minimum competence in scientific english extraits
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1. AVANT PROPOS MCSE NOUVELLE DITION Depuis sa premi re dition en 1991 Minimum Competence in Scientific English a jou un r le important dans l enseignement de l anglais scien tifique en France Plus de 200 000 scientifiques l ont utilis et il a sembl opportun de l am liorer pour mieux r pondre l attente des nouvelles g n rations d tudiants La structure de base ayant fait ses preuves nous l avons gard e comme telle En revanche les textes ont t renouvel s et furent affin s les key points et le lexis largie la gamme des activit s linguistiques et communicatives et int gr e l utilisation du web Public vis MCSE a t concu d abord pour les tudiants des universit s scientifiques et technologiques des IUT et des coles d ing nieurs ayant une base d au moins trois ann es d anglais mais il est galement adapt tous les scientifiques francophones Contenu linguistique L ouvrage est fond sur une analyse du discours scien tifique notamment sur un recensement de la fr quence du lexique scientifique et des fonctions qui sous tendent le discours scientifique C est cette analyse pr alable qui a permis d tablir un contenu particuli rement pertinent Contenu p dagogique P dagogiquement l utilisateur se voit dot des armes n cessaires un apprentissage efficace D abord il dispose d un syst me d auto valuation combin avec une check list et peut tablir avec clart ce qu2. Exercises 11 1 Exercise A All generalisations are dangerous even this one said Alexandre Dumas fils We can make them more acceptable by qualifying them Match the phrases a the rich are too rich and the poor are too poor b efficient government is impossible in a 1 It S hardly ayer dM Io iedgeo that democratic society 2 Itis sometimes claimed that c after the age of 55 the accident rate of 3 It is commonly thought that surgeons increases sharply y g d the stars influence our health 4 It is seldom admitted that e incest is not uncommon in Western 5 It is widely believed that Europe university examination procedures are 6 It has often been suggested that tireliabi g simple people are more honest than intellectuals B Make qualified generalisations about the photos Americans me oe Scientists C Make two qualified generalisations of your own 120 MINIMUM COMPETENCE IN SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH 10 2 Sleeping pilots and chaos theory Starter Why are there accidents Where does the responsibility lie One of the uses of tech Give examples of both major and nology is to devise ways and means of minor accidents reducing the consequences of human error e Were they brought about by faulty M Fill in the gaps with the following words technology or human error Was any action taken as a result SO THAT OBJECTIVES BY MEANS OF of the accident ENABLES
3. 80 of air accidents e the primary objectives of the aircraft industry e is to devise design ways of improving these figures Will be able to provide early warning by means of voice recognition has been able to design devise soft ware e which enables these minute be identified so that the pilot s voice e the system makes it possible to detect tiredness gt 10 3 What has it enabled them to do e What was the primary aim Why do they adopt unusual behaviour e Why did she shift position What was the objective What made it impossible to gain access What were the counter measures devi sed to do e Why did he walk away 198 Check tfek 1 v To check the oil level of a car The results must be checked before publishing them n Workers exposed to radiation must have a monthly check up To verify inspect Inspection 2 V New vaccines will check the spread of the disease To stop temporarily to slow down Note To check is often followed by a particle which changes its meaning gt to check in at the airport to register to check out of a hotel to leave to pay the bill to check over someone s work to reread to verify gt to check up on some calculations to verify Cost kost n Mass production reduces costs The cost of living The cost of recycling industrial waste is increas
4. E the mathematics of chaos theory Kakuichi Shiomi o chief researcher of ENRI has been able to software which these minute distinctions to be identified the pilot s voice pattern can be matched with a control model of an alert voice It takes no more than 10 seconds for data samples to be processed which means that fatigue can be measured in real time without interfering with the normal activity of the flight crew Fatigued voice pattern According to Shiomi the system ccceeee cece neces eeee een enes detect tiredness in test subjects 10 to 20 minutes before they become aware of it themselves UNIT 2 FREQUENCY 2 4 Checkpoints 33 Definitions relative clauses which that Make a definition using the pattern An X is a Y which does Z Example A bat is a mammal which flies by night I Define these words used in Exercise 2 2 predator sonar system skin food e Actually do you use this word correctly M s the following sentence correct or not Actually the number of illiterate people in the world is increasing steadily I Check in the answer section The meaning of many verbs depends on the preposition or adverb that follows These are called multi word or phrasal verbs co When visibility is reduced airports rely Match the meaning of the verb with the definition and then write in the correct parti
5. 2 V The air is drawn into the lungs via the nose It is too early for a conclusion to be drawn To move in a direction To arrive at l i vn The microscope must stand on an even surface The temperature must remain even throughout the experiment adv The population is evenly distributed Smooth regular Equally 4 6 8 are even numbers Divisible by 2 odd 3 adv Even the doctor was ill Even if you take a taxi you will still be late Surprisingly believe it or not Extend ik stend V The region extends from Hungary to Poland The electromagnetic spectrum extends to ultraviolet and to X rays To cover a distance to reach Even 1 adj 2 adj to include Extent ik stent n To what extent does meteorology effect human behaviour To a certain extent disease depends on the standard of living Degree amount Far fa 1 adv How far is it to the post office So far no one has been able to find an answer As far as am concerned the matter is of no importance gt Distant Up to now To that extent 2 adv Itis far too hot to work Working conditions are now far better Much considerably 3 adj He lives on the far side of the town The Far East Distant remote z near
6. il doit apprendre Ensuite l utilisation r p t e des l ments permet d optimiser l apprentissage MCSE regroupe donc pour l tudiant un inventaire de ce qu il doit savoir avec les outils pour l apprendre Il permet un parcours d apprentissage rapide efficace et par cons quent un parcours qui apporte beaucoup de satisfaction Mope D EMPLOI MCSE peut tre utilis de plusieurs fa ons dans le cadre d un cours traditionnel en semi autonomie ou en autonomie Les quelques suggestions qui suivent sont loin d tre exhaustives L ouvrage est divis essentiellement en 2 sections les 12 units suivies d annexes et d un exis Chaque unit correspond une fonction de base de l anglais scienti fique measurement frequency hypothesis etc et comprend Entry test Ce test permet de faire d embl e une valuation r aliste de son niveau trop fr quemment l apprentissage est entrav par l ignorance de l tu diant quant ses propres lacunes Key points Les key points doivent tre consid r s comme une check list indiquant tous les l ments qui doivent tre sus Ainsi et apr s avoir fait l entry test l tudiant est en situation d s le d part de l unit de d terminer avec pr cision ce qu il doit faire c est dire son contrat d apprentissage Exercises Ce sont les exercices qui permettent de mettre la langue en pra tique de la manipuler et donc de l assimiler Ceuxci se caract risent par une
7. CONSEQUENCE 83 3 Nouns I Cause cause reason origin source gt The real cause of his resignation was bad health I Consequence e consequence result outcome effect e by product spin off gt The final outcome of the illness was the minister s resignation starter Examples in context THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE SEM Ask your neighbour questions about scanning I Read the description and find synonyms electron microscopes for the words in bold How what for c Witt when As the wavelength of visible light is approximately 4 000 angstrom this means that there is a lower limit to the resolution of optical microscopes To obtain higher resolution shorter wavelengths are required Electrons used in SEMs have wave lengths of 0 5 angstrom hence it is possible to visualise molecules and even atoms Samples cannot be scanned unless they are dry to prevent vaporisation and electrically conductive As a result organic materials must be coated with a metallic layer such as gold Thanks to the scanning pattern a 3 dimensional image of the surface structure can be obtained The suggestion that electrons might be regarded as a form of wave motion and used for microscopy stems from the work of Louis de Broglie 1924 as an outcome of his research into quantum mechanics The first SEM was built in 1933 Dust mite Acari 130 MINIMUM COMPETENCE IN SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH
8. DESIGN DEVISE PROVIDE Give examples of how technology MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR can be used to increase safety Despite the thousands of parts which are used in the construction of aeroplanes very few air crashes are caused by component failure It is in fact human error that eM Ss Ghee RA elastin ed rent 80 of air accidents This explains why one of the Primary s isme of the aircraft industry today is to ways of improving these figures One area of particular concern is pilot fatigue This problem is far more widespread than is commonly realised and Dr Mark Rosekind claims that 70 or more pilots say that they have fallen asleep at least once while piloting Fatigue is particularly linked to the crossing of time zones which can severely disturb the circadian rhythm Kakuichi Shiomi The Japanese company Electronic Navigation Research Institute ENRI is currently in the process of developing a monitoring system which will be able tQ rese early warning of fatigue UN Pe do M PEN aT p voice recognition techniques Biological functions such as blood pressure heart beat and voice have a fractal structure which can be identified Under stress or fatigue these physiological manifestations undergo change and consequently as Normal voice pattern can be seen in the figure the pattern alters gradually 2 losing its structure and becoming chaotic By using
9. EXTRAITS MINIMUM COMPETENCE IN SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH nouvelle dition pap ebook Sue BLATTES V ronique JANs Jonathan UPJOHN Pool de langues de l Universit Joseph Fourier de Grenoble sciences 17 avenue du Hoggar Parc d Activit de Courtaboeuf BP 112 91944 Les Ulis Cedex A France Minimum Competence in Scientific English MCSE est un pap ebook Qu est ce qu un pap ebook Le pap ebook se compose de deux l ments le livre papier et un site web en acc s libre e Le livre est l objet central totalement autonome Il a b n fici de toute la d marche d expertise et une fois s lectionn d une optimisation propres au label de Grenoble Sciences e Le site web compagnon peut suivant les cas proposer des pr requis permettant de combler certaines lacunes des exercices pour s entra ner des compl ments pour approfondir un th me trouver des liens sur internet etc Pour acc der la liste des pap ebooks de Grenoble Sciences http grenoble sciences ujf grenoble fr pap ebooks Le site web en libre acc s de MCSE Le site web de MCSE comprend une part notable d exercices qui renforcent l action du livre notamment par des apports audio Ce site s enrichit chaque r dition du livre MCSE et constitue une v ritable porte d entr e sur un environ nement d apprentissage en d veloppement permanent Pour acc der au site web http grenoble sciences ujf grenoble fr oap ebooks upjohn
10. SON similar s REFORMULATION UL is to say the younger people are the more roughly DETAILED DATA DESCRIPTION However curve drops steeply levels off CHRONOLOGY At this stage MODIFICATION From then on Slowly but steadily slight Y 174 e to take out a tooth remove to step up production increase to step in to prevent a conflict intervene to cut up meat divide into small pieces to cut off the electricity stop the supply Exit test 1 might may have should must have could can may could might have 1 assume feasible expected 2 3 4 5 6 will 7 8 9 O likely Entry test 1 target 2 supplying 3 soasto 4 aim 5 thereby 6 designed devised 7 bymeans of 8 enables 9 allowed 10 through Examples in context What does the human being provide How does the machine operate How does the man keep his balance What do the counterweights do What is the water pipe for What do the steel springs do OH RUN MINIMUM COMPETENCE IN SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH 7 In what way is the pressure transmitted What do the valves control 9 What was responsible for industrial stagnation e Exercises gt 10 1 A designed provides responsible for make it possible in order to so that purpose aims oxoosomo gt 10 1 B f 2 8 3 b 4 e 5 g 6 d 7 c 10 2 human factor that is responsible for
11. cle for each verb IN OF UP OUT FOR ON radar control In 1830 Babbage designed a machine to carry PIRENA complex arithmetical calculations A protein may consist several polypeptide chains held together by weak molecular bonds In 1937 four Soviet scientists set temporary scientific stations on drifting icebergs in the Arctic Chemists can work the number of carbon atoms from the weight of the object Testosterone is involved the development of secondary sex characteristics such as the growth of body hair and changes in the larynx It is the ability to use the Sun and the stars to navi gate which accounts the migration of birds The level of pH depends the strength of the acid feb to do to perform b to be made of formed from to be determined by to calculate find the solution to create establish to use because you have confidence to be linked a necessary part of to provide an explanation USING THE OVERHEAD PROJECTOR 153 Good morning Well problem of rising medical expenses with particular with reference to TOPIC amp FOCUSING RELEVANCE OF As you know over the last 40 50 years TOPIC ORGANISATION amp SEQUENCING To begin with followed by finally ETES C TIME Meee SOURCE As can be seen REFERENCE TO VISUALS GENERALISATION amp APPROXIMATION Basically A COMPARI
12. ing v cost cost cost The car costs a lot of money Developing alternative fuels will cost millions of dollars gt What must be paid the price To require money Couple kapl 1 n To have a couple of drinks She noticed a couple of mistakes Two together 2 V To couple two circuits together Economic growth is closely coupled to capital investment To join to link Cross section kros sekfn n To examine the cross section of a sample under a microscope The resistance of wire is proportional to its length and its cross section cross section of society view of an interior surface A typical sample Data derto n The data is stored on the hard disk To study data processing With a binary system data can be handled much more quickly Information facts Note Data is a Latin word Sing datum PI data Datum is rarely used Data can be either singular or plural the data is the data are MINIMUM COMPETENCE IN SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH Deep di p adj Avalanches are most common when the snow is deep adv The notion of male superiority is deeply rooted in traditional societies n What is the depth of the river Profound Distance below the surface Draw dro draw drew drawn 1 v To draw a straight line Under hypnosis adults appear to draw like children n To study a technical drawing To mark on paper to make a picture Graphic representation
13. pressions already seen in Unit 1 for a second time This function can be expressed by lexical items particularly adverbs grammatical structures particularly word formation certain fixed adverbial phrases Self evaluation entry test M Fill in the blanks using appropriate expressions The first two letters of the answer are printed Example The batteries must be recharged tw a month two times The batteries must be recharged twice a month 1 Under stress the heart be faster pulsates 2 Over the past 100 000 years the polar ice sheets have advanced or retreated depending on periodic sw in the climate variations oscillations 3 The famous 19 century millionaire Carnegie emigrated to the US from Scotland and began work in a factory for 1 20 pe week each 4 There will be a re of epidemics as soon as natural immunisation dies out they will happen again repeated incidence 5 The Ebola virus produces a mortality ra which can be as high as 88 in human beings a measure of frequency 6 Over the past 300 years the average height of Europeans has increased SE soto regularly 7 The world population is growing fast A new child is born ev 60 seconds each minute 8 These of earthquakes that struck Missouri in 1811 were among the mos
14. r p tition et une r utilisation continuelle des fonctions et du vocabulaire pour qu en fin de parcours tout tudiant ne puisse pas ne pas avoir appris Notons dans cette nouvelle dition les starters dont le but est d amorcer un travail d imagination de l tudiant et de l impliquer avant d aborder le texte Nouveaux galement les talking points qui ouvrent la voie vers une interac tion orale en petit groupe Les checkpoints constituent une autre innovation concue pour permettre une r vi sion et un approfondissement de trois domaines cruciaux pour l apprentissage In other words Savoir reformuler est une comp tence essentielle pour l appre nant qui par d finition a des difficult s se faire comprendre Il est donc de pre mi re importance qu il puisse maitriser les outils lui permettant de clarifier de reformuler et de dire autrement Back to basics Trop souvent h las les apprenants m me avanc s trainent d ann e en ann e comme des boulets certaines erreurs de d butant d j corri g es 100 fois mais sans r sultats Cet exercice donne l tudiant la possibilit de faire le point sur son propre savoir et ensuite lui donne les outils pour se d barrasser de ses erreurs The word web Un mot n existe pas seul mais seulement en relation avec les autres Cet exercice donne l occasion de revenir sur les familles lexicales les homonymes et les synonymes la formation et la structure et de les app
15. rofondir Nouveaux aussi sont web search et word search Le premier prolonge le travail sur les textes en exploitant les richesses du web le second technique originale am ne l tudiant utiliser le web comme corpus pour personnaliser son propre apprentissage Exit test Comme dans les ditions pr c dentes chaque unit se termine par un exit test ou l tudiant peut faire un constat objectif de ses progr s et en tirer les conclusions Le lecteur trouvera ensuite des annexes OHP utilisation du r troprojecteur answers corrig s des exercices et grammar notes notes grammaticales Enfin le Jexis joue un r le primordial dans MCSE A ce stade et contrairement ce que tant de personnes pensent ce n est pas la structure mais bien le lexique qui est le maillon faible des apprenants Cette liste de vocabulaire de haute fr quence organis e en rubriques est construite partir d un pr acquis du vocabulaire de base de quelques 1 200 mots et des homographes communs l anglais et au fran cais Elle constitue un outil puissant permettant un tudiant de couvrir 8596 des mots de tout texte dans sa sp cialit MCSE s adresse des apprenants volontaristes et motiv s qui ont fait le choix de passer au stade d utilisateur professionnel permet celui qui s investit et qui travaille de facon intelligente d atteindre apr s une ann e ou dixhuit mois un niveau de langue ou il pourra utiliser indiff remment des doc
16. s able acy ence hood ic ing ity ive ment tion Image search OHP presentation Fetal development week 30 Test writing Space travel physiological effects Babbage Contextual search actually Comparative data OHP presentation FAQs airships Test writing Units 1 3 FAQs on cholera Causes of mortality Contextual search important Black holes Griffon vultures Contextual search link words Dangerous sports OHP presentation Hubble the latest news Contextual search present perfect The geography of lightning Treating AMD Test writing Units 5 7 Conditionals OHP presentation NEO FAQs Contrastive search hard hardly The Nice tsunami Alternative energies Past modals Aviation crashes report Process description OHP presentation Search strings make it impossible 8 MINIMUM COMPETENCE IN SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH FUNCTIONS amp EXERCISES GRAMMAR Impersonal forms Entry test Bridge building Exercise e noses and tuberculosis Looking after mummy es laboratory equipment LSLE Exit test pound nouns amp the Dervish mic sperm injection ANNEXES gt and graph description P 149 its 1 12 P 161 P 178 P 179 2 FREQUENCY Frequency is the expression of repetition It refers to events that occur more often than once and less often than always Frequency is of course related to measurement and consequently you will meet certain ex
17. t powerful ever experienced in the United States succession repeated incidents 9 It is estimated that the ho flow of water of the Amazon river is between 12 000 and 44 000 million litres every 60 minutes 10 The strength of a steel alloy depends on the ra of iron to carbon mathematical relationship of proportion 70 MINIMUM COMPETENCE IN SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH Functions amp Grammar KEY POINTS ORGANISING TIME THE PRESENT amp THE PAST There are four present tenses and four past tenses PRESENT TIME SSS 1 Present simple Example Meaning The newspaper says The general present He likes Ann She drinks coffee Opinions and habits She lives in Turin The status quo He leaves for work at 7 o clock Habitual actions Water freezes at 0 C Scientific facts TYPICAL TIME MARKERS N B Time markers may be implicit every day usually often sometimes 2 Present continuous Example Meaning Look It is raining On going present time Mary is trying to finish her work Actions happening now At the moment he is working Temporary actions in the present in London TIME MARKERS now at the moment currently at present temporarily 3 Present perfect simple Example Meaning She has already finished her work It is important now a surprise He has broken his leg The result is important he can t walk now Unit 7 CAUSE amp
18. uments en anglais ou dans sa langue maternelle o il pourra parler de sa sp cialit sinon dans un anglais parfait du moins avec clart et aisance CHECKPOINTS TABLE OF CONTENTS WEB SEARCH WORD SEARCH In other words Back to basics The word web In other words Back to basics The word web In other words Back to basics The word web In other words Back to basics The word web In other words Back to basics The word web In other words Back to basics The word web In other words Back to basics The word web In other words Back to basics The word web In other words Back to basics The word web In other words Back to basics The word web to be Questions Suffixes ment th ness en which that actually Multi word verbs similar to but comparative to agree Suffixes verbs and nouns ation sion ise that is to say important Adjectives prepositions consists of according to Negative prefixes anti dis im in ir un basically in other words turn into Adjective suffixes able al ful ic ine ish ive less someone whose job is to raise rise lay lie Verb prefixes over under un then hard hardly Verbs meaning to perform either or Uncountable nouns advice information news equipment Multi word verbs designed to transform into grow grow up experience experiment last latest realise carry out Suffixe
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