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EPE Online - May 2007, Vol. 36, No. 5

1. SEND TO Everyday Practical Electronics Wimborne Publishing Ltd 408 Wimborne Road East Ferndown Dorset BH22 9ND Tel 01202 873872 Fax 01202 874562 Email orders epemag wimborne co uk Payments must be by card or in Sterling cheque or bank draft drawn on a UK bank Normally supplied within seven days of receipt of order Send a copy of this form or order by letter if you do not wish to cut your issue NOTE The PDF files on this CD ROM are suitable to use on any PC with a CD ROM drive They require Adobe Acrobat Reader included on the CD ROM BECOME A PIC WIZARD WITH THE HELP OF EPE 54 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 PLEASE ENSURE YOU TELEPHONE TO CHECK AVAILABILITY OF EQUIPMENT BEFORE ORDERING OR CALLING SPECIAL OFFERS OSCILLOSCOPES TEKTRONIX 2247A 4 Channel 100MHz Counter Timer Voltmeter TEKTRONIX 2335 Dual Trace 100MHz Delay Sweep TEKTRONIX 485 Dual Trace 350MHz Delay Sweep 300 IWATSU SS5711 4 Channel 100MHz Delay Sweep 150 PHILIPS 3065 2 1 Channel 100MHz Dual TB Delay Autoset 200 PHILIPS 3055 2 1 Channel 60MHz Dual TB Delay Autoset 150 PHILIPS PM3217 Dual Trace 50MHz Delay Sweep KIKUSUI COS6100 5 Trace 100MHz Delay TEKTRONIX 475A Dual Trace 250MHz Delay Sweep 175 TEKTRONIX 475 Dual Trace 200MHz Delay Sweep 150 TEKTRONIX 465B Dual Trace 100MHz Delay Sweep 125 TEKTRONIX 465 Dual Trace 100MHz Delay Sweep PHILIPS PM3209 Dual Trace 40MHz Delay
2. 587 2571 588a amp b 6 50 Fridge Door Open Alarm Linear Supply For 1W Star LEDs Pair Through Glass Alarm Quick Brake Studio 350 Power Amplifier Micropower Battery Protector x Giant LED Message Display Master Slave NOV 06 Lapel Microphone Adaptor DEC 06 RGB To Component Video Converter double sided USB Power Injector x Mind Trainer Balanced Microphone Preamp High Efficiency Power Supply for 1W Star LEDs Jumping Spider JAN 07 FEB 07 x Programmable Robot Courtesy Light Delay x Deep Cycle Battery Charger Power Board Control Board Display Board PIC Digital Geiger Counter double sided IR Remote Checker MAR 07 A SMS Controller A Lap Counter For Swimming Pools PIC Polyphonium Main Board PIC Polyphonium LED Display Interface APR 07 612 Students Amp Amplifier PSU Star Power 615 Bass Extender MAY 07 618 Caravan Lights Check 619 25 87 6 18 EPE SOFTWARE x All software programs for EPE Projects marked with an asterisk and others previously published can be downloaded free from our Downloads site accessible via our home page at www epemag co uk PCB MASTERS PCB masters for boards published from the March 06 issue onwards can also be downloaded from our UK website www epemag co uk go to the Downloads section EPE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD SERVICE Order Code Project Quantity Price Everyday Practical Electronics Master
3. F a X tetan 4 Fr a ai 11 E continue with our investigation W of PIC peripherals looking this month at the ADC the Analogue to Digital Converter While the previous articles have been fairly consis tent in their approach to describing the peripheral the ADC is a very different beast due to the analogue nature of its external interface This complicates the use of the peripheral considerably and while we can present a simplified explanation of its use a basic understanding of analogue circuitry is necessary to get even minimal performance out of it The good news however is that the effort will be well rewarded There are a vast range of devices and circuits that pro duce analogue voltages and these can only be interfaced to a microcontroller through an ADC Example applications include monitoring temperature light voltages even sound all these can be recorded and processed meaningfully by a microcon troller equipped with an ADC Explaining the configuration and control of the peripheral is probably the easy part of this month s article First we need to understand how an ADC works what its limitations are and then discuss how ana logue signals are connected into the micro controller Yes ADCs do have limitations non ideal performance offset errors gain errors non linearities such is life in the analogue world If you are approaching PIC programming from an electronic
4. THENONUK MAGAZINHEOR ELECTRONICS TECHNOLO GY ICO MPUTERIPRO ES ai LISO fallin e iw Ao mr 6 99US 8 99 CAN MAY 2007 PRINTED IN THE UK IT Ml a F Control anti 08 Copyright 2007 Wimborne Publishing Ltd 408 Wimborne Road East Ferndown Dorset BH22 9ND UK and TechBites Interactive Inc PO Box 857 Madison Alabama 35758 USA All rights reserved WARNING The materials and works contained within EPE Online which are made available by Wimborne Publishing Ltd and TechBites Interactive Inc are copyrighted ou are permitted to make a backup copy of the downloaded file and one 1 hard copy of such materials and works for your personal use International copyright laws however prohibit any further copying or reproduction of such materials and works or any republication of any kind TechBites Interactive Inc and Wimborne Publishing Ltd have used their best efforts in preparing these materials and works However TechBites Interactive Inc and Wimborne Publishing Ltd make no warranties of any kind expressed or implied with regard to the documentation or data contained herein and specifically disclaim without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose Because of possible variances in the quality and condition of materials and workmanship used by readers EPE Online its
5. 35 50 12 months 66 2 years OVERSEAS Standard air service 21 75 6 months 41 50 12 months 78 2 years Express airmail 30 75 6 months 59 50 12 months 114 2 years Payments payable to Everyday Practical Electronics Subs Dept Wimborne Publishing Ltd Email subs epemag wimborne co uk EVERYDAY PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS is sold subject to the following conditions namely that it shall not without the written consent of the Publishers first having been given be lent resold hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of Trade at more than the recommended selling price shown on the cover and that it shall not be lent resold hired out or otherwise disposed of in a mutilated condition or in any unauthorised cover by way of Trade or affixed to or as part of any publication or advertising literary or pictorial matter whatsoever CAN 1 Board Interface CAN via MCP2551 18 00 USD CAN 2 Board Make CAN network with SPI interface 21 00 USD RS485 Board Connect devices into RS 485 network 17 00 USD Serial Ethernet Make ethernet network with SPI Interface ENC28J60 28 00 USD Storage RTC CF Board Easy way to use Compact flash in your design 18 00 USD MMC SD Board Easy way to use MMC and SD cards in your design 18 00 USD EEPROM Board Serial EEPROM board via 12C interface 9 00 USD RTC Board PCF8583 RTC with battery backup 16 00 USD Aqu Measurement ADC Bo
6. Card Security Code The last 3 digits on or just under BASIC SOLDERING GUIDE Alan Winstanley s internationally the signature strip acclaimed fully illustrated guide UNDERSTANDING PASSIVE COMPO NENTS Introduction to the basic principles of passive components HOW TO USE INTELLIGENT L C Ds by Julyan llett An utterly practi cal guide to interfacing and programming intelligent liquid crystal display modules PhyzzyB COMPUTERS BONUS ARTICLE 1 Signed and Unsigned Binary Numbers By Clive Max Maxfield and Alvin Brown PhyzzyB COMPUTERS BONUS ARTICLE 2 Creating an Event Counter By Clive Max Maxfield and Alvin Brown INTERGRAPH COMPUTER SYSTEMS 3D GRAPHICS A chapter from Intergraph s book that explains computer graphics technology FROM RUSSIA WITH LOVE by Barry Fox Russian rockets launching American Satellites PC ENGINES by Ernest Flint The evolution of Intel s microprocessors THE ENDTO ALL DISEASE by Aubrey Scoon The original work of Rife COLLECTING AND RESTORING VINTAGE RADIOS by Paul Stenning THE LIFE amp WORKS OF KONRAD ZUSE a brilliant pioneer in the evolution of computers Note Some of the EXTRA ARTICLES require WinZip to unzip them Valid FOM tivos tos Expiry Date Maestro Issue No I I I l I l I I I SEND TO Everyday Practical Electronics I Wimborne Publishing Ltd i 408 Wimborne Road East Ferndown Dorset BH22 9ND I l
7. PHILIPS PM3215 Dual Trace 50MHz KENWOOD CS4035 Dual Trace 40MHz PANASONIC VP5564A Dual Trace 40MHz HITACHI V525 Dual Trace 50MHz Cusors HITACHI V523 Dual Trace 50MHz Delay HITACHI V425 Dual Trace 40MHz Cursors HITACHI V422 Dual Trace 40MHz HITACHI V223 Dual Trace 20MHz Delay HITACHI V222 Dual Trace 20MHz HITACHI V212 Dual Trace 20MHz FARNELL DTV12 14 Dual Trace 12MHz STORAGE PHILIPS PM3320 Dual Trace 200MHz 250Ms S LECROY 9400 Dual Trace 125MHz TEKTRONIX 468 Dual Trace 100MHz Delay Sweep Digital Storage 200 VELLEMAN HPS5 1MHz 5MHz Sampling Handheld Unused 60 ADVANTEST R3265A 100Hz 8GHz TEKTRONIX 492P 50kHz 21GHz HP8560A 50Hz 2 9GHz Built In Tracking Gen HP 8560A 50Hz 2 9GHz HP 8569A 10MHz 22GHz HP 8565A 10MHz 22GHz HP 853A with 8559A 100kHz 21GHz HP 182T with 8559A 100kHz 21GHz HP182T with 8558B 100kHz 1500MHz 125 HP 182T with 8557A 10kHz 350MHz HP 140T with 8555A 10MHz 18GHz ADVANTEST TR4131 10kHz 3 5GHz WAYNE KERR SSA1000A 150kHz 1GHz MARCONI 2382 200Hz 400MHz High Resolution MARCONI 2370 30Hz 110MHz HP 8754A Network Analyser 4 1300MHz MARCONI 6500A Amplitude Analyser with head HP 334A Distortion Analyser 5Hz 600kHz SIGNAL GENERATORS HP 8350B Sweeper with 83592B 10MHz 20GHz HP 8350A Sweeper with 83592A 10MHz 20GHz HP 8350B Main Frame Only HP 83525B RF Plug in for 8350 0 01 8 4GHz HP 83590A RF Plug in for 8350 2 20GHz HP 8660C Sig Gen 1 3GHz HP 8660C Sig Gen 2 6GHz HP 86603A RF Plug in for
8. hundreds of microseconds it allows the application to continue performing other tasks and respond to ADC events within an interrupt routine You can also poll this bit in the interrupt register if you do not wish to setup interrupt processing It should be noted that a suitable time must be allowed to elapse between access ing different ADC channels see the datasheet Registers There are only a few registers involved in configuring an ADC which are described in the following paragraphs ADRESH ADRESHL These two reg isters will hold the result of a conversion Two registers are required since the result will be a 10 bit number ADCONO This register allows you to select the source input channel to use for an ADC measurement It also holds the control bit for enabling the ADC subsys tem ADON and the bit to start an actual conversion GO DONE If you do not intend to use the ADC peripheral in a 26 design then you should make sure it is turned off by clearing the ADON bit as the peripheral draws a noticeable amount of current ADCONI This register is used to deter mine how the I O pins are configured You should ensure that you choose the appro priate values to match your design pins that do not need to be analogue inputs should be configured as digital I O pins to reduce current leakage ADCON2 This is the most complex register to setup It enables you to specify the acquisition time and conversion clock
9. 199 00 USD mikroC dsPIC 249 00 USD mikroC dsPIC 30 175 00 USD Find your distributor UK USA Germany Japan France Spain Greece Turkey Italy Slovenia Croatia Macedonia Pakistan Malaysia Austria Taiwan Switzerland Lebanon Syria Egypt Portugal http www mikroe com en distributors LV24 33 Development Board The Complete Hardware and Software solution with on board USB 2 0 programmer and mikrolCD System supports 64 80 and 100 pin PIC24F 24H dsPIC33F microcontrollers it comes with PIC24FJ96GA010 PIC24 16 bit Microcontroller 96 KB Flash Memory 8 KB RAM in 100 Pin Package Examples in BASIC PASCAL and C are included with the system You can choose between USB or External Power supply LV 24 33 has many features that makes your development easy Explore new PIC24F 24H dsPIC33F PIC MCU s with LV 24 33 and experience all advantages of this microcontrollers LV24 33 Development System ooooccconcccccnonnccnnannnnnnnnnnnnnnennnnno 149 00 USD Uni DS 3 Development Board with on board USB 2 0 programmer System supports PIC AVR 8051 ARM and PSoC microcontrollers with a large number of peripherals It is enough to switch a card and continue work ing in the same development environment but with a different chip UNI DS3 has many features that makes your development easy You can choose between USB or External Power supply Each MCU card has own USB 2 0 programmer on it Uni DS 3 Development System with on
10. 48 Probably the quickest way of producing neat and durable labels is to use an elec tronic labelling machine This is an excel lent method that should not be overlooked even if you do have access to a PC and a printer Electronic labelling machines have been around for many years now but the early units were too expensive for inter mittent amateur use Fortunately elec tronic labellers have been subject to the gradual price reductions associated with electronic goods and the cheaper units are now well within the price range of most amateur users Admittedly some labelling machines are still quite expen sive but a small hand held type is per fectly adequate for producing the panel legends for projects g re OME Rm MU mom Vv Gg amp oocvee SE EE a ZE CV se A O U ca Fig 1 Labelling machines usually have a OWERTY keyboard but in some cases as here there is only a very rough approximation of the standard layout As with any electronic goods it is worth taking your time and shopping around There are sometimes some very good intro ductory offers consisting of a labeller plus some additional tapes It should be possible to get a labeller complete with batteries and at least one tape for less than 20 From time to time they are available for much less than this Pre used units often sell at quite low prices on a well known Internet auction site A bit QWERTY Most labellers are very straig
11. 7 w From Order E0041 code 26 0570 Request your free catalogue by sending your full contact details and quote reference EPE to marketing rapidelec co uk www rapidonline com Rapid Severalls Lane Colchester Essex C04 5JS defining the standard Part 1 By JOHN CLARKE Control your power cosis with the Have you recovered from the shock of receiving your last electricity bill Have you resolved to reduce your electricity usage This Energy Meter lets you accurately monitor energy usage for individual appliances and even figures out what it costs to run them reduce costs you need to know how much power each appliance uses over a period of time Most ap pliances don t run all the time so you need to know the power they use while they are actually running and YOU WANT to save power and 12 how much they use over the longer term The easiest way to determine that is to use an electronic power meter and this Energy Meter fits the bill nicely It displays the measured power in Watts the elapsed time and the total energy usage in kWh In addition it can show the energy cost in pounds and pence or dollars and cents As a bonus it also includes comprehensive brownout protection One obvious use for this unit is to show refrigerator running costs over a set period of time so that you can quickly determine the effect of differ ent thermostat settings Alternatively it could be used
12. 8 XP with illustrated con struction details and can be programmed to walk and respond to light and obstacles on any smooth surface Kit includes all hardware components amp 3 motor gearboxes Uses 4 AA batteries not supplied KIT 912 29 99 Gui 20 Rom KIT 913 E 38 95 As 912 but Built amp Tested Circuit board e Magenta Designed Toolkit 3 board with printed com ponent layout green solder mask places for 8 18 28 wide and slim and 40 pin PICs and many Magenta extras Also runs with WinPic800 prog Software e 16 x 2 LCD PIC chip all parts and sockets included e Follow J ohn Becker s excellent PIC tutorial 2 series KIT 880 34 99 KIT 880 39 99 OR Built amp Tested 49 99 amp 55 99 TEACH IN 2004 COMPLETE 12 PART Additional Parts as SERIES FROM NOVO3 listed in misc Sec All parts to follow this tion less RF modules Educational Electronics Lock and Motor g box Course Inc Bread KIT921 12 99 board and wire as listed on p752 Nov 03 Reprints 1 00 per part KIT920 29 99 BAT DETECTORS Magenta s Super Heterodyne Bat detectors Our best selling kit 861 now includes a drilled case and front panel label The Mkllb and digital MkIII are supplied built 8 ready to go KIT 861 37 99 Mkilb 49 95 MkiIll 89 95 All Prices Include VAT Add 3 00 P amp P per order or 7 99 for next day Chqs P O Most major cards accepted
13. Aluminium Sheet C Bus Shop Rod Pvc Sheet by Kars 5 AV transmission C Bus and ies a control system C Bus Wireless Spacers Resistor Kits Capacitor Kits a Barix Ethernet based www cbu s shop com Trancistors i BARIT MP3 communications Integrated circuits and control systems Microprocessor boards Electronic kits Laser Business Systems Ltd Motors www aser com Tel 44 0 20 8441 9788 Seeder Visi bsit Fax 44 0 20 8449 0430 Electronic Tools OU Integrators Installers Trade Email info laser com Light Engineers Tools Mechatronics online co uk e der np 16 Garthland Drive ENS 388 Prototyping Sales mechatronics online co uk Batteries Tel 01442 247040 F e i lel 01298 70012 fax 01298 70046 f kA www peukelec co uk a om sales peakelec co uk electronic design ltd A Handheld Fest Gean Eroh Smart Atlas DGA A metem neto ase da atin SER lt 4 Ti eN gilis HE der sal Ha SEE no Tel 353 0 61 701170 Fax 353 0 61 701165 pcb pool beta layout com Simply send your files and order ONLINE Diagnose any car with EOBD 9600 or 38400 baud Based on the ELM327 IC Supported by more software than Supports all EOBD and OBD I any other OBD interface protocols Inexpensive v ISO15765 4 CAN Full Speed USB 1 1 50 14230 4 Keyword 2000 Automatic protocol detection I509141 2 Package includes cables software v J1850 VPW CD and Quick Start Guide Y JIB5O PWM Buy from your local UK distr
14. Oct 99 Name A E ee eee eb aes ee eed ee O Using PICs and Keypads John Becker Jan 01 Loro poo ge ca ne Sensis Geen seats ce ae cr a ween ecto gees I 0 How to Use Graphics L C D s with PICs John Becker Feb 01 DO om GS E E na creat acy GD SS E SA meee ace de l O PIC16F87x Extended Memory how to use it i John Becker June 01 postar ee l O PIC to Printer Interfacing dot matrix John Becker l Se aa i July 01 E aero res E EG GD ewe 0 PIC Magick Musick use of 40kHz transducers John Becker Jan 02 O Programming PIC Interrupts Malcolm Wiles Mar Apr 02 O Using the PIC s PCLATH Command John Waller July 02 O EPE StyloPIC precision tuning musical notes John Becker July 02 0 Using Square Roots with PICs Peter Hemsley Aug 02 O Using TK3 with Windows XP and 2000 Mark Jones Oct 02 O PIC Macros and Computed GOTOs Malcolm Wiles Jan 03 O Asynchronous Serial Communications RS 232 John Waller unpublished O Using IC Facilities in the PIC16F877 John Waller unpublished O Using Serial EEPROMs Gary Moulton unpublished O Additional text for EPE PIC Tutorial V2 John Becker unpublished Il enclose cheque P O bank draft to the value of L Please charge my Visa Mastercard Amex Diners Club Maestro Card Security Code The last 3 digits on or just under the signature strip O o Z o Valid From 2 ccna dese eens Expiry Date Maestro Issue NO
15. Thank you Peter Finding and replacing any protection component is always a has sle Far better to avoid stupidity in the first place But you can see the problem in this instance insufficient supply voltage to allow conventional diode protection Emergency Lighting Dear EPE I have an enquiry about which I hope you or someone through Readout might be able to give me some advice It sounds quite simple but I am not sure of the best approach I would like to make up an emergency light for use during a power cut or where no mains electricity is available I would like it to be efficient and run from a standard 12V battery I would like the light to be diffused like a fluorescent tube or even a filament lamp but this of course breaks the efficiency requirement and not a spot light I would like it to be a reasonable colour and finally I would like it to be reasonably simple and not too costly to build This has thrown up a sur prising number of questions From the simplicity angle I thought of a cluster of LEDs However most of them appear to produce an ice blue colour which is not really acceptable Does anybody produce a reasonably priced warmer colour LED I have read about the Luxion Lumileds manu factured by Philips but they appear rather expensive and I am not sure what sort of beam pattern they produce Would an inverter of the World Lamp type detailed in EPE some time ago still be my best bet to drive a normal c
16. The raw labels often have a rather large blank area around the lettering Con sequently it 1s often necessary to trim them slightly in order to fit them into position on small projects The labels on 6mm tapes can be trimmed so that they will fit into quite small spaces This is rather fiddly but with due care it can be done with the aid of a sharp modelling knife and a metal ruler is much easier but it is still necessary to make sure that the words are properly centred above controls and sockets and to make sure they are not on a slant Electronic labelling machines normally use proportional spacing which gives neater results but makes it more difficult when determining the centre of a word For example on the face of it the centre of the word volume is midway between the l and the u However with propor tional spacing the 1 is allotted less space than the other letters in this word push ing the centre slightly to the right of this If you are good at this type of thing you can simply position the labels by eye Where a more technical approach is pre ferred the only sure way to determine the centre of the label is to measure it Guide lines can then be lightly marked on the panel as an aid to keeping the labels on the level and to indicate the centre point for each label Whenever working on front panel designs it is as well to bear in mind that it is the design that looks the best that is
17. factory but it would need to be replaced regularly to ensure that it was always in good condition and ready for use Circuit description The complete circuit for the Cara van Lights Check is shown in Fig 1 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 The only electronic device in each rear unit is a phototransistor TR1 for the left and TR2 for the right hand side Everything else is contained in the main control section It will be necessary for each photo transistor to receive adequate illumi nation from all the bulbs associated with it This may usually be achieved with rear units that are considerably smaller than the lighting clusters themselves It will also be necessary to prevent external light entering the sides of the lighting units Too much D8 FS1 s1 O OMA R1 100k TR1 SFH300 2 TB1 1 TR2 SFH300 2 TB1 2 SEE TEXT D2 1N4148 a k R12 6809 6809 a a D3 Va D4 or r Fig 1 complete circuit diagram for the Caravan Lights Check Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 29 stray light reaching the phototransis tors would cause false operation Of course it would be obvious if this had happened because the LED indicators would illuminate even when no caravan lights were switched on Simple light shields made using cardb
18. initially to set the calibration values In use the Energy Meter is sim ply connected in line between the mains supply and the appliance to be monitored The LCD shows two lines of information and this informa tion includes 1 the elapsed time 2 the power consumption in watts 3 brownout indication and 4 the energy consumption in kWh kilo watt hours The elapsed time is shown in the top lefthand section ofthe display and is simply the time duration over which the energy has been measured This is shown in 0 1 hour increments from 0 1h ie 6 minutes up to 9999 9h That latter figure is equal to just over 416 days or 1 year and 51 days which should be more than enough for any application 14 18 24 minutes 0 0244 of reading per step 2048 steps 0 12 of reading per step 1 tolerance 20ppm C coefficient After it reaches this maximum elapsed time the unit automatically begins counting from 0 0h again Al ternatively the timer can be reset to 0 0h at any time by pressing the Clear switch The power consumption figure Watts is displayed to the right of the elapsed time and is updated ap proximately once every 11 seconds This has a resolution of 0 01W with a maximum practical reading of 3750 00W ie equal to the power drawn by a 15A load with a 250V supply A 10A load will give a read ing of about 2400W depending on supply voltage Immediately beneath this figure is the total energ
19. market the EasyPIC4 has more HIGH DEVELOPMENT Performance new features for the same price SYSTE DEVELOPMENT The system supports 8 14 18 BOARD 20 28 and 40 pin PIC microcon trollers it comes with a PIC16F877A mikrolCD is a highly effective tool for Real Time debugging on a hardware level The ICD debugger enables you to execute a mikroC mikroPascal mikroBasic program on a host PIC microcon troller and view variable values Special Function Registers SFR memory and EEPROM as the program is running On board USB 2 0 PICFlash programmer an ultra fast USB 2 0 programmer for fast MCU programming Continuing its tradition as the fastest PIC programmer on the market the new PICFlash with mikrolCD now supports more PIC MCUs giving the developer a wider choice of PIC MCU for further prototype development Package contains EasyPIC4 development system USB cable Serial cable User s manual MikrolCD manual CD with software drivers and examples in C BASIC and Pascal language Note LCD DS1820 temp sensor and GLCD are optional EasyPIC4 Development System 119 00 USD Optional 2x16 LCD and DS1820 temperature sensor 15 00 USD Graphic LCD 128x64 dots in 17 00 USD mikroElektronika Compilers Pascal Basic and C Compilers for various microcontrollers Supporting an impre ssive range of micro controllers an easy to use IDE hundreds
20. readily available at that time Like many of the lettering products of the past this range is no longer available and using Alfac as the search string in the Google search engine gives the impression that this company never existed This is not to say that dry trans fer lettering is no longer available at all The huge range and variety that was available until not so long ago has now almost disappeared and will presumably never be avail able again However transfer sheets can still be obtained from some stationers and craft supply shops and lettering can sometimes be found in amongst the other types on offer There is likely to be no choice of font and only a limited range of sizes The last point is an important one because most of the transfers that are still available seem to be rather too large for labelling most pro jects Using rub on transfers to produce panel legends is still a practical proposi tion but only just It is probably time to start considering alternative approaches Electronic labellers The decrease in the range of available lettering materials is no doubt due to a reduction in demand from professional and educational users Computer techniques have gradually taken over making it more difficult for anyone wishing to use tradi tional techniques There are other modern hi tech methods that have eroded the mar ket for transfers and that offer a useful alternative for amateur users as well
21. right and not the one that is mathemati 0000000000 0000000000 006008009000 Fig 3 This Brother P Touch 1250 labeller can be used with 6 9 or 12mm tapes It is shown with a 6mm tape cartridge The tapes are available with various colour schemes but in the present con text it is the more conservative ones that are most useful In particular black let tering on a white background and the inverse of this should suit any project Tapes that have black or white lettering on a transparent background are also very useful Brighter colours are available and can be used on the more zany projects where that type of thing is appropriate Self centred It is probably true to say that labels give slightly less professional results than dry transfer lettering that has been expertly applied directly on to a panel On the other hand labels represent a more practical approach with many mod ern cases Contemporary cases often have front panels that cannot be removed making access to the panel very awkward This tends to make the one letter at a time approach very tricky indeed Using labels Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 cally perfect At times it is best to trust your own judgement and ignore measure ments and mathematics Try to arrange things so that these marks are just cov ered up when the labels are accurately in place on the panel This avoids the prob lem of removing the lines A bit sticky T
22. tesy lamps when the doors are open It will handle a maximum current of 3A As with John Clarke s design it bypass es the door switches As it is always fully on or fully off it should not need a heatsink but a small one was used just in case though in use the transistor runs perfectly cool Cl and C2 are smoothing and decou pling capacitors respectively The LED D1 was found useful for testing and installing the circuit but it and and its load resistor R3 could be omitted Although the 4093 and the capacitors are permanently connected to the sup ply the quiescent current consumption was barely detectable on the microamp scale of a digital multimeter A 2A in line fuse was included in the chassis wire as a Safety feature fitted inside the box Installation Installation is straightforward there are just three connections On my car I found access to the door switches impos sible the easiest access was to the cour tesy light itself the circuit is connected to both sides of the lamp terminals Point A is connected to the live terminal of the lamp This can be found by removing the bulb and checking for the live side with a multimeter Point B is connected to the other bulb terminal and point C is connected to earth via one of the bolts securing the lamp housing to the chassis for example A small access hole was made for the wire in the dome lamp cover and the stripboard was mounted in a small pro
23. x Haloween Howler x PIC Based USB Interface XxX PIC Chromatone NOV 05 Back To Basics 8 Noughts and Crosses Enigma Weather Vane Repeater x Multi Function R C Switch x Speed Camera Watch Mk2 Solid State Valve Power Supply A Vehicle Frost Box Mk2 A Propeller Monitor Solid State Hammond XX PIC Ambilux Sunset Switch Current Clamp Adaptor for Multimeters A Tiptronic Style Gear Indicator Micro Board Display Board Hall Speed Board x Keypad Alarm 3 Way Active Crossover Jazzy Heart Status Monitor Transmitter Reciever DEC 05 JAN 06 FEB 06 Power Up MAR 06 Video Audio Booster double sided Ak Telescope Interface Smart Slave Flash APR 06 Programmable Continuity Tester PortaPAL Microphone Board Auxilary Board Main Board Charger Board Omni Pendulum Smart Card Reader Programmer MAY 06 LED Lighting For Your Car set of 15 boards Digital Reaction Timer Poor Man s Metal Locator JUN 06 A Digital Instrument Display for Cars Micro Board Display Board Widgy Box Phone Ring amp Test Sudoku Unit PC Power Monitor AUG 06 577 578 Home Theatre Sound Level Checker Adjustable DC DC Converter For Cars x Telephone Dialler For Buglar Alarms High Intensity Torch x Low Cost 50MHz Frequency Meter SEP 06 Version 1 Version 2 Version 3 Smart Mixture Display for your Car Water Level Gauge Sensor Display 70
24. 1310 and have your credit card details ready Or fax 514 355 3332 or write to Express Mag Card Security Code The last 3 digits on or just under the PO Box 2769 Plattsburgh NY 12901 0239 or Express Mag SELIM 8155 Larrey Street Anjou Quebec H1J 2L5 Email address expsmag expressmag com Card Ex Dale sia Postar Maestro Issue No Web site www expressmag com USA price 60 US per annum Canada price 97 Can per annum 12 issues per year NAE are ee ee A SR ree eee ee res hee ere i Everyday Practical Electronics periodicals pending ISSN 0262 3617 is published twelve times a year by Wimborne Publishing Ltd USA agent USACAN at 1320 Route 9 Champlain NY 12919 Subscription price in US A E E E ee 60 US per annum Periodicals postage paid at Champlain NY and at additional mailing offices POSTMASTER Send USA and Canada address changes to Everyday Practical Electronics c o Express Mag PO Box Postcode moree er ee erence E E Et cae ne trono ras is ee a I 2769 Plattsburgh NY USA 12901 0239 60 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 READOUT Email john becker wimborne co uk wohn Becker addresses some of the general points readers have raised Have you anything interesting to say Drop us a line All letters quoted here have previously been replied to directly WIN AN ATLAS LCR ANALYSER WORTH 79 An Atlas LCR Passive Component Analyser kindly donated by Peak Electr
25. 1920s Why has it been reinvented now and does it employ some new techniques Are new kinds of electronic control mechanisms necessary Can electronics improve transportation efficiency in other ways and could there be spin off benefits for hobby electronics If you answered yes to all of these questions you would not be wrong But before we gaze into the future let s take a quick glance back at the mean machines of the past When the driver of a moving vehicle on road or rail hits the brakes the braking action is normally achieved by some kind of friction pad Kinetic energy is dissipated as heat sometimes as smoke too and in the process is completely lost A smarter way of reducing vehicle speed is regenerative brak ing in which the kinetic energy is converted into electrical energy The electrical energy is then stored for future use by the same vehicle or else fed back into a power system for use by other vehicles This system works particularly well for vehicles with DC traction motors trains trams and trolleybuses because the dynamo principle on which these work can be used as either generator or motor by converting motion into electricity or be reversed to con vert electricity into motion In traction sys tems fed by DC from a generating station along conductor rails or overhead wires the regenerated electricity can be fed back into the supply system In the other situa tion which applies to battery electri
26. 300 20mA As supply voltage increases the current through the diode pair increases also the voltage across them increases slightly but not a great deal and thus the voltage across R1 is maintained fairly stable This in turn provides a fairly stable sink of cur rent through the transistor and the LED For sudden changes in supply voltage due to a poorly regulated supply with a heavy load that has just come on you can 52 Our regular round up of readers own circuits We pay between 10 and 50 for all material pub lished depending on length and technical merit We re looking for novel applications East Ferndown Dorset BH22 and circuit designs not simply mechani cal electrical or software ideas Ideas must be the reader s own work and must not have been published or submitted for publication else where The circuits shown have NOT been proven by us Ingenuity Unlimited is open to ALL abilities but items for consideration in this column should be typed or word processed with a brief circuit description between 100 and 500 words maximum and include a full circuit diagram showing all component values Please draw all circuit schematics as clearly as possible Send your circuit ideas to Ingenuity Unlimited Wimborne Publishing Ltd 408 Wimborne Road 9ND We do not accept submissions for IU via email Your ideas could earn you some cash and a prize PICO PRIZE WINNERS Once more it s time to dec
27. 8660C 1 2600MHz HP86631B Axillary Section for 86600 Lae HP86632B Modulation Section for 86600 MARCONI 2017 0 01 124MHz Low Phase Noise MARCONI 2019 Synthesised AM FM 80kHz 1040MHz FLUKE 6060B AM FM Syn Sig Gen 10kHz 1050MMHz LEADER LSG221B Sig Gen 25 950MHz HP 8656B Synthesised 0 1 990MHz HP 8656A Synthesised 0 1 990MHz HP 8640A AM FM 500kHz 512MHz HP 8620C Sweep Osc with 86290B 2 18 6GHz HP8620C Sweep Osc with 86222B 0 01 2 4GHz HP8620C B A with any of the following plug ins HP 86220A Plug in 10 1300MHz HP 86230B Plug in 1 5 4GHz HP 86235A Plug in 1 7 4 3GHz HP 86240A Plug in 2 8 5GHz HP 86240C Plug in 3 6 8 6GHz HP 86245A Plug in 5 9 12 4GHz HP86250B Plug in 8 12 4GHz HP 86250D Plug in 8 12 4GHz HP 86260A Plug in 12 4 18GHz MARCONI TF2015 AM FM 10 520MHz MARCONI TF2016 AM FM 10kHz 120MHz PHILIPS PM5328 100kHz 180MHz with 200MHz Freq Counter IEEE PANASONIC VP8117A AM FM 100kHz 110MHz FM 0 100kHz Digital Display etc Unused 325 300 STEWART of READING 17A King Street Mortimer Near Reading RG7 3RS Telephone 0118 933 1111 Fax 0118 933 2375 www stewart of reading co uk Open 9am 5 00pm Monday to Friday other times by arrangement KEEP YOUR MAGAZINES SAFE RING US NOW This ring binder uses a special system to allow the issues to be easily removed and re insert ed without any damage A nylon strip slips over each issue and this pas
28. ADC Output Typical ADC Output exagerated Voltage Fig 2 Exaggerated view of typical quantisation ting these on a graph which will show the deviation from the ideal response as in Fig 2 Offset errors can be corrected by adding or subtracting a fixed value from the ADC result gain errors require the ADC result to be multiplied by a correcting factor which you can determine from the graph if your mathematics skills are up to it In some applications the actual error may be insignificant If you are monitoring the output of a temperature sensor like the LM19 for example that device changes output by 20mV for every one degree Celsius The specification of the PIC s ADC states that the offset error is 1 LSB which is no more than 4 9mV That is less than 0 25 of a degree hardly worth bother ing about If the signal formed part of a complex feedback loop to control an air craft rudder then yes we would need to be concerned about taking this error into account But for retrieving the outside tem perature and displaying on an LCD we can ignore such problems We can calibrate to compensate for gain and offset errors but cannot for non linear ities in the ADC Non linearity determines the overall quality or accuracy of any design using an ADC These errors are caused by the variation and imperfections with the capacitors of the converter and at the end of the day you get what you pay for If you need better qu
29. ANGLE IN DEGREES CURRENT 90 BEHIND VOLTAGE SERIAL DATA INTERFACE 1 May 2007 Everyday Practical Electronics a Npou 191 IY IAP 0 pue 9 SULISIIJA SI9UH SANIY NV9SZZHUV IY Woy eyep ay ssad01d 0 19 OMUOIOLITU Dg Y SISN PNI ay S SI a o Am rows 8313 ASYIN O y sa a T9OANOEdLS Lo A Vv F 8VYLYNL 9a q SOL 1903NOEdIS S 190V76CW A9L i J001 YOM dn NMOG NOINA uva Is ZS r ES D yS D A A A d va a daAv14d INVISNI AL 191 Y87949 1Dld COI LSVALNOD IOOHS 1819313 WLV4 Y SASIA SIHL SV NadO ISVO JHL HUM JIVYIdO LON Od ONLIVAIJO 1X31 335 AINO O SI 11 NIHM TVILNILOS SNIVW ALVI J1IVIDAVHOI8 A TINS LV 39 AVW 1DIFOUA ma T dOd Y TIVISNI os SIHL NI ONIIM JHL JO TY oe me ree SINS ci ONINAVM 6o do SIS ee INANI l ANO AOW OV AOEC G LDOV6ZW1 LOJA YOOPNI LA SIS vol y A O e O 7 YOOPNL za VOM Lug LL L ISNI Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 18 The output of each ADC is then digitally filtered with a low pass filter to remove noise This filter does not affect 40Hz to 1kHz signals but rolls off frequencies above about 2kHz Next ADC1 s output is applied to a multiplier This stage alters the digital value fed into it according to a gain adjust value that s applied to the multiplier s second input This gain adjust value can be changed b
30. All the essential data for PC fault finding and upgrading This book provides a concise and compact reference that describes in a clear and straightforward manner the princi ples and practice of fault finding and upgrading PCs and peripherals The book is aimed at anyone who is involved with the installation configuration maintenance upgrading repair or support of PC systems It also provides non techni cal users with sufficient background information charts and checklists to enable the diagnosis of faults and help to carry out simple modifications and repairs In order to reflect rapid changes in computer technology both hardware and soft ware this new edition has been completely revised 256 pages Order code NE41 20 50 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 Theory and Reference ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS FUNDAMENTALS amp APPLICATIONS Third Edition Mike Tooley A comprehensive reference text and practical electronics handbook in one volume at an affordable price New chapter on PIC microcontrollers the most popular chip family for use in project work by hobbyists and in colleges and universities New companion website spreadsheet design tools to simplify circuit calculations circuit models and templates to enable virtual simulation a bank of on line questions for lecturers to set as assignments and on line self test multiple choice questions for each chapter with automatic marking to enable students to c
31. Coast Watchers RDF and intercept receivers bugs and radar beacons The information has been compiled through the collaboration of a vast number of collectors and enthusiasts around the world Volume 4 includes information on more than 230 sets and ancillaries Contains 692 pages in hardback format and features over 850 photographs 360 line drawings and 440 data tables PRICES INCLUDING POSTAGE Europe airmail Rest of World Rest Of World UK surface mail airmail Vol 1 36 50 37 50 45 Vol 2 49 50 52 50 64 Vol 3 48 50 49 59 Vol 4 49 50 65250 64 For delivery to Canada Vol 2 and Vol 4 can only be sent by surface post this can take up to 8 weeks Cheques made payable to Direct Book Service Direct Book Service Wimborne Publishing Ltd 408 Wimborne Road East Ferndown Dorset BH22 9ND Tel 0202 873872 Fax 0202 874562 www radiobygones co uk Please send me Wireless For The Warrior ER E quantity Vol 1 quantity Vol 2 NC OS Sarge aa ane cle ae arenas eran a aren Dan a tes dette DO POR ep iia POST GOCE a fees a ra enclose cheque postal order bank draft to the value of Please charge my Visa Mastercard Amex Diners Club Maestro oia WIRELESS ed Card security NO ca last 3 digits on the signature strip for the VA EOM a aaa Expiry Dates a te Maestro Issue No WARRIOR Everyday Practical Electronics May 2006 69 PCB SERVICE Printe
32. DV tape The SD 1 raises the quality bar by using a three CCD image sensor to shoot HDTV direct to an SD card The unconfirmed but likely price of 1200 Euros includes a 4GB card which will hold an hour of HD video The camera body has five mini micro phones on the top to capture 5 1 Dolby Digital surround sound This immediately prompts the question how can it be possi ble to store an hour of HDTV and 5 1 sur round on a 4GB card AVCHD Recording Standard The SD 1 uses the new AVCHD record ing standard developed by Sony and Panasonic AVCHD is a flavour of MPEG4 the compression system used by Sky for HDTV There are three data rate options 13Mbps which gives the best qual ity and gets 40 minutes from a 4GB card 9Mbps for the round hour and 6Mbps for 90 minutes The AVCHD standard is new and still emerging There is no editing software yet but packages are coming soon from the likes of Pinnacle and Adobe The Panasonic camera claims full HD resolu tion which is widescreen 1920 x 1080 pixels but actually Panasonic admits when quizzed captures only 1440 x 1080 which is not supported by HDMI The Panasonic camera upscales for HDMI con nection to a TV or Blu ray recorder Tf we used full 1920 pixel resolution the camcorder would consume too much power and be too hot to hold explained one of Panasonic s design engineers Also recording 1920 pixels would need more bit rate and reduce recording time S
33. FREE PROGRAMMING 16 BIT PIC CD Rom MICROCONTROLLERS IN C Learning to Fly the PIC24 Lucio Di Jasio Application Segments Manager Microchip USA A Microchip insider tells all on the newest most powerful PICs ever Focuses on examples and exercis es that show how to solve common real world design problems quickly Includes handy checklists to help readers perform the most common programming and debugging tasks FREE CD ROM includes source code in C the Microchip C30 compliler and MPLAB SIM software so that readers gain practical hands on programming experience Until recently PICs didn t have the speed and mem ory necessary for use in designs such as video and audio enabled devices All that has changed with the introduction of the first ever 16 bit PIC family the PIC24 This new guide teaches readers everything they need to know about the architecture of these new chips how to program them how to test them and how to debug them Lucio s common sense practical hands on approach starts out with basic functions and guides the reader step by step through even the most sophisticated programming scenarios Experienced PIC users and newcomers alike will benefit from the text s many thorough examples which demonstrate how to nimbly side step common obsta cles and take full advantage of all the new features 496 pages CD ROM MILTON 32 50 NEWNES PC TROUBLESHOOTING POCKET BOOK THIRD EDITION Howard Anderson Mike Tooley
34. Last month I described the Sandisk Cruzer Profile a useful USB memory device that includes a fingerprint scanner The biometric memory key allows users to log automatically into password pro a tected web pages e g My eBay with the swipe of a fingerprint as well as being able to transport the settings to other USB equipped machines The logins are safely secured in the biometric protected memory Recently a customer proposed using a cheap USB memory key to store some of her vital electronic files I advised her that a flash mem ory device is probably not robust enough for the safe long term stor age of data As reported last month a memory key can fail without warning especially if it is a counter feit that uses low spec chips or if it is damaged by static electricity dis charge or accidentally due to e g spilt coffee or simply by breaking the thing or even losing it I never cease to be stunned by the lack of rigorous data backup routines used on some computer instal lations Imagine the chaos caused when you lose your email or accounts data in a crash File sizes have grown a thousand fold in size and volume over the years and how to store data easily and safely has become an increasing problem Backup drives have consistently been the most unreliable hardware peripherals I have ever bought over the past decade my Iomega Zip drives Iomega Ditto Max Tape drives and at least four Onstream ADR tape backup drives
35. TR2 c HIGH HIGH LEVEL LEVEL LEFT dA RIGHT 2 35in 60mm 3 55in 90mm boxes There will be fewer problems Fig 2 printed circuit board component layout full size copper foil master caused by external light reaching the pattern and wiring details to the high and low level LEDs 32 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 Right side light box in the specified device Use a piece of light duty twin stranded wire to con nect the phototransistor to the main unit s left channel using a further piece of two way screw terminal block Take care that the collector c and emitter e connect to the correct points Wrap a piece of thick black paper around one of the lighting units to act as a light shield Attach the rear unit flat on the lighting cluster using adhesive tape Connect the battery the orange on indicator should light Operate the side lights and ad just preset VR1 anti clockwise so that the low level indicator switches on Switch off the lights and check that the LED goes off The stop lights and flashing indicators should also operate the low level indicator Repeat using the right channel re adjusting VR1 for best operation as necessary Operate the stop lights and any other bright bulbs and adjust VR2 anti clock wise so that the high level indicator operates The low level LED should go off when this happens As stated previously the flashing
36. This is much more precise than merely boosting the bass with your amplifier s tone controls as it s compensating for the loudspeaker s natural rolloff Note this does not mean that the overall bass from the speaker will increase for all music Since the bass response will be extended to a lower Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 FOR A SEALED ENCLOSURE DI 1N4004 12 ts K NA AO k NO 1000F Ea 3304 Rs SEETEXT dl FOR A VENTED ENCLOSURE IC1 TLO 4 100nF 100nF Vcc 2 10k ma 100pF al 16V 33k 2 2uF 100nF NP I 1N4004 Sy LOUDSPEAKER BASS EXTENDER A pi Fig 2 the circuit includes two identical channels each consisting of an input buffer followed by an equal component Sallen Key filter As shown the circuit is configured for vented enclosures but will also work with sealed enclosures by changing the indicated resistor values frequency say 35Hz instead of 70Hz you will only hear the difference if the music signal includes bass content at these low frequencies Incidentally if your loudspeakers have a response down to 50Hz or better there is no point in building the Bass Extender Transfer Function Hag di volts volts 6 33 Speaker specifics The catch in this process is that you need to know the rated cutoff frequen cy for your speakers Once you know this you need to calculate a particular resistor value forthe bass boost circuit Apart from that the cir
37. also its low current require ment makes it more attractive than using voltage regulators or many other IC based approaches Jez Siddons Chapel en le Frith three Courtesy Light Delay Politely Into Darkness UST by chance I d already designed the circuit in Fig 5 and then when my EPE Feb 07 issue arrived I saw John Clarke s design My circuit does not have the sophistication of dimming and cannot be switched off by the tail light circuit but it works well and is easy to install It fits cars which have the courtesy lights connected to the 12V supply rail and the door switches connected to the car chassis Circuit The circuit monitors the voltage at point B the chassis side of the bulb When the door is open point B is at logic level 0 When it is closed point B rises to logic level 1 This logic level is fed into a monostable based on a 4093 quad NAND Schmitt trigger formed around IC1 IC1b IC1c form the monostable ICla is an inverter which ensures that the monostable is triggered by a low to high transition i e when the car door closes Inverter ICld ensures that it pulses low at the end of the delay period 12V A With the components specified the delay period is about five seconds The first car door to close starts the timing period further doors opening or closing have no effect until the timing period has expired TRI is a power transistor which acts as a switch supplying power to the cour
38. availability If ordering on line 90 of orders dispatched within 2 working days Cea MasterCard Aire ailll you trailler Vig hits working caravan Li cheek he job of checking a caravan s road lights is not easy for the lone traveller It is simpler when an assistant is available to call out that the various lamps are working I heard of one independent caravanner who carried a piece of wood that he would wedge between the driver s seat and brake pedal to keep the stop lights op erating while he went round the back of his unit to check The circuit published here will help anyone to test their trail er s lights without assistance in fact a request was made for such a device in Readout EPE December 2004 On your pins Caravan road lights are notoriously prone to failure Apart from blown bulbs other possible causes are cor rosion on the pins of the connecting plug and socket deterioration of their terminals and detached wires Another problem arises when rain water enters a lighting unit through a badly seated or broken rubber seal causing dete rioration of the bulb contacts Since non operational lights are dangerous and may result in prosecution it is essential to test them regularly and certainly before every journey Many caravan lighting units are of the four function type housing bulbs for the stop tail flashing indicators and fog lights Some also incorporate reversing lig
39. both how to program PlCmicro microcontrollers as well as program a range of 8 18 28 and 40 pin devices from the 12 16 and 18 series PlCmicro ranges For experienced programmers all programming software is included in the PPP utility that comes with the development board For those who want to learn choose one or all of the packages below to use with the Development Board O Makes it easier to develop PICmicro projects O Supports low cost Flash programmable PICmicro devices O Fully featured integrated displays 16 individual l e d s quad 7 segment display and alphanumeric c d display HARDWARE O Supports PICmicro microcontrollers with A D converters O Fully protected expansion bus for project work O USB programmable O Can be powered by USB no power supply required OFFER ld OR PiCmicro Formerly PiCtutor Assembly for PICmicro microcontrollers V3 0 previously known as PICtutor by John Becker contains a complete course in programming the PIC16F84 PlCmicro microcontroller from Arizona Microchip It starts with fundamental concepts and extends up to complex programs including watchdog timers interrupts and sleep modes The CD makes use of the latest simulation techniques which provide a superb tool for learning the Virtual PlCmicro micro controller This is a simulation tool that allows users to write and execute MPASM assembler code for the PIC16F84 microcontroller on screen Using this you can actua
40. designing electronic cir cuits Breadboard layouts make this very much a ready to run book for the experimenter and the use of multimeter but 96 pages not oscilloscopes and readily available inexpensive com ponents makes the practical work achievable in a home or school setting as well as a fully equiped lab Order code NE42 11 50 THE AMATEUR SCIENTIST CD ROM CD ROM VERSION 2 The complete collection of The Amateur Scientist articles from Scientific American magazine Over 1 000 classic science projects from a renowned source of winning projects All projects are rated for cost difficulty and possible hazards Plus over 1 000 pages of helpful science tech niques that never appeared in Scientific American Exciting science projects in Astronomy Earth Science Biology Physics Chemistry Weather and much more The most complete resource ever assembled for hobby ists and professionals looking for novel solutions to research problems Includes extensive Science Software Library with even more science tools Suitable for Mac Windows Linux or UNIX 32MB RAM minimum Netscape 4 0 or higher or Internet Explorer 4 0 or higher Over 1 000 projects Order code AS1 CD ROM 19 95 CD ROM eBAY FOR BEGINNERS Cherry Nixon There are two kinds of people those who are trading on eBay and the rest who are missing out Though eBay has been embraced by entrepreneurs all over the world it remains the peoples si
41. e A Dirt Cheap High Current Bench Supply e PC Power Monitor e Digital Instrument Display For Cars Part 2 FEATURES e Teach In 2006 Part 9 e Ingenuity Unlimited e Practically Speaking e Circuit Surgery e Techno Talk e PIC N MIX e Net Work The Internet Page PROJECTS e Loudspeaker Level Meter e Telephone Dialler for Burglar Alarms e Adjustable DC DC Converter for Cars e High Intensity Torch FEATURES e Circuit Surgery e Techno Talk e Teach In 2006 Part 10 e PIC N Mix e Interface e Ingenuity Unlimited e Net Work The Internet Page 50 SEPT 06 PROJECTS e Low Cost 50 MHz Frequency Meter e Smart Mixture Display for Your Car e Human Powered LED Torches Water Level Gauge FEATURES e Teach In 2006 Part 11 e Ingenuity Unlimited e Circuit Surgery e Techno Talk e PIC N Mix e Practically Speaking e Net Work The Internet Page OCT 06 PROJECTS e Studio 350 Power Amplifier Part 1 e Fridge Door Open Alarm e Through Glass Alarm e Linear Supply for 1W Star LEDs FEATURES e Ingenuity Unlimited e Circuit Surgery e Techno Talk e PIC N Mix e Interface e Net Work The Internet Page NOV 06 PROJECTS e Giant LED Message Display e Micropower Battery Protector e Quick Brake e Studio 350 Power Amplifier Part 2 FEATURES e C For PICs Part 1 e Ingenuity Unlimited e Circuit Surgery e Techno Talk e PIC N Mix e Practically Speaking e Net Work The Internet Page p e
42. have all failed in use To cap it all my exter nal 300GB Maxtor drive recently keeled over as well taking my archive files with it to magnetic heaven Sometimes I marvel that I have any valu able data archive material left at all The best backup methods work transparently and automatically with little effort needed by lazy users Today I use Dantz Retrospect for daily backups to a second hard drive and periodically use Acronis True Image to take an off site data backup onto 35GB Iomega REV hard disk cartridges locked in a fireproof magnetic data storage box The USB REV drive will boot a broken PC into Linux and allow disk images to be restored from the 35GB disks The moral of the story is that as far as critical data is concerned you should leave nothing to chance and you need to back up your critical backups as well Remember to store software disks and serial numbers safely too Remote backups With the growth of broadband usage it is increasingly feasible to think about using online storage services to host one s data images and email database Even better a remote backup service will take CARBONITE machine per year coloured dot 64 Carbonite is a simple to use flat rate remote backup serv ice offering unlimited disk space for approximately 25 per Backed up Awaiting backup The status of file and folder backups is denoted with a care of uploading critical files auto matically and allow
43. indicators may not operate the high level LEDs but they should operate the low level ones when the tail lights are switched off Final arrangements In light of these experiments choose plastic boxes for the rear units Potting boxes inexpensive lidless cases made from lightweight material were used in the prototype Decide how the rear units will be held in position Simple rubber band harnesses were used in the prototype see photographs Drill holes for the interconnecting wires one in the left hand unit and two in the right hand one Attach a two way piece of screw terminal block to the bottom of the left box and a three way section in the right one reverse this for a left hand drive car Secure the Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 TR1 2 e e ILE I CAR CIGARETTE LIGHTER PLUG LEFT HAND UNIT BLACK ED 2 EKI R YELLOW a O c SA O 3 RIGHT HAND UNIT Fig 3 interwiring details for connecting the two rear light units phototransistors to the main master circuit board phototransistors and referring to Fig 3 complete the wiring The colours shown were those used in the prototype Itis bestto make connections direct to the TR1 c TR2 c and TR1 2 e points Alternatively you could solder the wires to those already in place and insulate the joints using heat shrink able sleeving The wire inter connecting th
44. is designed to enable hobbyists students with little previous experience of electronics to design and build electromechanical systems The CD ROM deals with all aspects of robotics from the control systems used the transducers available motors actuators and the circuits to drive them Case study material including the NASA Mars Rover the Milford Spider and the Furby is used to show how practical robotic systems are designed The result is a highly stimulating resource that will make learning and building robotics and mechatronic systems easier The Institutional versions have additional worksheets and multiple choice questions O Interactive Virtual Laboratories O Little previous knowledge required O Mathematics is kept to a minimum and all calculations are explained O Clear circuit simulations PRICES Prices for each of the CD ROMs above are Order form on third page UK and EU customers add VAT at 17 5 to plus VAT prices 38 Hobbyist Student ccccccccssssseeeeseeeesseeeseeeeeeneees 45 inc VAT Institutional Schools HE FE Industry 99 plus VAT Institutional 10 user Network Licence 249 plus VAT SNe LICENCE A 499 plus VAT Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 PlCmicro TUTORIALS AND PROGRAMMING VERSION 3 PiCmicro MCU DEVELOPMENT BOARD Suitable for use with the three software packages listed below This flexible development board allows students to learn
45. ject box at the top of the windscreen behind the rear view mirror It is quite inconspicuous Glyn Shaw Staines Middx Fig 5 Circuit diagram for the Courtesy Light Delay Components to the right of the dashed line represent existing vehicle parts Vehicle door closed door switch open light off Door open door switch closed light on Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 53 EPE PIC RESOURCES CD ROM V2 Version 2 includes the EPE PIC Tutorial V2 series of Supplements ONLY EPE April May June 2003 e 4 4 45 The CD ROM contains the following INCLUDING Tutorial related software and texts VAT and P amp P PRA ELECTRONICS O EPE PIC Tutorial V2 complete series of articles plus Or der on line from demonstration software John Becker April May June 03 www epemag wimborne co uk shopdoor htm PIC Toolkit Mk3 TK3 hardware construction details ipa OR an 5 John Becker Oct 01 y y O PIC Toolkit TK3 for Windows software details John Becker Nov 01 Plus these useful texts to help you get the most out of your CD ROM ORDER FORM PIC programming EPE PIC RESOURCES V2 Please send me uantity EPE PIC RESOURCES V2 CD ROM 0 How to Use Intelligent L C D s Julyan llett Feb Mar 97 q y 0 PIC16F87x Microcontrollers Review John Becker l I I Price 14 45 each includes postage to anywhere in the world April 99 I O PIC16F87x Mini Tutorial John Becker
46. me e eer ee AS ada U8 noto he bets hp SPECIAL OFFER Order both Manuals together and SAVE 10 THE MODERN ELECTRONICS MANUAL The Maden Electronics Manual The essential reference work for everyone studying electronics e Over 800 pages e In depth theory e Projects to build e Detailed assembly instructions e Full components checklists e Extensive data tables e Manufacturers web links e Easy to use Adobe Acrobat format e Clear and simple layout e Comprehensive subject range Professionally written e Supplements BASIC PRINCIPLES Electronic Components and their Characteristics Circuits Using Passive Components Power Supplies The Amateur Electronics Workshop The Uses of Semiconductors Digital Electronics Operational Amplifiers Introduction to Physics including practical experiments Semiconductors and Digital Instruments CIRCUITS TO BUILD The Base Manual describes 12 projects including a Theremin and a Simple TENS Unit ESSENTIAL DATA Extensive tables on diodes transistors thyristors and triacs digital and linear i c s EXTENSIVE GLOSSARY Should you come across a technical word phrase or abbreviation you re not familiar with simply look up the glossary and you ll find a comprehensive definition in plain English The Manual also covers Safety and provides web links to component and equipment Manufacturers and Suppliers Full contents list available online at www epemag wimborn
47. modern synthesisers invariably use ana logue synthesis techniques The reason is simple analogue synthesis is flexible and versatile and it s rel atively easy for us to understand The basics are the same for all analogue synths and you ll quickly be able to adapt the principles to any instrument to edit exist ing sounds and create exciting new ones This book describes How analogue synthesis works The essen tial modules every synthesiser has The three steps to synthesis How to create phat bass sounds How to generate filter sweeps Advanced synth modules How to create simple and complex synth patches Where to find soft synths on the Web If you want to take your synthesiser of the hardware or software variety past the presets and program Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 your own sounds and effects this practical and well illustrated book tells you what you need to know Order code PC118 7 45 QUICK GUIDE TO MP3 AND DIGITAL MUSIC lan Waugh MP3 files the latest digital music format have taken the music industry by storm What are they Where do you get them How do you use them Why have they thrown record companies into a panic Will they make music easier to buy And cheaper Is this the future of music All these questions and more are answered in this concise and practical book which explains everything you need to know about MP3s in a simple and easy to understand manner It explains Ho
48. players are not left out The BD 10 s firmware can be upgraded to allow AVCHD playback and Panasonic also plans to provide firmware that will allow the BD 10 to decode TrueHD and DTS HD and upgrade Viera Link More information on the upgrade will be available from the website http panasonic jp support global cs bd download bd10 index html The BD 10A like the BD 10 has no Ethernet port for the enhanced interactivity which Blu ray promises for the future No hardware upgrade will be possible Sales of BD 10s across Europe are now in four digit numbers says Panasonic The new player comes with a BD demo disc which does the format no favours Welsh pop opera singer Katherine Jenkins mimes out of sync on a concert stage and white cliff top mysteriously turning from blond to brunette and back again several times during a single song Ironically it is Panasonic s arch rival Sony who might solve this problem sync not hair colour All plasma and LCD screens delay the picture and all digital audio processors delay the sound but by different amounts This is the big bugbear for all digital systems Lips and words are out of sync which 1s especial ly disconcerting if the sound is ahead of the vision something that never happens in nature Sony s Patent Sony is now patenting a system which passes both sound and picture through an additional delay This puts a check test signal into the sound and picture a
49. rate two complex parameters which we will discuss in a moment It also contains the ADFM bit which is used to determine the format of the data in the ADRES regis ters left or right justified If you remember the result is a 10 bit number but the two registers together will hold 16 bits so six bits are unused Normally you set this flag to right justi fied which leaves the lower eight data bits in the ADRESL register and the two most significant bits in the ADRESH register In some applications however you might only be interested in the top eight bits and want to ignore the lower two bits In this case you can set the output format to left justified Now the most significant eight bits will appear in the ADRESH register This may sound confusing but is a standard technique for ADC converters to enable users to drop the lower resolution bits without having to manually shift data down by two bits Using the ADC Operating the ADC is quite easy most ly The approach is as follows e Configure ADCONI to select the ref erence voltage source and analogue input pins e Select the ADC input pin from which you want to sample in ADCONO e Select an acquisition time and clock source in ADCON2 e Turn the ADC peripheral on in ADCONO e Set the GO DONE bit in ADCONO Wait for the GO DONE bit to be cleared signaling that the result is avail able in the ADRES registers It s all very straightforward
50. recharged at the start of its drive cycle the next morning The life cycle of an ultracapacitor is very long typically the life time of the vehi cle they are designed into reducing main tenance costs Ultracapacitors can be used typically for one million charge cycles which typi cally equates to 7 500 operational hours or 15 years of useful life Ultracapacitors are efficient up to 95 per cent compared to below 70 per cent for batteries Technology transfer Ultracapacitors have clear applications in areas outside transportation An audio mixer using the technology to replace rechargeable batteries exists and ultracapacitors are also advocated for powering all manner of portable electrical and electronic devices such as MP3 players pocket radios torches cellphones and emergency kits How soon they will appear in the hobby ists catalogue is anybody s guess but it will probably be before you or I expect Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 FREE DELIVERY On all orders over 25 excluding VAT UK mainiand only Rapid magnifier Vt SAME DAY t Order code 863352 MH 41 99 ON TECHNICAL 0 5kg Reel ADVICE Low power NPN aii 22swg solder transistors 2 MES DATASHEETS Order CALL amp COLLECT Order e 41 0776 Ee TRADE COUNTER 318 Digital LCD multimeter Order code 85 0719 Multilayer ceramic chip capacitor Order code 71 1883 20x5mm Time lag glass fuses F lt
51. requirements and calculates compo nent values for the VCO and loop filter This best performance at50 does not matter Comparator 2 pin 13 Comparator 3 pin 15 full VCO Fin tO fnax low pass filter dependent equal to lock range low pass filter dependent poor poor No Yes does not matter f VCO centre frequency fmin frin takes a lot of the effort out of experimenting with these chips The software also gives an approximation of the PLL s complete dynamic behaviour and can generate a Bode plot frequency response graph to check loop stability The software was originally distributed on a floppy disc and contains a file INSTALL BAT This was designed to copy the files from the floppy onto the C drive You do not need to run this if downloading the soft ware onto your hard drive Simply unzip the compressed file and run PLL_BODY EXE The program takes over the whole screen but you can still access other applications using the usual ALT TAB shortcut The software asks a number of questions about your PLL design These include IC type 4046 7046 9046 mid frequency and expected drift of input Also VCO cen tre frequency and VCO frequency range value of y for the optional divider which phase comparator to use active or passive loop filter and supply voltage The software uses two loop filter designs a passive RC cir cuit and an active filter based on an op amp Once you have responded to all the ques tion
52. signal path So for the voltage signal both inputs of Amp2 are connected to a 2 2MQ and 1kQ voltage divider and these in turn are connected across the Live Active and Neutral lines Similarly the current monitoring inputs are both connected to series 0 010 and 1kQ resistors but note that only one of these ie R1 carries the load current This resistor is rated at 3W while the non load current carry ing resistor R2 simply consists of a short length of fine gauge copper wire R2 is necessary to mimic the noise picked up by R1 All inputs are filtered to remove high frequency hash above about 4 8kHz by connecting 33nF capaci tors to ground ie from pins 4 5 6 and 7 Note that the whole circuit is refer enced to the mains Neutral with the OV rail for both IC1 and IC2 connected to this line However because the circuit is connected directly to the mains it must be treated as live and dangerous as can happen if Live and Neutral are transposed in the house wiring eg the power point is wired incorrectly IC1 s reference voltage at pin 9 is filtered using parallel connected 100uF and 100nF capacitors This provides a stable reference voltage for the ADCs and is typically 2 4V However variations between individual ICs could result in a reference voltage that s 8 above or 19 y Mg r 0 00000 5 Heariramtal Ravar Mode orem Sei ack EO A Average ee O zontal UA tosel HELE 4 iy
53. some features that help but ulti mately most of the cleverness needed to cope with the irregularities of the architec ture must be in the head of the program mer It is not an accident that the 18F PICs have a much more regular architecture including some of the hardware extensions needed to cope with relocatable assembly In my case I started with the single file assembler but as my program grew I pined for the extra features of the multi file assembler I needed three tries spread over about two years to convert that is two failed attempts before the successful one Now that I have done it I have a toolkit of macros that minimise the pain and I am unlikely to revert but it was a huge struggle that I wouldn t want to inflict on anyone else security settings but I have never known a browser to crash due to that I know it s a bit of a nuisance but it may be worth checking your Java installation which can be done by visiting Sun Microsystems at www java com en down load manual jsp Unfortunately I can t see any other rea son for the problem you outlined but I hope the above is of help Alan Winstanley via email David then responded Thanks for the suggestion I had always assumed I had Java installed I have now installed it from the Java site and your web page now works David Allerton via email Using TK3 with MK2 Board Dear EPE I have been following John s articles and the various version
54. state H bridge single and dual channel varients Sample pricing Dual 1A motor controller 17 09 10A motor controller kits from 19 87 75A controllers from 87 50 A wide range of radio control products including transmitters receivers servos gyros crystals interfaces leads etc Sample pricing 4 Channel 40MHz FM transmitter receiver crystals from 34 95 The PICAXE range of programmable microcontrollers Write in BASIC or Flowchart and download straight into the microcontroller so no expensive programmers are required The 8 pin version provides 5 i o pins 1 analogue input The 18 pin version provides 8 outputs and 5 inputs 3 of the inputs have analogue capabilities The 28 pin version provides 9 17 outputs 0 12 inputs and 0 4 separate analogue inputs Sample pricing e8 pin starter kit including software lead battery holder PCB amp components for 9 94 e28 pin version pictured above 21 74 We carry a wide range of robot kits from BEAM to full combat and includes the very popular Robonova biped walker Kits range in price from 16 95 to 689 05 built by enthusi asts amp school pupils from all over the UK Many are programmable via a PC RC or autono A mous Full details of these WS and lots more RW can be found on our website We carry a wide range of mechanical products many of which are hard to find elsewhere Bearings from 1mm
55. tell you that your soldering site written by Alan Winstanley has helped me so much I am working towards getting my technician s licence in amateur radio in the USA and I had visions of building my own radio However I had never soldered before and so I decided to start small with just a siren LED flashing light project It was agony to get anything to solder especially those transistors but then I decided I had to try to read about the technique of soldering and I found your site The kit I bought emphasized to clean clean clean but I enjoyed seeing the pic tures you had of bad soldering etc Now with my handy piece of sand paper and cellulose sponge I m unstoppable I pro duced my second kit in a fraction of the time it took me to do the first one I just might make that radio after all Of course I need to study and stop wasting time at the work bench It s just too much fun Even my engineer husband is envious of my soldering skills and he admits to learning a thing or two Hats off to you and your site Deborah Dana via email Alan replied to Deborah That s terrific news I m glad the guide was of use Starting with a small project is the best way not being too ambitious in order to avoid disappointment Then as your confidence grows you ll soon be sol dering with confidence You might also be interested in our sister magazine Radio Bygones at www radioby gones com Alan Winstanley Online Edit
56. the position of the LEDs and drill holes in the lid for them to show through Drill a hole and attach on off switch S1 if an internal battery is to be used A 9V PP3 battery should be used for initial testing so even if it is intended to use the 12V car supply eventually fit a battery connector to terminal block TB1 observing the polarity Note that the LEDs will operate more dimly when using a 9V supply if the current limiting resistors have a value appropriate to 12V operation Mock up The boxes used for the rear units should be chosen according to the size and shape of the lighting clusters and also where the bulbs are situated inside them Most readers will wish to use boxes that are as small as possible consistent with reliable operation To achieve this it would be a good idea to make a temporary rear unit using cardboard It will then be possible to perform some tests and assess its ef fectiveness before ordering the final phototransistors if the box is not too shallow Also light from the various bulbs inside the lighting cluster will reach the phototransistor more easily A depth of 25mm was used in the pro totype and this proved satisfactory On the block Use a two way section of screw terminal block taped to the bottom of the box to connect the phototransistor Note that this has only two end wires the emitter e being the longer one LOW LOW LEVEL LEVEL LEFT RIGHT TR1 2 e TR1 c
57. ties in nicely with your current series about the C language Ian Whiting via email Thanks Ian Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 Oscilloscope lloscopes in ti price rane compromise on one oft y specications al HE 5000 Series IS mise PC oscilloscope at a 1G5 s sampling rate 150MHz bandwidth 26M sample buffer memory 15M5 s 12 bit AWG built in PicoScope 5203 32M buffer 1195 PicoScope 5204 128M buffer 1795 Build Your Own SHERWOOD ELECTRONICS Weather Station oa Buy 10 x 1 Special Packs and choose another one FREE SP1 15 x 5mm Red LEDs SP135 5 x Miniature slide switches SP2 12 x 5mm Green LEDs Be 3 x BFY50 transistors i E j SP3 12 x 5mm Yellow LEDs P137 4 x W005 1 5A bridge rectifiers Measure Wind SP5 25 x 5mm 1 part LED clips SP138 20 x 2 2 63V radial elect caps SP6 15 x 3mm Red LEDs SP140 3 x W04 1 5A bridge rectifiers speed SP7 12 x 3mm Green LEDs SP142 2x CMOS 4017 E SP8 10 x 3mm Yellow LEDs SP143 5 Pairs min crocodile clips Measure Wind SP9 25 x 3mm 1 part LED clips Red amp Black a TETAS SP10 100 x 1N4148 diodes SP144 5 Pairs min crocodile clips Di rection SP11 30 x 1N4001 diodes assorted colours SP12 30 x 1N4002 diodes SP146 10 x 2N3704 transistors Measu re SP18 20 x BC 182 transistors SP147 5 x Stripboard 9 strips x 1 SP20 20 x BC184 transistors 25 holes emperal ure SP23 20 x BC549 transistors SP151 4 x 8mm Red LEDs js SP24 4 x CMOS 4001 SP152 4 x 8mm Green LE
58. to 30mm bore Plastic and steel pulleys plastic and steel gears from MOD 0 5 to MOD 2 0 Steel chain sprockets in 6 amp 8mm 3 8 amp 1 2 pitch Silver steel EN24T steel collets amp shaft couplings Nuts and bolts from M2 to M12 springs clips amp Pins Wide range of engineering ma terials including aluminium 6082 T6 to 12mm thick brass tube rod sheet etc Polycarbonate sheet from 1mm to 12mm thick PVC sheet polymorph etc Wheels from 9mm to 250mm diameter We believe this to be the lowest retail priced 4 channel 40MHz FM radio control set in the UK The set includes the transmitter receiver and crystal pair from just 34 95 Upgrade options available Sample pricing e Transmitter receiver and xtals 34 95 As above but with a set of 8 AA batteries 35 95 or with a set of 8 AA rechargeable batteries 41 49 Add a fast charger for an additional 11 46 Glass automotive and maxi fuses from 1A to 100A fuse holders cable from 0 5mm to 16mmZ2 Pre stripped wire kits for breadboards Connectors from 5A to 300A wide range of crimp connectors bagged in 100 s or in kits Circuit breakers from 3A to 30A Cable ties tie bases spiral wrap and heatshrink 1 2 to 101 6mm diameter All prices include VAT company we do have a 3 shop where Please check our website for opening hours and if making a long journey we suggest phoning first to ensure stock
59. to show the differ ence in energy consumption between the summer months and the winter months If you have a solar power installa tion this unit will prove invaluable It will quickly allow you to determine which appliances are the most power hungry so that you can adjust your energy usage patterns to suit the Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 capacity of the installation And there are lots of other uses for example the unit could be used to determine the cost of pumping water the running costs of an aquarium or even the cost of keeping your TV set on standby power so that it can be switched on via the remote control Standby power The cost of standby power is some thing that most people never think about However there are lots of appli ances in your home that continuously consume power 24 hours a day even when they are supposedly switched off These appliances include TV sets VCRs DVD players hifi equipment and cable and satellite TV receivers They remain on standby so that they are ready to power up in response to a command from the remote control Then there are those devices that are powered viaa plugpack supply These devices include modems some print ers portable CD players and battery chargers eg for mobile telephones However simply switching these devices off when not in use is not the complete answer because their plugpacks continue to draw current unless of cours
60. trans fers they are quite durable and will with stand quite a lot of wear and tear without the need for any additional protection The labels are of the self adhesive vari ety so they are easily fixed to cases and panels They adhere well to most plastics and metals and practical experience sug gests that they will not start to peel off after a few months or years of indoor use Most labelling systems require additional protec tion for use outside where they will be exposed to the elements Cutting down A slight drawback of electronic labellers 1s they use relatively wide tapes and pro duce lettering that is often a bit larger than would be ideal Some of these units are designed for a single tape width which for Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 the smaller units is either 9 or 12mm The 9mm type is well suited to most projects and the actual height of normal text is only about 4mm or so There is usually an option to print in smaller text Many of the more recent labellers see Fig 3 will accept tapes of several different widths One that can use 6mm 9mm and 12mm tapes is ideal for making labels for projects Normal lettering on the 6mm type is fractionally less than 3mm high which makes it just about ideal for small projects The 9mm tapes are useful when labelling larger projects and the 12mm type is useful when larger labels are needed such as when naming a project e g 100W 100W Amplifier
61. versatile ignition system can be used on both two amp four stroke engines The system can be used to modify the factory ignition timing or as the basis for a stand alone ignition system with variable ignition timing electronic coil control and anti knock sensing Features e Timing retard amp advance over a wide range e Suitable for single coil systems e Dwell adjustment e Single or dual mapping ranges e Max 8 min RPM adjustment e Optional knock sensing e Optional coil driver e Kit supplied with PCB and all electronic components KC 5442 Ignition KC 5386 Hand System Controller E HE O0rRTWGLLER HAr o ae Oy Ignition Coil Driver KC 5443 13 00 post amp packing Add this ignition coil driver to the KC 5442 Programmable Ignition System and you have a complete stand alone ignition system that will trigger from a range of sources including points Hall Effect sensors optical sensors or the 5 volt signal from the car s ECU Kit includes PCB with overlay and all specified components e Kit supplied with PCB and all hAg electronic components Due N N ext 2 Month N Knock Sensor KANST KC 5444 5 00 post amp packing Add this option to your KC 5442 Programmable High Energy Ignition system and the unit will automatically retard the ignition timing if knocking is detected Ideal for high performance cars running high octane fuel Requires a knock sensor which is cheaply available f
62. works in sea water Detects Gold Silver ferrous and non ferrous metals Kit Includes Head KIT 847 63 95 phones coil and A Ultrasonic PEsT Scarers Two Ultrasonic PEsT Scarers Kit 812 produces regular high level pulses of 32kHz Kit 867 produces Random pulses and can work with an optional slave unit to give two separate ultrasound sources Both kits need 9V supply Kit 812 14 81 psu 3 99 Kit 867 19 99 867Slave 12 51 MOSFET MKII Bench PSU Setof4 Spare Electrodes 6 50 MAGENTA us VOLTS Based on Mk1 design with switching pre regulator for high efficiency Panel meters for A and V Toroidal trans former Variable Volts O 25 AND Variable Current limit from O 2 5A Kit includes punched and la belled case A classic and essential piece of test gear Kit 845 64 95 CURRENT VOLTAGE A range of motors for many applications Visit our website for more details MD 100 100 step Unipolar MD200 200 step Unipolar MD24 Type 23 size 200 step 22 95 MAGENTA BRAINIBOT I amp II Fullkitwith ALL hard 901414915 ware and electronics As featured in EPE Feb 03 KIT 910 Seeks light beeps and avoids obstacles Spins and reverses when cornered Uses 8 pin PIC chip ALSO KIT 911 As 910 PLUS programmable from PC serial port leads and software CD included KIT910 16 99 KIT911 24 99 www magenta2000 co uk PIC PIPE DESCALER O An afforda
63. you to restore them on demand as well Some online storage services are free but without a robust service agreement your data could be delet pr ed without warning e g you fail to access your account within a certain period Just as with physical back up systems a good remote backup solution works automatically with out the need for constant user inter vention One such system is Carbonite www carbonite com a convenient fixed cost service for Windows XP or Vista only a Mac version is promised later this year that they claim will encrypt and store your files on their remote servers safely and securely It seems to be extremely easy to install and utilise but probably works best on a modern fast machine Simply install the Carbonite soft ware and point to the drives folders or files you wish to be monitored for backing up to the Carbonite servers Simple coloured dots on the icons indicate the back up status of selected data folders or files A yellow dot means awaiting backup and a green dot means it has been backed up Windows system and temp files are not backed up unless selected individually A coloured padlock icon in the system tray indicates the status of backups in progress queued done or error You may need to configure security software e g Norton to allow the software to upload and note that Carbonite does not handle scheduled backups but constantly syncs backups in the background Be aware t
64. 0 express airmail 1 Year UK 35 50 Overseas 41 50 standard air service 24 months 78 standard air service or 114 express airmail 59 50 express airmail Cheques or bank drafts in sterling only payable to Everyday 2 Years UK 66 00 Overseas 78 00 standard air service Practical Electronics and sent to EPE Subs Dept Wimborne 114 express airmail Publishing Ltd 408 Wimborne Road East Ferndown Dorset To Everyday Practical Electronics BH22 9ND Tel 01202 873872 Fax 01202 874562 Email Wimborne Publishing Ltd 408 Wimborne Road East subs epemag wimborne co uk Also via the Web at Ferndown Dorset BH22 9ND http www epemag co uk Subscriptions start with the next Tel 01202 873872 Fax 01202 874562 available issue We accept MasterCard Amex Diners Club ee ae Maestro or Visa For past issues see the Back Issues page E mail subs epemag wimborne co uk ONLINE SUBSCRIPTIONS Online subscriptions for downloading the magazine via the Internet 15 99US approx 9 00 for one year available from www epemag com USA CANADA SUBSCRIPTIONS enclose payment of cheque PO in sterling only payable to Everyday Practical Electronics My cardinumbernis orr m ore ee ee ee Please print clearly and check that you have the number correct To subscribe to EPE from the USA or Canada please telephone Signature ea io ete entree no aa eed barr aed Pt eee yee e ma 0 Express Mag toll free on 1877 363
65. 0dB typical component Sallen Key filter How it works is quite complex but in simple terms the resistors from the output pin 8 to the junction of the two 100nF capacitors provide positive feedback below a certain frequency Thus the gain increases to provide the bass boost characteristic we want This is shown in Fig 4 Naturally the shape of the bass boost curve will need to vary depending on whether we are compensating for a sealed enclosure or a vented enclosure bass reflex and the rated cutoff 3dB point of the loudspeaker system Accordingly the values of resistors R1 R2 and R3 on the circuit are for vented enclosures If you have sealed enclosures R1 should be changed to 27kQ R2 to 47kQ and R3 to 39kQ Similarly the value of the four resistors marked Rs depends on your speaker s cutoff frequency and this is calculated using the formula Rs Rp 33kQ where Rr 3 180 000 fe and fe speaker cutoff frequency This formula applies to both sealed and vented enclosures For example if your speakers have a cutoff fre quency 3dB point of 70Hz Ry 3 180 000 70 45 4kQ Subtracting 33kQ from this figure gives a value of 12kQ for Rs You will have to do the calculations for your own system before you can assemble this project Power supply The circuit can be powered from 12 to 20V DC Diode D1 provides supply input polarity protection Two 10kQ resistors divide the sup ply rail in hal
66. 1 wire SP109 15 x BC557 transistors SP183 20 x BC547 transistors A i midi SP112 4 x CMOS 4093 SP187 15 x BC239 transistors Pressure Module rat connection SP115 3 x 10mm Red LEDs SP189 4x5 metres solid core wire ae TE A SP116 3 x 10mm Green LEDs SP192 3 x CMOS 4066 Rainfall Gauge E Build and add SP118 2 x CMOS 4047 SP195 3x 10mm Yellow LEDs E i i E SP124 20 x Assorted ceramic disc caps SP197 6 x 20 pin DIL sockets your own devices SP126 6 x Battery clips 3 ea SP198 5 x 24 pin DIL sockets PP3 PP9 SP199 5 x 2 5mm mono jack plugs SP130 100 x Mixed 0 5W C F resistors SP200 5 x 2 5mm mono jack sockets SP131 2 x TLO71 Op Amps mm e A one pee o ant Chale cam P1 20 x 1N4004 di i i For more information manuals and downloads on this and e ee 2007 Catalogue available 1 inc other interesting products see WWW audon co uk RESISTOR PACKS C Film P amp P or FREE with first order RP3 5 each value total 3650 25W 3 40 P amp P 1 75 per order NO VAT A Ra o na o o or oF Cheques and Postal Orders to zz 4 E opular values U E A lili Electronics RP4 5 each value total 345 0 5W 4 30 Shorwood Electronics j as RP8 1Oeachvaluetotal6900 5W 6 95 PMMA TUEZ E TE EE p www audon co uk 44 0 115 925 8412 Fax 44 03115 925 9757 RP11 1000 popular values 0 5W 8 95 Notts NG19 6TD Prices exclude VAT and delivery Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 63 Surfing The Internet Alan Winstanley Failing memories
67. 10 bit output value will be five times more accurate than if you left the reference inputs to their default of OV and 5V In many cases however the input signal will have the same range of values as the supply voltage of the processor so you can just leave the reference voltages tied to the supply rails internally Note though that the voltages on the Vr pins and on the ADC inputs must not go above the proces sor positive supply voltage or below zero To do so will damage the IC irreversibly Multiple channels The other point to note about ADCs on PIC microcontrollers is that they provide multiple input channels ranging from two up to eight or more as can be seen on the block diagram in Fig 4 There is only one ADC unit and only a single conversion can be done at a time but the PIC includes a number of analogue switches inside the processor This is quite a useful feature because in applications that use ADCs there are often multiple analogue input sig nals that need to be monitored These inputs are multiplexed with I O pins enabling you to decide which pins are used for I O and which will be used for ana logue inputs Of course if you are only interested in monitoring a single signal then the unused ADC input pins can be configured as I O pins instead The ADIF output signal on the block diagram is an interrupt flag that will trigger when the signal conversion completes As ADC conversions can take some time
68. 7 M3 x 6mm screws 1 M3 x 12mm screw 5 M3 metal nuts 5 M3 star washers 1 14 way single in line pin header or 1 7 way dual in line header to suit LCD module 1 3 way single in line header 1 shorting plug for header 1 3mm diameter solder lug 3 6 4mm insulated spade connectors Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 2 2 8mm spade connectors 1 100mm length of 4 way rainbow cable 1 100mm length of 6 way rainbow cable 1 40mm length of 0 2mm enamelled copper wire 1 400mm length of 0 7mm tinned copper wire 1 150mm length of hookup wire 1 50mm length of 16mm diameter heatshrink tubing 1 50mm length of 2 5mm dia meter heatshrink tubing 1 50mm length of 6mm diameter heatshrink tubing 5 50mm long cable ties 12 PC stakes Semiconductors 1 ADE7756AN Active Energy Metering IC IC1 Magenta Electronics 1 PIC16F628A 20P programmed with wattmetr hex IC 2 Preprogrammed PICs are available from Magenta Elec tronics see their advert 1 LM2940CT 5 low dropout 5V regulator REG1 1 STP3ONEO6L logic MOSFET Q1 1 W04 1 2A bridge rectifier BR1 3 1N4004 1A diodes D1 D2 D6 3 1N4148 diodes D3 D5 Capacitors 1 1000uF 25V PC electrolytic 1 100uF 25V PC electrolytic 4 100uF 16V PC electrolytic 1 10uF 16V PC electrolytic 3 100nF MKT polyester 4 33nF MKT polyester 1 inF MKT polyester 4 33pF NPO ceramic Resistors 0 25W 1 2 2 2MQ 1W 400V 1 10kQ 5 1kQ 1 680Q 0 5W install only if back up bat
69. A Ure 16 0 Fig 6 the top trace in this scope shot is t appears on pin 7 of IC1 TP2 This is the sampled mains voltage from the 2 2MQ and 1kQ resistive divider The lower trace is the current waveform at pin 4 of IC1 resulting from a 4 3A load This produces a 43 45mV RMS signal across the 0 010 current sensing resistor R1 he voltage that WARNING these two scope waveforms are shown to explain the operation of the circuit DO NOT attempt to monitor these waveforms yourself it is too dangerous below this value but this is taken care of by the calibration procedure The SAG output appears at pin 13 and is normally held high via a 1kQ pull up resistor This in turn holds MOSFET Q1 on and so relay RLY1 is also normally on assuming link LK1 is in position Conversely when a power brownout occurs the SAG output goes low and MOSFET Q1 and RLY1 both turn off The SAG output from IC1 also drives RA1 pin 18 of IC2 and this does two things First it instructs the microcontroller to send the SAG indi cation data to the LCD display when a brownout is detected Second it allows IC2 to provide the optional de layed turn on feature after a brownout via RBO and LK2 ie LK2 used instead of LK1 When the SAG output goes low RBO also immediately goes low and turns off Q1 as before However when the brownout ends RBO remains low and only goes high again after an 18 24 minute
70. C Robotic Intelligence Neutral Type Using Simple Neural Networks Insect Intelligence Making a Lifelike Android Hand A Computer Controlled Robotic Insect Programmed in BASIC Telepresence Robots With Actual Arcade and Virtual Reality Applications A Computer Controlled Robotic Arm Animated Robots and Androids Real World Robotic Applications Order code MGH1 16 99 224 pages 66 DIRECT BOOK SERVICE NOTE ALL PRICES INCLUDE UK POSTAGE The books listed have been selected by Everyday Practical Electronics editorial staff as being of special interest to everyone involved in electronics and computing They are supplied by mail order to your door Full ordering details are given on the last book For a further selection of books see the next two issues of EPE BASIC RADIO PRINCIPLES AND TECHNOLOGY lan Poole Radio technology is becoming increasingly important in today s high technology society There are the traditional uses of radio which include broadcasting and point to point radio as well as the new technologies of satellites and cellular phones All of these developments mean there is a growing need for radio engineers at all levels Assuming a basic knowledge of electronics this book provides an easy to understand grounding in the topic Chapters in the book Radio Today Yesterday and Tomorrow Radio Waves and Propagation Capacitors Inductors and Filters Modulation Receivers Transmitters Antenna Systems Broadcas
71. C Polyphonium Part 2 e SMS Controller Part 2 FEATURES e Ingenuity Unlimited e PIC N Mix e Interface e Visual C Training Course Review e Circuit Surgery e Net Work The Internet Page BACK Issues ONLY 4 00 each inc UK p amp p Overseas prices 4 75 each surface mail 5 75 each airmail We can also supply issues from earlier years 2001 except Feb May Aug to Nov 2002 except Feb June Aug to Nov 2003 except June 2004 except June July Oct and Dec 2005 except Feb Nov Dec 2006 except Jan Feb Mar Apr and July Where we do not have an issue a photocopy of any one article or one partof a series can be provided at the same price ORDER FORM BACK ISSUES PHOTOCOPIES INDEXES Send back issues dated Send photocopies of article title and issue date Send copies of last five years indexes 4 00 for five inc p amp p Overseas 4 75 surface 5 75 airmail _ I enclose cheque P O bank draft to the value of L_ Please charge my Visa Mastercard Amex Diners Club Maestro Card No Valid From Card Security Code The last 3 digits on or just under the signature strip SEND TO Everyday Practical Electronics Wimborne Publishing Ltd 408 Wimborne Road East Ferndown Dorset BH22 9ND Tel 01202 873872 Fax 01202 874562 E mail orders epemag wimborne co uk On line Shop www epemag wimborne co uk shopdoor htm Payments must be in sterling cheque or ban
72. Card Amex Diners E ps Club Visa or Switch Maestro Card No Valid From Expiry Date Card Security Code Maestro Issue No The last 3 digits on or just under the signature strip Signature NOTE You can also order p c b s by phone Fax Email or via the shop on our website on a secure server http www epemag co uk Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS Everyday Practical Electronics reaches more UK readers than any other UK monthly hobby elec tronics magazine our sales figures prove it We have been the leading monthly magazine in this market for the last twenty two years If you want your advertisements to be seen by the largest readership at the most economical price our classified and semi display pages offer the best value The prepaid rate for semi display space is 10 VAT per single column centimetre minimum 2 5cm The prepaid rate for classified adverts is 40p VAT per word minimum 12 words All cheques postal orders etc to be made payable to Everyday Practical Electronics VAT must be added Advertisements together with remittance should be sent to Everyday Practical Electronics Advertisements 408 Wimborne Road East Ferndown Dorset BH22 9ND Phone 01202 873872 Fax 01202 874562 Email epeads wimborne co uk For rates and information on display and classified advertis ing please contact our Advertisement Manager Stewart Kearn as above BTEC ELECTRONICS TECH
73. Ds A NET Fa f SP25 4 x 555 timers SP153 4 x 8mm Yellow LEDs Ea gt y Bui ld Ki t SP26 4 x741 Op Amps aa 15x rer transistors F R EE Software SP28 4 x CMOS 4011 P156 3 x Stripboard 14 strips x l SP29 3 x CMOS 4013 27 holes l Pi ij SP33 4 x CMOS 4081 SP160 10 x 2N3904 transistors USB or RS232 SP34 20 x 1N914 diodes SP161 10 x 2N3906 transistors REN SP36 25 x 10 25V radial elect caps SP164 2 x C106D thyristors Optional acl 12 x ee radial elect caps Ro 2 mie TES ene P38 15 x 47 25V radial elect caps P166 20 x 1N4003 diodes H umidity Module SP39 10 x 470 16V radial elect caps SP167 5 x BC107 transistors SP40 15 x BC237 transistors SP168 5 x BC108 transistors Optional SP41 20 x Mixed transistors SP171 8 Metres 18SWG solder aid aH a te A SP42 200 x Mixed 0 25W C F resistors SP172 4 x Standard slide switches Sere f j SP47 5 x Min PB switches SP173 10 x 220 25V radial elect caps Weather Starter Kit c Pressure Module SP49 4 x 5 metres stranded core wire SP174 20 x 22 25V radial elect caps latitelat Rair SP101 8 Metres 22SWG solder SP175 20 x 1 63V radial elect caps AS23 5 interlace Op tona l Ra infal SP102 20 x 8 pin DIL sockets SP177 10 x 1A 20mm quick blow fuses eee eee uia Gauge SP103 15 x 14 pin DIL sockets SP178 10 x 2A 20mm quick blow fuses USB Interface g ia SP104 15 x 16 pin DIL sockets SP181 5 x Phono plugs asstd colours Tipe ese F Si le 1 WE SP105 4 x 74LS00 SP182 20 x 4 7 63V radial elect caps Humidit y Module 10 Imp e
74. E SOLUTIONS FOR EMBED DED WORLD nn an y F P E a E y ie ee 7 f L 4 Ji oo ee E TEETE gt 4 fii ri P Po e Ma 1 PART HDP tr did e Me 9 A a gt sb rra Ei too i auiii a 1 it J LEN Bch AT 4 AT pe dy 9 a am A powerful capture package tailored for todays engineer and designed to allow rapid entry of complex schematics for simulation and PCB Layout PROSPICE MIXED MODE SIMULATI E EO A customised implementation of the industry standard Berkeley SPICE 3F5 engine with extensive optimisations and enhancements for true mixed mode simulation and circuit animation
75. ETER PART 2 Full construction details plus the calibration procedure JUNE 07 ISSUE ON SALE MAY 10 ADVERTISERS INDEX AUDON ELECTRONICS BETA LAYOUT BRUNNING SOFTWARE BULL GROUP DISPLAY ELECTRONICS EASYSYNC ESR ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS JAYCAR ELECTRONICS JPG ELECTRONICS LABCENTER LASER BUSINESS SYSTEMS MAGENTA ELECTRONICS MECHATRONICS MICROCHIP MIKROELEKTRONIKA NURVE NETWORKS LLC PEAK ELECTRONIC DESIGN PICO TECHNOLOGY QUASAR ELECTRONICS RAPID ELECTRONICS SCANTOOL SHERWOOD ELECTRONICS STEWART OF READING TECHNOBOTS ADVERTISEMENT OFFICES 408 WIMBORNE ROAD EAST FERNDOWN DORSET BH22 9ND PHONE 01202 873872 FAX 01202 874562 EMAIL epeads wimborne co uk For Editorial address and phone numbers see page 7 Everyday Practical Electronics ISSN 0262 3617 is published monthly 12 times per year by Wimborne Publishing Ltd USA agent USACAN Media Dist Srv Corp at 26 Power Dam Way Suite S1 S3 Plattsburgh NY 12901 Periodicals postage paid at Plattsburgh NY and at additional mailing Offices POSTMASTER Send address changes to Everyday Practical Electronics c o Express Mag PO Box 2769 Plattsburgh NY USA 12901 0239 Published on approximately the second Thursday of each month by Wimborne Publishing Ltd 408 Wimborne Road East Ferndown Dorset BH22 9ND Printed in England by Apple Web Offset Ltd Warrington WAI 4RW Distributed by Seymour 86 Newman St London WIT 3EX Subscriptions INLAND 18 75 6 months
76. EasyAVR4 is an easy to use Atmel AVR development system On board USB 2 0 programmer makes your develop ment easy Examples in BASIC and Pascal language are provided with the board EasyAVR4 Development System sis 114 00 USD EasyPSoC3 Development Board with on board USB 2 0 programmer System supports 8 20 28 and 48 pin microcontrollers it comes with CY8C27843 Each jumper element and pin is clearly marked on the board EasyPSoC3 is an easy to use PSoC development system On board USB 2 0 programmer provides fast and easy in system programming EasyPSoC3 has many features that makes your development easy You can choose between USB or External Power supply EasyPSoC3 also supports Character LCD as well as Graphic LCD EasyPSoC3 Development System n 169 00 USD EasydsPIC3 Development Board with on board USB 2 0 programmer System supports 18 28 and 40 pin microcontrollers it comes with dsPIC30F4013 general purpose microcontroller with internal 12 bit ADC EasydsPIC3 has many features that make your development easy Many ready made examples in C BASIC and PASCAL language guarantee suc cessful use of the system On board USB 2 0 programmer allows for faster prototype development EasydsPIC3 Development System ss 119 00 USD Please visit our web page for more info http www mikroe com i TO OCT Eanyan Ha SOFTWARE AND HARDWAR
77. F84 I have created a PIC entry in the types file However I can t seem to program the PIC Can you provide suggestions Can the programmer handle PICs not listed in particular newer lower power PICs like the 16LF819 Ritchie Long California via email Ritchie it is possible that the 819 requires a different programming algo rithm to the F84 just as the FS4A and F84 have different algorithms A number of more recent PICs require different althogrithms of which there are several The 18Fxxx series are even more different I don t know the 819 Very sorry but I ve gone as far with updating TK3 for different PICs as I wish and shall not be adding other chips unless 61 I need them I suggest you may need to move over to a commercial programmer which does handle a wider variety of PICs Check the Microchip datasheet about pro gramming your device PSU for 1W LEDs Dear EPE I ve been looking at the article on the PSU for IW LEDs Jan 07 I find the method of reverse battery protection a little crude Might I suggest the scheme used by the makers of PMRs In these they use a sacrifi cially fuse In the PSU circuit this fuse would be inserted in the lead from the VE pin of CONT and the remainder of the cir cuit If a reverse polarity battery were to be connected then the high current through D1 would cause the fuse to blow thus protecting the whole circuit including D1 Peter Mitchell via email
78. Hz Kit supplied in short form with PCB and electronic components Kit requires heatsink and 70V power supply a suitable supply is described in the instructions e As published in Everyday Practical Electronics October amp November 2006 IR Remote Control Extender MKII Operate your DVD playa or digital decoder using its remote control from another room It picks up the signal from the remote control and sends it via a 2 wire cable to an infrared LED located close to the device This improved model features fast data transfer capable of transmitting Foxtel digital remote control signals using the Pace 400 series decoder Kit supplied with case screen printed front panel PCB with overlay and all electronic components Requires 9VDC wall adaptor Maplin GS74R 10 99 ole Moji lace for your FREE catalogue Luxeon Star LED Driver Kit Luxeon high power LEDs are some of the brightest LEDs available in the world They offer up to 120 lumens per unit and will last up to 100 000 hours This kit allows you to power the fantastic 1W 3W and 5W Luxeon Star LEDs from 12VDC Now you can take advantage of these fantastic LEDs in your car boat or caravan e Kit supplied with PCB and all electronic components e As published in Everyday ez Practical Electronics ge T LEI Es Magazine April 2007 Smart Card Reader and Programmer Kit Program both the microcontroller and EEPROM in the p
79. I l I I I l I Tel 01202 873872 Fax 01202 874562 E mail orders epemag wimborne co uk Payments must be by card or in Sterling cheque or bank draft drawn on a UK bank Normally supplied within seven days of receipt of order Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 51 Readers Circuits Ingenuity bets o mio Ultra Regulated LED Constantly Brilliant HE easiest way of limiting the current through an LED is simply to use a series resistor see Fig 1 In many situa tions that is perfectly adequate particular ly if the supply voltage is fairly stable and predictable The current is simply deter mined by the voltage across the resistor which is approximately the supply voltage less the LED voltage of about 2V depend ing on type divided by the resistor s value If the supply voltage changes due to a dying battery or poorly regulated supply then the LED current changes and so does the LED s brightness Transistor current sink Another very common method of regulat ing the current is to use a single transistor current sink see Fig 2 The voltage across resistor R1 is kept approximately constant at around 0 6V by the emitter follower action since the base voltage is about 1 2V derived from the pair of diodes D1 and D2 The cur rent through the diodes is provided by R2 In this example the current through R1 and therefore transistor TR1 and the LED is around 20mA 0 6V
80. IC Digital Geiger Counter published in our Feb 07 issue These are brand new LND712 and are supplied with a certificate of comfor mance The price is 53 00 VAT 62 28 incl VAT Contact details Magenta Electronics Ltd 135 Hunter Street Burton on Trent Staffs DE14 2ST Tel 01283 565435 Fax 01283 546932 Email sales magenta2000 co uk Web www magenta 2000 co uk The LND712 Geiger Tube Web NID TA L K MARK NELSON Leaner And Greener Electronics can help us reduce energy consumption as Mark Nelson reports of London Ken Livingstone wants to transform the UK s capital city and as part of this crusade he wants Londoners and visitors to consume far less energy We investigate how electronics can make part of this dream a reality not just in London but everywhere The radical plans announced by the Mayor of London recently are certainly wide ranging He wants homes to have on site renewable energy generators solar pan els and wind turbines cut price or free loft and cavity wall insulation also combined cooling and heating energy supplies On the public transport front he wants to convert London s 8 000 bus fleet to hybrid diesel electric vehicles and to introduce regenerative braking on the underground Regeneration Regenerative braking here my ears pricked up Regeneration a process in which traction motors work in reverse as generators and force energy back into the system dates back to the
81. L 12 BACK ISSUES July 2004 to December 2004 ER i VOL 13 BACK ISSUES as January 2005 to June 2005 Br Sate era ai im gg a ei a aah ah Batol Ses Ep ev Gea NE l VOL 14 BACK ISSUES July 2005 to December 2005 VOL 15 BACK ISSUES January 2006 to June 2006 NOTE These CD ROMs are suitable for use on any PC with a l l I l l CD ROM drive They require Adobe Acrobat Reader available free 1 l from the Internet www adobe com acrobat I l I l I WHAT IS INCLUDED All volumes include the EPE Online editorial content of every listed issue plus all the available PIC Project Codes for the PIC projects published in those issues Please note that we are unable to answer technical queries or provide data on articles that are more than five years old Please also ensure that all components are still available DO seekers vee is Bee eae ata See Post Code escorias l i O l enclose cheque P O bank draft to the value of I Please charge my Visa Mastercard Amex Diners l before commencing construction of a project from a back issue l l Note Some supplements etc can be downloaded free from the Club Maestro I Library on the EPE Online website at www epemag com I l No advertisements are included in Volumes 1 and 2 from Volume 5 ESA Gaia AAA A EA EE A E A e l onwards the available relevant software for Interface articles is I I also included i Cardi NOn m ee a a a E SORO sel ets SAO ee i EXTRA ARTICLES ON ALL VOLUMES
82. Mike has also produced an Electronics Teach In CD ROM which comes free with the book The CD ROM contains TINA circuit simulation soft ware Flowcode PIC programming software both are time limited versions Interactive Quizzes to test your understanding of the series and the full series in PDF form plus various links to relevent websites Mike has also written a special TINA Tutorial and set up the test and demonstration circuits from the series in the TINA package so that you can test and modify each one on screen and see the results on virtual meters and oscilloscopes etc It brings the whole series to life with out the need to assemble components although full breadboard layouts for the demonstra tion circuits are also provided Projects In addition to the full Teach In series the book also contains the whole Back To Basics series of CMOS projects previously published in 2005 This series of 15 projects was based around CMOS logic devices and following a short introduction to CMOS and the chips used describes the following inexpensive easy to build projects Fridge Freezer Door Alarm Water Level Detector Burglar Alarm Scarecrow Digital Lock Door Chime Electronic Dice Kitchen Timer Room Thermometer Daily Reminder Whistle Switch Parking Radar Telephone Switch Noughts and Crosses Enigma and a Weather Vane Each project is PCB based with full constructional details and boards are available from our PCB Service There is a
83. NICIAN TRAINING NATIONAL ELECTRONICS VCE ADVANCED ICT HNC AND HND ELECTRONICS FOUNDATION DEGREES NVQ ENGINEERING AND IT DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY LONDON ELECTRONICS COLLEGE 20 PENYWERN ROAD EARLS COURT LONDON SW5 9SU TEL 020 7373 8721 www lec org uk BOWOOD ELECTRONICS LTD Suppliers of Electronic Components Place a secure order on our website or call our sales line All major credit cards accepted Web www bowood electronics co uk Unit 1 McGregor s Way Turnoaks Business Park Chesterfield S40 2WB Sales 01246 200222 Send 60p stamp for catalogue VISIT OUR ONLINE SHOP TO ORDER SUBSCRIPTIONS AND RENEWALS BACK ISSUES CDROMS BOOKS PCBS AND MANUALS Ss EVERYDAY PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS www epemag co uk Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 Versatile Programmable PIC On Screen Di aii 2 o ES PIC 16F628 microcontro 28 by 11 character screen Y Fully programmable E Text over composite video ti l Demo software available Free MO for sansors or poy N R BARDWELL Ltd est 1948 Electronic Component Supplies LED s Semis IC s Resistors Caps etc send 44p for lists 1000 s bargains at our secure site www bardwells co uk 288 Abbeydale Rd Sheffield S7 1FL 0845 166 2329 local rate ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS amp KITS P amp P still just 2 50 orders over 25 Free P amp P A wide range of popular components No Minimum Order No Sign up No VAT Visit our e
84. OBOTICS WITH LEGO MINDSTORMS Robert Penfold Shows the reader how to build a variety of increasingly sophis ticated computer controlled robots using the brilliant Lego Mindstorms Robotic Invention System RIS Initially covers fundamental building techniques and mechanics needed to construct strong and efficient robots using the various click together components supplied in the basic RIS kit Then explains in simple terms how the brain of the robot may be programmed on screen using a PC and zapped to the robot over an infra red link Also shows how a more sophisticated Windows programming language such as Visual BASIC may be used to control the robots Details building and programming instructions provided including numerous step by step photographs 288 pages large format MALAS 14 99 MORE ADVANCED ROBOTICS WITH LEGO MINDSTORMS Robert Penfold Covers the Vision Command System Shows the reader how to extend the capabilities of the brilliant Lego Mindstorms Robotic Invention System RIS by using Lego s own accessories and some sim ple home constructed units You will be able to build robots that can provide you with waiter service when you clap your hands perform tricks see and avoid objects by using bats radar or accurately follow a line marked on the floor Learn to use additional types of sensors including rotation light temperature sound and ultrasonic and also explore the p
85. RACAL 9916 Counter 10Hz 520MHz RACAL 9906 Universal Counter 200MHz RACAL 9904 Counter Timer 50MHz RACAL 1991 Counter Timer 160MHz 9 digit MARCONI 2431A Frequency Meter 200MHz MARCONI 2437 Counter Timer 100MHz HP 5340A Automet Microwave Counter 10Hz 18GHz 125 HP 5316A Universal Counter 0 100MHz HPIB THANDAR TF810 Frequency Counter 5Hz 200MHz Battery 60 THANDAR TF200 Frequency Meter 10Hz 200MHz 8 digit BLACK STAR Meteor 100 Counter 5Hz 100MHz BLACK STAR 1325 Counter Timer 1300MHz BECKMAN UC10A Universal Counter 120MHz LEADER LDC9043 Digital Counter 100MHz 40 DIGITAL MULTIMETERS ETC SOLARTRON 7150 6 digit True RMS IEEE SOLARTRON 7150Plus As Above Temp Measurement 100 DATRON 1065 5 digit Autocal AC DC Resistance IEEE 95 FLUKE 77 3 digit Handheld FLUKE 77 Series 2 3 digit Handheld FLUKE 8060A 4 digit True RMS Handheld BECKMAN HD110 3 digit Handheld in Carry Case TTI 1905A 5 digit Bench SOLARTRON 7045 4 digit Bench AVO DA116 3 digit with Batteries amp Leads AVO 8 MK6 in Ever Ready Case with Leads etc AVO 8 Mk5 with Leads etc RACAL 9301A True RMS RF Millivoltmeter RACAL 9300 True RMS Millivoltmeter 5Hz 20MHz usable to 60MHz RACAL 9300B as 9300 GOODWILL GVT427 Dual Chan AC Millivoltmeter 10mV in 12 ranges 10Hz 1MHz Unused KENWOOD VT176 Dual Chan Millivoltmeter FARNELL XA35 2T 0 35V 0 2A Twice Digital FARNELL LT30 2 0 30V 0 2A Twice FARNELL B30 20 30V 20A Variable No Meter
86. See our Website for many more kits prod ucts Secure On Line ordering Mail Order Only ELECTRONICS LTD 135 Hunter Street Burton on Trent Staffs DE14 2ST UK email sales O magenta2000 co uk HB7 Stirling Engine Base measurements 128 mm x 108 mm x 170 mm 1 kg Base plate beech Working rpm 2000 rpm min the engine has a aluminium good cooling Cylinder Bearing application 10 high class ball bearings Material screw side parts all stainless steel Cylinder brass Rest aluminium and stainless steel Available as a kit 80 75 or built 84 99 www mamodspares co uk HRS Ki HB9 Stirling engine Base measurements 156 mm x 108 mm x 130 mm 0 6 Kg Base plate beech Working rpm approx 2 000 min Bearing application 6 high class ball bearings Material of the engine brass aluminium stainless steel running time 30 45 min Available as a kit 97 75 or built 101 99 www mamodspares co uk HEHE it EE Qu E i a Y _ i HL E b s HB10 Stirling Engine Base measurements 156 mm x 108 mm x 130 mm 0 6 Kg Base plate beech Working rpm approx 2 000 rpm Bearing application 6 high class ball bearings Material of the engine brass aluminium stainless steel running time 30 45 min Available as a kit 97 75 or built 101 99 www mamodspares co uk HB11 Stirling Engine Base measurements 156 mm x 108 mm x 130 mm 0 7 Kg Base plate beech Working rpm 2000 2500 rpm min
87. VAT Over 500 students 79 00 plus VAT UK and EU customers add VAT at 17 5 to plus VAT prices DIGITAL WORKS 3 0 Counter project Digital Works Version 3 0 is a graphical design tool that enables you to construct digital logic circuits and analyze their behaviour It is so simple to use that it will take you less than 10 minutes to make your first digital design It is so powerful that you will never outgrow its capability Software for simulating digital logic circuits Create your own macros highly scalable Create your own circuits components and i c s Easy to use digital interface Animation brings circuits to life Vast library of logic macros and 74 series i c s with data sheets ePowerful tool for designing and learning Hobbyist Student 45 inc VAT Institutional 99 plus VAT Institutional 10 user 249 plus VAT Site Licence 599 plus VAT ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS PHOTOS A high quality selection of over 200 JPG images of electronic components This selection of high resolution photos can be used to enhance projects and presentations or to help with training and educational material They are royalty free for use in commercial or personal printed projects and can also be used royalty free in books catalogues magazine articles as well as worldwide web pages subject to restrictions see licence for full details Also contains a FREE 30 day evaluation of Paint Shop Pro 6 Paint S
88. al voltage unit one to supply power from the mains and the other to supply power to the appliance The unit is easy to use simply plug it into the mains and plug the appli ance into the output socket The unit is easy to build with all parts mounted on two PC boards Part 2 next month has the assembly details ES Maximum wattage reading Kilowatt hour resolution Maximum kWh reading Cost kWh resolution Maximum cost kWh reading Cost kWh setting from Timer resolution Maximum timer value Wattage resolution Fira par Da Sara nad tartan e a de 0 01W 3750 00W 1Wh 0 001kWh 99999 999kWh 0 1 pence cent 9999 99 0 25 5 pence cents 0 1h 6 minutes 9999 9h Timer accuracy uncalibrated typical cas 0 07 10A 15A surge Reading linearity fe Sa nn ee eee 0 1 over a 1000 1 range 40Hz to 1kHz Maximum load current Frequency range of measurement Battery current drain during back up Accuracy Depends on calibration error can be lt 0 5 Accuracy drift with temperature a caso na eta Ra intima 0 002 C Brownout voltage detection accuracy after calibration 2 Brownout return delay Wattage calibration adjustment Zero Offset adjustment Current monitoring resistance An LCD display is visible through the lid of the case and the only exposed parts are four mains rated switches These switches are used to set the dis play modes reset values and
89. ale output of 1 0 5 or 0 25V These values are set by writing to the appropriate registers within the IC via the serial communication lines In this circuit the gain is set at 1 and the full scale output at 250mV The 250mV range was chosen to suit the 100mV RMS 141 4mV peak that s developed across resistor R1 when 10A is flowing through the load which is in series It also allows suf ficient headroom for a 15A current to be measured equivalent to 150mV RMS across R1 or 212mV peak Amp2 is similar to Amp1 except that its full scale output voltage is fixed at 1V Only the gain can be set and in this case we have set the gain at 4 As shown the Live input from the mains is divided down using a 2 2MQ and 1kQ resistive divider This divided output is at 113 5mV RMS 161mV peak for a 250V input and this is then fed directly to Amp2 As a result the signal level at the output will be 454mV RMS or 644mV peak well within the 1V full scale output capability of this stage Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 AkW 400V 4 l l 4 l 4 l l l 4 l l 40 kw 3 300V M JIMOd 2kW 3kW 1kw SIOA JOVIIOA 4 100V 200V 300V Se ee ae e A eee ee eee E He lr al sl ee ee ee cas gt T A saw LINTAINO 30 AkW 360 PHASE
90. ality you will have to pay more for an external ADC IC Noise There is an additional source of error that can occur one which is not under the control of the microcontroller manufactur er noise Noise can be present on the input signal as a result of signals coupling in from the digital circuitry or as a consequence of the sensor being some dis tance from the processor and picking up Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 external signals As the voltages you are trying to measure may be small the effect of noise can be significant Noise can also be present on the reference voltages that supply the ADC and this will have a simi lar detrimental effect on the measurement so make sure all these signals are as clean as possible with good decoupling thick signal traces covering short distances and direct routing to the power source If your design is measuring a steady or slowly changing value such as battery voltage or temperature then the errors mentioned above are the significant ones If you are measuring quickly changing sig nals such as sound or maybe signals from a vibration sensor then the AC characteris tics of the ADC come into play Imperfections in the ADC and quantisa tion errors produce distortions in the output data This is where things start to get com plicated so we shall ignore these and limit the subject to DC and slowly varying sig nals That s not to say these measures will not work fo
91. ard 12 bit analog to digital converter ADC with 4 inputs 22 00 USD DAC Board 12 bit digital to analog converter DAC with SPI 18 00 USD Keypad 4x4 Board Add keypad to your application 9 00 USD Accel Board Accel is an electronic device that will measure acceleration forces 16 00 USD PICFlash with mikrolCD support Te ES Nm PICFlash programmer an ultra fast USB 2 0 programmer for PIC microcontrollers Continuing its tradition as one of the fastest PIC programmer on the market the new PICFlash with mikrolCD now supports more PIC MCUs giv ing the developer a wider choice of PIC MCU for further prototype development mikrolCD debugger enables you to execute mikroC mikroPascal mikroBasic pro grams on a host PIC micro controller and view variable values Special Function Regi sters SFR memory and EEPROM as the program is running 89 00 USD All of our products are shipped in special protective boxes On line secure ordering provides a fast and safe way to buy our products m dr A DEVELOPMENT TOOLS COMPILERS BOOKS EasyPIC4 Development Board with on board USB 2 0 programmer and mikrolCD ri MA Foi T TOLL ad No uH SIDE AMA TITLE a a HARDWARE EasyPIC4 development board ICD ON BOARD Following in the tradition of the m po EasyPIC3 as one of the best PIC procrammer development systems on the
92. asy to use website www rshelectronics co uk SAFFRON ELECTRONICS LTD Suppliers of High Quality Electronic Components since 1991 Resistors Caps Batteries Chargers Semiconductors LED s IC s PCB s Switches Solder Cable Wire Etc Online Catalogue and Shop available at www SaffronElectronics co uk 3 04 St Albans House St Albans Road Staffs ST16 3DR Telephone 0845 166 2314 local rate THIS SPACE COULD BE YOURS FOR JUST 25 Contact Stewart on 01202 873872 stewart kearn wimborne co uk Miscellaneous VALVES AND ALLIED COMPO NENTS IN STOCK Phone for free list Valves books and magazines wanted Geoff Davies Radio tel 01788 574774 WANTED OLD HALF INCH FERRITE RODS Must be half inch 12 7mm in diameter and be six inches long or more will pay very good money for the ferrite rods Contact Peter Tankard on Sheffield 0114 2316321 between 9am and 10pm FOR PRICE VALVE CLEARANCE catalogue send 1 00 in Ist or 2nd class stamps FOR COMBINED VALVE amp COMPONENT CLEARANCE list send 1 50 in Ist or 2nd class stamps W Burcher 676 Foxhall Road Ipswich Suffolk IP3 8NQ Tel 01473 272218 KITS TOOLS COMPONENTS S A E catalogue SIR KIT ELECTRONICS 52 Severn Road Clacton CO15 3RB www geocities com sirkituk uf eek tah WWW EDEITIAG Get your magazine Instantly anywhere in the world buy and download from the web TAKE A LOOK A FREE ISSUE IS AVAILABLE A one year subscriptio
93. ated power stations and when the regenerated electricity was not being used by another tram it would flow back to the generating plant where it increased the speed of the massive flywheels fitted for energy storage purposes This automatical ly cut off steam from the driving engines saving energy When another tram had used up the stored energy and the flywheel speed returned to normal the steam valves auto matically re opened maintaining the correct generator speed Back to the future Fast forward seventy years and we find regenerative braking now called energy recuperation applied to private as well as public transport The Toyota Prius billed as the world s first mass produced and market ed hybrid automobile uses this technique If you drive down a hill the starter motor runs backwards and charges the car s 200V lithi um ion battery When you start the car an electric motor powered by the battery does the business until the petrol engine cuts in Either the engine or the battery or both can power the vehicle depending on conditions which gives it the same acceleration and power as a car with a much larger petrol engine The battery means that the air con ditioning system keeps working when the petrol engine is stopped a world first In this kind of application batteries are the obvious energy storage solution but they have significant limitations As Dr Adrian Schneuwly of Swiss manufacturer Max
94. avy duty pivot tower 1 499 BULL GROUP LTD UNIT D HENFIELD BUSINESS PARK HENFIELD SUSSEX BN5 9SL TERMS C CARDS CASH PO CHEQUE OR ONLINE ORDERING PRICES PLUS VAT UK DELIVERY 5 50 TEL 0870 7707520 FAX 01273 491813 sales bullnet co uk Solar Panels We stock a range of solar photovoltaic panels These are polycrystalline panels made from wafers of silicon lami nated between an impact resistant transparent cover and an EVA rear mounting plate They are constructed with a lightweight anodised aluminium frame which is predrilled for linking to other frames roof mounting structure and contain waterproof electrical terminal box on the rear 5 watt panel 29 ref 5wnav 20 watt panel 99 ref 20wnav 60 watt panel 249 ref 6Ownav Suitable regulator for up to 60 watt panel 20 ref REGNAV Solar evacuated tube panels 20 tube shown These top of the range solar panel heat collectors are suitable for heating domestic hot water swimming pools etc even in the winter One unit is adequate for an average household 3 4people and it is modular so you can add more if required A single panel is sufficient for a 200 litre cylinder but you can fit 2 or more for high water usage or for heating swimming pools or underfloor heating Some types of renewable energy are only available in certain locations however free solar heating is potentially available to almost every house in the UK Every house should have one really An
95. be done without removing the microcontroller Many industrial applications can be tested on the system temperature controllers counters Easy8051A development system is a full featured development board for 8051 microcon trollers It was designed to allow students or engineers to easily exercise and explore the capabilities of the 8051 microcontrollers Easy8051A Development System ooooconcccccnnoccnonnncnonannnnnannnnnnno 114 00 USD BIGPIC4 Development Board with on board USB 2 0 programmer and mikrolCD Following in the tradition of its predecessor the BIGPIC3 as one of the best 80 pin PIC development systems on the market BIGPIC4 continues tradition with more new features for same price System supports the latest 64 and 80 pin PIC microcontrollers it is delivered with PIC18F8520 Many ready made examples guarantee successful use of the system Ultra fast on board pro grammer and mikrolCD In circuit Debugger enables very efficient debug ging and faster prototype developing Examples in C BASIC and Pascal lan guage are provided with the board BIGPIC4 Development System si 132 00 USD EasyAVR4 Development Board with on board USB 2 0 programmer System supports 8 20 28 and 40 pin microcontrollers it comes with ATMEGA16 Each jumper element and pin is clearly marked on the board It is possible to test most of the industrial needs on the system temperature controllers counters timers etc
96. be regarded as being at mains potential as must all other parts in this circuit includ ing the back up battery It might have a low DC voltage but it can also be sitting at 230V AC Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 Parts List Energy Meter 1 PC board code 616 available from the EPE PCB Service size 138 x 115mm 1 display PC board code 617 available from the EPE PCB Service size 132 x 7imm 1 front panel label 138 x 115mm 1 sealed ABS box with clear lid 165 x 125 x 75mm 112V 6VA mains transformer T1 112V SPDT 30A 250V AC relay RLY 1 1 LCD module 2 line x 16 char acters per line 1 S20K 275V AC Metal Oxide Varistor MOV 1 3 58MHz crystal X1 1 4MHz crystal X2 1 18 pin DIL socket for IC2 1 M205 safety fuseholder F1 1 M205 10A fast blow fuse 1 2 metre or 3 metre mains extension cord 2 cordgrip grommets for 6mm diameter cable 4 mains rated pushbutton momentary close switches Jaycar SP 0702 S1 S4 1 4 way 0 1 inch pitch pin header 1 6 way 0 1 inch pitch pin header 1 4 way 0 1 inch header plug 1 6 way 0 1 inch header plug 4 stick on rubber feet 1 9V battery optional see text 1 connector plug and lead for 9V battery optional see text 1 U shaped bracket to suit 9V battery optional see text 1 M3 x 6mm screw optional 1 M3 metal nut optional 6 M3 x 10mm Nylon countersunk screws 2 M2 x 9mm Nylon screws 4 M2 Nylon nuts 6 M3 x 12mm tapped Nylon spacers
97. between the two humps Similarly ifyou have a sealed enclo sure the impedance curve will have a single peak the system resonance in the bass region and the 3dB point will be about 10 below that For example if the system resonance for a sealed enclosure is at 80Hz then the 3dB point will be around 70Hz If we wanted to compensate a vented enclosure we need to boost the bass by 3dB at 70Hz rising to a maximum of 6dB at around 35Hz Circuit details Fig 2 shows the circuit details It uses two op amps per channel allina TLO74 quad op amp package We will discuss only one channel since both channels are identical The input signal for the left channel is fed through a 1uF capacitor and a resistive attenuator to the non invert ing input pin 5 of op amp IC1b which is wired as a unity gain buffer The 68kQ and 47kQ resistors at pin 5 result in a loss of 2 74 times 8 76dB To compensate for this loss op amp IC1c provides a gain of 2 74 8 76dB so that the overall circuit gain is unity le Zero gain Apart from providing some gain IC1c is configured as an equal SPECIFICATIONS Frequency response 3dB 61kHz see graph for bass response Signal to noise ratio 7OdB unweighted 83dB A weighted with respect to 1V 20Hz 20kHz bandwidth Total harmonic distortion Signal handling Crosstalk 44 0 02 at 1kHz and 20kHz 1V input 2 9V RMS maximum input level 12V DC supply 6
98. ble circuit which sweeps the incoming water supply with varying frequency electromagnetic signals May reduce scale formation dissolve existing scale and improve the way salts in the water behave Kit includes case PCB coupling coil and all components High coil current ensures maximum effect LED and piezo monitor PIC WATER DESCALER KIT 868 22 95 PSU 3 99 12V EPROM ERASER A safe low cost eraser for up to 4 EPROMS or other UV erasable windowed devices at a time in 20 minutes Operates from a 12 Volt supply 400mA Ideal for mobile work and in educational applications where mains voltages are to be avoided Safety interlock prevents contact with UV KIT 790 29 90 16 Character x 2 Line dis e Learn how to drive the dis play pcb programmed PIC16F84 software disk and play and write your own code all components to experiment e Ideal development base for with standard intelligent al phanumeric displays In cludes full PIC source code meters calculators counters timers just waiting for your application which can be changed to e Top quality display with match your application industry standard driver Tel 01283 565435 KIT 360 19 99 data and instructions PIC STEPPING MOTOR DRIVER PCB with components and PIC16F84 programmed with dem onstration software to drive any 4 phase unipolar motor up to 24 Volts at 1 Amp Kitincludes 100 Step Hybrid Stepping Motor Full software sour
99. c and hybrid electric vehicles the energy is stored in a battery or bank of capacitors for later use We ll come back to energy storage in a moment j eaner and greener that s how Mayor 10 Mean machines The efficiency of regenerative braking systems is not to be sniffed at Estimates put it at just over 30 per cent with most of the remaining energy being released as heat As well as saving energy resources regenera tive braking reduces wear on brake pads but does not eliminate the need for friction based brakes altogether by any means There s always a down side and regener ative brakes have a key disadvantage when compared with dynamic or rheostatic brakes in which electrical energy is dumped into large resistors and converted into heat On DC systems the voltage must be matched closely to the supply system and on AC sys tems the supply frequency must also be equal although new control electronics can and will mitigate these challenges These problems have tended to discourage the widespread use of regenerative braking in rail transport systems although in the early part of the twentieth century it had applica tion in some urban tram and trolleybus net works An article on the Internet described how a tram coming down a hill could help power another one going uphill Energy sav ings of 23 per cent were recorded by this method in pre war Manchester it states In those days tramway systems had their own dedic
100. ce code supplied on disc Use this project to develop your own applications PCB allows simple PIC programmer SEND software to be used to reprogram e KIT 863 18 99 8 CHANNEL DATA LOGGER From Aug Sept 99 EPE Featuring 8 analogue inputs and serial data transfer to PC Magenta redesigned PCB LCD plugs directly onto board Use as Data Logger or as a test bed for developing other PIC16F877 projects Kit includes Icd programmed chip PCB Case all parts and 8 x 256k EEPROMs KIT 877 49 95 SUPER PIC PROGRAMMER Magenta s original parallel port programmer Runs with downloaded WINDOWS 95 XP software Use standard Microchip HEX files Read Prog Verify wide range of 18 28 and 40 pin PICs Including 16F84 876 877 627 8 Inc A versions 16xx OTPs KIT 862 29 99 Power Supply 3 99 ICEBREAKER OOOOoOooooguoo PIC Real Time In Circuit Emulator With serial lead amp software disk PCB Breadboard PIC 16F877 LCD all components and patch leads e Featured in Mar 00 KIT 900 34 99 Ideal for beginners amp PSU 3 99 experienced users Win dows 95 to XP Soft ware included ICEbreaker uses PIC16F877 in circuit debugger functions Fax 01283 546932 KIT 914 11 90 includes all parts amp heatsink for stereo or mono di BrainiBorg A super walking programmable robot with eyes that sense obstacles and daylight BrainiBorg comes with PC software CD WIN95
101. chip rec ommend that the driving impedance should be less that 2 5kQ If your driving circuit is higher than that or you suspect it to be and don t actually know then add for exam ple an op amp buffer to reduce it The length of time the ADC takes to determine the voltage on the capacitor is determined by the clock source This is a tricky parameter to set too short and it will produce an inaccurate result Too long and the charge on the capacitor will decay giv ing you a false reading The minimum time is specified in the datasheet parameter 130 under A D Conversion Requirements at the end of the datasheet and this is typical ly around lus with a maximum of 25us Choose a clock setting in the ADCON2 reg ister to give a value within this range The acquisition time as we mentioned earlier will depend on the impedance of your circuit driving the input pin An equation to calculate this time is given in the datasheet but that will be of little use to you if you do not know the impedance The pragmatic solution to this is to start with a large time and reduce it if neces sary Given that the largest time is 20 x TAD this time is approximately 400us which for performing conversion on slowly changing data is likely to be perfectly acceptable Noise again No matter how hard you try noise is still likely to appear in your results Good noise suppression and power supply decoupling is essential except in the mo
102. closure combination Sealed closed box or infinite baf fle the same setup is used as for a bass reflex design but instead of a dip between two peaks your meter should rise to a maximum then fall The peak is the resonant frequency of the system In most cases the system reso nance will be near your speaker s free air resonance but can be a little higher or lower depending on the enclosure size If you cannot get a reasonable reading on your multimeter perhaps due to the low output level from your oscillator you will have to feed the os cillator into an audio amplifier Place the resistor preferably 5W or so in series with the ungrounded output of the amplifier and the speaker Connect the multimeter across the speaker terminals and set the oscil lator output to give about 1V on the multimeter at 200Hz with the ampli fier turned on naturally Then follow the relevant procedure above o Fig 6 this is the full size etching pattern for the PC board E 7 8 gt lt 17 8 gt watching that you have the notched pin 1 end around the right way Testing To test the Bass Extender you will need an audio oscillator and a multi meter or oscilloscope Start with the oscillator set to about 1kHz with 450 500mV RMS output Check the output of the oscillator with your multimeter or millivoltmeter if it doesn t have a calibrated amplitude scale Apply power and connect the oscil lator t
103. ctronics and Computing Contents Fundamental concepts Analog versus digital Conductors and insulators Voltage current resistance capacitance and inductance Semiconductors Primitive logic functions Binary arith metic Boolean algebra Karnaugh maps State dia grams tables and machines Analog to digital and dig ital to analog Integrated circuits ICs Memory ICs Programmable ICs Application specific integrated cir cuits ASICs Circuit boards PWBs and DWBs Hybrids Multichip modules MCMs Alternative and future technologies Order code BEB1 27 50 BEBOP BYTES BACK and the Beboputer Computer Simulator CD ROM Clive Max Maxfield and Alvin Brown This follow on to Bebop to the Boolean Boogie is a multimedia extravaganza of information about how com puters work It picks up where Bebop left off guiding you through the fascinating world of computer design and you ll have a few chuckles if not belly laughs along the way In addition to over 200 500 pages megabytes of mega cool multimedia the CD ROM con tains a virtual microcomputer simulating the mother board and standard computer peripherals in an extremely realistic manner In addition to a wealth of technical information myriad nuggets of trivia and hun dreds of carefully drawn illustrations the CD ROM con tains a set of lab experiments for the virtual microcom puter that let you recreate the experiences of early com p
104. cuit is simple and foolproof rr rn ETT papa So what is the rated cutoff frequen 40 0 1000 0 10000 U cy for your hifi loudspeakers If you log Frequency Hz have the manufacturer s original specs Fig 3 the cutoff frequency of your speakers can be determined from the itis easy They should give a frequency manufacturer s data sheets Here the frequency response curve shows a response curve and you justlook to see 3db point around 25Hz In this case there is absolutely no point in building the Bass Extender where the bass response is 3dB down Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 43 AUDIO PRECISION SCFREQRE AMPL dBr vs FREQ Hz 12 0 10 0 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 10 0 12 0 Fig 4 the performance of the prototype when set up for speakers with a 70Hz cutoff frequency The green trace shows the boost curve for a sealed enclosure whereas the red trace is for a vented enclosure with respect to the output at a higher reference frequency say 200Hz An example frequency response curve is shown in Fig 3 this example has a very good low frequency response Failing that have a look at the speak er s impedance curve if you have it For a bass reflex vented enclosure the impedance curve will have a dou ble hump in the bass region The 3dB point is usually to be found in the dip
105. d Scalextric slot car racing sets who recently made the news headlines with their acquisi tion of the assets of failed Hull based Humbrol paints and Airfix plastic kits have given their backing to the new model railway magazine which is specifically aimed at those starting out in the hobby New computer based technology has brought model railways into the 21st cen tury with Digital Command Control which enables model trains to be driven just like the real thing including authentic sound via a microprocessor which gives each locomotive its independently controllable characteristics As well as appealing to youngsters who can now combine computer technology with a worthwhile 3D hobby the magazine will also be welcomed by those 40 to 50 year olds returning to the hobby after their activities with model trains were interrupt ed by family matters 20 to 30 years ago Since then there have been great advances in the hobby and the magazine will show Weatherproof LED Display Lascar Electronics has introduced the EM32 4 LED a 4 digit LED data display well suited for use in microcontroller based applications The display area comprises four 7 segment LED digits and three decimal places each of which can be individually addressed using serial communication The low power red LEDs provide a vivid display that can be easily read in most lighting conditions whilst drawing just 20mA at 5V Connection to the display is via a 12 p
106. d across the supply the sliding contact can apply any voltage between OV and nominally 12V to the inputs Preset VR1 s wiper also feeds the upper track connection of preset VR2 Its wiper contact being connected to the non inverting inputs pins 10 and 12 of op amps IC1c and IC1d The arrange ment of VR1 s sliding contact providing the upper track voltage for VR2 is used because VR2 will always need to pro vide a lower voltage than VR1 Suppose VR1 and VR2 are adjusted to give 9V and 7V respectively at their wipers With TR1 and TR2 under dark conditions that is with no lights switched on 11V will exist at all IC1 s inverting inputs The voltage at each non inverting input will there fore be less than that at the inverting one in each case so all the outputs pins 1 7 8 and 14 will be low Low level When low level light is picked up tail lights switched on 8V appears Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 Main Unit PCB component layout Boxing up Hold the circuit board in position on the bottom of the box and mark through the holes already present Remove the PCB and drill mounting holes at these points Drill holes also for the interconnecting wires to pass through and for the power supply lead unless an internal battery is used Mount the PCB temporarily on stand off insulators so that the tips of the LEDs stand a few millimetres higher than the top of the box Carefully measure
107. d circuit boards for most recent EPE constructional projects are available from the PCB Service see list These are fabricated in glass fibre and are fully drilled and roller tinned Double sided boards are NOT plated through hole and will require vias and some components soldering both sides All prices include VAT and postage and packing Add 1 per board for airmail outside of Europe Remittances should be sent to The PCB Service Everyday Practical Electronics Wimborne Publishing Ltd 408 Wimborne Road East Ferndown Dorset BH22 9ND Tel 01202 873872 Fax 01202 874562 Email orders epemag wimborne co uk On line Shop www epemag wimborne co uk shopdoor htm Cheques should be crossed and made payable to Everyday Practical Electronics Payment in sterling only NOTE While 95 of our boards are held in stock and are dispatched within seven days of receipt of order please allow a maximum of 28 days for delivery overseas readers allow extra if ordered by surface mail Back numbers or photocopies of articles are available if required see the Back Issues page for details We do not supply kits or components for our projects Please check price and availability in the latest issue A large number of older boards are listed on and can be ordered from our website Boards can only be supplied on a payment with order basis 1 Photic Phone Transmitter Receiver Back To Basics 7 Parking Radar Telephone Switch
108. d current signals together The average or real power is rep resented by the dotted line and can be obtained by filtering the signal to obtain the DC component In the case of in phase voltage and current waveforms it can also be obtained by measuring both the voltage and the current with a meter and multiplying the two values together For example the voltage shown in Fig 1 is a 240V RMS AC waveform and this has a peak value of 339V The current shown is 10A RMS with a peak value of 14 4A Multiplying the two RMS values together gives 2400W which is the average power in the load Note that in this case the power value is the same whether we aver age the instantaneous power signal or multiply the RMS values of the voltage and current Multimeters are calibrated to measure the RMS value of a sinewave so if a sinewave has a peak value of 339V the meter will read the voltage as 240V ie 0 7071 of the peak value For non sinusoidal waveforms only a true RMS meter will give the correct voltage and current readings RMS is shorthand for root mean square which describes how the value is mathematically calculated In practice the RMS value is equivalent to the corresponding DC value This means for example that if we apply 1A RMS to a 10 load the power dis sipation will be 1W exactly the same as if we had applied a 1A DC current to the load The waveforms in Fig 1 are typical ofa load that is purely res
109. d with an overall efficiency of almost 80 they are much more efficient than electric photovoltaic solar pan els efficiency of 7 15 Available in 10 20 and 30 tube versions 10 tube 199 20 tube 369 30 tube 549 Roof mounting kits 10 20 tubes 12 50 30 tube mounting kit 15 BENCH PSU 0 15V 0 2a Output and voltage are both smooth and can be regulated according to work Input 230V 21 2 num ber LCD display for voltage and current Robust PC grey hous ing Size 13x15x21cm Weight 3 2kg 48 REF trans2 NEW ELECTRONIC CONSTRUCTION KITS This 30 in 1 electronic kit includes an introduction to elec trical and electronic technology It provides conponents that can be used to make a variety of experiments includ ing Timers and Burglar Alarms Requires 3 x AA batter ies 15 00 ref BET1803 AM FM Radio This kit enables you to learn about elec tronics and also put this knowledge into practice so you can see and hear the effects Includes manual with explanations about the components and the electronic principles Req s 3 x AA batts 13 ref BET1801 This 40 in 1 electronic kit includes an introduction to electrical and electronic technology It provides conpo nents that can be used in making basic digital logic cir cuits then progresses to using Integrated circuits to make and test a variety of digital circuits including Flip Flops and Counters Req s 4 x AA batteries 17 ref BET1804 The 75 in 1 electronic kit includ
110. dB per octave red trace Similarly the response in a sealed enclosure rolls off at 12dB per octave green trace much like a second order filter This graph plots the response of hypothetical speakers with a cutoff frequency of 70Hz 42 enclosure the response was similar to a second order high pass filter rolling off at 12dB per octave Fig 1 shows this for hypothetical speakers that are 3dB down at 70Hz the cutoff frequency in each type of enclosure Now if we apply bass boost with an amplitude of 3dB at 70Hz rising to a maximum boost of around 11dB or so for a sealed enclo sure it will partially compensate for the speaker s rolloff and thus extend the bass response by as much as an octave As we ll see later the Bass Ex tender can be tailored for either type of enclosure applying less boost to a vented enclosure than a sealed en closure This is the opposite of what you might expect but is necessary because the speaker cone in a vented enclosure has little loading below the box resonance There is a limit to the amount of bass compensation we can apply anyway A speaker s cone excursion increases as frequency decreases so large bass boost levels would test the mechanics of the speaker as well as the damp ing ability of the enclosure Also it is likely that some power amplifiers would run into clipping Even with all these limitations we can usually gain an extra octave with out major problems
111. de beeps and music including a rendi tion of Beethoven s Fur Elise Then there are two projects to work through using a PIC as a sinewave generator and monitoring the power taken by domestic appliances Then we adapt the experiments to use the PIC16F877 family PIC16F84 and PIC18F2321 In the space of 24 experiments two pro jects and 56 exercises we work through from absolute beginner to experi enced engineer level using the most up to date PICs Experimenting with PIC C Visual C Course 88 Visual CH Training Course comprising Book Experimenting with Visual CH AUX200 latching serial port liquid crystal display assembly programme text on CD pack of components 88 00 Postage UK 8 Europe 14 Rest of world 22 You will need to download Visual C Express which is free Full instructions are in the book In October 2003 Martin Crane purchased our original PIC training course and in September 2005 he updated to the latest version Three weeks before Christmas 2006 we had a telephone call from Mrs Crane to order our Visual C training course as a Christmas present for her husband On 21st March 2007 we received an email from Martin Crane which includes his personal review of the course Here are a few lines from his text For years I ve wished to write my own applications that control external equipment from my PC Eureka Peter Brunning has shown just how simple it really is am up and r
112. delay to switch on Q1 and RLY1 and thus restore power to the appliance Note that the relay contacts are used to break the power to the load by open ing the Live connection When there is no brownout the relay is energised 20 and the supply is connected to the load IC1 also connects to IC2 via its serial interface and these lines are labelled Data In Data Out Serial Clock and Chip Select pins 20 19 18 and 17 respectively In operation IC2 uses these lines to program the registers within IC1 and to retrieve the moni tored power data Microcontroller IC2 also drives the LCD module using data lines RB7 RB4 These lines also connect respectively to switch S4 direct and to switches S3 S1 via diodes D3 D5 These diodes are necessary to prevent the data lines from being shorted together if more than one switch is pressed at the same time In operation IC2 can determine if a switch is closed ie pressed by first setting its RB7 RB4 data lines high and then checking the RB3 input which connects to the commoned side of the switches If none of the switches is pressed the RB3 input will be held low via the associated 10kQ resistor to ground Conversely if a switch is pressed the RB3 input will be pulled high via that switch and its associated diode if present The microcontroller then deter mines which switch is closed by set ting all data lines low again and then Fig 7 this scope shot captured at the o
113. e and retrained as a TV engineer and have worked in electronic electrical positions ever since All of that is totally irrelevant to my question but I thought Pd tell you any way Keep up the good work on the PICs that s what I want to make PCBs for Richard Sullivan via email Interesting you should ask this question right now Richard I have a similar prob lem and have not yet got a satisfactory answer My older printers have ceased to give me a decent printout suitable for PCB making in a UV light box and photosensistive PCB board I still want to use my ancient EasyPC pre 1990ish I never used EPCPRO The two new printers won t take data from EasyPC I raised my problem on our Chat Zone only recently access via www epe mag co uk It generated a fair bit of info and discussion but none of it helped me though there seemed to be some web links given which might help you Pm now tempted to give in and maybe switch to another PCB CAD prog and ignore EasyPC their later versions I didn t like too complex and restrictive includ ing EPCPRO I ve recently asked on the CZ what CAD progs others use and which will print satisfactorily through a modern printer and which I can download and then use free But the thought of no longer being able to use my extensive library of symbols horrifies me I ll be interested to know if the CZ info helps you let me know EPE Soldering Site Dear EPE I want to
114. e questions fault finding virtual laboratories and investigations worksheets ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS Complimentary output stage DIGITAL ELECTRONICS V2 0 Filter synthesis Analogue Electronics is a complete learning resource for this most difficult branch of electronics The CD ROM includes a host of virtual laboratories animations diagrams photographs and text as well as a SPICE electronic circuit simulator with over 50 pre designed circuits Sections on the CD ROM include Fundamentals Analogue Signals 5 sections Transistors 4 sections Waveshaping Circuits 6 sections Op Amps 17 sections covering everything from Symbols and Signal Connections to Differentiators Amplifiers Single Stage Amplifiers 8 sections Multi stage Amplifiers 8 sections Filters Passive Filters 10 sections Phase Shifting Networks 4 sections Active Filters 6 sections Oscillators 6 sections from Positive Feedback to Crystal Oscillators Systems 12 sections from Audio Pre Amplifiers to 8 Bit ADC plus a gallery showing representative p c b photos Digital Electronics builds on the knowledge of logic gates covered in Electronic Circuits amp Components opposite and takes users through the subject of digital electronics up to the operation and architecture of microprocessors The virtual laboratories allow users to operate many circuits on screen Covers binary and hexadecimal numbering systems ASCII basic log
115. e rima LILA IEIS E Se CUT IA RAN LLT E Ls RD l CNT rit M hi dem em mon cm j gt A E ES 1 Em if cmo Hik DEC 06 PROJECTS e USB Power Injector e RGB To Component Video Converter e Lapel Microphone Adaptor For PA Systems e Mind Trainer FEATURES e C For PICs Part 2 e Circuit Surgery e Interface e Ingenuity Unlimited e Techno Talk e PIC N Mix e Net Work The Internet Page DID YOU MISS THESE mmm JAN 07 PROJECTS e Balanced Microphone Preamp e Jumping Spider e High Efficiency Power Supply For 1W Luxeon Star LEDs e Charger For Deep Cycle 12V Batteries Part 1 FEATURES e C For PICs Part 3 e Circuit Surgery e Practically Speaking e Techno Talk e PIC N Mix e Net Work The Internet Page FEB 07 PROJECTS e PIC Digital Geiger Counter e Courtesy Light Delay e Programmable Robot e Charger for Deep Cycle 12V Batteries Part 2 FEATURES e C For PICs Part 4 e Techno Talk e PIC N Mix e Interface e Ingenuity Unlimited e Circuit Surgery e Net Work The Internet Page Ei A AAA i AH li COMER eT ii LOM IA OTIPA ber MAR 07 PROJECTS e PIC Polyphonium Part 1 e Lap Counter for Swimming Pools e IR Remote Checker SMS Controller Part 1 FEATURES e Techno Talk e Practically Speaking e PIC N Mix e Ingenuity Unlimited e Circuit Surgery e Net Work The Internet Page APR 07 PROJECTS e Students 20W Amp Module e Star Power e PI
116. e such that the VCO frequency is moved closer to the input frequency Eventually the two frequencies will become equal and attain a fixed phase relationship at which point the PLL is described as being locked The process VCO CONTROL VOLTAGE response of the PLL to noise on its input the noise on its output and the stability of the output signal s phase and frequency For different applications these specifica tions may take on a different significance for example a small capture range will be useful for some tasks but not others A large capture range makes the PLL more susceptible to noise whereas a small cap ture range makes capture more difficult to achieve It s possible to switch the proper ties of the filter after lock is obtained to get the best overall performance The ability of P CAPTURE STARTS J LOCK OBTAINED Fig 2 Illustrating the complexity of the PLL VCO control signal during the capture process Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 FREQUENCY f a N xtal FREQUENCY f _ N xtal FREQUENCY N 2X feta Ns OUTPUT SIGNAL Fig 3 Block diagram for a phase locked loop frequency synthesizer the PLL to lock to noisy signals is key to its usefulness in communications systems where high levels of noise may be present The way in which a PLL attains lock is complex the VCO control signal during capture 1 e when the PLL is not locked is not a simple DC represen
117. e they are switched off at the wall socket Some high power appliances also continue to draw current when they are not being used For example most microwave ovens have a digital clock which operates continuously and the same applies to many ovens Typically the standby power usage for each of these appliances is about 2W What else Well let s not forget computers Then there are those appli ances which must always be on oth erwise there s no point having them These include cordless telephones digital alarm clocks burglar alarms and garage door openers Do a quick audit of your house you will be quite surprised at how many appliances you have that are either permanently pow ered or operating on standby power By using the Energy Meter you can quickly monitor these devices and find out which are the energy wasters Perhaps when you learn the results you will be persuaded to turn some of these devices off at the wall or even do away with them altogether Brownout protection A bonus feature of the Energy Meter is the inclusion of brownout protection Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 This means that when it s not being used to check energy consumption the unit can be used to provide brownout protec tion for a selected appliance Basically a brownout occurs when the mains voltage goes low ie much lower than the nominal 230V AC due to a supply fault This can cause prob lems because motor dri
118. e MCU card 199 00 USD dsPICPRO2 Development Board with on board USB 2 0 programmer System supports dsPIC microcontrollers in 64 and 80 pin packages It is delivered with dsPIC30F6014A microcontroller The dsPICPRO2 develop ment system is a full featured development board for Microchip dsPIC MCU dsPICPRO2 board allows microcontroller to be interfaced with external cir cuits and a broad range of peripheral devices This development board has an on board USB 2 0 programmer and integrated connectors for SD CF memory cards 2 x RS232 port RS485 CAN DAC etc dsPICPRO2 Development System ccscceesseeeeseeenseees 239 00 USD EasyARM Development Board with on board USB 2 0 programmer EasyARM board comes with Philips LPC2214 microcontroller Each jumper element and pin is clearly marked on the board It is possible to test most of the industrial needs on the system temperature controllers counters timers etc EasyARM has many feature to make your development easy One of them is on board USB 2 0 programmer with automatic switch between run and programming mode Examples in C language are provided with the board EasyARM Development System cssseceeeeeessseeeeseeeees 149 00 USD Easy8051A Development Board with on board USB 2 0 programmer System is compatible with 14 16 20 and 40 pin microcontrollers it comes with AT89S8252 USB 2 0 programmer is built in and programming can
119. e co uk SUPPLEMENTS Additional CD ROMs each containing approximately 500 pages of additional information on specific areas of electronics are available for 19 95 each Information on the availability and content of each Supplement CD ROM will be sent to you Presentation CD ROM suitable for any modern PC Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader which is included on the CD ROM Wimborne Publishing Ltd 408 Wimborne Road East Ferndown Dorset BH22 9ND Tel 01202 873872 Fax 01202 874562 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A PLEASE send me VISA ES THE MODERN ELECTRONICS MANUAL CD ROM _ ELECTRONICS SERVICE MANUAL CD ROM ordering both together PLEASE PRINT _ Please charge my Visa Mastercard Amex Diners Club Switch Maestro enclose payment of 29 95 for one Manual or 49 90 for both Manuals saving 10 by FULL NAME cada ARA RR DAS a ADDRESS sv2sccccccscewas seat ca dd aa ee ga dama nan dd a eas SIGNATURES ocurran ars is saws A dada da _ I enclose cheque PO in UK pounds payable to Wimborne Publishing Ltd ORDER FORM Simply complete and return the order form with your payment to the following address Wimborne Publishing Ltd 408 Wimborne Road East Ferndown Dorset BH22 9ND Price includes postage to anywhere in the World We will happily exchange any faulty CD ROMs but since the content can be printed out we do not offer a refund on these items Your CD ROM s will be posted t
120. e durable and do not nor mally need to be protected with lacquer or varnish Choose carefully if you should decide to apply a protective coating Some varnishes and lacquers will attack the plas tic base material of the labels In fact some will also attack the plastic used in the con struction of some project cases With anything like this it is advisable to make a test on a dummy label before progressing to the real thing With a plastic case also try some of the lacquer inside the case where it will not matter if it does some slight damage While electronic labelling machines are not quite at giveaway prices they would still seem to be a very worthwhile investment for someone who produces a steady flow of projects It is still possible to obtain inexpensive labelling machines such as the Dymo Junior but these use a simple embossing technique to produce the labels This does not give anything approaching the same quality as that from the electronic labellers Also the difference in cost between a mechanical labeller and one of the cheaper electronic units is becoming quite small With greater versatility and higher quality results electronic labellers seem to more than justify their extra cost It is also worth bearing in mind that both kinds of labeller are useful gadgets that are also suitable for general labelling around the home or office PLEASE TAKE NOTE Low Cost 50MHz Frequency Meter Sept 06 An updated ve
121. e present and the demanded positions or frequencies is then used to move the output closer to the value we re demanding INPUT SIGNAL of homing in on the input frequency is called capture acquisition or pull in Once locked the PLL can track changes in the input frequency remaining locked as long as these are not too large Important parame ters which measure PLL performance are e The capture time how fast 1t locks onto a frequency e Lock range what range of frequencies it will stay locked to once locked The capture range the range of fre quencies it will capture starting in the non locked state Noise and stability Other important PLL specifications relate to noise and stability including the VCO CONTROL VOLTAGE OUTPUT SIGNAL Fig 1 Basic phase locked loop PLL block diagram Phase detector and locking In a phase locked loop the phase detec tor compares the phase difference between its two input signals If the signals are of different frequencies then the phase detec tor output will vary at the difference fre quency The phase detector output is smoothed by a low pass filter and buffered or scaled by the amplifier to pro duce a control signal for the voltage con trolled oscillator If there is a difference between the frequency or phase of the input signal and that of the VCO then the signal from the phase detector and filter will cause the VCO control voltage to chang
122. e rear units should be of the light duty twin stranded variety while that connect ing the main section needs to be of the triple type You could use four core stranded burglar alarm type through out and simply cut off the ends of the wires that are not needed Do not use single core telephone wire because this would soon fail in service Apply a tight cable tie to the wire inside each unit to provide strain relief Power supply If a 9V battery is used as the power supply make a bracket to secure it If the car supply is to be used obtain a commercial lead fitted with a ciga rette lighter type plug on the end If you decide to make up your own lead use proper automotive type twin wire Pass the free end through the hole drilled for the purpose and connect it to TB1 taking care over the polarity Use a cable clamp or tight cable tie on the inside to provide strain relief Make up the light shields Simple push on cardboard or thick black pa per sleeves to fit around each lighting unit would be sufficient Alternatively a pair of wide elastic cuffs could be used Light entering any exposed part of the front of the unit will pose less ofa problem although direct sunlight would probably cause false operation To minimise any problems try to make the checks when the ambient light is not too bright Re test the system and adjust VR1 then VR2 for best operation EPE Rear light sensor attached to a lighting clus
123. ecoding FSK frequency shift keying signals and receiver synchronization for digital data transmission including regenerating the clock from the data PLLs are also used in frequency synthesis which itself has a variety of applications where a large range of frequencies can be produced using a single accurate reference e g crystal oscillator Many large digital ICs have PLLs as part of their clock system The PLL can synchro nize the internal clock with an external one and allows the internal clock to be at a higher frequency than the external clock Furthermore the phase shift of the PLL clock can be set to give good synchroniza tion between the timing of the chip s inputs and outputs Similarly the timing of data transfers on tri state buses can be improved using PLLs to synchronize output switching 34 The basic structure of a PLL is shown in Fig 1 from which we can see that a PLL comprises a phase detector a low pass fil ter an amplifier and a voltage controlled oscillator VCO The frequency of oscil lation of a VCO is determined by its con trol input voltage The PLL is in fact a negative feedback closed loop control system rather like a servo mechanism that you might find in a radio control model A demand input the position we require a servo motor to move to or the frequency phase for a PLL is input and compared with the present output An error signal 1 e the difference between th
124. eger value N to give the reference input to which the PLL will lock Thus the PLL will lock onto f a N The second counter divides the VCO output so that the phase detector is comparing the input with a divided version of the VCO frequency The PLL will lock when the divided VCO frequency matches the input frequency so the VCO will be running at N times the input frequency 1 e N x fita N The PLL is acting as a frequency multiplier the out put from the frequency synthesizer is the PLL s VCO output The VCO can have any waveshape sine Square triangular etc and by selection of N and N5 a range of possible frequencies can be produced For an integer multiply such as Djgillery s requirement for multi plying a 64kHz clock up to 256kHz counter Ny is not required In this case N would be a divide by four circuit to give an output frequency four times that of the input Type 4046 PLL The popular type 4046 PLL is available in a variety of forms as shown in Table 1 The pinouts of the 74HC HCT4046A are shown in Fig 4 and Fig 5 shows an inter nal block diagram and the connection of the key external components required in even the most basic 4046 based PLL The 4046 contains three phase compara tors from which to to choose However the low pass filter is made using external com ponents R3 R4 and C2 in Fig 5 Pin 10 DEMouyr provides a buffered version of the low pass filter output and VCO input so
125. electronic hobbyists who have been pursuing their hobby for a number of years seem to suffer from the dreaded seen it all before syndrome This book is fairly and squarely aimed at sufferers of this complaint plus any other electronics enthusiasts who yearn to try some thing a bit different No doubt many of the projects fea tured here have practical applications but they are all worth a try for their interest value alone The subjects covered include Magnetic field detector Basic Hall effect compass Hall effect audio isolator Voice scrambler descrambler Bat detector Bat style echo loca tion Noise cancelling LED stroboscope Infra red torch Electronic breeze detector Class D power amplifier Strain gauge amplifier Super hearing aid Order code BP371 5 45 PRACTICAL FIBRE OPTIC PROJECTS R A Penfold While fibre optic cables may have potential advantages over ordinary electric cables for the electronics 135 pages 138 pages enthusiast it is probably their novelty value that makes them worthy of exploration Fibre optic cables provide an innovative interesting alternative to electric cables but in most cases they also represent a practical approach to the problem This book provides a number of tried and tested circuits for projects that utilize fibre optic cables The projects include Simple audio links F M audio link PW M audio links Simple d c links P W M d c link PW M motor speed contr
126. er the signature strip Lasa E a a RENA ERON SA RR e ORDERING ALL PRICES INCLUDE UK POSTAGE Student Single User Standard Version price includes postage to most countries in the world EU residents outside the UK add 5 for airmail postage per order 40 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 Authorised Consultants Design H ses Free Samples fegionall Training a ad A pr xpanded Local Technical Support Volume Pricing Does your business need more support and resources Successful organizations recognize the value of a strategic supplier relationship to help them deliver innovative products to their markets in a timely and cost effective manner Microchip Technology supports more than 45 000 customers worldwide and we re committed to helping you succeed In addition to our high performance silicon solutions Microchip provides a long list of support functions that reduce time to market and lower your total system cost And we have significantly expanded our local technical resources Order directly from Microchip 24 hours Place and maintain your order securely a day 7 days a week with a credit card from any network connection or credit line Assign a PO number to your order Receive competitive direct volume Create a unique part number for any pricing on all devices Check our product inventory item ordered Receive e mail notification of orders Order broken reels at steep di
127. erials etc Order code BP257 5 49 92 pages 150 pages Computers and Computing THE INTERNET FOR THE OLDER GENERATION Jim Gatenby Especially written for the over 50s Uses only clear and easy to understand language Larger type size for easy reading Provides basic knowledge to give you confi dence to join the local computer class This book explains how to use your PC on the Internet and covers amongst other things Choosing and setting up your computer for the Internet Getting connected to the Internet Sending and receiving emails pho tographs etc so that you can keep in touch with fami ly and friends all over the world Searching for and sav ing information on any subject On line shopping and home banking Setting up your own simple web site Order code BP600 8 99 BUILD YOUR OWN PC Fourth Edition Morris Rosenthal More and more people are building their own PCs They get more value for their money they create exactly the machine they want and the work is highly satisfying and actually fun That is if they have a unique begin ner s guide like this one which visually demonstrates how to construct a state of the art computer from start to finish Through 150 crisp photographs and clear but minimal text readers will confidently absorb the concepts of com puter building The extra big format makes it easy to see what s going on in the pictures The author goes under the hood and shows step by step how t
128. es an nintroduction to electrical and electronic technology It provides conpo nents that can be used to make and test a wide variety of experiments including Water Sensors Logic Circuits and Oscillators The kit then progresses to the use of an inter grated circuit to produce digital voice and sound record ing experiments such as Morning Call and Burglar Alarm Requires 3 x AA batteries 20 ref BET1806 www slips co uk ISSN 0262 3617 PROJECTS THEORY NEWS COMMENT POPULAR FEATURES INCORPORATING ELECTRONICS TODAY INTERNATIONAL VOL 36 No 5 MAY 2007 www epemag co uk EPE Online www epemag com Projecis and Circuits ENERGY METER PART 1 by John Clarke 12 Control your power costs CARAVAN LIGHTS CHECK by Terry de Vaux Balbirnie 28 Are your trailer lights working BASS EXTENDER by Rick Walters 42 Pump up the bass response of your speakers INGENUITY UNLIMITED Sharing your ideas with others 52 Ultra Regulated LED Courtesy Light Delay Pico Prize Winners SMS CONTROLLER ADD ONS by Peter Smith 56 Three external circuits for the SMS Controller Test jig PIR sensor and a low battery alarm series and Features TECHNO TALK by Mark Nelson 10 Leaner and greener PIC N MIX by Mike Hibbett 24 PICs and ADCs CIRCUIT SURGERY By lan Bell 34 Using a 4046 phase locked loop IC PRACTICALLY SPEAKING by Robert Penfold 48 Front panel labels NET WORK THE INTERNET PAGE surfed by Alan Winstanley 64 Faili
129. es e Troubleshooting techniques e Servicing techniques e Choosing and using test equipment e Reference data e Manufacturers web links e Easy to use Adobe Acrobat format e Clear and simple layout e Vital safety precautions e Professionally written e Supplements SAFETY Safety Regulations Electrical Safety and First Aid UNDERPINNING KNOWLEDGE Electrical and Electronic Principles Active and Passive Components Circuit Diagrams Circuit Measurements Radio Computers Valves and Manufacturers Data etc PRACTICAL SKILLS Learn how to identify Electronic Components Avoid Static Hazards Carry Out Soldering and Wiring Remove and Replace Components TEST EQUIPMENT How to Choose and Use Test Equipment Assemble a Toolkit Set Up a Workshop and Get the Most from Your Multimeter and Oscilloscope etc SERVICING TECHNIQUES The Manual includes vital guidelines on how to Service Audio Amplifiers The Supplements include similar guidelines for Radio Receivers TV Receivers Cassette Recorders Video Recorders Personal Computers etc TECHNICAL NOTES Commencing with the IBM PC this section and the Supplements deal with a very wide range of specific types of equipment radios TVs cassette recorders amplifiers video recorders etc REFERENCE DATA Diodes Small Signal Transistors Power Transistors Thyristors Triacs and Field Effect Transistors Supplements include Operational Amplifiers Logic Circuits Optoelectronic Devices etc LC p me
130. escriptions amp Photos e Kit Documentation amp Software Downloads d sales esr co uk transformers go im a Www esr co uUk e T Prices Exclude Vat 17 Station Road F ke UK Carriage 2 50 less than 1kg Cullercoats pas 5 50 greater than Tkg or gt 30 Tyne amp Wear a Cheques Postal orders payable to NE30 4PQ ia z ESR Electronic Components PLEASE ADD CARRIAGE amp VAT TO ALL ORDERS Editorial Offices EVERYDAY PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS EDITORIAL Wimborne Publishing Ltd 408 Wimborne Road East Ferndown Dorset BH22 9ND Phone 01202 873872 Fax 01202 874562 Email enquiries O epemag wimborne co uk Web Site www epemag co uk EPE Online dowhloadable version of EPE www epemag com EPE Online Shop www epemag wimborne co uk shopdoor htm THE UK s No 1 MAGAZINE FOR ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY amp COMPUTER PROJECTS See notes on Readers Technical Enquiries below we regret technical enquiries cannot be answered over the telephone Advertisement Offices EVERYDAY PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS ADVERTISEMENTS 408 Wimborne Road East Ferndown Dorset BH22 9ND VOL 36 No 5 MAY 2007 Teach In Our Teach In 2006 series of eleven parts finished in the September 06 issue written by Mike Tooley this series was very popular and such is the demand for back issues that seven of them have now sold out To meet the on going demand we have produced the whole series in book form In addition to the book
131. f Vcc 2 This is used as a bias voltage for IC1 necessary to allow the op amp to work with AC signals when running from a single supply rail Provision has been made for a power indicator LED1 but we expect that most readers will not install this It should not be installed ifthe board is to be powered from a DC plugpack as the extra current drain will increase supply hum Construction All parts for the Bass Extender mount on a small PC board measur ing 74 x 56mm code 618 As usual begin by checking the PC board for defects Now is also a good time to enlarge the mounting holes for the Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 DIVANouAS peakeriMeasunements El ow do you measure your speak er s resonance in its enclosure For both types of enclosures you will need an audio oscillator an analogue multimeter AC millivoltmeter or oscillo scope and a 470 resistor A fre quency counter can be used to set your oscillator s output if it lacks an accurately calibrated scale Bass reflex ie with a vent connect the oscillator s output to the speaker terminals running one ofthe connec tions via the 470 resistor That done monitor the voltage across the speak er terminals set your meter to its lowest AC range and slowly reduce the oscillator frequency starting off at about 200Hz The reading should rise to a maximum then fall then rise again The middle of the dip is the resonant frequency of the speaker and en
132. f Audio Engineering Society May amp June 1971 EPE Get your magazine instantly y a anywhere in the world buy and download from the web A one year subscription 12 issues costs just 15 99 US www epemag com TAKE A LOOK A FREE ISSUE IS AVAILABLE Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 47 PRACTICALLY SPEAKING Robert Penfold looks at the Techniques of Actually Doing It S POINTED out in previous articles in this series the easiest way of produc ing front panels that have a professional appearance is to enlist the help of a com puter a printer and some graphics soft ware Even the cheapest of inkjet and laser printers are capable of producing top qual ity black and white results Any reasonably modern inkjet printer can also produce a wide range of colours as can some laser printers It is not even necessary to have any specialised software in order to produce some simple labels Transfer market Of course not everyone has access to computer equipment and some seem to consider this way of doing things as cheat ing There are alternative approaches to producing front panel labels and there were plenty of professional looking projects in the pre comput er era On the other hand many of the labelling materials that were available say 20 years ago are no longer available today Some years ago many electronic project builders used the Alfac range of dry transfers which were
133. fy the Micropower Battery Protector published in the November 2006 issue of EPE The original project is designed to disconnect a battery from its load when the terminal voltage drops be low a preset value In this case we require only the voltage monitoring circuit and can dispense with the MOSFET switch Q1 and a few other components see Fig 4 The circuit is based around the MAX8212 Voltage Monitor IC1 which compares a scaled down ver sion of the input voltage set by R1 R2 and VR1 on the THRESH pin with Fig 3 this circuit can be inserted between the power supply and the supply rails to Fig 2 to protect against transient voltages an internal 1 15V reference When the input battery voltage is above the preset value the open drain out put on pin 4 is grounded Conversely when the input voltage falls below the preset value the output goes open circuit Although the circuit could be constructed on a prototyping board the easiest route would be to partly assemble the original Micropower Battery Protector PC board A match ing overlay diagram appears in Fig 5 showing how to populate the PC board for the low battery alarm function The fuse F1 MOSFET Q1 220nF capacitors and Zener diode ZD3 that were part of the original design are all omitted Two links ALARM Fig 2 you can use this circuit to interface the output of a PIR sensor 1 9 minutes or some other sensor to the SMS Con
134. gy register values and allows the timer to continue counting if there is a blackout You can use either a standard battery or a rechargeable NiCad battery to pro vide back up power Ifa NiCad battery is used resistor R3 is installed to provide trickle charging from the output of D1 Most applications will not require battery back up since you will just want to measure the energy consump tion over a relatively short period In this case the accumulated energy reading will be lost when the mains power is switched off However all the settings ie the SAG parameters offset and power calibration cost per kWh and phase etc are retained when the mains power is off as these are stored in a permanent memory That s all we have space for this month Next month we will give the complete construction and calibration details Reproduced by arrangement with SILICON CHIP magazine 2007 www siliconchip com au 21 Expande d Burstin it e latest fully oduct and nie Visit Ca seg falogue POST AND PACKING CHARGES Order Value Cost Order Value Cost 20 49 99 5 200 499 99 30 50 99 99 10 500 40 100 199 99 20 Max weight 12lb 5kg Heavier parcels POA Minimum order 20 Note Products are dispatched from Australia so local customs duty and taxes may apply Programmable High Energy Ignition System KC 5442 26 25 post amp packing This advanced and
135. h or 1kWh Specialised IC The Energy Meter is based on a special Active Energy Metering IC from Analog Devices designated the ADE7756AN Fig 4 shows the main internal circuit blocks of this IC and also shows how it has been connected to the mains to make voltage and cur rent measurements As can be imagined the internal op eration of this IC is quite complicated and it has a host of features some of which are not used in this design If you want to find out more about this IC you can download a complete data sheet as a pdf file from www analog com Most of the features and adjust ments available in the ADE7756AN IC are accessed via a serial interface This communications interface allows various registers to be accessed and altered and also allows them to receive processed data As shown on Fig 4 there are two input channels one to monitor the voltage and the other for the current Amplifier 1 Amp1 is used to monitor the load current but it doesn t do this directly Instead it monitors the volt age developed by passing the load cur rent through a 0 01Q resistor R1 The maximum dissipation within this resistor at 10A is 1W which gives an expected 30 C temperature rise above ambient For this reason we have specified a low temperature coef ficient resistor to minimise resistance changes as the temperature rises In operation Amp1 can be set for a gain of 1 2 4 8 or 16 and for a full sc
136. hat if you later delete a data file from your PC the backup is also deleted from Carbonite s servers after a month Price of restoration Carbonite allows for the simple restoration of files after a hard disk crash or complete failure of a PC system After repair ing the system go online and log in to Carbonite using your password you have backed it up securely haven t you and then Carbonite will re install data at a typical rate of 7OOMB per hour about 14 to 18GB per day depending on your own bandwidth available The cost of Carbonite is 49 95 26 per machine per year and a 15 day free trial is available The amount of online storage is unlimit ed Their online tutorials are commendably clear if you don t mind the Colonel Klink voice overs and are an especially good confi dence boosting introduction for non experienced computer users The only caveat is that if you fail to renew your subscription your data is erased after 30 days but Carbonite promises to notify you well before hand It could be a worthwhile solution for many users but consider taking a hard copy archive of all your data periodically You can email comments or feedback to me at alan epemag demon co uk Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 Laser A u cio wren perca stomen Suppliers of Mechanical and Electronic Components A en to the hobbyist student and professional Nuts Robotics and Mechatronics Home Automation Washers
137. he adhesive on tapes from most types of labelling machine is usually quite strong This has the advantage of giving the labels permanence but it means that it is not possible to slide them into posi tion once they are even partially stuck to the panel It is inevitable that the occasional mis take will be made when positioning labels and one way of correcting matters is to carefully peel the offending label from the panel and reposition it Doing this more than once or twice will proba bly leave the label in an unusable state This does not really matter too much because making a replacement should only take a few seconds and the cost of the labels is literally about ten a penny When manoeuvring a label into place it is best to place it on the end of the blade of a small screwdriver or some similar implement This enables the label to be positioned very accurately and it also makes it possible to position them in what would otherwise be inaccessible places It also reduces the risk of touch ing the adhesive With any self adhesive product it is advisable to avoid touching the adhesive or to keep any contact to a minimum Grease from your fingertips can reduce the effectiveness of the adhesive possi bly causing the labels to start peeling off before too long Having manoeuvred the label precisely into position it can be pressed down onto the panel Cover up As pointed out previously the labels seem to be quit
138. hop Pro image editing tips and on line help included Price 19 95 inc VAT Minimum system requirements for these CD ROMs Pentium PC CD ROM drive 32MB RAM 10MB hard disk space Windows 95 98 NT 2000 ME XP mouse sound card web browser Please send me CD ROM ORDER FORM Electronic Projects Electronic Circuits amp Components V2 0 Analogue Electronics Digital Electronics V2 0 O Hobbyist Student Analogue Filters Institutional Electronics CAD Pack C Institutional Professional 10 user Robotics amp Mechatronics C Site licence Assembly for PiCmicro V3 C for PICmicro V2 Flowcode V3 for PICmicro Digital Works 3 0 Version required PICmicro Development Board V3 hardware TINA Pro V7 Basic Flowcode V3 Hobbyist Student Electronic Components Photos Project Design Single User Project Design Multiple User under 500 students Project Design Multiple User over 500 students Note The software on each version is the same only the licence for use varies OOOOO UO COMI E enclose cheque PO in sterling payable to WIMBORNE PUBLISHING LTD for _ Please charge my Visa Mastercard Amex Diners Club Switch I l l l I I l l i Valid From song cea ais daa tee rd ae ae Card expiry date 0 ee ee I I l l l I Card NO eaae iis Gx beh awa oad ica E bb at aera RT ieee Be ee Maestro Issue No Card Security Code The last 3 digits on or just und
139. hrough to power amplifiers A shareware version of Matrix s CADPACK schematic capture circuit simulation and p c b design software is included The projects on the CD ROM are Logic Probe Light Heat and Moisture Sensor NE555 Timer Egg Timer Dice Machine Bike Alarm Stereo Mixer Power Amplifier Sound Activated Switch Reaction Tester Full parts lists schematics and p c b layouts are included on the CD ROM ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS amp COMPONENTS V2 0 Circuit simulation screen Provides an introduction to the principles and application of the most common types of electronic components and shows how they are used to form complete circuits The virtual laboratories worked examples and pre designed circuits allow students to learn experiment and check their understanding Version 2 has been considerably expanded in almost every area following a review of major syllabuses GCSE GNVQ A level and HNC It also contains both European and American circuit symbols Sections include Fundamentals units amp multiples electricity electric circuits alternating circuits Passive Components resistors capacitors inductors transformers Semiconductors diodes transistors op amps logic gates Passive Circuits Active Circuits The Parts Gallery will help students to recognise common electronic components and their corresponding symbols in circuit diagrams Included in the Institutional Versions are multiple choice questions exam styl
140. htforward to use Characters are entered on what is a form of QWERTY keyboard although in some cases itis only a rough approximation of one see Fig 1 A small liquid crystal display shows the text that has been entered so that you can check for and correct any errors The usual range of characters are available including upper and lower case letters num bers and a full range of punctuation marks and symbols Surprisingly perhaps even the low cost labellers usually offer a small range of text sizes and styles There are often some simple effects avail able such as underlining and the option of having the words within a frame Having set the size style etc the required word or words are entered and the Print button is pressed Once the label has been printed it is just a matter of pressing a lever to cut off the completed label The quality of the labels which are pro duced using some form of thermal printer technology varies somewhat from one unit to another However the print quality of even the cheaper units is quite impressive Fig 2 shows the results obtained from two Brother labelling machines and they cer tainly rival the quality obtained using good VOLUME VOLUME Fig 2 Example labels produced using two Brother labellers Three different sizes of tape have been used 6 9 and 12mm quality rub on transfers They also compare quite well with print quality of most laser and inkjet printers Unlike rub down
141. hts On a caravan the number plate lights are not usually part of the main units so these will need to be checked separately There will also be marker lights at the for ward end of the outfit but these are practically self checking because they are so easily seen 28 Light work To use the Caravan Lights Check a box rear unit is attached temporarily to each lighting cluster The rear units are wired together and in turn connected to a hand held section main unit This is plugged into the towing vehicle s ciga rette lighter socket or it may be powered using an internal battery When the lights are operated in turn light emitting diodes LEDs on the main unit operate to show that they are working The display takes the form of five LEDs The top one is simply an on indicator The others are arranged in two pairs red for the left and green for the right hand side of the caravan see photograph below The upper two LEDs will operate when the side by Terry de Vaux Balbirnie lights are switched on When the flashing indicators stop lights or fog lights are operated the upper LEDs go off and the lower ones illuminate For reasons to be explained presently the flashing indicators may only operate the upper pair of LEDs but this is of no practical consequence The recommended power supply is the nominal 12V obtained from the vehicle s cigarette lighter socket An internal 9V PP3 battery would be satis
142. ibutors www ElmScan5 com epe Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 65 lectronics Teach In Free CD ROM Mike Tooley A broad based introduc tion to electronics find out how circuits work and what goes on inside them Plus 15 easy to build projects The 152 page A4 book comes with a free CD ROM containing the whole Teach In 2006 series orig inally published in EPE in PDF form interactive quizzes to test your knowl edge TINA circuit simula tion software a limited ver sion plus a specially writ ten TINA Tutorial together with simulations of the cir cuits in the Teach In series plus Flowcode a limited ver sion a high level programming system for PIC microcon trollers based on flowcharts The Teach In series covers everything from Electric Current through to Microprocessors and Microcontrollers and each part includes demonstration circuits to build on breadboards or to simulate on your PC In addition to the Teach In series the book includes 15 CMOS based simple projects from the Back To Basics series by Bart Trepak these are Fridge Freezer Alarm Water Level Detector Burglar Alarm Scarecrow Digital Lock Doorchime Electronic Dice Kitchen Timer Room Thermometer Daily Reminder Whistle Switch Parking Radar Telephone Switch Noughts and Crosses Enigma and a Weather Vane There is also a MW LW Radio pro ject in the Teach In series 152 pages CD ROM 8 50 EI Robotics INTRODUCING R
143. ic gates monostable action and circuits and bistables including JK and D type flip flops Multiple gate circuits equivalent logic functions and specialised logic functions Introduces sequential logic including clocks and clock circuitry counters binary coded decimal and shift registers A D and D A converters traffic light controllers memories and microprocessors architecture bus systems and their arithmetic logic units Sections on Boolean Logic and Venndiagrams displays and chip types have been expanded in Version 2 and new sections include shift registers digital fault finding programmable logic controllers and microcontrollers and microprocessors The Institutional versions now also include several types of assessment for supervisors including worksheets multiple choice tests fault finding exercises and examination questions ANALOGUE FILTERS Analogue Filters is a complete course in designing active and passive filters that makes use of highly interactive virtual laboratories and simulations to explain how filters are designed It is split into five chapters Revision which provides underpinning knowledge required for those who need to design filters Filter Basics which is a course in terminology and filter characterization important classes of filter filter order filter impedance and impedance matching and effects of different filter types Advanced Theory which covers the use of filter tables mathematics behind filte
144. ide the lucky winners of superb PC based Oscilloscopes generously donated by Pico Technology to whom we extend our appreciation for sponsoring the cloumn again For more information about Pico s range of test equipment visit their web site at http www picotech com or see their advertisement elsewhere in this issue Mike Kenward and John Becker considered all Ingenuity Unlimited entries published over the last twelve months and the prizewinners are Winner receives a superb PicoScope 3205 Digital Storage Oscilloscope worth 586 Wind Speed Monitor by Stephen Stopford London EPE April 2007 Runner Up a Pico DrDAQ Data Logger Scope worth 59 Automatic Doorbell by Chris Hegter South Africa EPE May 2006 still notice brightness variations This 1s almost entirely caused by the change in the current through the diode pair and the resulting small change in the voltage dropped across them ra 48 E Fig 1 Limiting the current poy through an LED del by using a series resistor Fig 2 above centre A common method of regulating the current through an LED is to use a single transistor current sink circuit Enhanced current regulation We can greatly enhance the regulation by adding just one extra transistor and a resistor see Fig 3 Here the voltage across the LED itself is used to regulate the current that Fig 3 Enhancing the current regula tion by adding just one transistor and a resistor to
145. ides Also Jonathan Hill s excellent Radio Radio a comprehensive book with hundreds of photos depicting the development of the British wireless set up to the late 1960s The four volumes of our own Wireless For the Warrior by Louis Meulstee are also available These are a technical his tory of radio communication equipment in the British Army and clandestine equip ment from pre war through to the 1960s For details see the shop on our UK web site at www epemag co uk or contact us for a list of Radio Bygones books 68 Project Building amp Testing ELECTRONIC PROJECT BUILDING FOR BEGINNERS R A Penfold This book is for complete beginners to electronic project building It provides a complete introduction to the practi cal side of this fascinating hobby including the following topics Component identification and buying the right parts resistor colour codes capacitor value markings etc advice on buying the right tools for the job soldering making easy work of the hard wiring construction methods including stripboard custom printed circuit boards plain matrix boards surface mount boards and wire wrapping finishing off and adding panel labels getting problem projects to work including simple methods of fault finding In fact everything you need to know in order to get start ed in this absorbing and creative hobby Order code BP392 5 49 ELECTRONIC PROJECTS FOR EXPERIMENTERS R A Penfold Many
146. in DIL connection with industry standard 2 54mm 0 1in pitch Prices of the display start at 24 95 For further information contact Lascar Electronics Ltd Module House Whiteparish Salisbury Wilts SP5 2SJ Tel 44 0 1794 884567 Fax 44 0 1794 884616 Web www lascar co uk Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 The software is designed for the ElmScan 5 scan tool and features Live data monitoring Trouble Code reading Easy customization Data recording Bluetooth wireless communication To learn more visit the Carman website http carman garage maemo org ScanTool s details are P O Box 81441 Phoenix AZ 85069 USA Tel 1 602 923 1870 x112 Fax 1 602 532 7625 Email Vitaliy Oscantool net those taking it up again how to progress their interest The full colour A4 magazine has 116 pages and 1s perfect bound with a cover price of 3 35 The first issue includes a free model building kit which readers can construct with the help of a step by step feature inside while the second issue on sale May 11 carries free cover mounted Hornby branded accessories Editor Mike Wild said These are excit ing times for railway modellers with the hobby finally arriving in the 21st Century Hornby Magazine will fill a much needed niche for beginners of all ages Each issue will be packed with inspirational features showing how to get started in the hobby and what can be achieved Hornby s marketi
147. ion of how to write simple PIC programmes in C Then we begin with four easy experi ments to learn about loops We use the 8 16 bit timers write text and vari ables to the LCD use the keypad produce a siren sound a freezer thaw warning device measure temperatures drive white LEDs control motors switch mains voltages and experiment with serial communication Web site www brunningsoftware co uk Mail order address Brunning Software unlikely to damage PICs or other ICs We use a PIC16F627A as a freezer thaw monitor as a step up switching regulator to drive 3 ultra bright white LEDs and to control the speed of a DC motor with maximum torque still avail able A kit of parts can be purchased 30 to build the circuits using the white LEDs and the two motors See our web site for details 138 The Street Little Clacton Clacton on sea Essex CO16 9LS Tel 01255 862308 EPE IS PLEASED TO BE ABLE TO OFFER YOU THESE ELECTRONICS CD ELECTRONICS PROJECTS Logic Probe testing Electronic Projects is split into two main sections Building Electronic Projects contains comprehensive information about the components tools and techniques used in developing projects from initial concept through to final circuit board production Extensive use is made of video presentations showing soldering and construction techniques The second section contains a set of ten projects for students to build ranging from simple sensor circuits t
148. ions Enter any circuit up to 100 nodes within minutes with TINA s easy to use schematic editor Enhance your schematics by adding text and graphics Choose components from the large library containing more than 10 000 manufacturer models Analyse your circuit through more than 20 different analysis modes or with 10 high tech virtual instruments Present your results in TINA s sophisticated diagram windows on virtual instruments or in the live interactive mode where you can even edit your circuit during operation Customise presentations using TINA s advanced drawing tools to control text fonts axes line width colour and layout You can create and print documents directly inside TINA or cut and paste your results into your favourite word procesing or DTP package TINA includes the following Virtual Instruments Oscilloscope Function Generator Multimeter Signal Analyser Bode Plotter Network Analyser Spectrum Analyser Logic Analyser Digital Signal Generator XY Recorder Flowcode V3 Hobbyist Student For details on Flowcode see the previous page This offer gives you two seperate CD ROMs in DVD style cases the software will need registering FREE with Designsoft TINA and Matrix Multimedia Flowcode details are given within the packages Get TINA Flowcode for a total of just 50 including VAT and postage PROJECT DESIGN WITH CROCODILE TECHNOLOGY An Interactive Guide to Circuit Design An interactive CD ROM
149. istive where the current is exactly in phase with the voltage Such loads include light bulbs and electric heaters By contrast capacitive and in ductive loads result in out of phase Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 INSTANTANEOUS POWER e 7 3 Z LL o oz 2 Q E Oo l l E gt e SH 2 tg VOLTAGE VOLTS eres CACO sc ce ossec l l E l l l l r I l E l l l I r l l I l l l r l l I l l I r l l E l l l l F l l l 270 PHASE ANGLE IN DEGREES CURRENT IN PHASE WITH VOLTAGE Fig 1 this graph shows the voltage V and current I waveforms in phase with each other Note that the instantaneous power is always positive for this case voltage and current waveforms If the load is capacitive the current will lead the voltage Alternatively if the load is inductive the current will lag the voltage Inductive loads include motors and fluorescent lamps The amount that the current leads or lags the voltage is called the power factor it is equal to 1 when the current and voltage are in phase reducing to O by the time the current is 90 out of phase with the voltage Calculating the power factor is easy it s simply the cosine of the phase angle ie cos Lagging current Fig 2 shows the resulting waveforms when the current lags the voltage by 45 In this case the resulting instan taneous power cu
150. ive Courtesy Bgnt Delay This kit ravides a time delay in p vehicle s interior light for you to buckle up your seat belt and get organsied before the light dims and fades out It has a soft fade out after a set time has elapsed and has universal wiring Kit supplied with PCB with overlay all electronics componente and clear English instructions e As published in Everyday Practical Electronics Magazine Delta Throttle Timer gt It will trigger a relay when the throttle is depressed or lifted quickly There is a long list of uses for this kit such as automatic transmission switching of economy to power modes triggering electronic blow off valves on quick throttle lifts and much more It is completely adjustable and uses the output of a standard throttle position sensor Kit supplied with PCB and all electronic components e As published in Everyday Practical Electronics November 2006 Two Way SPDIF Toslink Digital Audio Converter Kit This kit converts coaxial digital dio signals into optical or vice versa Use this bit stream converter in situations where one piece of equipment has an optical audio input and the other a coaxial digital output Kit includes Toslink optical modules PCB with overlay case with screen printed lid all electronic components and clear English instructions Requires 9 12VDC wall adaptor Maplin JC91Y 14 99 aycar Electronics Er y E ae e m ae A Sa y
151. k Editor MIKE KENWARD Consulting Editors DAVID BARRINGTON JOHN BECKER Business Manager DAVID J LEAVER Subscriptions MARILYN GOLDBERG General Manager FAY KEARN Editorial Admin 01202 873872 Advertising Manager STEWART KEARN 01202 873872 On line Editor ALAN WINSTANLEY EPE Online Internet version Editors CLIVE MAX MAXFIELD and ALVIN BROWN READERS TECHNICAL ENQUIRIES E mail techdept O epemag wimborne co uk We are unable to offer any advice on the use purchase repair or modification of commercial equipment or the incorporation or modification of designs published in the magazine We regret that we cannot provide data or answer queries on articles or projects that are more than five years old Letters requiring a personal reply must be accompanied by a stamped self addressed envelope or a self addressed envelope and international reply coupons We are not able to answer techni cal queries on the phone PROJECTS AND CIRCUITS All reasonable precautions are taken to ensure that the advice and data given to readers is reli able We cannot however guarantee it and we cannot accept legal responsibility for it A number of projects and circuits published in EPE employ voltages that can be lethal You should not build test modify or renovate any item of mains powered equipment unless you fully understand the safety aspects involved and you use an RCD adaptor COMPONENT SUPPLIES We do not supply e
152. k draft drawn on a UK bank Normally supplied within seven days of receipt of order Send a copy of this form or order by letter if you do not wish to cut your issue Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 STORE YOUR BACK ISSUES ON CD ROMS py VEHICLE FROST BOX Icy road Wa ming EPE Crit Back ures cHROMATO owe Soun C glout To ca i 5 4 a A great way to buy EPE Back Issues our CD ROMs contain back issues from our EPE Online website plus bonus articles all the rele vant PIC software and web links Note no free gifts are included All this for just 14 45 each including postage and packing VOL 1 BACK ISSUES January 1999 to June 1999 Plus some bonus material from Nov and Dec 1998 Order on line from VOL 2 BACK ISSUES July 1999 to December 1999 www epemag wimborne co uk VOL 3 BACK ISSUES January 2000 to June 2000 shopdoor htm VOL 4 BACK ISSUES July 2000 to December 2000 www epemag com USA prices VOL 5 BACK ISSUES January 2001 to June 2001 dq se el Re VOL 6 BACK ISSUES July 2001 to December 2001 EV ERES RES EPE ESSA ENE 1 VOL 7 BACK ISSUES January 2002 to June 2002 BACK ISSUES CD ROM ORDER FORM VOL 8 BACK ISSUES July 2002 to December 2002 VOL 9 BACK ISSUES January 2003 to June 2003 Please send me the following Back Issue CD ROMs Volume VOL 10 BACK ISSUES July 2003 to December 2003 VOL 11 BACK ISSUES January 2004 to June 2004 VO
153. lat ed to the ratio fmax fmin SO now you have R2 and assuming you know fi you can select R1 using another graph from the datasheet The VCO can also be operated in no offset mode with R2 open circuit In this case you set fa as twice the VCO centre frequency and select R1 and Cl from yet another graph on the datasheet Phase comparators The two phase comparators operate on different principles and have different characteristics benefits and potential prob lems Phase comparator 1 is simply an XOR gate When using phase comparator 1 the signal and reference inputs must both have a 50 duty cycle in order to achieve maximum lock range Phase comparator 2 is more complicated than phase comparator 1 It is a state machine which changes state when logic transitions occur on either the signal or ref erence inputs Phase comparator 2 also has another output PCP phase comparator pulse output on pin 1 which can be used to tell when the PLL is locked Phase comparator 3 is a positive edge triggered sequential phase detector using an RS type flip flop When the PLL is using this comparator the loop is con trolled by positive signal transitions Some of the properties of the phase comparators are compared in Table 2 The loop filter should use the longest RC time possible for the application This Table 2 Phase Comparator Properties Property Comparator 1 pin 2 Lock Range full VCO fmin tO max Capture low pass filte
154. lectronic components or kits for building the projects featured these can be supplied by advertisers We advise readers to check that all parts are still available before commencing any pro ject in a back dated issue ADVERTISEMENTS Although the proprietors and staff of EVERYDAY PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS take reasonable precautions to protect the interests of readers by ensuring as far as practicable that advertisements are bona fide the magazine and its publishers cannot give any undertak ings in respect of statements or claims made by advertisers whether these advertisements are printed as part of the magazine or in inserts The Publishers regret that under no circum stances will the magazine accept liability for non receipt of goods ordered or for late delivery or for faults in manufacture TRANSMITTERS BUGS TELEPHONE EQUIPMENT We advise readers that certain items of radio transmitting and telephone equipment which may be advertised in our pages cannot be legally used in the UK Readers should check the law before buying any transmitting or telephone equipment as a fine confiscation of equipment and or imprisonment can result from illegal use or ownership The laws vary from country to country readers should check local laws A roundup of the latest Everyday News from the world S 10 pocket camcorder Panasonic has upset the status quo by introducing a HDTV camcorder with no moving parts Barry Fox reports Thi
155. lly see what happens inside the PlCmicro MCU as each instruction is executed which enhances understanding O Comprehensive instruction through 45 tutorial sections Includes Vlab a Virtual PICmicro microcontroller a fully functioning simulator Tests exercises and projects covering a wide range of PlCmicro MCU applications Includes MPLAB assembler O Visual representation of a PlCmicro showing architecture and functions Expert system for code entry helps first time users Shows data flow and fetch execute cycle and has challenges washing machine lift crossroads etc O Imports a ee ge po a ea a GA SM A ia programming software SOFTWARE C FOR PiCmicro VERSION 2 The C for PlCmicro microcontrollers CD ROM is designed for students and professionals who need to learn how to program embedded microcontrollers in C The CD contains a course as well as all the software tools needed to create Hex code for a wide range of PlCmicro devices including a full C compiler for a wide range of PICmicro devices Although the course focuses on the use of the PlCmicro microcontrollers this CD ROM will provide a good grounding in C programming for any microcontroller O Complete course in C as well as C programming for PlCmicro microcontrollers Highly interactive course Virtual C PICmicro improves understanding O Includes a C compiler for a wide range of PICmicro devices Includes full Integrated Devel
156. lso a MW LW Radio Receiver project included in the last part of the Teach In series All in all we believe this is an excellent package which will be of interest to everyone learn ing about electronics to those that want to brush up on their theory and anyone interested in building simple projects and understanding what goes on inside them The book with the free CD ROM is now available from larger WHSmith stores or by mail order from our Direct Book Service see page 66 or go to the Online Shop on our UK web site at Www epemag co uk AVAILABILITY Copies of EPE are available on subscription anywhere in the world see opposite and from all UK newsagents distributed by SEYMOUR EPE can also be purchased from retail magazine outlets around the world An Internet on line ver sion can be purchased and downloaded for just 15 99US approx 9 00 per year available from www epemag com Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 fiha SUBSCRIPTIONS Subscriptions for delivery direct to any address in the UK 6 months 18 75 12 months 35 50 two years 66 Overseas 6 months 21 75 standard air service or 30 75 express airmail 12 months 41 50 standard air service or 59 50 express airmail 24 months 78 stan dard air service or 114 express airmail To subscribe from the USA or Canada call Express Mag toll free on 1877 363 1310 Online subscriptions for downloading the magazine via the Internet 15 99US app
157. ly attenuate AC signals and only rolls off signals above 10Hz The resulting power value is then mixed in the Offset Comparator with an offset adjustment to give a zero reading when there is no current flow ing through R1 Its output is stored in the Waveform Register the contents of which are continuously added to the Active Energy Register at an 894kHz rate Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 This circuit is directly connected to the 240VAC mains As such all parts may operate at mains potential and This includes the back up battery and all wiring to the display PC board To ensure safety this circuit MUST NOT be operated unless it is fully enclosed in a plastic case Do not connect this device to the mains with the lid of the case removed This is not a project for the inexperienced Do not attempt to build it unless you know exactly what you are doing and are completely familiar with mains wiring practices and construction techniques Finally the data in the Active Energy Register can be retrieved via the Serial Data Interface Note that the values retrieved from this register will vary because of the ripple allowed through the LPF at the output of Multiplier 2 However these variations are less noticeable if the period between each retrieval is made as long as possible so that any ripple can be integrated out over time For this reason we have selected a retrieval interval of about 11 seconds and this remo
158. n 12 issues costs just 15 99 US Back issues are also available dm WWW epemas T1 Europe s Largest Surplus Store 20 000 000 Items on line NOW New items added dail Established for over 25 years UK company Display Electronics prides itself on offering a massive range of electronic and associated electro mechanical equipment and parts to the Hobbyist Educational and Industrial user Many current and obsolete hard to get parts are available from our vast stocks which include 6 000 000 Semiconductors 5 000 Power Supplies 25 000 Electric Motors 10 000 Connectors 100 000 Relays amp Contactors 2000 Rack Cabinets amp Accessories 4000 Items of Test Equipment 5000 Hard Disk Drives Display Electronics 29 35 Osborne Road Thornton Heath Surrey UK CR7 8PD Telephone 44 020 8653 3333 Fax 44 020 8653 8888 Rechargeable Batteries With Solder Tags NIMH NICAD AA 2000mAh PP3 150mAh Instrument case with edge connector and screw terminals Size 112mm x 52mm x 105mm tall This box consists of a cream base with a PCB slot a cover plate to pro tect your circuit a black lid with a 12 way edge connector and 12 screw terminals built in 8mm pitch and 2 screws to hold the lid on The cream bases have minor marks from dust and handling price 2 00 VAT 2 35 for a sample or 44 00 VAT 51 70 for a box of 44 866 battery pack originally intended to be used with an orbitel mobile tele
159. n switch We ll take a closer look at the various calibration modes in Part 2 next month Making power measurements OK now that we ve looked at the main functions of the Energy Meter let s see how we go about making power measurements In operation the Energy Meter meas ures the true power drawn by the load It is not affected by the shape of the waveform provided that the harmon ics do not extend above 1kHz and the level does not overrange In a DC direct current system the power can be determined by measur ing the applied voltage V and the current I through the load and then multiplying the two values together ie P IV Similarly for AC alternat ing current supplies eg 230V mains the instantaneous power delivered to a load is obtained by multiplying the instantaneous current and voltage values together However that s not Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 the end of the story when it comes to average power consumption as we shall see Fig 1 shows a typical situation where the current and voltage wave forms are both sinewaves and are in phase with each other ie they both pass through zero at the same time In this case the instantaneous power waveform is always positive and remains above zero That s because when we multiply the positive going voltage and current signals we get a positive result Similarly we also get a positive value when we multiply the negative going voltage an
160. nction Gen 12MHz EXACT 529 AM FM Function Gen 20MHz ANALOGUE 2030 Synthesised Multi Function Waveform 250 THANDER TG503 Pulse Function Gen 5MHz THANDER TG502 Sweep Function Gen 5MHz KRON HITE 5200A Sweep Func Gen 0 00003Hz 3MHz 150 HP 3310B Info as 3310A etc 20 eee eee eee 120 HP 3310A Func Gen 0 005Hz 5MHz Sine Sq Tri Ramp Pulse 80 PHILIPS PM5132 Function Gen 0 1Hz 2MHz PHILIPS PM5131 Function Gen 0 1Hz 2MHz FEEDBACK FG601 Func Gen 0 001Hz 1MHz HP 8112A Pulse Gen 50MHz HP 8111A Pulse Generator 20MHz LYONS PG73N Pulse Gen 20MHz LEADER LAG120B Sine Sq Audio Generator 10Hz 1MHz FARNELL LFM4 Sine Sq Osc 10Hz 1MHz Low Distortion TTL Output Amplitutde Meter GOULD J3B Sine Sq Osc 10Hz 100kHz Low Distortion 50 75 FARNELL LF1 Sine Sq Oscillator 10Hz 1MHz MARCONI SANDERS 6055C Signal Source 850 2000MHz MARCONI SANDERS 6055B Signal Source 850 2150MHz 125 MARCONI SANDERS 6056B Signal Source 2 4GHz 125 MARCONI SANDERS 6057B Signal Source 4 5 8 5GHz 125 MARCONI SANDERS 6059A Signal Source 12 18GHz 125 MARCONI SANDERS 6070A Signal Source 400 1200MHz 125 FLUKE 6011A Synthesised 11MHz PHILIPS 5514V Colour Bar Generator Video BLACK STAR ORION Colour Bar Gen BLACK STAR ORION Later Version Metal Case FREQUENCY COUNTERS TIMERS EIP 371 Source Locking Microwave Counter 10Hz 18GHz 325 EIP 331 Autohet Microwave Counter 825MHz 18GHz 195 HP 5386A Counter 10Hz 3GHz FEEDBACK SC230 Counter 1 3GHz
161. nd then automatically delays either the sound or picture to make the test marks line up From then on the sound and pic tures you see and hear are in perfect step Whether Sony s system can help Panasonic s Katherine Jenkins remains to be seen Every sync problem is different sometimes frozen into the recording and sometimes created at playback and some times a bit of both Anyone interested in the technical detail of Sony s system can Google the US Patent Office website and look up patent application number 200602908 10 Correction Peter Brunning of Brunning Software tells us that his press release for their Visual C Training Course which we published in the March 07 issue incorrectly stated that Microchip was the source for the Visual C Express edition download He points out it should be Microsoft we apologise for the error Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 soo 1000 ScanTool Carman OBD II Analyser Scantool net have sent us a press release about Nokia having launched the Carman OBD II Analyser based on the ElmScan 5 Scantool Nokia Technology Institute INdT in Brazil launched Carman amp mdash an open source OBD II analyzer software for the Maemo platform targeted towards the 770 and N800 Nokia Internet Tablets HORNBY LAUNCH Specialist transport publisher Ian Allan has joined forces with leading model man ufacturer Hornby to launch Hornby Magazine The makers of Hornby train sets an
162. nd variable voltage to 15V 40A Chargers for NiCD NiMH LiPo amp SLA batteries to 12V 20A 13 8V 20A power supply with Amps display 43 87 Sample pricing eGP AA charger with 2 off 1300mAh cells 5 45 13 8V 20A Power Supply from 34 12 Probably the best range of DC model motors in the UK From under 0 5W to 1000W 1 5 to 36V Geared motors from 0 3W to 800W Ideal for most model engineering applica tions especially robotics Planetary geared motors from just 1 2g to our top of the range 750W that s 1HP weighing in at 6 35kg Ll As well as motors we have wheels axles 8 bearings to help complete your project Sample pricing Visit our website to see over 140 models of motor 12V 150W Motor 17 95 Geared motors from 4 70 750W 36V geared motors from 90 95 Visit our website to see over 2 000 products to order on line Need advice we offer full technical support via our FAQ forum Technobots Ltd The Old Grain Store Rear of 62 Rumbridge Street Totton Hampshire SO40 9DS Tel 023 8086 3120 Fax 023 8086 1534 Lines open Mon Thur 0900 to 1330 Established in 2001 Technobots Ltd supply a wide range of electronics and engineering products to the hobby market schools Colleges amp Universities DC motor speed controllers from 1A to 300A Various interfacing options including RC I2C serial amp analogue voltage Relay reversing and fully solid
163. ndi tions a relatively high voltage will be developed between a phototransistor s collector and emitter With more light this will fall Suppose for the sake of argument that the dark voltage that is with no lights switched on is 11V the low light voltage is 8V and the high light voltage is 6V The voltage appearing at phototran sistor TR1 s collector is applied to the inverting inputs pins 2 and 9 of operational amplifiers op amps IC1a and IC1c while that at TR2 is applied to the inverting inputs pins 6 and 13 of IC1b and IC1d IC1a and IC1b are associated with the low brightness level while IC1c and IC1d are used for the high one Ignore resistors R3 to R6 for the mo ment IC1a and IC1b non inverting in puts pins 3 and 5 are connected to the text multistrand connecting wire solder etc Semiconductors 2 1N4148 signal diodes D1 D2 1 1N4001 50V 1A rect diode D8 3mm red LEDs D3 D5 3mm green LEDs D4 D6 3mm orange LED D7 SFH300 2 phototransistors or similar See text TR1 TR2 1 LM324 quad op amp IC1 1 LM358 dual op amp IC2 Capacitors 1 220u radial elect 25V Resistors 0 25W 5 carbon film 5 6800 3900 if a 9V battery is used R11 R12 R17 to R19 6 47k R7 to R10 R14 R16 4 100k R1 R2 R13 R15 4 10M R3 to R6 Potentiometers 2 100k min carbon preset vertical VR1 VR2 sliding contact wiper of preset VR1 Since its track is connecte
164. ng manager Simon Kohler said We are delighted to support this publishing initiative which we believe will help thousands of people enjoy this wonderful hobby for the first time As we have incorporated new technology into our model manufacturing processes so our business has seen considerable growth in recent years The time 1s right therefore for a new magazine that embraces the incredi ble advances in miniature railway model ling and presents it in a way that is easily understood PICkit Serial Tool Microchip has announced the introduc tion of the PICkit Serial Analyzer a tool which enables design engineers to easily and cost effectively interface with embed ded circuits within serial systems using any Windows based PC The tool comes complete with a 28 pin demo board featuring the 8 bit PIC16F886 microcontroller The kit s hardware and graphical user interface GUI software allow testing and debugging of communi cation between the PC and several industry standard serial protocols on the microcontroller being tested including PC SPI and USART Included are user guides for the analyser and demo board complete source code selected application notes and Microchip s free MPLAB IDE integrated development environment The kit and boards can be ordered from www microchipdirect com PICkit Serial Analyzer MAGENTA GEIGER TUBES Magenta Electronics tell us that they now stock the Geiger tubes for the P
165. ng memories Remote backups Price of restoration Regulars and Services EDITORIAL NEWS Barry Fox highlights technology s leading edge Plus everyday news from the world of electronics CD ROMS FOR ELECTRONICS 38 A wide range of CD ROMs for hobbyists students and engineers PLEASE TAKE NOTE 49 Low Cost 50MHz Frequency Meter PIC Digital Geiger Counter BACK ISSUES 50 Did you miss these PIC RESOURCES CD ROM 54 EPE PIC Tutorial V2 plus PIC Toolkit Mk3 and a selections of PIC related articles ELECTRONIC MANUALS 58 The Modern Electronics Manual and Electronics Service Manual on CD ROM FREE CD R OM THE POWER OF MECHATRONICS 59 An EPE exclusive SUBSCRIBE TO EPE and save money 60 READOUT John Becker addresses general points arising 61 DIRECT BOOK SERVICE 66 A wide range of technical books available by mail order plus more CD ROMs Wimborne Publishing Ltd 2007 Copyright in all EPE PCB SERVICE 70 drawings photographs and articles published in EVERYDAY PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS is fully OPS for EPE projects protected and reproduction or imitations in whole or ADVERTISERS INDEX 72 in part are expressly forbidden Our June 2007 issue will be published on Thursday Readers Services Editorial and Advertisement Departments 7 10 May 2007 see page 72 for details Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 l DSL E TIOS www QuasarElectronics com Secure Online Ordering Facilities e Full Product Listing D
166. o we record at 1440 and upscale from 1920 x 1080 in the camera Even with this compromise the picture quality is very impressive and Panasonic s new Mega Optical Image Stabiliser sys tem uses a gyroscope sensor to detect and correct for handshake by physically mov ing the lens There are already plans for 8GB and 16GB SD cards with 32GB promised The price is still considerably above tape but the way computer and camera memory prices have tumbled over the last year gives a clear pointer to where the camcorder market is going next The use of AVCHD is especially signifi cant after comments made by Etsuji Shuda Panasonic s AV Business Group Executive First and with no surprises he repeated the confident line started by the Blu ray Disc Group at CES in Las Vegas that BD is becoming the de facto standard with seven out of eight studios committed to BD and only 10 of movie titles available only on HD DVD BD 10A Blu ray Player Shuda then unveiled the new BD 10A Blu ray player Cosmetically similar to the BD 10 the new model supports 7 1 Dolby True HD and DTS HD lossless audio The 10A can also play discs recorded in the HDTV camera recording format AVCHD The BD 10A also supports a new enhanced version of the Viera Link system previously called HDAVI Control that lets one remote handset control multiple components if they are con nected by HDMI cable Early adopters who have bought one of the first BD 10
167. o create a Pentium 4 computer or an Athlon 64 or Athlon 64FX cov ering What first time builders need to know How to select and purchase parts How to assemble the PC How to install Windows XP The few existing books on this sub ject although badly outdated are in steady demand This one delivers the expertise and new technology that fledg ling computer builders are eagerly looking for 228 pages 224 pages large format Medel 216 99 THE PIC MICROCONTROLLER YOUR PERSONAL INTRODUCTORY COURSE THIRD EDITION John Morton Discover the potential of the PIC micro controller through graded projects this book could revolutionise your electronics construction work A uniquely concise and practical guide to getting up and running with the PIC Microcontroller The PIC is one of the most popular of the microcontrollers that are trans forming electronic project work and product design Assuming no prior knowledge of microcontrollers and introducing the PICs capabilities through simple projects this book is ideal for use in schools and colleges It is the ideal introduction for students teachers technicians and electronics enthusiasts The step by step explanations make it ideal for self study too this is not a reference book you start work with the PIC straight away The revised third edition covers the popular repro grammable Flash PICs 16F54 16F84 as well as the 12F508 and 12F675 270 pages Order code NE36 18 50
168. o the left and right phono inputs in turn Measure the amplitude of the signals at the corresponding phono outputs they should be almost identi cal to the inputs Now set the oscillator to your speaker s resonant frequency eg 80Hz Fig 7 if you re installing your board into a case a photocopy of this drilling guide will make life much easier Reproduced by arrangement with SILICON CHIP magazine 2007 www siliconchip com au SIDE OF CASE HOLES A 10mm DIAM HOLE B 6 5mm DIAM HOLES C 3mm DIAM ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES 46 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 Measure each channel again and this time you should find that the outputs read about 40 higher 3dB Finally measure each channel while tweaking the oscillator frequency to obtain the maximum possible read ing For a bass reflex vented enclo sure the maximum output should be around twice the input 6dB while for a sealed enclosure it should be about 3 5 times higher 11dB in line with the performance ofour prototype see Fig 4 im 2117 7173 WWW E0EINAG COM Ifthe results aren t what you expect then go back and re check your resistor calculations If you don t get any bass boost it is likely that the value calcu lated for Rs is much too large For those without the appropriate test gear a listening test will quickly tell whether the Bass Extender is doing its job Simply hook the project into one channel of you
169. o you by first class Card NO se asociarce sonara Maestro Issue No E mail or airmail normally Valid From Expiry Date within four working days of L Card Security Code The last 3 digits on or just under the signature strip receipt of your order 58 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 The Power of Mechatronics EPE Exclusive plus Free CD ROM PE Microchip and ACAL E Semiconductors bring you the power of mechatronics A fusion of mechanical engineering electronics and computing mecha tronics allows you to add intelligent control to mechanical systems making your projects smarter more power efficient and more reliable and giving you more control than ever before Perhaps the best way to understand mechatronics is to look at example applications where microcontrollers have enhanced or replaced the mechanical and analogue components of a design For example air flow con trollers have typically had only two settings off or on A mechatronic solu tion provides much better efficiency by being able to control speed over the whole range as well as lower mainte nance costs as the motor experiences less stress Read Microchip s applica tion note ANS61 for all of the other benefits and details Another example are thermostats In these applications the mechatronic solution enhances the product by offering features such as programmable user settings and digital
170. oard or thick paper may be used and more will be said about this later Although a particular phototran sistor is specified in the parts list other general purpose types would be suitable Note however that the unit chosen must be sensitive to vis ible light An infra red phototransistor housed in an opaque case will not be satisfactory On the level The design must take account ofthe fact that fog lights and reversing lights if fitted do not operate in isolation These work when the tail lights are on so there will already be some light reaching the phototransistors The circuit has therefore been designed to operate at two brightness levels The lower one is used for the tail lights while the higher one operates with the brighter illumination associated with the other bulbs The sensitivity of a silicon photo transistor to yellow is considerably less than it is to red The human eye is particularly sensitive to yellow so the flashing indicators appear bright However to a phototransistor they seem dimmer than say the stop lights even though the bulb has the same power rating The flashing indicators may therefore only operate the low level LEDs This does not matter as long as the tail lights are switched off when they are checked On off switch S1 will not be needed if the car supply is used Fuse FS1 will blow and interrupt the current in the event of a short circuit Diode D8 provides reverse polari
171. of ready to use func tions and many inte grated tools makes MikroElektronika co mpilers one of the best choices on the market today Besides mikrolCD mikroElektro nika compilers offer a statistical module simulator bitmap generator for graphic displays 7 segment display conversion tool ASCII table HTML code export communications tools for SD MMC UDP Ethernet and USB EEPROM editor programming mode manage ment etc Each compiler has many routines and examples such as EEPROM FLASH and MMC SD and CF card reading writing writing to charac ter and graphic LCDs manipulation of push buttons 4x4 keyboard and PS 2 keyboard input generation of signals and sounds character string manipulation mathematical calculations 12C SPI RS232 CAN USB RS485 and OneWire communications Manchester coding management logical and numerical conversion PWM signals inter rupts etc The CD ROM contains many ready written and tested pro grams for use with our development boards Regular price Price with discount mikroBasic PIC 149 00 USD mikroBasic PIC 30 99 00 USD mikroPascal PIC 149 00 USD mikroPascal PIC 30 99 00 USD mikroC PIC 249 00 USD mikroC PIC 30 175 00 USD mikroBasic AVR 149 00 USD MikroBasic AVR 30 99 00 USD mikroPascal AVR 149 00 USD mikroPascal AVR 30 99 00 USD mikroBasic dsPIC 149 00 USD mikroBasic dsPIC 30 99 00 USD mikroPascal dsPIC 249 00 USD mikroPascal dsPIC 20
172. ol RS232C data links MIDI link Loop alarms R P M meter All the components used in these designs are readily available none of them require the constructor to take out a second mortgage 132 pages Order code BP374 5 45 DISCOVERING PICS W D Phillips A good introduction to PIC programming covering every PLUS HARDWARE thing you need to know to get you started No previous knowledge of microcontrollers is required but some previous experience with electronic circuits is assumed Covers the basic concept of a micro controller fundamentals of a PIC based circuit and using the MPLAB program Further chapters introduce binary PIC architecture the instruction set the PIC memory map and special registers plus real world programming Four simple projects are also fully described a Wavy Wand an Electronic Dice a Games Timer and a Pulse Monitor The associated CDROM contains the book in PDF format MPLAB plus instruction manuals in PDF format and all the programs covered in the book as assembler ASM files Those that wish to programme their own PICs will require a PIC programmer In addition a p c b based hardware kit is also available that makes up into the Wavy Wand which will spell out a short message via a line of l e d s when waved through the air BOOK PLUS CDROM 190 pages A4 spiral bound Book CDROM Order code DOC1 222 00 EA ONE E ECER O AA Tele 99 50 BOOK ORDERING DETAILS All prices include UK pos
173. ompact fluores cent This would of course be much heavier and more complex than using LEDs John Mair via email John I regret this is not an area in which I have expertise Can any reader help Printer Problems Dear EPE Just a quick email regarding something I saw a little while ago in Readout You were asked a question about which PCB pro gram you used and I am sure you said that you used an ageing copy of EasyPC Pro I have a copy of EPCPRO which I bought in about 1990 but have not used for many a year but would like to use it again 62 My question is how do you print from the program The options I have are either a dot matrix printer or a Laser Jet II neither of which I have access to any more Is there a program that converts the output to a more modern printer or is there another way I don t know about Really enjoy the magazine I bought my first copy of Everyday Electronics in October 1975 when I was a mechanical draughtsman What caught my eye was a radio built into a matchbox which I built In those days draughtsmen used to wear a long white coat at least they did in the company I worked for I used to put the radio in my trousers pocket with the ear piece going up under my white coat out of the collar and into my ear No one could see anything as my hair was down onto my shoulders the fashion in those days After that I was hooked and electronics became my hobby I left the drawing offic
174. onic Design Ltd will be awarded to the author of the Letter Of The Month each month The Atlas LCR automatically measures inductance from 1uH to 10H capacitance from 1pF to 10 000uF and resistance from 1Q to 2MQ with a basic accuracy of 1 www peakelec co uk X LETTER OF THE MONTH x MPLAB Dear EPE You invited comments on the request by Michael McLoughlin in Readout to adopt MPLAB as a defacto standard for projects At the risk of being a crawler I agree with your wait and see policy Although it is tempting to wish that MPLAB could be the standard to use and although I use it myself I can t recom mend it as a standard for hobby use While it is a good product it is also a complex product as Michael himself has noticed Part of this complexity is intrinsic part of it is an inevitable price to pay for its abili ty to cope with all Microchip devices and part of it is the price to pay for backwards compatibility with earlier versions It actually has two assemblers a single file assembler and a multi file assembler Although superficially these are similar and although it is possible to contrive code fragments that can be converted easily from one to the other for practical pro grams a program written for one needs extensive manual rewriting to work with the other As anticipated the single file assembler is relatively simple and it is tempting to think that this might be suitable for begin ne
175. ontinually monitor their progress and understanding The book s content is matched to the latest pre degree level courses making this an invaluable reference for all study levels and its broad coverage is combined with practical case studies based in real world engineering contexts throughout the text The unique combination of a comprehensive reference text incorporating a primary focus on practical applica tions ensures this text will prove a vital guide for stu dents and also for industry based engineers who are either new to the field of electronics or who wish to refresh their knowledge 400 pages BEBOP TO THE BOOLEAN BOOGIE Order code NE43 24 95 Second Edition BOOK PLUS Clive Max Maxfield CD ROM This book gives the big picture of digital electronics This indepth highly readable up to the minute guide shows you how electronic devices work and how they re made You ll discover how transistors operate how printed circuit boards are fabricated and what the innards of memory ICs look like You ll also gain a working knowledge of Boolean Algebra and Karnaugh Maps and understand what Reed Muller logic is and how it s used And there s much MUCH more The author s tongue in cheek humour makes it a delight to read but this is a REAL technical book extremely detailed and accurate Comes with a free CD ROM which contains an eBook version with full text search plus bonus chapter An Illustrated History of Ele
176. opment Environment Includes MPLAB software Compatible with most PICmicro programmers Includes a compiler for all the PICmicro devices O Eee AA e F Minimum system requirements for these items Pentium PC running Windows 98 NT 2000 ME XP CD ROM drive 64MB RAM 10MB hard disk space 158 including VAT and postage supplied with USB cable and 40 OFF Buy the Development Board together with any Hobbyist Student or Institutional versions of the software CD ROMs listed below and take 40 off the total including VAT price FLOWCODE FOR PiCmicro V3 Flowcode is a very high level language programming system for PlCmicro microcontrollers based on flowcharts Flowcode allows you to design and simulate complex robotics and control systems in a matter of minutes Flowcode is a powerful language that uses macros to facilitate the control of complex devices like 7 segment displays motor controllers and l c d displays The use of macros allows you to control these electronic devices without getting bogged down in understanding the programming Flowcode produces MPASM code which is compatible with virtually all PlCmicro programmers When used in conjunction with the Version 3 development board this provides a seamless solution that allows you to program chips in minutes O Requires no programming experience O Allows complex PICmicro applications to be designed quickly O Uses international standard flow chart
177. opular gold silver and emerald wafer cards Card used needs to conform to ISO 7816 re standards which includes ones sold by Jaycar Powered by 9 12 VDC wall adaptor or a 9V battery Instructions outline software requirements that are freely available on the internet Kit supplied with PCB wafer card socket and all electronic components PCB measures 141 x 101mm e As published in Everyday Practical 2 adaptor Maplin Electronics May 2006 Magnetic Cartridge Pre amp This kit i is used to amplify the 3 4mV signals from a phono cartridge to line level so you can use your turntable with the CD or tuner inputs on your Hi Fi amplifier most modern amps don t include a phono input any more Dust off the old LP collection or use it to record your LPs on to CD The design is suitable for 12 LPs and also allows for RIAA equalisation of all the really old 78s Please note that the input sensitivity of this design means it s only suitable for moving magnet not moving coil cartridges Kit includes PCB with overlay and all electronic components e Requires 12VAC power Tr Monday Friday 09 00 to 17 30 GMT 10 hours only For those who want to write 100 Silverwater Rd Silverwater NSW 2128 Sydney AUSTRALIA www jaycarelectronics co uk E oy E eg E al E E es dog i paz a E de A al A E e ae 0 vda E UGO01B 13 99 Requires 9 12VDC wall n pr Automot
178. opy of this form Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 WIRELESS for the WARRIOR Volumes 1 to 4 Volume 1 Wireless Sets No 1 to 88 covers the early radios prior to the outbreak of World War II and wartime sets which were never released in large quanti ties or were abandoned after trials Contains 360 A4 pages in softback format Volume 2 Standard Sets for World War II pro vides information in detail of mass produced Wireless Sets such as No 18 19 22 and 38 Additionally includ ed are a number of post war sets on which development had been started during World War II Contains 722 A4 pages in hardback format with more than 200 photographs 750 line drawings and 180 data tables Volume 3 Reception Sets the receivers described span the era 1932 to the 1960s and coverage includes not only reception sets specifically designed or adapted for the British Army but also sets adopted from other arms RN and RAF special receivers direction finding receivers army broadcast reception sets Canadian and Australian army sets commercial receivers adopted by the army and army welfare reception sets Contains 546 A4 pages in hardback format with more than 230 photographs 470 line drawings and 200 data tables Volume 4 Clandestine Radio not only spy equip ment but sets used by Special Forces Partisans Resistance Stay Behind organisations Diplomatic Service Australian
179. or Poor Soldering Dear EPE Pd like to draw attention to March 2007 page 39 Figure 3b which shows a very poor example of soldering This junction is acold solder joint which is just blobbed solder Please use examples of good workmanship in the future Perhaps a tutorial on proper soldering is long overdue I offer a tutorial on Hot Air Surface Mount Soldering of SMT devices and would be interested in doing an article for EPE If you would like to see the tutorial I have published on my website please goto www zianet com erg SMT_Soldering html I look forward to getting the EPE maga zine each month and I appreciate that you publish it electronically Cash Olsen via email Editor Mike replied to Cash While it does look poor in the photo it is in fact a good joint and solder has run all around the tag There is a very good feature on soldering available from our website access via www epemag co uk Mike Kenward Editor Free 16F84 628 C Interpreter Dear EPE You might be interested in a new free C interpreter for the PIC 16F84 16F628 www the ace works co nr This is for the user very similar to the Basic Stamp in that the complexity level is low and that mis takes do not cause crashes No special hardware is required The interpreter executes 5000 lines of ANSI C per second while controlling three servos It seems to me that this is some thing which corresponds to the skill level of many of your readers and
180. ortant ripple counters No background other than a basic knowledge of electron ics is assumed and the more theoretical topics are explained from the beginning as also are many working practices The book concludes with an explaination of microprocessor techniques as applied to digital logic Order code PC106 9 95 200 pages A BEGINNER S GUIDE TO TTL DIGITAL ICs R A Penfold This book first covers the basics of simple logic circuits in general and then progresses to specific TTL logic integrated circuits The devices covered include gates oscillators timers flip flops dividers and decoder cir cuits Some practical circuits are used to illustrate the use of TTL devices in the real world 142 pages Order code BP332 5 45 MICROCONTROLLER COOKBOOK Mike James The practical solutions to real problems shown in this cook book provide the basis to make PIC and 8051 devices real ly work Capabilities of the variants are examined and ways to enhance these are shown A survey of common interface devices and a description of programming models lead on to a section on development techniques The cookbook offers an introduction that will allow any user novice or experienced to make the most of micro controllers 240 pages 23 50 RADIO BYGONES We also carry a selection of books aimed at readers of EPE s sister maga zine on vintage radio Radio Bygones These books include the Comprehensive Radio Valve Gu
181. ossibilities provid ed by using an additional third motor For the less experienced RCX code programs accompany most of the featured robots However the more adventurous reader is also shown how to write programs using Microsoft s VisualBASIC running with the ActiveX con trol Spirit OCX that is provided with the RIS kit Detailed building instructions are provided for the fea tured robots including numerous step by step pho tographs The designs include rover vehicles a virtual pet a robot arm an intelligent sweet dispenser and a colour conscious robot that will try to grab objects of a specific colour Order code BP902 14 99 298 pages ANDROIDS ROBOTS AND ANIMATRONS Second Edition John lovine Build your own working robot or android using both off the shelf and workshop constructed materials and devices Computer control gives these robots and androids two types of artificial intelligence an expert sys tem and a neural network A lifelike android hand can be built and programmed to function doing repetitive tasks A fully animated robot or android can also be built and pro grammed to perform a wide variety of functions The contents include an Overview of State of the Art Robots Robotic Locomotion Motors and Power Controllers All Types of Sensors Tilt Bump Road and Wall Detection Light Soeech and Sound Recognition Robotic Intelligence Expert Type Using a Single Board Computer Programmed in BASI
182. per negative video unit fade to grey unit black and white keyer vertical wiper audio mixer stereo headphone amplifier dynamic noise reducer automatic fader push button fader computer control interface 12 volt mains power supply 124 pages Order code PC115 3095 5 45 ALL PRICES INCLUDE UK POST amp PACKING 67 Data and Design PRACTICAL ELECTRONIC FILTERS Owen Bishop This book deals with the subject in a non mathematical way It reviews the main types of filter explaining in sim ple terms how each type works and how it is used The book also presents a dozen filter based projects with applications in and around the home or in the constructors workshop These include a number of audio projects such as a rythm sequencer and a multi voiced electronic organ Concluding the book is a practical step by step guide to designing simple filters for a wide range of purposes with circuit diagrams and worked examples 88 pages Order code BP299 5 49 DIGITAL LOGIC GATES AND FLIP FLOPS lan R Sinclair This book intended for enthusiasts students and techni cians seeks to establish a firm foundation in digital elec tronics by treating the topics of gates and flip flops thor oughly and from the beginning Topics such as Boolean algebra and Karnaugh mapping are explained demonstrated and used extensively and more attention is paid to the subject of synchronous coun ters than to the simple but less imp
183. phone it contains 10 1 6Ah sub C batteries 42 x 22 dia the size usually used in cordless screwdrivers etc the pack is new and unused and can be broken open quite C easily 7 46 VAT 8 77 s Please add 1 66 VAT 1 95 postage amp packing per order JPG Electronics Shaws Row Old Road Chesterfield S40 2RB Tel 01246 211202 Fax 01246 550959 www JPGElectronics com Mastercard Visa Switch Callers welcome 9 30 a m to 5 30 p m Monday to Saturday EVERYDAY PRACTICAL PEZ ELECTRONICS NEXT MONTH FREE Microchip MPLAB Mechatronics CD ROM with every issue see The Power of Mechatronics on page 59 for more details BAT SONAR An easy to build inexpensive bat detector which enables the user to listen to bat s ultrasonic radar at frequencies up to about 60kHz The unit can also be converted to act as a simple ultrasonic sonar system by the addition of just three components 3V TO 9V DC DC CONVERTER Bought a 9V battery lately They re horribly expensive and they don t last very long if you want more than a few milliamps out of them The solution build this little DC DC converter so you can use AA C or D size cells instead A POOR MAN S Q METER A simple jig made from a few inexpensive components allows you to make measurements which usually require an expensive Q meter In conjunction with a signal generator and an electronic voltmeter inductance and Q can be measured quite accurately ENERGY M
184. publishers and agents disclaim any responsibility for the safe and proper functioning of reader constructed projects based on or from information published in these materials and works In no event shall TechBites Interactive Inc or Wimborne Publishing Ltd be responsible or liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages including but not limited to special incidental consequential or any other damages in connection with or arising out of furnishing performance or use of these materials and works PRO ECT PICs Programmed PICs for EPE Projects 12C508 9 3 90 16F627 8 4 90 16F84 71 5 90 16F876 877 18Fxxxx 10 00 All inc VAT and Postage 1kV 500V Insulation Tester Super design Regulated output and efficient cir gt cuit Dual scale meter md lt compact case Reads up to 200 Megohms Kit includes wound ferrite transformer drilled and punched case meter scale PCB amp ALL compo nents Needs PP3 bat tery KIT 848 32 95 DUAL OUTPUT UNIT An excellent kit for this project based on the EPE March 97 Design Our Full Kit includes all components hardware and an improved Magenta pcb All hardware and electrodes are included Designed for simple assembly and testing provid ing a high level controlled dual output drive KIT 866 32 90 Inc 4 electrodes MICROCHIP P I Treasure Hunter Stable Sensitive Pulse Induction detector Easy to build and use No ground effect
185. r dependent Range Signal noise good rejection Will lock on Yes harmonics of f Effect of input duty cycle Output when fully out of lock depends on the speed with which the input frequency changes If the RC time constant of the loop filter is too long the PLL will not move fast enough to track changes If it is too short the VCO frequency will jump around too much in the worst case responding to individual cycles of the input signal The performance of the PLL may be improved by using an active filter based on an op amp rather than just an RC cir cuit Calculation of the components values for the loop filter whatever configuration is used may be quite involved and tire some if you are experimenting and need to recalculate the values many times Fortunately it is possible to get software to do most of the work for you Design tool A PLL Design Software Tool for the HC HCT4046 7046A and HCT9046A is available for download from Philips Semiconductor at www standardics nxp com products plls It can also be used with other devices for example the HEF4046 Note that downloads of this pro gram are also available on other sites on the internet but they do not all provide the most up to date version version 2 0 1994 This is a DOS based program so it looks somewhat primitive compared with Windows applications It runs under XP but we have not tested it with Vista The program asks for details of your PLL design
186. r design and an explanation of the design of active filters Passive Filter Design which includes an expert system and filter synthesis tool for the design of low pass high pass band pass and band stop Bessel Butterworth and Chebyshev ladder filters Active Filter Design which includes an expert system and filter synthesis tool for the design of low pass high pass band pass and band stop Bessel Butterworth and Chebyshev ROMS ELECTRONICS CAD PACK PCB Layout Electronics CADPACK allows users to design complex circuit schematics to view circuit animations using a unique SPICE based simulation tool and to design printed circuit boards CADPACK is made up of three separate software modules These are restricted versions of the full Labcenter software ISIS Lite which provides full schematic drawing features including full control of drawing appearance automatic wire routing and over 6 000 parts PROSPICE Lite integrated into ISIS Lite which uses unique animation to show the operation of any circuit with mouse operated switches pots etc The animation is compiled using a full mixed mode SPICE simulator ARES Lite PCB layout software allows professional quality PCBs to be designed and includes advanced features such as 16 layer boards SMT components and an autorouter operating on user generated Net Lists ROBOTICS amp MECHATRONICS Case Eee of the Milford Instruments Spider Robotics and Mechatronics
187. r flux pack 3 50 ref SSK www mamodspares co uk HB14 Stirling Engine Base measurements 156 mm x 108 mm x 150 mm 1 kg Base plate beech Working rpm 2000 2500 rpm min Incl drive pulley for external drives Bearing application 10 high class ball bearings Material screw side parts total stainless steelCylinder brass Rest aluminium stainless steel Available as a kit 140 25 or built 144 50 www mamodspares co uk HB15 Stirling Engine Base measurements 128 mm x 108 mm x 170 mm 0 75 kg Base plate beech Working rpm 2000 rpm min the engine has a aluminium good cooling Cylinder Bearing application 6 high class ball bearings Material screw side parts total stainless steel Cylinder brass Rest aluminium stainless steel Available as a kit 97 75 or built 102 www mamodspares co uk HB16 Stirling Engine Base measurements 128 mm x 108 mm x 170 mm 1 kg Base plate beech Working rpm 2000 rpm min the engine has a aluminium good cooling Cylinder Bearing application 10 high class ball bearings Material screw side parts total stainless steel Cylinder brass Rest aluminium stainless steel Available as a kit 140 25 or built 144 50 2kW WIND TURBINE KIT The 2kW wind turbine is sup plied as the following kit turbine generator 48v three taper twisted fibreglass blades amp hub 8m tower four x 2m sections guylines anchors tensioners clamps foundation steel rectifier 2kW inverter he
188. r hifi system and listen to the bass with a suitable music programme the difference between channels should be noticeable Housing The Bass Extender could be used in a variety of ways For example it could be installed inside a stereo amplifier and patched into a tape loop or inserted between the preamp and power amplifier stages It could also be used in a car sound system Where a separate enclosure is required the board can be installed inside a small plastic instrument case Mounting details for this option are as follows Photocopy the drilling template Fig 7 and place it centrally along the open edge of the plastic case fixing it in place with adhesive tape Mark and drill the holes starting with small pilot holes and working up to the final size in several steps A tapered reamer can also be used to enlarge the holes The three ribs on the inside of the case should be removed with a sharp knife or chisel to allow the power socket to fit flush with the inside The bottom 5mm or so of the three ribs on the other side may need to be removed if the board is reluctant to fit Drop the PC board into the case and then slide the board backwards The sockets will drop into their holes and the two self tapping screws can then be fitted to hold the phono sockets and PC board in place Reference 1 A Neville Thiele Loudspeakers in Vented Boxes Proceedings of the IRE Australia August 1961 reprinted Journal o
189. r higher frequency just that you may not get the best results You can get a taste of the AC characteristics in the Microchip application notes So we know that ADCs are rife with sources of error some of which can be ignored We have followed the guidelines for minimising noise on the reference and input signals Now how do we convert the ADC output to a meaningful value such as a temperature to display on an LCD There are two approaches to this The easy way and the slightly more accurate way Example We will demonstrate the two approaches on a real example the LM19 temperature sensor This is a 3 pin IC that takes a 5V supply and outputs an analogue voltage which represents the ambient temperature Fig 3 shows the specification straight out of the datasheet for the output voltage verses temperature The equation is clearly going to be of little interest to anyone other Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 The two voltage reference input levels determine the lower and upper bounds of the range over which the input signal will be tracked For simplicity they can be set to the supply rails Vppp set to ground Veprt set to the supply voltage but for more accuracy you can supply two differ ent voltages on designated pins This would be useful for example if you know that your input signal will only vary between say 2 0V and 3 0V If you set the Veg Input pin to 2 0V and the Vpppt input pin to 3 0V then your
190. rom most auto recyclers e Kit supplied with PCB and all electronic components Everyday Practical Electronics Magazine has been publishing a series of popular kits by the acclaimed Silicon Chip Magazine Australia These projects are bullet proof and already tested down under All Jaycar kits are supplied with specified board components quality fibreglass tinned PCBs and have clear English instructions Watch this space for future featured kits SMS Controller Module Kit Control appliances c or receive alet notifi cation from anywhere By sending plain text messages this kit will allow you to control up to eight devices It can also monitor four digital inputs It works with old Nokia handsets such as the 5110 6110 3210 and 3310 which can be bought inexpensively if you do not already own one Kit supplied with PCB pre programmed microcontroller and all electronics components with clear English instructions Requires a Nokia data cable which can be readily found in mobile phone accessory stores e As published in Everyday i Practical Electronics Magazine April 2007 Studio 350 High Power Amplifier Kit It delivers a whopping 350WRMS into 4 ohms or 200WRMS into 8 ohms Using eight 250V 200W plastic power transistors It is super quiet with a signal to noise ratio of 125dB A at full 8 ohm power Harmonic distortion is just 0 002 and frequency response r is almost flat less than 1dB between 15Hz and 60k
191. rox 9 00 for one year available from www epemag com Cheques or bank drafts in sterling only payable to Everyday Practical Electronics and sent to EPE Subs Dept Wimborne Publishing Ltd 408 Wimborne Road East Ferndown Dorset BH22 9ND Tel 01202 873872 Fax 01202 874562 Email subs epemag wimborne co uk Also via the Web at http www epemag wimborne co uk Subscriptions start with the next available issue We accept MasterCard Amex Diners Club Maestro or Visa For past issues see the Back Issues page BINDERS Binders to hold one volume 12 issues are available from the above address These are finished in blue PVC printed with the magazine logo in gold on the spine Price 7 95 plus 3 50 p amp p for overseas readers the postage is 6 00 to everywhere except Australia and Papua New Guinea which cost 10 50 Normally sent within seven days but please allow 28 days for delivery more for overseas Payment in sterling only please Visa Amex Diners Club Maestro and MasterCard accepted Send fax or phone your card number card expiry date and card security code the last 3 digits on or just under the sig nature strip with your name address etc Or order on our secure server via our UK web site Overseas cus tomers your credit card will be charged by the card provider in your local currency at the existing exchange rate Phone 01202 873872 Fax 01202 874562 Email stewart kearn wimborne co u
192. rs However it is probably useful to resist that temptation It is more like EPE Website Problem Dear EPE I have been trying to log on to your web site at epemag wimborne co uk but Internet Explorer keeps hitting a problem and shuts down I eventually tried adding shopdoor htm and reached your online ordering site which I will use eventually to order some back issues The panel with the buttons connected me with every site listed except the home site when Internet Explorer again had a prob lem and closed down I have no problem with other sites Is there a problem with your site David Allerton via email Webmaster Alan replied to David The only thing I can think of on the home page is the scrolling Java applet which appears at the top right of the page It could be that you have disabled the run ning of Java not JavaScript in your Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 mother bear s porridge than like baby bear s porridge I found the limitations very conspicuous and very irritating In particular I found that many of the more useful features of the simulator work only with the multi file assembler Sadly the alternative the multi file assembler is still not baby bear s por ridge It is a learning precipice rather than a learning curve Part of the problem here is that the hardware architecture of the 12F and 16F PICs is not optimised for relocatable assembly The assembler includes
193. rsion of the soft ware has now been placed in the Downloads section of our website at www epemag co uk This cor rects a bug in the original version PIC Digital Geiger Counter Feb 07 The paris listing for the Capacitors and Resistors is incorrect Except for preset VR1 which should be 100kQ the values shown on the circuit diagram are correct 49 wae BACK ISSUES AND COMPUTER PROJECTS We can supply back issues of EPE by post most issues from the past five years are available An EPE index for the last five years is also available at www epemag co uk or see order form below Alternatively indexes are published in the December issue for that year Where we are unable to provide a back issue a photocopy of any one article or one part of a series can be purchased for the same price Issues from Jan 99 are available on CD ROM see next page and back issues from recent years are also available to download from www epemag com Please make sure all components are still available before commencing any project from a back dated issue JAN 06 Photocopies onl PROJECTS e A Tiptronic Style Gear Indicator e Sunset Switch e PIC Ambilux e Current Clamp Adapter For Multimeters FEATURES e Teach In 2006 Part 3 e Circuit Surgery e Techno Talk e Practically Speaking e PIC N Mix e NetWork The Internet Page FEB 06 Photocopies onl PROJECTS e Highly Flexible Keypad Alarm e Active 3 way Crossover e Stat
194. rty years ago fleet footed JVC caught its big and cumbersome parent Panasonic on the hop by inventing VHS and then being first with a truly portable VHS C camcorder JVC was first with a pocket DV camcorder and then re wrote the camcorder rulebook once again with the Everio hard disc devices first using removable IBM Microdrives and later when the Microdrive price did not fall as JVC expected a fixed hard drive with suf ficient data capacity to capture a holiday s worth of video Now it is parent company Panasonic s turn to upset the status quo At a recent seminar in Italy Panasonic unveiled a hedge betting range of camcorders that use every imaginable method of storing video not just DV tape and 8cm recordable DVD but also solid state memory cards The big breakthrough is capturing useful amounts of HDTV in solid state The new S 10 pocket camcorder shoots Standard Definition MPEG 2 digital video direct to an SD memory card Because there are no moving parts it can be dropped from 1 2 metres blown with beach sand and sprayed with snow or water Also the lack of mechanics to move means the camera is ready to shoot and capture in 1 7 seconds which is less than half the usual start up time for disc or tape Because there is so little inside the case it is palm size and will sell for around 400 Euros The camera comes with a 2GB card which stores around 50 minutes of stan dard definition video equivalent in quality to
195. run Bearing applica tion 4 high class ball bearings Material screw side parts total stainless steel Cylinder brass Rest aluminium stain less steel Available as a kit 97 75 or built 101 99 www mamodspares co uk HB12 Stirling Engine Base measurements 156 mm x 108 mm x 130 mm 1 Kg Base plate beech Working rpm 2000 2500 rpm min Bearing application 6 high class ball bearings Material screw side parts total stainless steel Cylinder brass Rest aluminium stainless steel Available as a kit 136 or built 140 25 www mamodspares co uk te e HB13S Stirling Engine Base measurements 156 mm x 108 mm x 150 mm 0 75 kg Base plate beech Working rpm 2000 2500 rpm min Bearing application 6 high class ball bearings Material screw side parts total stainless steel Cylinder brass Available as a kit 97 75 or built 101 99 STEAM ENGINE KIT Everything in the kit enables you to build a fully functional model steam engine The main material is brass and the finished machine demonstrates the principle of oscillation The boiler uses solid fuel tablets and is quite safe All critical parts boiler end caps safety vent etc are ready finished to ensure success The very detailed instruction booklet 25 pages makes completion of this project pos sible in a step by step manner Among the techniques experienced are silver soldering folding drilling fitting and testing 29 70 ref STEAMKIT Silver solde
196. rve has a proportion of its total below the zero line This effectively lowers the average power since we have to subtract the negative portion of the curve from the positive portion And that s where the problems start If we now measure the voltage 240V and current 10A using a multimeter and then multiply these values to gether we will obtain 2400W just as before when the two waveforms were in phase Clearly this figure is no longer correct and the true power is in fact much lower at 1697W This discrepancy arises because the power factor wasn t considered To correct for this we have to multiply our figure of 2400W by the power fac tor ie cos45 0 7071 So the true power is 2400 x 0 7071 1697W These calculations become even more interesting when the current leads or lags the voltage by 90 as shown in Fig 3 ie we have a power factor of 0 In this case the voltage and 15 Ds ee O S l l l l l elo l l l aee E l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l A l l l l l l r SAQUE le eee eat 90 180 POWER W VOLTAGE VOLTS PHASE ANGLE IN DEGREES CURRENT 45 BEHIND LAGGING VOLTAGE Fig 2 here s what happens when the current lags the voltage by 45 In this case the resulting instantaneous po
197. s FARNELL B30 10 30V 10A Variable No Meters FARNELL LT30 1 0 30V 0 1A Twice FARNELL L30 2 0 30V 0 2A FARNELL L30 1 0 30V 0 1A FARNELL E350 0 350V 0 200mA FARNELL D30 2T 0 30V 0 2A Twice Digital THURLBY PL330 0 32V 0 3A Digital Kenwood badged 75 THURLBY TS3021S 0 30V 0 2A LCD 65 THURLBY PL320 0 30V 0 2A Digital TAKASAGO GMO35 3 0 35V 0 3A 2 Meters TAKASAGO TMO35 2 0 35V 0 2A 2 Meters ISOLATING TRANSFORMER Yellow 500VA with 13Amp Socket Used Equipment GUARANTEED Manuals supplied This is aVERY SMALL SAMPLE OF STOCK SAE or Telephone for lists Please check availability before ordering CARRIAGE all units 16 VAT to be added to Total of Goods and Carriage XGAMESTATION Esa Ad Auni API Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 STEP Er STEP How To DESIGN Foe Di Vibe Gare CONSCUE Integrated IDE LACH ate t Ds gt g a F a 44 mm 55 56 q th A Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 OUTPUT GND O protect against transient voltages when reliability is important Note that the jumper for the asso ciated 3 3kQ pull up resistor on the controller input should be removed as itis not required when driven from the 555 s totem pole output Low battery alarm Several constructors have request ed alow battery alarm add on for the SMS Controller Although a number of circuits would be suitable for this job perhaps the easiest approach is to modi
198. s background you will find this easier to get to grips with than someone more familiar with computer programming For those of you who are less familiar with electronics analogue signals are volt ages that vary with time sometimes at very high frequencies Unlike the ones and zeros of the digital world analogue volt ages may take any value and it is the role of the ADC to convert that signal into a digital representation Limitations Straightaway we are presented with the first limitation of an ADC it cannot pro vide a continuous infinitely fast digital representation of the analogue voltage on its input If it did the information would overwhelm the CPU Instead the ADC samples the input signal periodically pro duces a digital representation of the voltage level at that moment and then repeats the process Internally the PIC s ADC uses a successive approximation converter to per form this task a relatively cheap technique but one that is quite slow At best the ADC will manage about 10 000 conversions per 24 PICs and ADCs second Other factors may limit it further which we will cover in a moment Now onto the second main limitation the ADC cannot produce an exact repro duction of the input signal s voltage The result of the conversion is going to be stored in a register in memory and a regis ter can only hold a finite number of differ ent unique values 256 in the case of an 8 bit regis
199. s the software calculates the compo nent values for the VCO and your chosen loop filter it also issues a warning if the PLL you have created is likely to be unsta ble The component values can be read from the screen or printed but not saved to file Schematics of the loop filters can be displayed by the software you will have to copy them from the screen ES EVERYDAY PRACTICAL A TAT 4 JRL 0151 Please reserve deliver a copy of Everyday Practical Electronics for me each month Name and Address Postcode Everyday Practical Electronics is published on the second Thursday of each month and distributed S O R by SEYMOUR Make sure of your copy each month cut out or photocopy this form fill it in and hand it to your newsagent 36 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 Learn About Microcontrollers PIC Training Course 159 The best place to begin learning about microcontrollers is the PIC16F627A This is very simple to use costs just 1 30 yet is packed full of features including 16 input output lines internal oscillator comparator serial port and with two software changes is a drop in replacement for the PIC16F84 Our PIC training course starts in the very simplest way At the heart of our system are two real books which lie open on your desk while you use your computer to type in the programme and control the hardware Start with four simple programmes Run the simulator to see how they work Te
200. s of the Toolkit pro grammer and hardware for a number of While it is easy to understand Michael s wish for a basic MPLAB I think this is misguided If we omit enough to make it basic it isn t MPLAB and if we include the features that make it MPLAB then it isn t basic Athough C seems daunting in the olden days most programmers learnt a complier language before they learnt assembly language I think that more useful ideas include the work Mike Hibbett is doing to introduce us to C and the PICAXE as used in the recent Lap Counter project Keith Anderson Tasmania Australia via email Thanks Keith Mike Hibbett comments on your email Some interesting points about MPLAB I hadn t realised there were two assemblers hidden in there Pll remember Keith s points when I take a look at the MPLAB tutorial I am working on I m hoping that there can be a third way so to speak using the more com plicated assembler in a simpler way Quite often and C is no different one can set up a simple development framework which takes a lot of effort to set up but reusing the framework on new projects is a lot easier That s the approach I hope to be able to take Mike Hibbett via email years I continue to use the MK2 board with the modification outlined for the Toolkit TK3 Pm running into problems Pd like to add a new PIC not listed in V3 05 The PIC is the 16F819 very similar to the 16
201. scounts deliveries quote status and more Use fast and inexpensive production programming now available microchip RECT Pb free ompliant www microchip com The Microchip name and logo PIC and dsPIC are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the USA and other countries All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners Microchip Technology 2006 All rights reserved ME156Eng 05 06 Giet ain extra octave off bass with this dass 4 extenda This Bass Extender circuit can give you as much as an extra octave of bass response from your existing hifi speakers as long as you are not running them near full power Design by RICK WALTERS Rc HIS MAY SOUND like black magic Just how is it possible to get an extra octave of bass response from a hifi loudspeaker Well the theory supporting this idea originates from Neville Thiele s 1961 paper 1 on loudspeakers and vented enclosures He postulated that the response of a loudspeaker in a vented enclosure was similar to a fourth order high pass filter rolling off in the bass region at 24dB per octave For a sealed AMPLITUDE dBr al SECOND ORDER RESPONSE FOURTH ORDER RESPONSE FREQUENCY Hz Fig 1 the response in a vented enclosure is similar to a fourth order high pass filter rolling off in the bass region at 24
202. ses over the four rings in the binder thus holding the magazine in place The binders are finished in hard wearing royal blue p v c with the magazine logo in gold on the 10 50 each Order on line from Issue No with your order spine They will keep your issues neat and tidy but allow you to remove them for use easily The price is 7 95 plus 3 50 post and packing If you order more than one binder add 1 postage for each binder after the initial 3 50 postage charge overseas readers the postage is 6 00 each to everywhere except Australia and Papua New Guinea which costs Send your payment in s sterling cheque or PO Overseas readers send sterling bank draft or cheque drawn on a UK bank or pay by card to Everyday Practical Electronics Wimborne Publishing Ltd 408 Wimborne Road East Ferndown Dorset BH22 9ND Tel 01202 873872 Fax 01202 874562 E mail editorial epemag wimborne co uk Web site http www epemag co uk www epemag wimborne co uk shopdoor htm We also accept card payments Mastercard Visa Amex Diners Club or Switch minimum card order 5 Send your card number and card expiry date plus Switch HP 8165A Programmable Signal Source 1MHz 50MHz Pulse Function HP 3325A Synthesised Function Gen 21MHz HP 3312A Function Gen 0 1Hz 13MHz AM FM Sleep Tri Burst etc 0 0 eee eee eee eee 200 WAVETEK 21 Stabilised Function Gen 11MHz WAVETEK 23 Synthesised Fu
203. sively by EPE in association with Microchip and ACAL Semiconductors Don t miss this opportunity to take intelligent control of your projects by making them smarter more power efficient and more reliable with PIC microcon trollers and mechatronic design EPE 59 jts VERYDAY PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS UK readers you can SAVE 54p on every issue of EPE How would you like to pay 2 96 instead of 3 50 for your copy of EPE Well you can just take out a one year subscription and save 54p an issue or 6 50 over the year You can even save 75p an issue if you subscribe for two years a total saving of 18 00 Overseas rates also represent exceptional value You also o Avoid any cover price increase for the duration of your subscription Get your magazine delivered to your door each month o Ensure your copy even if the newsagents sell out Order by phone or fax with a credit card or by post with a cheque or postal order or buy on line from www epemag co uk click on Subscribe Now SUBSCRIPTION ORDER EPE SUBSCRIPTION PRICES FORM Subscriptions for delivery direct to any address in the UK 6 months 18 75 12 months 35 50 two years 66 Overseas me 6 Months UK 18 75 Overseas 21 75 6 months 21 75 standard air service or 30 75 express airmail standard air service 30 75 express airmail 12 months 41 50 standard air service or 59 5
204. st them with real hardware Follow on with a little theory Our PIC training course consists of our PIC programmer a 300 page book teach ing the fundamentals of PIC programming a 274 page book introducing the C lan guage and a suite of programmes to run on a PC The module uses a PIC to handle the timing programming and voltage switching Two ZIF sockets allow most 8 18 28 and 40 pin PICs to be programmed The programming is performed at 5 volts verified with 2 volts or 3 volts and verified again with 5 5 volts to ensure that the PIC works over its full operating voltage UK orders include a plugtop power supply P927 PIC Training amp Development Course comprising Universal 16C 16F and 18F PIC programmer module Book Experimenting with PIC Microcontrollers Book Experimenting with PIC C PIC assembler and C compiler software on CD PIC16F627A PIC16F88 PIC16F870 and PIC18F2321 test PICs 159 00 Postage amp insurance UK 10 Europe 18 Rest of world 25 Experimenting with PIC Microcontrollers As This book introduces PIC programming by jumping straight in with four EEH HHN easy experiments The first is explained over ten and a half pages assuming no starting knowledge of PICs Then having gained some experience we study the basic principles of PIC programming learn about the 8 bit timer how to drive the liquid crystal display create a real time clock experiment with the watchdog timer sleep mo
205. st trivial of signal processing like monitoring battery voltages Averaging successive samples is a solution if you can accept a lower rate of sampling For example if you are taking samples every 1ms averaging ten samples will give an effective sampling rate of once every 10ms If running the CPU above 1MHz use the ADC s RC oscillator as the clock source and switch the CPU into SLEEP mode dur ing the conversion otherwise the accuracy of the ADC will be compromised Halting the CPU while doing a conversion is always advisable anyway to minimise extraneous noise from the CPU affecting your result Under no circumstances should you tog gle output pins during a conversion The high current capability of the output driv ers can cause significant additional noise There will be enough of it out there any way so try to avoid adding any more Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 Zinc Chloride Alkaline NiMH NiCD amp Sealed Lead Acid batteries We carry battery packs for racing amp radio control We also manufacture the NiCD Bot Pack a high performance custom made pack with forced cooling options for the most demanding applications Sample pricing eGP AA Greencell 0 79 pk4 eGP AA Greencell 0 13 cell in trade boxes of 320 ideal for schools eGP AA Ultra Alkaline 1 20 pk4 eGP AA NiMH 1300mAh 3 95 pk4 Racing packs from 11 95 12V 2 2Ah to 44Ah SLA from 6 99 Power supplies fixed a
206. symbols 1505807 O Full on screen simulation allows debugging and speeds up the development process O Facilitates learning via a full suite of demonstration tutorials Produces ASM code for a range of 18 28 and 40 pin devices New features in Version 3 include 16 bit arithmetic strings and string manipulation improved graphical user interface and printing support for 18 series devices pulse width modulation 12C new ADC component and many more PRICES Prices for each of the CD ROMs above are Order form on next page Hobbyist Student Institutional Schools HE FE Industry Institutional Professional 10 user Network Licence Site Licence Flowcode 10 user Network Licence Flowcode 50 user Network Licence 45 inc VAT 99 plus VAT 300 plus VAT 599 plus VAT 350 plus VAT 699 plus VAT UK and EU customers add VAT at 17 5 to plus VAT prices Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 39 SPECIAL PACKAGE OFFER TINA Pro V7 Basic Flowcode V3 Hobbyist Student TINA Analogue Digital Symbolic RF MCU and 50 00 Mixed Mode Circuit Simulation Testing and PCB Design E including VAT TINA Design Suite is a powerful yet affordable software package for analysing designing and real time testing analogue digital MCU and mixed electronic circuits and their PCB layouts You can also and p amp p analyse RF communication optoelectronic circuits test and debug microcontroller applicat
207. tage For postage to Europe air and the rest of the world surface please add 2 per book For the rest of the world airmail add 3 per book CD ROM prices include VAT and or postage to anywhere in the world Send a PO cheque international money order sterling only made payable to Direct Book Service or card details Visa Mastercard Amex Diners Club or Maestro to DIRECT BOOK SERVICE WIMBORNE PUBLISHING LTD 408 WIMBORNE ROAD EAST FERNDOWN DORSET BH22 9ND Orders are normally sent out within seven days of receipt but please allow 28 days for deliv ery more for overseas orders Please check price and availability see latest issue of Everyday Practical Electronics before ordering from old lists For a further selection of books and CD ROMs see the next two issues of EPE Tel 01202 873872 Fax 01202 874562 Email dbs epemag wimborne co uk Order from our online shop at www epemag co uk shopdoor htm BOOK CD ROM ORDER FORM Full NAME ninia ida PROCS Se essa Post code A PP ETE Telephone NO coooocccccccnoocococncccononcnnononanonnnnos I enclose cheque PO payable to DIRECT BOOK SERVICE for _ Please charge my card Card Number Card Security Code Please send book CD ROM order codes The last 3 digits on or just below the signature strip Please continue on separate sheet of paper if necessary If you do not wish to cut your magazine send a letter or c
208. tation of the dif ference in frequencies between the two sig nals Furthermore the phase difference between the signals needs to be consid ered It is basically the DC component or average value over time of the VCO con trol signal that moves towards the value required to lock the PLL The typical form of the VCO control signal during capture is shown in Fig 2 PLL applications The application of PLLs can help pro duce excellent quality ultra high stability oscillators They can also be controlled digitally to produce a range of frequencies instead of for example having to physi cally select different quartz crystals in a high accuracy oscillator circuit Fig 3 shows a simple block diagram of a PLL based frequency synthesizer capable of producing a wide range of frequencies using a single fixed crystal controlled oscillator The frequency is digitally pro grammable 1 e it could be set by logic circuitry by a microcontroller such as a PIC or by a PC The circuit is a basic PLL with a couple of programmable divide by n counters added These counters are sequential logic circuits that divide an input frequency by n where n is a binary number provided on a control input They are available as ICs such as the 4059 Fig 4 Pinout information for the 74HC HCT4046A PLL ICs Philips datasheet 1997 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 The first counter divides the crystal oscillator frequency fia by the int
209. te and offers the largest market for the smallest fee eBay presents an opportunity for everyone the trick is to master it This book shows you how to start trading on eBay UK It also offers advice on getting organised and tips to put you ahead The book has been developed from Cherry s popular hands on course Buying and Selling on eBay for Technological Simpletons In addition to fully explaining eBay and how to trade on it there are sections on Paypal producing pictures of your sale items fees and accounts safety and security including what to do when things go wrong and what protection is provided Order code BP551 8 99 288 pages 178 pages Music Audio and Video MAKING MUSIC WITH YOUR COMPUTER Stephen Bennett Nearly everyone with musical aspirations also has a com puter This same computer can double as a high quality recording studio capable of producing professional recordings This book tells you what software and hard ware you will need to get the best results You ll learn about recording techniques software and effects mixing mastering and CD production Suitable for PC and Mac users the book is full of tips how to do topics and illustrations It s the perfect answer to the question How do use my computer to produce my own CD Order code PC120 10 95 92 pages QUICK GUIDE TO ANALOGUE SYNTHESIS lan Waugh Even though music production has moved into the digi tal domain
210. temperature readout Starting next month we will explore different aspects of intelligent control based primarily on Microchip s easy to use Mechatronics Development Board Through a series of articles you will discover how Microchip can add intelligence to applications such as motor control sensor and user inter faces as well as the potential to add speech and wireless connectivity to your projects FREE CD and Discounted Development Tools Our June issue on sale 10 May will include an exclusive Free CD Mechatronics development board BR Wa eh he ine ua WA E Tr TEL i ymiai i Venat i La HF mi TEL 13 guy mt Ieda Iid ia TH TE rhet RL PAY TAT dp Rr Cid d ds TEA i c E dr T mu quim J METAL Th ul a me RE iat ae UE oe 1 LETRA hd l e A A SI il TA yi uu nose LEE 1 Y y i ait 1 ee Wye Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 ROM with Microchip s MPLAB Integrated Development Envir onment IDE Running on MS Windows MPLAB is an easy inte grated toolset giving you the power to add intelligent control to your mechanical projects by using Microchip s PIC and dsPIC micro controllers The CD will also include MAPS Microchip Advance Parts Selector TreeLink Microchip s Analog and Interface overview numerous Analog Datasheets Mechatronics Application Notes and a Development Tool Selector This offer is brought to you exclu
211. ter 33 Regular Clinic lan Bell Surgery Using a 4046 Phase Locked Loop PLL ecently Djgillery posted a question on the EPE Chat Zone via www epemag co uk forum about Phase Locked Loops PLL Has anybody used a 74HC4046 to mul tiply a 64kHz clock up to 256kHz I ve had a quick look on Google but haven t come up with anything yet I m a novice with PLLs I m afraid to say Any info would be gratefully appreciated For a compete understanding of PLLs you need a combination of some powerful mathematics and plenty of real world experience Their basic structure is quite straightforward and yet a vast volume of academic papers and many textbooks have been published on their theory and use since their first implementation in the 1930s Fortunately it is possible to make some useful circuits from them without needing advanced theory particularly if you use the off the self PLL ICs which are available from a number of manufacturers The 4046 CMOS PLL has been around for many years and is probably the most popular PLL chip for electronics hobby ists We will look at some PLL concepts including how they are used to form fre quency multipliers like the one Djgillery hopes to build We will than take a quick look at the 4046 PLL applications Phase locked loops have many applica tions in communications including recon struction of the carrier demodulation of both a m and f m signals d
212. ter The ADC of the PIC that we will look at the PIC18F2420 produces a 10 bit result so the maximum number of unique values that it can represent are 1024 Say you are using a sensor that can generate voltages that span OV to 5V the resolution of the ADC the smallest volt age change it can detect will therefore be 5 1024 4 9mV so voltages of OV 2 5mV and 4 5mV will all yield the same result of 0 ADC Output Ideal ADC Output Voltage Fig 1 Quantisation effect Quantisation This effect is demonstrated in Fig 1 For an increasing voltage as shown on the hori zontal axis the ADC output will remain at the same value and then jump up to the next in a staircase like manner This effect is known as quantisation of the signal from quantum meaning smallest divisible part Horrible though this conversion of your input signal is this is actually an ideal ADC real ADCs have imperfections which make the picture look even worse Fig 2 demonstrates an exaggerated view of the more typical response An offset error results in a shift in the voltage at which the ADC changes output Gain errors result in the width of each step changing Different PICs will have different offset and gain errors While small you may need to compensate for them One way to deal with offset and gain errors is to calibrate the ADC by taking a number of measurements at known voltages and plot Ideal
213. tery is rechargeable 1680 1W 1100 1 0 010 3W resistor see text Welwyn OAR 3 0RO1 1 10kQ horizontal trimpot code 103 VR1 Note also that we have specified a low dropout regulator here and this has been done for two reasons First it allows the 5V rail to be maintained for as long as possible when the mains supply falls important for maintaining the supply during a brownout Second this regu lator was designed for automotive use and is capable of suppressing transient voltages of up to 60V at its input This latter feature is useful for mains supply circuits where there are likely to be transients during lightning storms In addition a Metal Oxide Varistor MOV connected between Live and Neutral at the mains input has been included to suppress transient voltages above the normal mains supply The supply rail for relay RLY1 is derived from the output of the bridge rectifier BR1 This rail is fed to the relay via a 68Q 1W resistor which reduces the voltage to about 12V Diode D6 protects MOSFET Q1 from damage by quenching any back EMF voltage spikes that are generated when RLY1 turns off Back up battery An optional 9V back up battery has also been included in the power supply and this is connected to REG1 s input via diode D2 This back up power is useful if the energy consumption of an appli ance is to be measured over a long period of time eg weeks or months since it maintains the active ener
214. that this signal appears as the voltage across RS and can be used elsewhere in your circuit without loading the filter Table 1 4046 Varieties 5V PLL with VCO TTL enabled 5V PLL with Lock Detector TTL enabled HEF4046B PLL with VCO 74HC4046A 5V PLL with VCO 74HCT4046A 74HC7046A 5V PLL with Lock Detector 74HCT7046A 74HCT9046A 5V PLL with Bandgap Controlled VCO TTL enabled TF 4046A PCi our 2 T i xs il z Y Y 7 RS 15 7 Fig 5 Internal block schematic diagram and basic internal components for the 74HC HCT4046A PLL ICs Philips datasheet 1997 35 To use the PLL you need to decide on the lock range frequencies which determines the VCO frequencies and hence Cl R1 and R2 the low pass filter values R3 and C2 and which phase comparator to use None of this is trivial and you may find the 34 page datasheet somewhat daunting Philips however provide some helpful software more on this in a moment The datasheets are available from www stan dardics nxp com products plls In a typical PLL design you will know either the VCO centre frequency fo which it produces when the control voltage is around half the supply voltage or you will know the required lock range fmin tO fmax which will be centred on the VCO centre frequency For example for the HEF40406 if you know fmax you can select suitable values of R2 and Cl using graphs provided on the datasheet The ratio R2 R1 is re
215. the circuit of Fig 2 Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 flows through the diode pair If the LED voltage is about 2V fair ly typical the voltage developed across R3 will be around 1 4V this results in a current through R2 and therefore TR2 and the diode pair of about 2mA So now the voltage across the diode pair stays very well regu lated which in turn maintains a very well regulated LED current which in turns maintains a very well regulated diode pair current ad infinitum Note that R3 is required to ini tiate a small amount of current through the diode pair at switch on as there is no voltage across the LED at this moment to cause TR2 to start conducting Once LED CURRENT mA ETA CCC ERIE Ane CIRCUIT 1 CIRCUIT 2 alii a 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SUPPLY VOLTAGE V Fig 4 Graph showing the comparison between the simple LED current sink circuits Note the almost flat performance of Fig 3 current flow is started the regula tion loop takes over and R3 has negligible effect A comparison of these three circuits is shown in the graph in Fig 4 Note the almost complete ly flat performance of circuit Fig 3 this continues in fact up to any practical voltage you like taking care of transistor TR1 power dis sipation of course It takes up quite a few compo nents to light up an LED but the flat regulation very low voltage required to get regulation started and
216. ting Satellites Personal Communications Appendix Basic Calculations Order code NE30 20 00 PROJECTS FOR RADIO AMATEURS AND S W L S R A Penfold This book describes a number of electronic circuits most of which are quite simple which can be used to enhance the performance of most short wave radio systems The circuits covered include An aerial tuning unit A simple active aerial An add on b f o for portable sets 263 pages A wavetrap to combat signals on spurious responses An audio notch filter A parametric equaliser C W and S S B audio filters Simple noise limiters A speech processor A volume expander Other useful circuits include a crystal oscillator and RTTY C W tone decoder and a RTTY serial to parallel converter A full range of interesting and useful circuits for short wave enthusiasts Order code BP304 4 45 AN INTRODUCTION TO AMATEUR RADIO I D Poole Amateur radio is a unique and fascinating hobby which has attracted thousands of people since it began at the turn of the century This book gives the newcomer a comprehensive and easy to understand guide through the subject so that the reader can gain the most from the hobby It then remains an essential reference volume to be used time and again Topics covered include the basic aspects of the hobby such as operating proce dures jargon and setting up a station Technical topics covered include propagation receivers transmitters and a
217. to guide you through the process of circuit design Choose from an extensive range of input process and output modules including CMOS Logic Op Amps PIC PICAXE Remote Control Modules IR and Radio Transistors Thyristors Relays and much more Click Data for a complete guide to the pin layouts of i c s transistors etc Click More Information for detailed background information with many animated diagrams Nearly all the circuits can be instantly simulated in Crocodile Technology not included on the CD ROM and you can customise the designs as required WHAT S INCLUDED Light Modules Temperature Modules Sound Modules Moisture Modules Switch Modules Astables including 555 Remote Control IR amp Radio Transistor Amplifiers Thyristor Relay Op Amp Modules Logic Modules 555 Timer PIC PICAXE Output Devices Transistor Drivers Relay Motor Direction amp Speed Control 7 Segment Displays Data sections with pinouts etc Example Projects Full Search Facility Further Background Information and Animated Diagrams Runs in Microsoft Internet Explorer lt All circuits can be viewed but can only be simulated if your computer has Crocodile Technoloy version 410 or later A free trial version of Crocodile Technology can be downloaded from www crocodile clips com Animated diagrams run without Crocodile Technology Single User 39 00 inc VAT Multiple Educational Users under 500 students 59 00 plus
218. troller s digital inputs TO 100uF ADD ON 16V INTERFACE CIRCUITRY are added in place of the fuse and MOSFET and a 100Q resistor is sub stituted for the 1MQ value to the left of the existing 1000 resistor The battery to be monitored con nects to the input terminals and the output connects to one of the inputs of the SMS Controller The jumper for the associated 3 3kQ pull up resistor on the controller input should remain in place as the low battery alarm s output is open drain Where to get stuff Copies of the November 2006 issue are available from our back issues de partment The PCB is available from the EPE PCB Service code 592 EPE Fig 5 below the original PC board for the Micropower Battery Protector can be used to build the low battery alarm This diagram shows the revised parts layout E orn OUTPUT _ Fig 4 a low battery alarm add on is a handy feature This circuit is based on the Micropower Battery Protector EPE November 2006 When the battery voltage falls below a preset value pin 4 of IC1 goes open circuit BATTERY INPUT Everyday Practical Electronics May 2007 ELECTRONICS MANUALS ON CD ROM 29 95 EACH ELECTRONICS SERVICE MANUAL ELECTRONICS DERMIGE MUA a A practical merence mania on ai electron servicing techniques E Everything you need to know to get started in repairing electronic equipment e Around 900 pages e Fundamental principl
219. ty protection if the supply were to be connected in the opposite sense D8 would not conduct and semiconductor devices in the circuit would be protected Capacitor C1 provides smoothing in case the circuit is operated with the car engine running since the alternator gives a noisy output If an internal supply is used C1 provides a reserve of energy which will be useful when the battery is nearing the end of its service life Light emitting diode LED D7 is the on indicator and operates 30 Parts List Caravan Lights Check PC board code 619 available from the EPE PCB Service size 90mm x 60mm plastic box for main unit size 112mm x 62mm x 31mm plastic boxes for rear units size 100mm x 50mm x 25mm see text 20mm fuseholder and 200mA fuse to fit min rocker slide or toggle switch optional see text S1 9V alkaline battery with connector clips PP3 type optional see text 8 pin DIL socket 14 pin DIL socket 2 2 way screw terminal blocks one PCB mounting 5mm pitch see text 3 way screw terminal block 2 nylon nuts and bolts for PCB mounting 1 car cigarette lighter lead supply lead see text Materials for attaching rear units see text material for light shield see text automotive wire see through resistor R19 which limits its current to some 14mA Load resistors Resistors R1 and R2 provide the load for phototransistor TR1 and TR2 re spectively Under dim lighting co
220. unning at last Most people seem to start with Visual BASIC found it truly frustrat ing C has combined everything you could wish for and more besides The visual interface will be instantly famil iar to Visual BASIC users but with far more options The code side is dealt with by Peter in such a way that with no knowledge what so ever you can within a very short time be using the serial port Brunning Software s serial port interface included with the course comes prepro grammed but the code is listed in the book together with the available features Congratulations Peter for produc ing a truly hands on training package Martin Crane a very satisfied customer See www brunningsoftware co uk vcreview htm Ordering Information Both training courses need either a free serial port on your PC or a USB to COM adapter full details on website All software referred to in this advertise ment will operate within Windows XP NT 2000 or later Telephone with Visa Mastercard or Switch or send cheque PO All prices include VAT if applicable White LED and Motors Our PIC training system uses a very practical approach Towards the end of the second book circuits need to be built on the plugboard The 5 volt supply which is already wired to the plugboard has a current limit setting which ensures that even the most severe wiring errors will not be a fire hazard and are very The second book starts with an easy to understand explanat
221. us Monitor e Jazzy Heart FEATURES e Teach In 2006 Part 4 e Techno Talk e Circuit Surgery e Interface e PIC N Mix e Network The Internet Page MAR 06 Photocopies onl PROJECTS e PortaPAL Public Address Amplifier Part 1 e Telescope Interface e Power Up e Video Audio Booster FEATURES e Teach In 2006 Part 5 e Practically Speaking e Circuit Surgery e Techno Talk e PIC N Mix e Net Work The Internet Page APR 06 Photocopies onl PROJECTS e A Programmable Continuity Tester e Omni Pendulum e PortaPAL Public Address Amplifier Part 2 e Smart Slave Flash Trigger FEATURES e Teach In 2006 Part 6 e Consumer Electronics Show e E Chip Review e Techno Talk e PIC N Mix e Net Work The Internet Page MAY 06 PROJECTS e LED Lighting For Your Car e Smart Card Reader and Programmer e Nail Sniffer and Volts Hound e Digital Reaction Timer FEATURES e Teach In 2006 Part 7 e Practically Speaking elngenuity Unlimited e Circuit Surgery e Techo Talk e PIC N Mix e Net Work The Internet Page a O ETEF AMPL JUN 06 PROJECTS e Poor Man s Metal Locator e Widgy Box Distortion Effects For Your Guitar e Phone Ring amp Test Digital Instrument Display For Cars Part 1 FEATURES e Interface e Circuit Surgery e Ingenuity Unlimited e Techno Talk e PIC N Mix e Teach In 2006 Part 8 e Net Work The Internet Page JUL 06 Photocopies onl PROJECTS e PIC Sudoku Unit
222. uter pioneers If you re the slightest bit interested in the inner workings of computers then don t dare to miss this Over 800 pages in Adobe Acrobat format CD ROM Order code BEB2 CD ROM 21 95 GETTING THE MOST FROM YOUR MULTIMETER R A Penfold This book is primarily aimed at beginners and those of lim ited experience of electronics Chapter 1 covers the basics of analogue and digital multimeters discussing the rela tive merits and the limitations of the two types In Chapter 2 various methods of component checking are described including tests for transistors thyristors resistors capaci tors and diodes Circuit testing is covered in Chapter 3 with subjects such as voltage current and continuity checks being discussed In the main little or no previous knowledge or experience is assumed Using these simple component and circuit testing techniques the reader should be able to confidently tackle servicing of most electronic projects Order code BP239 5 49 STARTING ELECTRONICS THIRD EDITION KEITH BRINDLEY A punchy practical introduction to self build electronics The ideal starting point for home experimenters techni cians and students who want to develop the real hands on skills of electronics construction A highly practical introduction for hobbyists students and technicians Keith Brindley introduces readers to the functions of the main component types their uses and the basic principles of building and
223. utput of the Energy Meter shows the operation of the brownout feature In this case the brownout protection is set to switch off below 203V RMS 288V peak and power is restored only when the voltage increases by the hysteresis level 35V RMS or 50V peak ie to 238V RMS SS TT M zooms A Line J 16 0mv setting each data line high and then low again in sequence The closed switch is the one that produces a high at RB3 IC2 s RA2 and RAO outputs pins 1 and 17 control the register select RS and enable EN inputs on the LCD module to ensure that the data is correctly displayed Trimpot VR1 adjusts the LCD s contrast by setting the voltage applied to pin 3 of the module A 4MHz crystal X2 sets IC2 s clock frequency This crystal determines the accuracy of the 0 1hr timer and the watt hour calibration However frequency adjustment has not been included since the crystal s untrimmed accuracy is better than the accuracy provided by IC1 for the wattage reading Power supply Power for the circuit is derived from the mains via transformer T1 Its 12 6V AC secondary output is rectified using bridge rectifier BR1 and the resulting DC rail filtered using a 1000uF ca pacitor This rail is then fed through rectifier diode D1 filtered using a 100uF capacitor and fed to 3 terminal regulator REG1 REG1 provides a stable 5V rail for IC1 IC2 and the LCD module Note however that this 5V rail must also
224. ven appliances eg washing machines air condition ers dryers refrigerators freezers and pumps can be damaged by a low mains supply If the supply voltage is low the motor can fail to start or stall if it s already running and that in turn can cause the windings to overheat and burn out In operation the Energy Meter can switch off power to an appliance during a brownout and restore power when the power is returned to normal The power can either be restored im mediately the brownout condition ends or after a delay of 18 24 minutes This delay feature is ideal for use with refrigeration equipment as it allows the refrigerant to settle ifthe brownout occurred during the cooling cycle Using the Energy Meter As shown in the photos the Energy Meter is housed in a rugged plastic box with a clear lid This plastic case is important because the internal circuitry operates at mains potential Two 10A mains leads are fitted to the Displays power in Watts Displays energy usage in kWh Displays measurement period in hours Displays energy costin pounds and pence or dollars and cents Brownout detection and power switching LCD module shows several readings simultaneously Calibration for power offset and phase Adjustment of pence cents kWh for cost reading Adjustment of brownout volt age threshold calibration hysteresis and duration Optional delayed return of power after brownout is restored to norm
225. ves most of the variation That s about the maximum practical limit as a longer period could cause the register to overrange when high powers are being measured Circuit details OK so the way in which the ADE7756AN chip works is rather com plicated Fortunately we don t have to worry too much about this since the complicated stuff is all locked up inside the chip Refer now to Fig 5 for the full circuit details Apart from the ADE7756AN chip IC1 there s just one other IC in the circuit a PIC16F628A micro controller IC2 This microcontroller processes the data from IC1 and drives the LCD display module And that s just about all there is to it apart from the power supply circuitry and a few other bits and pieces IC1 operates at 3 58MHz as set by crystal X1 and this frequency deter mines all the other operating rates such as ADC sampling and the phase variation In addition the device op erates from a single 5V supply rail although its inputs at pins 4 5 6 and 7 can go below the OV level In operation the sampled current and voltage waveforms are applied to the balanced inputs of the internal am plifiers ie to V1 and V1 for Amp1 current and to V2 and V2 for Amp2 voltage These balanced inputs are provided so that any common mode ie noise signals at the inputs are cancelled out However in order to do this both inputs to each amplifier must have the same input impedance and
226. w to play MP3s on your computer How to use MP3s with handheld MP3 players Where to find MP3s on the Web How MP3s work How to tune into Internet radio stations How to create your own MP3s How to record your own CDs from MP3 files Other digital audio music formats Whether you want to stay bang up to date with the lat est music or create your own MP3s and join the on line digital music revolution this book will show you how 60 pages Order code PC119 7 45 VIDEO PROJECTS FOR THE ELECTRONICS CONSTRUCTOR R A Penfold Written by highly respected author R A Penfold this book contains a collection of electronic projects spe cially designed for video enthusiasts All the projects 60 pages can be simply constructed and most are suitable for the newcomer to project construction as they are assem bled on stripboard There are faders wipers and effects units which will add sparkle and originality to your video recordings an audio mixer and noise reducer to enhance your sound tracks and a basic computer control interface Also there s a useful selection on basic video production techniques to get you started Complete with explanations of how the circuit works shopping lists of components advice on construction and guidance on setting up and using the projects this invaluable book will save you a small fortune Circuits include video enhancer improved video enhancer video fader horizontal wiper improved video wi
227. well Technologies explains in industry magazine EPN batteries are heavy large in size have a limited charging rate and potentially high maintenance They also suffer from degrad ed performance at low temperatures An alternative energy storage component is the ultracapacitor or supercapacitor It is described as a dual layer electrochemical device and the capacitance of a single cell of an ultracapacitor can be as high as 2 6kF kilofarads Ultracapacitors Schneuwly states provide high charge acceptance high efficiency cycle stability and strong low temperature performance and they are virtu ally maintenance free The combination of ultracapacitors and batteries is also an option if high power and pure electric driving are required Although ultracapacitors have a lower energy density than primary cells they are ideal for delivering high power for relatively short periods whereas batteries are well suited to providing lower power for longer periods Put the two devices together and you have a potent combination Safe solution Schneuwly lists the advantages of ultra capacitors for transportation applications as follows e They offer up to 10 times the power of batteries helping acceleration of the vehicle Their low temperature performance is excellent down to 40 C whereas without heating batteries do not operate well below 0 C Ultracapacitors are extremely safe because they are discharged over night and
228. wer curve has a proportion of its total below the zero line effectively lowering the average power current waveforms still measure 240V and 10A respectively when using a multimeter but the power dissipation is now zero This is because the same amount of instantaneous power is both above and below the zero line This means that even though there is 10A of current flowing it does not deliver power to the load Alternatively we can use our for mula to calculate the true power dis sipation in the load In this case we get 240 x 10 x Cos90 0 ie cos90 0 So once again we get a power dissipation of OW despite the fact that the current is 10A and we have 240V applied to the load Other waveforms such as those produced by phase control circuits where the waveform is chopped present even more difficulties when it comes to making power measure ments However the Energy Meter 16 overcomes these problems by averag ing the instantaneous power signal over a set interval 11s to obtain the true power The result is an accurate power measurement which takes into account the phase angle and the shapes of the voltage and current waveforms Converting the measured power dis sipation Watts into energy consump tion kWh is straightforward This is simply the average power used by the appliance over a 1 hour period So ifan appliance draws 1000W continuously for an hour its energy consumption will be 1000W
229. with the exception of step 3 which introduces some new terms acquisition time and clock source To understand these we need to take a closer look at how the ADC convert er operates The input signal routed from the selected input pin charges a capacitor inside the ADC block Once the acquisition time has elapsed the input signal is disconnected from this capacitor and the ADC starts to measure the voltage on it The input signal 1s disconnected to ensure that changes on the signal during the measurement period do not affect the results the capacitor effectively holds a copy of the input signal The ADC uses a process called succes sive approximation to perform the conver sion which is where the input signal is compared against a slowly increasing voltage generated by a simple ADC When the comparator flips state the ADC knows that the input voltage is the same as the voltage being generated by the DAC These details are hidden from us by the ADC all we need to know is that the ADC requires a charge time the accquisition time to ensure that the capacitor has fully charged and a conversion time which is based on how quickly the ADC is clocked It is important that the acquisition time is long enough for the capacitor to charge up How long this takes depends on the imped ance of the circuit driving the input pin how high the imbalance is how long it will take to charge the capacitor Micro
230. y consumption in kWh since the measurement started This has a range from 0 000kWh to 99999 999kWh with a resolution of 1Wh The maximum value represents over 4 5 years of energy consump tion for an appliance drawing 2500W continuously This reading can be reset to 0 000kWh by pressing the Clear switch In this case the switch must be held closed for about four seconds before the RESET is indicated on the display Finally brownout indication is shown in the lower lefthand section of the display It displays SAG if the mains level drops below the selected voltage for a set time with the unit also switching off the power to the connected appliance Alternatively under normal power conditions ie no brownout the SAG display is blanked and power is sup plied to the appliance Function switch Pressing the Function switch on the front panel changes the display reading so that the energy reading is shown in terms of cost instead of kWh Once again this reading can be reset to 0 00 by pressing the Clear switch The maximum reading is 9999 99 but this is unlikely to ever be reached Pressing the Function switch again toggles the energy reading to kWh again Holding down the Function but ton switches the Energy Meter into its calibration modes There are eight adjustment modes available here and these can be cycled through by hold ing the button down or selected in sequence with each press of the Func tio
231. y writing to this register and in our circuit it s used to calibrate the wattage reading to its correct value A High Pass Filter HPF stage is then used to process the adjusted sig nal from the multiplier This removes any DC offsets in the digital value and applies the resulting signal to one input of Multiplier 2 ADC2 operates in a similar manner to ADC1 and also includes a low pass filter LPF stage Another LPF stage then rolls off the signal at frequencies above about 156Hz This effectively re moves any extraneous high frequency components in the signal before it is fed to the SAG detection circuit This detection circuit monitors the voltage level and outputs a SAG signal if the voltage drops below the level set in the SAG register As well as going to the LPF stage the signal from ADC2 is also fed to a phase compensation circuit Phase Adjust This stage can change the signal phase relative to the signal from ADC1 and is included to compensate for any phase differences which may be caused by any current and voltage measuring transducers not applicable here Immediately following this stage the signal is applied to the second input of Multiplier 2 This effectively multiplies the current and voltage signals to derive the instantaneous power value This is then filtered us ing another low pass filter to produce a relatively steady value although it does allow some ripple in the output since it does not complete

EPE Online - May 2007, Vol. 36, No. 5

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