that equates to 188 Vax MIPs The Dhrystone benchmark and numerous others is available in it s official source code via anonymous ftp to ftp nosc mil in directory pub aburto The IP address is 128 49 192 51 Instructions for exe 65 cuting the benchmark and rules for execution are available there as well Comparative results for many computers are available from the same site or from various news groups including comp benchmarks Proce
45. d numbers Hint Maximum performance will be obtained only when running entirely out of cache If the SRAM access LED on Excimer is not out during execution then the program is not running entirely from the internal cache DINK s regmod command may be needed to enable the instruction and data cache regmod HIDO to new value of 8000c000 A bug in early versions of DINK may also require modifying the data memory mapping unit DMMU to make the data accesses cacheable regmod rbat11 to new value of 00000012 Examine the disassembled code The stremp library function offers one opportunity for perform ance enhancement Many C libraries compare strings one byte at a time Motorola provides a li brary of highly optimized functions including strcmp on their website at 66 http www mot com PowerPC teksupport The assembly language for stremp from this library is shown below Notice that when possible this function compares strings four bytes a word at a time thus reducing memory or in this case cache accesses by 75 Assemble and link this stremp function in place of the stdlib function Did performance improve Copyright Motorola Inc All Rights Reserved This software contains proprietary and confidential information of Motorola Inc Use disclosure or reproduction is prohibited without the prior express written consent of Motorola Inc int strcmp const unsigned char sourcel const unsigned char source2 Returns
46. ds not bytes stwx rly 174 120 Store Cij xon LL clip DL Clear Temp for another cell incr Ja addi C15 c15 I Increment j cmpw r15 x3 Tf j lt size then 51 blt another j goto another j else incr i addi r14 r14 1 Increment i cmpw r14 r3 If i lt size then blt another i goto another i else exit bir lexit Students should be able to note that e Linking assembly and C routines is very important in those cases where the complexity of the problem at hand requires a high level language but where the performance of certain routines within the problem is crucial Troubleshooting If the student is not able to e Get the parameters in the assembly function use the list file to know where the assembly function and the parameters are in memory Then look in the assembly code of the C program for the call to the assembly function Before the call you will see where the code is putting the parameters in the registers for the assembly function This could help you understand the function calling sequence Experiment 9 52 Converting Integers to Floating Point Problem Statement e This experiment requires the development of an assembly language subroutine to convert the 64 bit integer value read from the PowerPC time base facility to a 64 bit double floating point number representing seconds Contributed by Chuck Corley Motorola Objectives Upon completion of this laboratory experie
47. dure l Download the Dhrystone Version 2 1 benchmark from the ftp site Read the associated instruc tions for compilation and execution You will find that the benchmark calls the C library functions strcpy and strcmp inside the measurement loop and printf and scanf outside the measure ment loop You will also find that the benchmark calls a timer function dtime that returns a count of seconds as a double floating point number You will need to assemble and link the assembly lan guage code from Experiment 4 which reads the PowerPC time base facility and converts the 64 bit integer value to time in seconds based on Excimer s 66Mhz bus speed Reminder Function calls such as printf will have to be equated to dink_printf routine to print results to the terminal Dhrystone also queries the user via the scanf function for the number of times to run the benchmark A scanf function using DINK s getchar and writechar will have to be written and substituted or the number of times through the benchmark hard coded If hard coding the number of runs be certain to use a variable instead of a constant as a constant would change the benchmark inside the measurement loop Motorola makes no changes to the benchmark which would unfairly change the result when compared to other results Compile the Dhrystone source code files link in the dtime function and execute the benchmark on the Excimer board Compare your results to Motorola s publishe
48. e and the smaller size of the resulting code makes it worth in some cases This routine alone is not very useful but in the next laboratory we are going to show a way to interface an assembly routine to a C C program 40 Troubleshooting If the student is not able to e Get started Suggest that the student code the multiplication in a C program until they have proven their algorithm If they are still having difficulty the disassembly of the c program could provide insight 41 Experiment 8 Linking Assembly Language and C Code Problem Statement e This experiment introduces the student to linking PowerPC assembly language and C code Contributed by Eisen Montalvo Ruiz Objectives Upon completion of this laboratory experience students will be able to e call an assembly routine from a C C program e know the PowerPC function calling sequence Background Information The following information is excerpted directly from Chapters 10 and 11 of the High C C Programmer s Guide for PowerPC This document can be obtained from Metware through their website e Making an assembly routine callable from a C program To be able to call an assembly language routine from a C program you must insert this piece of code before the assembly routine text align 2 global name namne You are going to use name to call the routine from a C program e Calling an assembly routine from C For ea
49. e is actually the subroutine needed to write a byte Extreme care must be taken when writing data to the Flash as Excimer can easily become corrupt and inoperating Students are encouraged to practice on a free sector preferably sector 16 which will certainly be erased or else can be erased without fear of damaging the OS Check the AM29LV800B Data Sheet for further Exci mer sector division information Refer to the troubleshooting section for problems regarding difficulty to write data to the Flash text global writeflash writeflash xor 13 xor r12 lis r12 addi r12 Ixor r14 lis r14 135 E13 r127 12 65472 r12 10920 rIt4 rI4 65472 laddi r14 r14 10924 xor rl15 lis 15 addi r15 xor rl16 addi r16 slwi r16 addi r16 slwi r16 addi r16 slwi r16 addi r16 xor rl17 lis rl17 addi r17 xor r18 addi r18 slwi r18 addi r18 slwi r18 addi r18 slwi r18 addi r18 stwx r17 addi r12 stwx r17 P15 25 65472 r15 5456 rl6 r16 r16 170 rl6 8 r16 170 rl6 8 rig 170 r16 8 r16 170 ped ey re ol 21845 r17 21845 r18 r18 r18 5 EREE FOr 8 8 L8 L8 8 8 8 ae arbre Regt ss Mm UW Mm FOr 3 N r13 R N A ri2 r13 Clearing Register 13 Clearing Register 12 Register 12 contains Address FFC00000 Register 12 contains Address FFCO2AA8 Clearing Register 14 Register 14 contains Address FFC000
50. e printf scanf uses a control string followed by a list of arguments The control string indicates into which formats the input is to be converted The DINK software on Excimer provides input and output functions that save the programmer from having to interact directly with the duart that receives input and sends output to the terminal How ever these functions are not at the level of a complex function like scanf Nevertherless many of the C programs that we desire to run on Excimer call the scanf function because of it s widespread use In this experiment you will write your own function my_scanf and substitute it by a define direc tive for any scanf function that the compiler may encounter in programs intended for Excimer Likewise you will define dink printf to substitute for printf and link dink printf into your pro grams Then you will have input and output functions for use in other programs To keep my_scanf simple we will assume that the only control string for converting inputs is the d or decimal format Your my_scanf function should accept a control string as an argument but then ignore it and return a decimal value to the second and last argument in the functional call Later ex periments may require more sophisticated substitute functions for scanf but this simple decimal in put routine will be widely applicable Eximer s dink_printf does accept a control string but it ignores floating p
51. ed int unsigned int void unlock bypass void write _word unsigned int unsigned int void unlock bypass reset void leds _main void blink leds int addr int i void blank 91 void main unsigned int addr unsigned int 0xffd00000 unsigned int prog unsigned int 0x0 unsigned int size 0 Borrar sector donde estara el codigo erase sector 7 Escribir nuestro codigo al FlashROM unlock bypass size unsigned int blank unsigned int leds main for unsigned int i 0 i lt size 4 i prog unsigned int unsigned int leds main i 4 printf Sx unsigned int prog program addr i prog write word addrt i prog unlock bypass reset prog unsigned int unsigned int leds main write word addr prog Traer ler sector de MDink al RAM Cambiar Boot Pointer al vector table Borrar ler sector del MDink Reescribir el sector al FlashROM Rebootear void erase sector int sector unsigned int sect command sect 0 if sector lt 4 Sector 3 or less switch sector case 0 sect unsigned int 0x0 flash break case 1 sect unsigned int 0x2000 lt lt 3 flash break case 2 sect unsigned int 0x3000 lt lt 3 flash break case 3 sect unsigned int 0x4000 lt lt 3 flash else if sector gt 18 return else 92
52. ed long dink write char char unsigned long dink printf unsigned long Oxle4c4 char 0x6270 unsigned long Ox5eb4 Assembly Routine extern matrixmult int size int result Alias internal name external name pragma Alias matrixmult matmult int mata int matb First Matrix Second Matrix Resultant Matrix Matrices Size m m m si ata atb atc Ze int int int int alloc unsigned int Memory Allocation function proto ain Ine ay LF int temp Ask the user for the size printf Enter size of matrices gt scanf Sd amp size printf n 3 Separate memory for the matrices mata malloc size size matb malloc size size matc malloc size size Ask user for initial values for int j 0 j lt size j for int m 0 m lt size mtt printf ASA IFL printf 3d mt1 scanf Sd amp temp printf NATE matal j size m temp printf B d J 1 printf sd m 1 scanf d amp temp printf n math j size m temp Clear resultant matrix memory matc j size m 0 Calling assembly routine matrixmult size matc mata math Display results for i 0 i lt size itt printt Yy for 1 0 l lt size 1 printf Sd matal i sizetl
53. es per second When TBL exceeds 2 a carry out bit increments TBU Thus TBU will increment every 257 7 seconds and the total range of the TB is 1 1x10 seconds or approximately 35 000 years This number is better represented in application programs as a floating point value The PowerPC architecture represents double precision floating point values in the 64 bit format shown in Figure 1 a 0 1 11 12 Figure 1 Floating Point Double Precision Format Where e S sign bit e EXP exponent bias e FRACTION fraction For numeric values the significand consists of a leading implied bit concatenated on the right with the FRACTION For normalized numbers it is unnecessary to deal with denormalized floating point numbers in this excercise the implied bit is a one and is the first bit to the left of the binary point Normalized numbers are interpreted as follows NORM 1 x 2 103 x 1 FRACTION The range covered by the magnitude M of a normalized double precision floating point number is ap proximately 222x107 lt M lt 1 8 x 10 The double precision exponent is biased by adding 1023 so that positive and negative exponents can be represented without a sign bit for the exponent Example exponents are shown in Table 1 54 Biased Exponent Unbiased Exponent Binary Double Precision 111 1111 1111 Reserved for infinities and NaNs 111 1111 1110 1023 111 1111 1101 1022 100_0000_0000 011 1111 1111 1
54. ese registers will be used in a future laboratory where you will learn more about them PowerPC Instruction Set The PowerPC Instruction Set is very powerful and extensive It contains around 200 instructions excluding suffices We don t have the space to cover all of them For now we are going to work with the Integer Arithmetic Load and Store and Flow Control instructions A general description 33 of the format of the instructions will be given More information can be obtained from the PowerPC programming references Integer Instruction Set a Integer Arithmetic Instructions You can add subtract multiply and divide integer numbers You can use immediate values and registers Also register to register instructions are available A general description of the format of the instructions follows 1 Immediate Values opcode rD rA SMM where rD is the destination register rA is the source register and SIMM is a Signed Immediate value 2 Register to Register opcode rD rA rB where rD is the destination register and rA and rB are the source registers b Integer Compare Instructions These instructions can be used in conjunction with the branch instructions to control the flow of a program They affect the CR such that the branch instructions can choose their target address based on what happened in the previous instruction Of course they could be used only for comparing 1 Immediate Values opcode rA SIMM w
55. facility and using Excimer s bus clock speed of 66 6666Mhz returns seconds as a double precision floating point number Caution TB must be read in two separate instructions It is unlikely but possible that TBU could increment between reading these two registers Consider the sequence TBU 0x0000_ 0000 TBL OxFFFF_FFFF TBU 0x0000_0001 TBL 0x0000 0000 What would be the error if your as sembly language routine got the first value of TBU and the second value of TBL Would reading the registers in reverse order avoid this problem Suggestions This assembly language routine may be useful in other programs Saving it in a standa lone file timer s and then linking it with this or other C programs will make it more useful A header file e g Excimer h might be a convenient place to define constants like EXCIMER BUS _ SPEED that could change on other PowerPC systems 56 4 Write a C program which outputs a zero to twenty second count to the terminal emulator and time it with a stopwatch Using dink printf to display seconds as integer decimal numbers is ac ceptable References 1 Motorola PowerPC Microprocessor Family The Programming Environments for 32 Bit Micro processors MPCFPE32B AD Rev 1 1 97 Suggested Code file Excimer h Header file for Excimer unique constants Excimer oscillator U15 on PWB runs at 66 6666MHz fine BUS FREQUENCY 66666667
56. function wants to use them it must save their values before using the registers and restore them before returning Volatile registers are not preserved across function calls so you can use them without saving them Also you can t use the dedicated and reserved registers You can corrupt the system if you use them Table 7 1 PowerPC Register Usage r0 Non Volatile r14 r30 Non Volatile Local variables 45 Volatile Condition Register fields each four bits wide Volatile Bit 6 Floating point invalid operation excep Non Volatile tion Non Volatile Non Volatile Volatile Volatile Volatile Link Register CTR XER Fixed Point Exception Register FPSCRO 23 Volatile Floating Point Status and Control Register FPSCR24 31 Modifiable Exception enable and rounding control bits Parameter passing A maximum of eight integer arguments can be passed in general purpose registers r3 through r10 and a maximum of eight floating point arguments can be passed in f1 through f8 If the number of parameters is less than the maximum the unneeded registers contain undefined values If the parameters passed do not fit in those registers the function must allocate a stack frame It should allocate the minimum space needed for the parameters that do not fit in the registers If the function wants to return a value the table 7 2 shows how they can be passed according to their type Table 7 2 PowerPC Function Return Values
57. gram you created in the previous experiment and the Useful DINK Functions References 1 Motorola Designing a Minimal PowerPC System PowerPC Application Note AN1769 D 1998 23 Suggested Code include lt stdio h gt define getchar dink_get_char define putchar dink_write_char define printf dink_printf void blink_leds int addr int i unsigned long dink_get_char unsigned long 0Oxle4c4 unsigned long dink_write_char char unsigned long char Ox5eb4 unsigned long dink_printf unsigned long 0x6270 main int decimal_no char LED char number do printf nSelect the LED you want to blink n printf tS Press S for the Status LED n printf tE Press E for the Error LED n printf tQ Press Q to Quit n LED getchar Read typed Character if LED E LED e printf nEnter the number of times 1 9 to blink the Er ror LED do is it a number number getchar Jwhile number gt 0 amp amp number lt 9 putchar number echo typed character decimal_no number 48 blink_leds 0x40600000 decimal_no else if LED S LED s printf nEnter the number of times 1 9 to blink the Status LED do number getchar Jwhile number
58. har unsigned long dink printf unsigned long 0x6368 4 Your my_scanf function will use getchar and putchar Write a header file equates these to DINK s get_char and write char Write a header file which equates dink_get_char and dink write _char to the addresses where they are stored in RAM as revealed by DINK s symtab symbol table command Include this header file in the my_scanf c program Example File excimer h Provides the addresses of functions defined in DINK on the Excimer board and used by programs The addresses of the functions are taken from the xref txt file generated by the linker When a new version of DINK is downloaded to the target make sur the functions addresses are changed accordingly to match with the e 28 new addresses being generated Modification history 210ct98 My Created for ExcDemo 19Jan99 CJC Modified to run with my scanf code Kp define getchar dink get _char define putchar dink write char Addresses of DINK functions unsigned long dink_ get char unsigned long Oxle5e4 unsigned long dink write char char unsigned long char Ox5fac 5 Link your input output test program and my_scanf program 6 Download the resulting S record file to Excimer execute it confirm that it echoes only digit charac ters and returns the correct decimal value to your program at the carr
59. he Transfer Type signals are used to convey the directionality of the information transfer 18 The memory map for the Excimer Board is shown in Figure 2 The memory map indicates that out of a total of 2 4GB addressable locations the Excimer Board allocates 2 1GB each to Static RAM Fast I O devices Slow I O devices and Flash ROM 1 Of course the Excimer board only uses a fraction of the memory locations allocated for each type of memory and de vices The Excimer Board is configured with 512 KBs of SRAM 4MBs of Flash ROM and some LED indicators For example there s a STATUS LED located at 0x40200000 while an ERROR LED is specified at 0x40600000 STATIC RAM 0x0000_0000 Ox3FFF_FFFF FAST I O STATUS LED 0x4020_0000 ERROR LED 0x4060_0000 0x4000_0000 Ox7FFF_FFFF gt SLOW I O 0x8000_ 0000 OxBFFF_FFFF FLASH ROM 0xC000_0000 OxFFFF_FFFF Figure 1 Excimer s Memory Map In this experiment you are required to write a C program that will blink repeatedly turn on and off the STATUS and ERROR LEDs alternatively The LEDs are turned on off by clear ing setting BIT 3 fourth least significant bit of these locations The reason for this negative logic is that the LEDs are connected in a common anode configuration as shown in Figure 2 for the case of a seven segment LED display 19 LED Figure 2 Common Anode LED configuration LEDs will turn ON when the cathode is at ground level
60. her workloads e g extensive mathematical calculations or bit manipulation Not all compilers are created equal The sample compilers shipped in the Excimer kit may generate vastly different code instruction scheduling and results on this benchmark However the biggest impact probably comes from the Motorola hand coded strcmp function Like most vendors Mo torola strives to provide the best benchmark results possible for marketing reasons Troubleshooting If the student is not able to Get a time function The suggested code for Experiment 4 provides a double dtime double TICS PER SECOND function which can be easily modified to provide timing information for this benchmark Link with the DINK supplied printf or other functions Check the addresses for the respective functions in DINK using the symtab command Get the results to print from the dhry2la c program dink printf will not accept floating point formats The results will have to be typecast as unsigned long or int to print The loss of accuracy is insignificant 72 Experiment 11 Running the Linpack Benchmark Debugging stage Problem Statement e In this experiment the student will adapt the popular Linpack benchmark to execute on the Excimer board Contributed by Walter Guiot and Luis Narvaez Objectives Upon completion of this laboratory experience students will be able to e verify a popular industry metric of processor performance in e
61. here rA is the register you want to compare to a Signed Immediate value 2 Register to Register opcode rA rB where rA is the register you want to compare to register 34 rB Load and Store Instruction Set Load and Store instructions allow data movement between memory and register locations They have three addressing modes In anyone of them if you use r0 the address calculation will use zero instead of the value in rA a Register Indirect with Immediate Index Addressing opcode rD SIMM rA if loading then rD is the destination register It will con tain the value that is stored in the memory address that is the sum of SIMM and the value in the register rA If storing then the memory address that is the sum of SIMM with the value in register rA will contain the value stored in register rD b Register Indirect with Index Addressing opcode rD rA rB if loading then rD is the destination register It will contain the value that is stored in the memory address that is the sum of the value in register rA and the value in the register rB If storing then the memory address that is the sum of the value in register rA with the value in register rB will contain the value stored in register rD c Register Indirect Addressing opcode rD rA if loading then rD is the destination register It will contain the value that is stored in the memory address that is the value in the register rA If storing then the
62. iage return References 1 The Waite Group s New C Primer Plus 1990 Howard W Sams amp Co Carmel IN Suggested Code file testscanf c A test harness for Excimer Experiment to prove out my scanf function Modification History 990121 CJC Original include support h void main void int decimal no printf Enter a decimal number scanf d amp decimal_ no printf nDecimal number is d n decimal _no file support c Defines an alternative to the scanf function provided by stdio h for use when running the Dhrystone benchmarks on DINK Created 990119 CJC Modified Ef include excimer h void my_scanf char fmt int v char ch int no runs 0 while ch getchar 0xd Carriage return if ch Ox7f ch 0x8 Delete putchar 0x8 Backspace putchar 0x20 Overprint a space putchar 0x8 Backspace Assume modulo arithmetic to subtract last digit added no runs no runs 10 else if ch gt 0 amp amp ch lt 9 A digit putchar ch Echo it and Accumulate the value no_runs no_runs 10 ch 48 ASCII character 48 equals the digit v no runs Assign second Arg the value file makefile SUPPORT SUPPORTOPT OPTLEV 01 CPU 603 TARGFLAGS Hppc CPU CC
63. ications All operating parameters including Typicals must be validated for each customer application by customer s technical experts Neither Motorola nor IBM convey any license under their respective intellectual property rights nor the rights of others Neither Motorola nor IBM makes any claim warranty or representation express or implied that the products described in this manual are designed intended or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body or other applications intended to support or sustain life or for any other application in which the failure of the product could create a situation where personal injury or death may occur Should customer purchase or use the products for any such unintended or unauthor ized application customer shall indemnify and hold Motorola and IBM and their respective officers employees subsidi aries affiliates and distributors harmless against all claims costs damages and expenses and reasonable attorney fees arising out of directly or indirectly any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthor ized use even if such claim alleges that Motorola or IBM was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part Motorola and are registered trademarks of Motorola Inc Motorola Inc is an Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Em ployer IBM and IBM logo are registered trademarks and IBM Microelectronics is a tradema
64. ile will be named ex actly as you named the C code file The result from this step will be the file a hex Run the DINK32 application on your Windows 95 or NT terminal Download the a hex file which resulted from the last step To do so write DL k onthe DINK monitor On the terminal it will appear Set to Keyboard Port Press Transfer gt Send Text File on the communication terminal s menu Find your a hex file and select it The file will be downloaded to the Excimer board Execute the program by writing go 70000 on the terminal Observe the behavior of the on board LED s What happens if you decrease increase the value of parameter in your FOR loop statement References 1 Motorola Designing a Minimal PowerPC System PowerPC Application Note AN1769 D 1998 Suggested Code This program will blink the status and Error LEDs alternatively ten times After that both LEDs will be shut down Oxfffff will cause a visible delay in a 300MHz PowerPCx Main unsigned long count int loop for loop 0 loop lt 10 looptt char 0x40200000 0x00 turn on status char 0x40600000 0x08 turn off error for count 0 count lt Oxfffff count char 0x40200000 0x08 turn off status char 0x40600000 0x00 turn on error for count 0 count lt Oxlfffff count char
65. ing of digits and conversion to a decimal number e Recognize the carriage return character Eximer will be in a continous loop of accepting and echoing input Additional printf statements which output each character as it is read in will reveal the value provided by the duart for the carriage return character Troubleshooting 31 Experiment T Introduction to Assembly Language Programming Problem Statement e In this experiment the student is introduced to the PowerPC instruction set architecture through the development of an assemblylLanguage routine Contributed by Eisen Montalvo Ruiz Objectives Upon completion of this laboratory experience students will be able to e write and compile an assembly language subroutine e use Metaware Assembler directives e understand the instruction set and the register set of the PowerPC Background Information e PowerPC Register Set The PowerPC architecture has two levels of privileges the user mode and the supervisor mode In the supervisor mode all registers are available to the programmer while in the user mode only a subset of the registers are available We are going to focus on the user mode for this laboratory Tin the user mode the available PowerPC registers include 32 General Purpose Registers GPRs 32 Floating Point Registers FPRs a Condition Register CR a Floating Point Status and Condition Register FPSCR the XER register the Link Register LR and the
66. into FPU and FPL 76 mtlr r11 Return as double in fprl blr Routine reads the TBU and TBL Returns seconds as double lFor CodeWarrior lasm double dtime double TICS dtime read_TB mfspr r5 TBU Get TBU mfspr r6 TBL Get TBL mfspr xr7 TBU Get TBU again subf Ci 2S 0 Did it increment between reading TBU and TBL bgt read TB If so read them again Not likely mflr rll Save the return address bl conversion Convert TBU and TBL into FPU and FPL mtlr rll blr Routine reads the HID1 PLL CFG register Returns in r3 get_HID1 mfspr r3 1009 Get HID1 register blr Troubleshooting 1 Make sure you are using the correct address for the dink_printf function 2 Make necessary changes to handle floating point 3 Use the timer funciton develop in experiment do not use any of the ones provided with the benchmark Experiment 12 Cache Impact on Benchmark Metrics petugging stage Problem Statement e In this experiment the student will compare the Linpack benchmark results with cache memory dis abled to the results with cache memory enabled Contributed by Walter Guiot and Luis Narvaez Objectives Upon completion of this laboratory experience students will be able to e compare processor performance as measured by Linpack with and without cache enabled e understand the advantages of cache memory in a computer system Background Information Cache memory is a special
67. ister set the memory access to pass information from the GPRs to the FPRs is the only memory access the assembly language routine needs thus improving perform ance Troubleshooting If the student is not able to e Get started Suggest that the student code the conversion in a c program until they have proven their algorithm If they are still having difficulty the disassembly of the c program could provide insight e Get the desired returned values from function calls This is a good opportunity to use breakpoints and examine the registers to determine how the expected value is being returned 63 Experiment 10 Dhrystone Benchmarking Problem Statement e In this experiment the student will adapt the popular Dhrystone benchmark to execute on the Ex cimer board Objectives Upon completion of this laboratory experience students will be able to e verify a popular industry metric of processor performance in embedded applications Dhrystone Version 2 1 Vax MIPs for the PowerPC 603e microprocessor on the Excimer board compare processor performance as measured by Dhrystone to published values for other proces SOrs compare code generation and instruction scheduling and resulting performance for several com peting compilers on the Dhrystone benchmark substitute more highly optimized routines for the built in or library functions provided by compiler vendors to improve performance utilize the d
68. iven bus freq returns time in seconds void main void int i MAX EXAMPLES struct Test struct Example Consider Casel Z lt 11 Case2 Z gt 11 Case3 z lt 11 Case4 z gt 11 Case5 Z z 32 Case5 All leading zeroes 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 0x00000000 Case4 Single one to treat as implied bit Move from T 32 31 to DPFF 11 0x00000000 0x00000001 Ox3FF00000 0x00000000 Case4 Single one to treat as implied bit Move from T 32 30 to DPFF 11 0x00000000 0x00000002 0x40000000 0x00000000 Case4 Single one to treat as implied bit Move from T 32 12 to DPFF 11 0x00000000 0x00080000 0x41200000 0x00000000 Case4 FRACTION starting in TH 32 12 Move to DPF 12 31 0x00000000 0x00180000 0x41380000 0x00000000 Case3 FRACTION starting in TH 32 11 Move to DPF 12 32 Check DPF 32 1 0x00000000 0x00380001 0x414C0000 0x80000000 Case3 FRACTION One sec starts T 32 9 Move to DPF 12 34 DPF 32 34 6 0x00000000 0x00FE502B 0x416FCA05 0x60000000 Case3 FRACTION in TR 33 63 FPU 12 31 TBI 1 20 FPH 0 10 TBIY 21 31 0x00000000 OxC0000401 0x41E80000 0x80200000 Case2 FRACTION TB 31 63 FPU 12 TBU 31 FPUL 13 31 TBI 0 18 FPH 0 12 TBIY 19
69. k Corley Motorola Objectives Upon completion of this laboratory experience students will be able to e substitute the getchar and putchar equivalent functions available in DINK for the same functions normally found in lt stdio h gt e recognize the ASCII character values returned from getchar and echo them back via putchar e convert digit characters input through the keyboard into decimal integer values for use in other pro grams e utilize DINK s print output function to display the resulting decimal value Background Information Texts on programming describe how to get input for a program For example The Waite Group s New C Primer Plus 1 says The C library contains several input functions and scanf is the most general of them for it can read a variety of formats Of course input for the keyboard is text because the keys generate text characters letters digits and punctuation When you desire to enter say the integer 2002 you type the characters 2 0 0 and 2 If you want to store that as a numerical value rather than as a string your program has to convert the string character by character to a numerical value And that is what scanf does It converts a string in put into various forms integers floating point numbers characters and C strings It is the inverse of printf which converts integers floating point numbers characters and C strings to text that is to be displayed on the screen Lik
70. l be met upon successful completion of the lab experiment The Back ground information section presents a brief description of the theory behind the devices instruc tions functional units and or methods to be followed in the conduction of the experiment The Procedure section presents a step by step guide to the experiment The Questions section seeks to guide the student through a meaningful analysis of what he she has performed as part of the experiment Finally the References section presents additional references with material that is useful for the experiment at hand In addition to these sections the Instructor s Manual contains a Results and a Troubleshooting section This laboratory manual contains experiments designed to familiarize students with the PowerPC architecture via the Excimer Laboratory Board The lab manual is not meant to serve as a stand alone textbook on the PowerPC instruction set architecture ISA but rather is designed as a companion to any PowerPC book or technical reference Each experiment is designed so that students will end up with a significant number of useful subroutines that can be used in other more complex programming problems Additional references to the PowerPC architecture and the Excimer board may be found at_http www motorola com SPS PowerPC teksupport CONTENTS Experiment 1 Metaware Tutorial 6 Write and compile a simple C program Experiment 2 DINK Tutorial 10 Downl
71. mbedded applications Linpack for the PowerPC 603e microprocessor on the Excimer board e compare processor performance as measured by Linpack to published values for other processors e compare code generation and instruction scheduling and resulting performance for several com peting compilers on the Linpack benchmark e compare processor performance as measured by Linpack with performance given by the manufac turer Background Information LINPACK is a collection of subroutines used to benchmark the performance of computers in the analysis and solving of linear equations and linear least squares problems LINPACK solves linear sys tems whose matrices are general banded symmetric indefinite symmetric positive definite triangular and tridiagonal square The LINPACK routines are constructed such that locality of reference is maxi mized A C language version can be obtained http www netlib org benchmark References 1 David A Patterson John L Hennessy Conputer Organization amp Design The Hardware Soft ware Interface Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc San Francisco California 1994 2 http www netlib org linpack 3 The Linpack Benchmark http www netlib org benchmark top500 reports report93 section2_16_2 html Procedure 1 Download the linpack benchmark from ftp sites such as_http www netlib org linpack or ftp ftp nosc mil pub aburto 2 Read the included documentation regarding co
72. mpaling instruction 3 Modify the source code to make it compatible with Dink instructions such as dink printf Remem ber that dink printf does not support floating point a function will have to be developed to handle floating point refer to experiment 5 for printf function for the Dhrystone benchmark 4 Compile the source code and link it with the dtime function develop in experiment The file dtime s developed in the experiment may be used 5 Get the PowerPC 603e performance information from the manufacturer and compare it with the results obtained with linpack 74 Suggested Code x x This experiment is still in the ebugging phase as it is necessary to send floating point numbers to th screen r8 accumulator for final EXPonent value of DPFP number r9 shift count of 32 n where n zeroes 11 rl0 constant register of 11 rll link register storage file dtime s For Metware High C C Compiler Assembler Assembly language routine to convert 64 bit PowerPC TB facility to Double precision floating point number Plus additional routines for testing CJC 981216 Contributed by Chuck Corley Motorola Register usage l r3 FPU upper 32 bits of floating point value r4 FPL lower 32 bits of floating point value l r5 TBU time base upper read from spr or loaded for test l r6 TBL time base lower read from spr or loaded for test r7 leading zeroes in a registe
73. nce students will be able to e write and assemble an assembly language subroutine e call the assembly language subroutine from a C program and use the values returned e convert integer numbers to PowerPC floating point representation e convert time base count values to seconds of wall clock time Background Information The PowerPC architecture requires each microprocessor implementation to provide a time base facility TB a 64 bit structure that consists of two 32 bit registers time base upper TBU and time base lower TBL User level applications are permitted read only access to the TB which is useful for timing program execution or providing a time reference The update frequency of the time base is sys tem dependent so the algorithm for converting the current value in the time base to time of day is also system dependent The MPC603e microprocessor used on the Excimer board increments the TB at one fourth the SYSCLK bus frequency Excimer does not have a real time clock chip as would be found on most computers TBU and TBL are cleared at each power up or they can be set to an initial value in supervisor mode The TB facility 53 then counts up at one fourth of SYSCLK frequency from this initial value Excimer cannot relate a TB value to real time without user assistance like setting a watch SYSCLK is crystal controlled to 66 6666MHz see the oscillator on the board at U15 therefore TBL increments 16 666 667 tim
74. nce the three less significant address lines are used only for chip selection while program ming every address present on the AM29LV800B Data Sheet including command sequence as well as sector segregation has to be shifted left by 3 The following are the required rules for the Excimer V1 and V2 boards since the address line is shifted by three and the data lines are bit reversed e Rule for converting from expected address found on AM29LV800B Data Sheet to shifted address Excimer Memory Mapped left shift address by 3 bit reverse data example address 0x555 lt 3 0x2aa8 0b0101 0101 0101 lt 3 0b0010 1010 1010 1000 e Rule for converting from bit not reversed little Endian to Little Endian to bit reversed Little En dian to Big Endian Bit reverse the data line example data Oxaa 0x55 061010 1010 bit reversed 0b0101 0101 86 On the following sequences address and data has already been shifted as well as bit reversed You should not have trouble if using these examples Do recall that you will need to make reference to the AM29LV800B Data Sheet when trying to search for sectors and specific addresses Entering Autoselect mode Write address 0x2aa8 with data 0x55555555 Write address 0x1550 with data Oxaaaaaaaa Write address 0x2aa8 with data 0x09090909 Get Manufacturer ID Read address 0x0000 get data 0x80008000 Get Device ID Read address 0x0008 get data 0x5B445B44 Get Sector Protect status for
75. oad the program to Excimer and use some utilities Experiment 3 Useful DINK Functions 14 Write a program that will get input from KB and echo to display Discuss various utilities of interest Experiment 4 Excimer Memory Map 18 Compile download and execute a C program which blinks the on board LEDs Experiment 5 LED Control from PC Keyboard 23 Write and debug aC program to turn the on board LEDs on and off for varying integer counts Experiment 6 A Simple Scanf Function for Excimer 26 Develop a C function for taking character input from the terminal emulator s keyboard attached to Excimer through the serial port and converting number characters to decimal values used in other programs Experiment 7 Introduction to Assembly Language Programming 32 Write a simple assembly language program Experiment 8 Linking Assembly Language and C code 41 Link previous code fragments Experiment 9 Converting Integers to Floating Point 52 Develop an assembly language subroutine to convert the 64 bit integer value read from the PowerPC time base facility to a 64 bit double floating point number representing seconds Contributed by Chuck Cor ley Motorola Experiment 10 Dhrystone Benchmarking 63 Write and debug a C program to count the integer number of cycles required to execute the Dhrystone benchmark Experiment 11 Linpack Benchmarking 72 Write and debug a C program to time in microseconds floating point the execution of the
76. of memory If this program is by any means erased the computer will just never be able to restart Once the computer starts the application to be executed can be anything we decide It would be quite expensive and space prohibiting to have all the applications we would like to have on a computer stored on non volatile silicon memory chips Instead we have found quite useful to store our applica tions on magnetic or other type of media and then write them to a bank of volatile type of silicon mem ory which is fast and can cope with the microprocessor need for instructions to execute This volatile memory can be written over and over repeatedly And when power is no longer applied to the memory array all information is forever lost Typical use of volatile memory such as RAM is to load Operative Systems OS and any application you may want to execute on the computer Only the necessary instructions reside on RAM The OS is responsible of loading the RAM with the necessary instructions as they are needed A disadvantage of non volatile memory cells is that they have a short life and usually can not be rewrit ten more than a specified number of times They are also significantly slower than volatile memories We have come to accept that there is a need and a use for both types of memory This is why our Ex cimer board is equipped with 1 MB of RAM which is our volatile type of memory and 4MB of Flash ROM which is our non volatile mem
77. of the DINK functions in a C language program The user will only need to modyfy the address and function name define function_name dink function name unsigned long dink function name unsigned long hex addr Troubleshooting If the student is not able to access the DINK functions e verify the casting is correct e verify that he she is using the correct hex address 17 Experiment 4 Excimer Memory Map Problem Statement This experiment requires the compilation downloading and execution of a C language pro gram which blinks the Excimer Board s STATUS and ERROR Light Emitting Diodes LEDs Contributed by Noel Serrano Jos I Qui ones Luis Navaez Walter Guiot and Gunther Costas Objectives Upon completion of this laboratory experience students will be able to e write and compile a C program e download and execute PowerPC Assembly object code e locate the LEDs within the Excimer s memory map e apply the methodology needed to turn on and off the LEDs Background Information The PowerPC family of microprocessors is based on a memory mapped input output scheme Under this scheme an input port can be thought of as read only memory location while an out put port can be treated like a write only memory location The microprocessor s address bus is used to select the peripheral device port location the data bus is used to transmit or receive data to from the device and t
78. oint and character formats It will only print decimal numbers d hexadecimal numbers x and strings s and then only one such format per printf statement 27 Procedure 1 Write a C language program which asks the user to input a number through the keyboard and then outputs the number input as a positive decimal number 2 Ina separate file write a C program my_scanf char int which reads characters from the keyboard echoes those that are digits and at the carriage return assigns a decimal value to the second argument of my_scanf Hint While ignoring non digit characters may be an acceptable simplification you may want to check for backspace or delete characters and take the appropriate action if the user attempts to correct his numerical input 3 Write a header file which equates the function name scanf to my_scanf and printf to dink printf In the header file equate dink printf to the address where it is stored in RAM as revealed by DINK s symtab symbol table command Include this header file in your test program Example File support h Equates functions used in Excimer Exercise to equivalent functions defined in DINK or in my scanf c OTE If DINK function addresses change because DINK changes addresses here must be changed accordingly odification history 19Jan99 CJC Original F F HF E a define printf dink printf define scanf my_scanf extern void my_scanf const c
79. ory At this time you must be familiar with the fact that the Excimer board has an operative system you can use called the DINK32 This Monitor program is stored on the Flash ROM and is responsible of 82 initializing all peripheral activity within the Power PC 603e evaluation board When you press reset this dedicated application executes and it takes over the board This monitor also enables the user to see and use all registers and memory space with commands such as Memory Display MD Register Dis play RD and so on The Monitor even has an online assembler and disassembler that enables the user to see code and to enter code manually The Excimer also needs RAM to operate That is any variable and or data must be written to RAM since this value may change continuously So the 1 MB of RAM provided is needed by the Excimer to operate Fortunately for developers this RAM can also be loaded with applications trying to exploit the power embedded on the 603e CPU For testing and evaluation purposes the RAM will hold in structions which must be downloaded periodically with the help of a PC that can be traced and watched using the DINK32 tools It is the ultimate goal of any Engineer using an evaluation board such as the Excimer to create a free running application capable of self supporting itself In other words that an specified application such a control or embedded system may run without the need of a PC computer This implies
80. ot included are 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 oN The Fibonacci numbers arose from the solution to the following problem posed in the year 1225 Suppose we have one pair of rabbits that can produce another pair of productive offspring when they reach the age of 1 month and that each successive pair of offspring can do the same Fur thermore assume the rabbits never die How many rabbits will there be after n months The solution is as follows If after n months there are k pairs of rabbits the number of pairs in month n 1 will be k plus the number of new pairs born However since new pairs are only born to pairs at least 1 month old there will be k new pairs that is k k ka 1 which is simply the rule for generating the Fibonacci Numbers More information on the fascinating world of Fi bonacci Numbers and their applications can be found in http pass maths org uk issue3 fibonacci index html Procedure 1 Write a C language program that will calculate the first 12 Fibonacci numbers Hint Use a recursive function 2 To be able to print the numbers in the DINK32 interface this will be discussed in more detail in future experiments you will need to add the following code to your program to redefine the default printf function with the one provided by DINK Also the printf function should contain only one variable define printf dink printf unsigned long dink printf unsigned long 0x6270
81. r 32 bits of floating point value r4 FPL lower 32 bits of floating point value 1 1 1 l l l r5 TBU time base upper read from spr or loaded for test 1 l l 1 1 r6 TBL time base lower read from spr or loaded for test r7 leading zeroes in a register or shift count of zeroes 11 r8 accumulator for final EXPonent value of DPFP number r9 shift count of 32 n where n zeroes 11 rl0 constant register of 11 rll link register storage define TBU 269 Special purpose register numbers for TB define TBL 268 data Local storage double 0 text global dtime global get _HID1 global conversion test lFor CodeWarrior E lasm double conversion double TICS conversion cntlzw r7 r5 Find leading zeroes in TBU Preserve in r7 addi r9 xr0 32 Will need a 32 in several places Create one in r9 addi r10 r0 11 Create a constant in r10 11 subf 1r8 r7 r9 r8 will hold EXP Currently 32 leading zeroes beqt tbu_is zero TBU never got incremented Zeroes 32 Most likely subf xr7 r10 r7 INo Is TB more than 2 52 Zeroes lt 11 r7 Z 11 add r8 r8 r9 Final exponent will be 64 1 leading zeroes bget tbu lt 8yrs Tf TB gt 2 52 shift TBU bits right Not likely tbu gt _ 8yrs for Z lt 11 fpu tbu gt gt n 11 Z2 fpl tbhu lt lt n 32 11 Z tbl gt gt n 11 Z neg EIFE rlwnm shift count of 11 Z Z 11 n r7 subf r9 r7
82. r or shift count of zeroes 11 1 1 1 1 define TBU 269 Special purpose register numbers for TB define TBL 268 data Local storage double 0 text global dtime global get _HID1 global conversion test lFor CodeWarrior E lasm double conversion double TICS conversion cntlzw r7 r5 Find leading zeroes in TBU Preserve in r7 addi r9 xr0 32 IWill need a 32 in several places Create one in r9 addi TLO OLT Create a constant in r10 11 subf repr Lo r8 will hold EXP Currently 32 leading zeroes beqt tbu_is_ zero TBU never got incremented Zeroes 32 Most likely subf xr7 r10 r7 No Is TB more than 2 52 Zeroes lt 11 r7 Z 11 add r8 r8 4r9 Final exponent will be 64 1 leading zeroes bge tbu lt 8yrs If TB gt 2 52 shift TBU bits right Not likely tbu gt _ 8yrs Ifor Zz lt 11 fpu thu gt gt n 11 Z fpl tbhu lt lt n 32 11 Z tbl gt gt n 11 Z neg r7 xr7 rlwnm shift count of 11 Z Z 11 n r7 subf FIET S rlwnm shift count of 32 n 32 11 2 r9 rlwnm 1r3 r5 r9 12 31 Shift TBU right n 11 Z Mask off 0 gt 11 rlwnm r4 r5 r9 0 10 Shift remaining TBU bits left n 32 11 Z rlwnm r6 r6 r9 0 31 Shift TBL right n 11 Z or r4 r6 r4 lOr rest of TBU shifted left with TBL shifted right b form exponent Go bias the exponent and or into FPU tbu lt 8yrs Ifor Z gt 11 fpu tbu lt lt n Z 11 tbl gt gt n 32 Z 11 fpl tbl l
83. r to start of data section r12 miscellaneous IB A EMO ril k r7 Pointer to row in matrix r8 Pointer to column in matrix r5 holds temporary result of calculations Prr rrr rer rbr rr rr rr br bbe bee CODE Section Prtrrrtr rrr rrr rrr rrr tr tt r tt rt tb ttt org 0x60000 text global mat_mult mat_mult addic r5 r0 0 Clear R5 lis LO 6 Load immediate shifted to R9 addi r9 r9 208 Pointer to data section lwz r12 108 r9 Load n cmpw r5 r12 If R5 gt R12 then bge exit goto exit else another i addi r10 r0 0 Clear R10 lis O S Load immediate shifted to R9 addi r9 r9 208 Pointer to data section lwz r12 108 r9 Load n cmpwi r12 0 T R12 lt 0 then ble incr i goto incr i else another j addi rll r0 0 Clear R11 lis 9K 6 Load immediate shifted to R9 addi r9 r9 208 Pointer to data section lwz cmpwi ble another k mulli slwi add lis addi lwzx mulli slwi add add lwz mullw add add lwz add stw incr_k addi lwz cmpw bgt incr Jj addi lis addi cmpw bgt incr i addi lis addi r12 108 r9 r12 0 incr j ry 25 12 PL2 sel 2 CUZ o a Fy r9 6 r9 r9 208 HO EA E9 EL rid T2 C8 CLO 2 PLD Ey Li EL23 seg oa rly 9 36 r12 r6 r12 r6 2 E344 E Pm celle ema hc 12 T2 8 Zi SLD A BR N 72 r8 ELpL 108 r9 EIE rik C125 eT another k
84. r3 Local pointer SP Return a pointer to the FPU storage location blr Routine passed sample values of TBU and TBL Returns seconds as double lFor CodeWarrior lasm double float _test unsigned long Upper unsigned long Lower double TICS float test or 5 713 3 Use test values of TBU and TBL passed in r3 and r4 or r6 r4 r4 las substitutes for values read from TB mflr rll Save the return address bl conversion Convert TBU and TBL into FPU and FPL mtlr rll Return as double in fprl blr lFor CodeWarrior Routine reads the TBU and TBL Returns seconds as double 59 lasm double dtime double TICS dtime read_TB mfspr r5 TBU Get TBU mfspr r6 TBL Get TBL mfspr xr7 TBU Get TBU again subf Iy Cop LT Did it increment between reading TBU and TBL bgt read TB If so read them again Not likely mflr r11 Save the return address bl conversion Convert TBU and TBL into FPU and FPL mtlr ELA blr Routine reads the HID1 PLL CFG register Returns in r3 get_HID1 mfspr r3 1009 Get HID1 register blr file test _program c Tests the operation of assy language routine to convert PowerPC TimeBase values from integer to DP floating point values Chuck Corley 981214 ef include lt stdlib h gt include Excimer h File of Excimer board specific constants include Exercise h File of common typedefs for this exercise struct TB View conversion test int int double G
85. ring Register 19 lis r19 65484 Register 19 contains Address FFCC0000 xor r20 r20 r20 Clearing Register 20 lis r20 85 Register 20 contains data 00000055 stwx r20 r19 r13 Program 00000055 data in FLASH Address SFFCC0000 At this moment data will have been programmed into FFCC0000 main c EMR 29 4 99 This code writes a program to FlashROM and sets the booting vector to the program written There s some problem with the FlashROM Right now the program is stuck with trying to write cor rectly to the FlashROM I have tried the same program with two different Excimer Boards and the results are different Although the second time it write some information correctly I think the FlashROM is damaged include lt stdio h gt define getchar dink get_char define putchar dink write char define printf dink printf void blink leds int addr int i unsigned long dink_get_char unsigned long Oxle4c4 unsigned long dink write char char unsigned long char Ox5eb4 unsigned long dink printf unsigned long 0x6270 define flash Oxffc00000 define addrl 0x2aa8 define addr2 0x1550 define zerosones 0x01010101 define allas Oxaaaaaaaa define allfives 0x55555555 define zeroscs 0x0c0c0c0c define zerosfives 0x05050505 define zerosfours 0x04040404 define zerosnines 0x09090909 define allzeros 0x00000000 void erase sector int void program unsign
86. rk of International Business Machines Corp The PowerPC name PowerPC logotype and PowerPC 601 are trademarks of International Business Ma chines Corp used by Motorola under license from International Business Machines Corp International Business Ma chines Corp is an Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer This laboratory manual contains 13 lab experiments for the PowerPC Excimer Board presented in an increasing order of complexity The experiments range from memory mapping problems and system benchmarking to integer to floating point number representation conversion It is as sumed that the student has a basic understanding of C and assembly languages There is a natural progression in the lab experiments leading up to the Dhrystone and Linpack benchmarking of the PowerPC603e that forms the basis of the Excimer board Specifically the experiments guide the student through the following topics code compilation code download DINK functions resi dent monitor program keyboard input assembly language programming and linking assembly language to C code There are also experiments on memory mapping and Flash ROM program ming Each lab experiment is structured as follows Problem Statement Objectives Background Infor mation Procedure Questions and References The Problem Statement provides a brief indica tion as to the tasks that will be performed The Objectives section presents the specific educa tional objectives that wil
87. rma tion type help lt command gt in the DINK prompt Command Format Memory Display md lt addr gt Registry Display regdisp rx Disassemble ds lt addr gt Trace tr lt addr gt Breakpoint br lt addr gt Assemble as lt addr gt Description Displays the memory area specified by the hex address Displays the register specified by rx Disassemble the code starting at the specified address location Begin tracing a program at the specified address To continue tracing type tr Sets a breakpoint at the specified address Provides you with the option of changing part of the assembly from the DINK Interface accessing it through the address of the code line 12 References 1 Motorola Designing a Minimal PowerPC System PowerPC Application Note AN1769 D 1998 Students should be able to note that DINK works similarly to other evaluation board environments e DINK provides functionality that enables the user to modify the memory registers and as sembly code e DINK provides breakpoint and trace capabilities for debugging purposes Troubleshooting If the student is not able to communicate with the DINK e verify the connections to COMI port and board e check for correct settings on terminal client 13 Experiment 3 Useful DINK Functions Problem Statement e In this experiment the student is introduced to a set of useful functions that are contained within the DINK 32 Interface Contributed by Noel Se
88. rrano Objectives Upon completion of this laboratory experience students will be able to e work with more advanced DINK functions and use them on future laboratories Background Information The DINK 32 interface provides a set of functions that facilitate the development of programs for the Excimer board Among the functions included in DINK are some that allow the program mer to capture data from the keyboard and to print to the screen Other functions control parts of the Excimer board configuration like enabling the timer cache etc This laboratory will give you and overview of a basic set of these functions and will teach you how to access them in your C programs There is a command included in DINK that display a list of all these functions with their branch labels and corresponding addresses The command is st and the corresponding output will look like this DINK32 603e gt gt st 14 Current list of DINK branch labels KEYBOARD 0x0 get_char Oxle4c4 write char OxSeb4 TBaselInit 0x39e0 TBaseReadLower Ox3a04 TBaseReadUpper 0x3a20 CacheInhibit Ox3a3c InvEnL1iDcache Ox3a5c DisL1Dcache Ox3aa4 InvEnLilIcache Ox3ac8 DisLlIcache Ox3b00 BurstMode Ox3bfe RamInCBk Ox3c3c RamInWThru Ox3c7c dink loop 0x55e8 dink printf 0x6270 Current list of USER branch labels DINK32 603e gt gt All these functions can be accessed through your C code by casting a function that will point to
89. s This slwi r18 r18 8 word is sent to the Flash to differentiate the command addi r18 r18 9 sequence from all others This data is specific to the slwi r18 r18 8 Autoselect mode addi r18 r18 9 slwi r18 r18 8 addi r18 r18 9 Register 18 contains data 09090909 stwx r17 114 4113 Store 55555555 data in S FFCO2AA8 addi r14 r14 4 First sequence step taken care of stwx r17 r14 r13 It has to be written to both memory banks stwx r16 r15 113 Store SAAAAAAAA data in FFC01550 addi r15 r15 4 Second sequence step taken care of stwx r16 r15 r13 Tt has to be written to both memory banks subi r14 r14 4 Subtract 4 from R14 so that the address FFCO2AA8 is lonce again available stwx r18 114 ris Store 09090909 data in FFCO2AA8 addi r14 r14 4 Third step into the Autoselect sequence taken care of stwx r18 r14 r13 Tt has to be writen to both memory banks At this moment the Flash ROM is on the Autoselect Mode All memory reads will return Autoselect Mode Information such as Manufacturer ID Device ID and Sector Protect Verification status To exit Autoselect Mode the Autoselect Reset sequence or a Hardware reset must be performed TWRS ri9 lt rT2 13 Loading into Register 19 Manufacturer ID for the first memory bank addi r12 r12 4 89 lwzx 420 rl12 r13 Loading into Register 20 Manufacturier ID for the second Memory Bank The second snippet of cod
90. ssive Flash recording might not be as easy or possible with existing hardware The Flash ROM chips being interfaced by the Power PC 603E on our Excimer board are AMD s AM29LV800B 8 Mbits memory modules Detailed information on how to erase and program the Flash cells can be found in AM29LV800B Data Sheet Some introductory information follows but it is ad vised to students to read the proposed Application Note The AMD FLASH ROM chip already contains a control unit inside of each FLASH chip All that is needed to erase read or program a byte sector or the entire chip is a set of commands which will put the chip into a predefined state Once the state is defined and the corresponding commands sent to the chip via the Data Bus the internal control logic will do the rest States which can be entered are Sector Protect Sector Unprotect Autoselect Erase Sector Erase Chip Erase Suspend Erase Resume Pro gram Reset and Unlock Bypass Device programming occurs by executing the Program Command sequence This initiates the Embed ded Program algorithm an internal algorithm that automatically times the program pulse widths and verifies proper cell margin The Unlock Bypass mode facilitates faster programming times by requiring only two write cycles to program data instead of four Instead of using the common Program Command 84 6 step command you can now use the Unlock Bypass Command Sequence refer to Table 5 of the AM29LV800B D
91. ssor data bus as big endian while the Flash ROM data bus is a little endian device This means that what is the MSB to the Microproc essor is actually the LSB to the Flash ROM Data has to be bit reversed and that is as simple as mir roring the 16 bit words so that the Flash ROM understands In other words whatever data the AM29LV800B Data Sheet tells you to send to the Flash has to be bit reversed before it is actually sent 85 NOTE This is actually the programmer s job Programmer could develop a subroutine to mirror the word or else he she could do it by hand before actually writing the assembly or C code The other very important fact to have in mind is that the memory mapping suggests a 3 bit left shifting That is if observing the Excimer implementation schematic the 3 less significant bits are not used to select memory space inside the memory device itself recall that PowerPC address bus is big endian while AMD flash devices are little endian That is why address lines A31 A30 and A29 are the ones not connected to the memory device They are actually the less significant address lines to the Power PC 603e These three address lines are in fact used by the Excimer memory control FPGA to select one of the four memory chips That is why on the Excimer implementation Schematic there is a differ ent line for each one of the WE write enables control signals while CS Chip Select and OE Out put Enable are shared NOTE Si
92. st amount of flash to erase is one complete sector Refer to Table 3 on the AM29LVS800B Data Sheet for sector addresses and remember to shift left by 3 any address Be careful when erasing a sector There might be important code as OS code on the sector References e AM29LV800B Data Sheet www amd com e FL C Source Code Suggested Code Two sets of code are available on this section The first thing any student should try is to properly send commands to the Flash ROM chips Since writing or erasing may be hazardous to the Excimer health it is recommended that a few experiments are performed before any erasing or programming is attempted This will allow the students to practice Assembly Language Programming to interface the ships not by using the data supplied by the AM29LV800B Data Sheet but with the already shifted addresses and inverted data The first code snippet shows how to enter Autoselect Mode Students will be able to check memory spaces for the specified data If any method to memory display byte information shows the specified data note inversion will be noted the command sequence has been successful Otherwise one or more steps might not be correct Check troubleshooting section for more information on possible errors text global readflash readflash xOr 112 I2 T2 Clearing Registers 12 and 13 Xor rls ris E13 lis r12 65472 R12 contains SFFCO0000 addi r12 r12 8 Registerl2 contains address SFFC00008
93. t lt n Z 11 subf r9 r7 xr9 Form a shift count of 32 11 Z r9 rlwnm 1 3 4r5 r7 12 31 Shift TBU left n Z 11 Mask off 0 11 srw r5 r6 xr9 Shift TBL bits right n 32 Z 11 or C3 3 05 Or TBU shifted left with TBL shifted right rlwnm r6 r6 r7 0 31 Shift remainder of TBL left n Z 11 Xor r4 r6 r5 XORing with the same value shifted right is like ANDing 75 b form_exponent tbu_is zero cntlzw r7 r6 subf 1r8 r7 r9 beq tbl_is zero subf xr7 r10 r7 bge tbl_1t_63ms tbl_gt_63ms neg r7 r7 subf r9 r7 xr9 fpl with a mask of all zeroes in bits 32 Z 11 31 Z 32 Find leading zeroes in TBL EXP 32 leading zeroes Entire TBL count exactly zero Not likely INo Is TB less than 2 20 zeroes lt 11 If not will have to shift bits right Most likely Ifor z lt 11 fpu tbhl gt gt n 11 z fpl tbl lt lt n 32 11 z rlwnm shift count of 11 Z Z 11 n r7 rlwnm shift count of 32 n 32 11 Z r9 rlwnm r3 r6 r9 12 31 Shift TBE right n 11 z Mask off 0 11 rlwnm r4 r6 r9 0 10 Shift remaining TBL bits left n 32 11 Z Ifor z gt 11 fpu tbl lt lt z 11 fpl 0 rlwnm r3 r6 r7 12 31 Shift TBL left n Z 11 Mask off bits 0 11 b form_exponent tbl_1t_63ms XOr r4 r4 r4 b form_exponent tbl_is zero Xor ESE E3 Xor r4 r4 r4 b compute_seconds form exponent addi r8 r8 1022 rlwinm r8 r8 20 1 12 or ESEESE
94. t fib no 0 index 0 while index lt 12 fib no fibonacci index printf Fibonacci number for index d is index oo printf sd n fib no index return 0 int fibonacci int number switch number case 0 return 1 case 1 return 1 default return fibonacci number 1 fibonacci number 2 Troubleshooting If the student is not able to e Print to the DINK 32 interface verify that the address of the pointer address matches that of the DINK version in use This can be done through an st command in DINK and verifying that the address for printf matches the one provided in this manual Experiment 2 DINK Tutorial Problem Statement e This experiment is designed to introduce the student to the DINK interface A tutorial on how to download code to the Excimer board and some useful DINK debugging utilities are also presented Contributed by Noel Serrano Objectives Upon completion of this laboratory experience students will be able to e download their programs to the Excimer board using the DINK interface e debug the programs using the DINK built in debugging tools Background Information The Excimer board contains a debugging interface called DINK This interface enables you to connect to the evaluation board through a serial cable using a terminal program This enables the developer to have continuous communication with the evaluation board allowing
95. t is done by using the dink printf function using the same syntax as in C define printf dink printf unsigned long dink printfr unsigned long 0x6270 This will enable you to print any message on the DINK and also include any of the variables in cluded in your code The DINK printf function can only include one variable per statement not like in C which it can contain any number of variables printf Fibonacci number for index d is index There are other important functions that can be used to control many aspects of the Excimer board These are briefly described in the table below and explained in details in the included DINK manuals Functions Address Description TBaselInit 0x39e0 Initializes the time base register TBaseReadLower 0x3a04 Reads the lower half of the time base register 16 TBaseReadUpper 0x3a20 Reads the upper half of the time base register CacheInhibit Ox3a3c Turns off the caches InvEnL1Dcache 0x3a5c Invalidate and Enable the L1 data cache DisL1Dcache _0x3aa4_ Disable L1 data cache InvEnL 1Icache Ox3ac8 Invalidate and Enable the L1 instruction cache DisL1Icache 0x3b00 Disable L1 instruction cache BurstMode Ox3bfe Sets up burst mode References 1 Motorola Designing a Minimal PowerPC System PowerPC Application Note AN1769 D 1998 Suggested Code This section of code can be used to define any
96. taware compiler 11 3 Now you are ready to download your program to the Excimer board for execution To do so first go to the terminal client running the DINK32 interface and type d1 k This command will expect to receive data from the keyboard serial port COM1 Now proceed to send the file from the terminal client This can be done by selecting a command like Send Text File or Send ASCII this can vary from one terminal client to the other Now browse for the a hex created in the directory where you compiled your program 4 Run your program by typing go 70000 in the DINK32 program If your code is correct and if you have been successful in downloading the code you should get an output like the following DINK32_6 3e gt gt dl k set to Keyboard Port Download Complete DINK32_6 3e gt gt go 70060 Fibonacci number for index is 1 Fibonacci number for index 1 is 1 Fibonacci number for index 2 is 2 Fibonacci number for index 3 is 3 Fibonacci number for index 4 is 5 Fibonacci number for index 5 is 8 Fibonacci number for index 6 is 13 Fibonacci number for index 7 is 21 Fibonacci number for index 8 is 34 Fibonacci number for index is 55 Fibonacci number for index 16 is 89 Fibonacci number for index 11 is 144 DINK32_6 3e gt gt Hint The table below presents some useful commands in case you need to debug your program view memory or register contents and or ser breakpoints for program tracing For more info
97. that the Engi neer code will always be present on the Excimer Board but it was only downloaded once You are currently downloading the code every time you need to execute it Eventually you will reach a time when your code will be totally debugged It would be really appropriate to make the Evaluation Board a stand alone unit with your code as the dedicated application It is the goal of this laboratory experiment to show how to write the Flash ROM area so that a dedi cated application may be coded in this non volatile memory The architecture of the suggested proce dure is to write a simple program that writes another code into the Flash ROM As a more advanced option the writer program could set the RESET vector to the address where it will begin writing the written code 83 As a Safety feature so that DINK32 is still available after the flash ROM is updated the written code is to ask the user if the application to be executed is DINK32 or itself The true DINK32 pointer can be saved from the previous vector table The program will now have the ability to either jump to the short code which can be the LED blinker code or to the DINK32 How to program the Flash ROM The Excimer board has 4Mbytes of Flash ROM where the DINK32 monitor resides Nevertheless user defined applications can be recorded on this memory space as long as some precautions are taken Do recall that if the monitor is no longer working succe
98. time function of Experiment 4 to measure elapsed time for a benchmark s execution Background Information Compararative performance of computers is a popular topic for computer scientists computer archi tects and computer salesmen Many performance measurements or benchmarks have been used over 64 the last several decades to compare various aspects of computer performance Some benchmarks in volve running real applications e g compiling the compiler or calculating a spreadsheet which are heavily dependent on the resources of a particular operating system Others are small synthetic benchmarks designed to be representative of the workload of a class of larger applications but which do no meaningful work and are easier to run across various operating systems and architectures The Dhrystone benchmark is a synthetic benchmark developed by Reinhold P Weicker of Siemens Nixdorf in the early eighties It was first published in Communications of the ACM vol 27 no 10 Oct 1984 pp 1013 1030 It is easily ported to many different operating environments and results for many computers are widely published For embedded processors where operating system and system resources may be limited it has been the most often quoted performance measure It is popular because it provides one number Vax MIPS that can be compared quickly with other computers Vax MIPS are calculated by dividing the number of times that the Dhrystone ben
99. xample i TB GPR _View TBU View Example i TB_ GPR _View TBL View TICS PER SEC printf FPR 4 2e n Result TB FP test TB FP View ay b return file watch c Reads the PowerPC Time Base Facility on Excimer and prints out a twenty second count to the terminal emulator Chuck Corley 981214 E7 include lt stdlib h gt include Excimer h File of Excimer board specific constants include Exercise h File of common typedefs double dtime double Given bus freq returns time in seconds unsigned long get_HID1 Returns HID1 register void main void double begin time current time delta time 0 0 seconds 0 0 int int_seconds unsigned long HID1 Reg printf PowerPC Timer Test n printf Beginning a twenty second count assuming bus speed of 66 67MHz n printf Please time me n printf If your stopwatch time differs significantly from 20 seconds n printf we can compute the actual bus speed n begin time dtime TICS PER SEC for int _seconds 1 int seconds lt 20 int _seconds Countup to start while delta_time lt 1 0 current time dtime TICS PER SEC delta_time current time int seconds begin time delta_time 0 0 switch int _seconds case 1 break Delay to get stopwatch ready case 0 printf Start now n Begin timing at zero seconds
100. xr9 rlwnm shift count of 32 n 32 11 Z r9 rlwnm 1r3 r5 r9 12 31 Shift TBU right n 11 Z Mask off 0 11 rlwnm r4 r5 r9 0 10 Shift remaining TBU bits left n 32 11 Z rlwnm r6 r6 r9 0 31 Shift TBL right n 11 Z or r4 r6 r4 lOr rest of TBU shifted left with TBL shifted right b form exponent Go bias the exponent and or into FPU tbu lt 8yrs Ifor Z gt 11 fpu tbu lt lt n Z 11 tbl gt gt n 32 Z 11 fpl tbl lt lt n Z 11 subf TIETO Form a shift count of 32 11 2 r9 rlwnm r3 r5 r7 12 31 Shift TBU left n Z 11 Mask off 0 11 srw 5 7 6 09 Shift TBL bits right n 32 Z 11 or 3 305 lOr TBU shifted left with TBL shifted right rlwnm r6 r6 r7 0 31 Shift remainder of TBL left n Z 11 XOR r4 r6 r5 XORing with the same value shifted right is like ANDing b form exponent fpl with a mask of all zeroes in bits 32 Z 11 31 tbu is zero Z 32 cntlzw r7 r6 Find leading zeroes in TBL subf r8 r7 r9 EXP 32 leading zeroes 58 beq tbl_is zero subf r r10 r7 bge tbl_1t_63ms tbl_gt_63ms b form_exponent tbl_1t_63ms xor r4 r4 r4 b form_exponent neg r7 r7 subf r9 r7 xr9 riwni 1r3 r6 r9 12 31 rlwnm 4r4 r6 r9 0 10 Entire TBL count exactly zero Not likely No Is TB less than 2 20 zeroes lt 11 If not will have to shift bits right Most likely Ifor z lt 11 fpu tbhl gt gt n 11 z fpl tbl lt lt n 32

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