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SuperH RISC Engine Assembler, User's Manual

1. 58 export assembler directive 160 export symbol 58 export symbol declaration 58 161 165 EXPORT 161 expression 31 element 31 internal processing 39 notes on expressions 39 operation precedence 33 extended instruction 68 258 272 external 55 external definition 58 external reference 56 external reference value 52 EXTS 69 EXTU
2. 92 DCT 92 DEBUG 171 DEBUG 292 debug information 170 debug information output control 168 292 supplement debug information file ELF DWARF supplement information 169 292 decimal 19 196 decrement 63 DEFINE 217 DEFINE 315 delay slot instruction 85 delayed branch instruction 84 85 DENORMALITZE 332 denormalized numbers 22 23 25 26 332 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 378 of 391 HITACHI disp
3. 173 ENDIAN 294 ENDM 238 environment variable 283 SH CPU environment variable 283 EQU 119 error level change 318 EUC 321 EUC code 13 20 40 321 322 executable instruction 61 67 executable instruction list 67 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 379 of 391 HITACHI executable instruction mnemonic 67 executable instruction mnemonic and addressing mode combination 67 EXITM 231 241 EXPAND 317 exponent part 21 23 24 Xpot t
4. 73 Du 96 dummy section 48 caution 50 data structure represented using dummy section 48 dummy section declaration 109 DWARF 169 292 DX 101 Dy 101 DZ 96 101 E editor 6 ELF 169 292 emulator 7 END 198 endian 173 294 endian selection 173 294 ENDIAN
5. 219 222 AENDR 224 AENDW 226 AERROR 229 AIF 219 AIFDEF 222 ALIGN 116 ALIMIT 233 AREPEAT 224 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 375 of 391 HITACHI arithmetic operation instruction 69 73 79 81 S 101 ASCII 374 assemble listing 4 assemble listing assembler directive 178 assemble listing column count setting 185 307 assemble listing command line option 295 assemble listing
6. 16 80 XMTRX 16 80 XOR 66 70 XTRCT 68 Y Y data move instruction 93 102 YOQ 16 96 101 Y1 16 96 101 Z ZERO 330 ZETO 22 25 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 391 of 391 HITACHI SuperH RISC Engine Assembler User s Manual Publication Date Ist Edition August 1993 4th Edition September 1998 Published by Electronic Devices Sales amp Marketing Group Semiconductor amp Integrated Circuits Group Hitachi Ltd Edited by Technical Documentation Group UL Media Co Ltd Copyright Hitachi Ltd 1993 All rights reserved Printed in Japan
7. 16 68 SRES 152 SRESC 154 SRESZ 156 SSR 16 76 stack pointer SP 16 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 389 of 391 HITACHI caution 50 stack section declaration 109 start address for simulation 198 STC 72 77 82 84 STS 72 75 79 84 SUB 69 SUBC 69 SUBCOMMAND 327 subcommand file name 327 SUBSTR 25
8. 62 64 68 displacement 62 63 correcting of displacement 66 DIVOS 69 DIV0U 69 DIV 69 division by zero 39 DMULS 73 DMULU 73 double precision 22 23 24 25 61 Dp 96 DRni 16 80 DS 101 DSP instruction 91 95 DSP operation instruction 95 DSR 16 83 DT
9. 106 283 288 SH 3E 106 288 330 332 SH4 106 283 288 SH 4 106 288 330 332 SHAD 76 SHAL 71 SHAR 71 SHCPU environment variable 283 SHDSP 106 283 288 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 388 of 391 HITACHI SH DSP instruction 91 shift instruction 71 76 shift JIS code 13 20 40 320 322 SHLD 76 SHLL 71 SHLL2 71 SHLL8
10. nen 179 PRND 2 2 2222 ono naan 91 95 98 PROGRAM 194 program counter PC 16 62 64 68 value of program counter 86 program length 337 PSHA2 2 2 22 ee ee Se SS 91 95 96 98 Deer e E E E 91 95 96 98 PSTS 91 95 98 PSUB 91 95 99 PSUBC 91 95 99 PXOR 91 95 99 Q Q 19 NAN eee 22 R RO 16 62 68 R15 16 radix 19 default radix for integer constant 196 RADIX
11. 196 12 ea asee ee E E R E 16 83 271 REG 123 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 386 of 391 HITACHI register direct 62 register indirect 62 register indirect with displacement 62 register indirect with index 62 register indirect with post increment 62 register indirect with pre decrement 62 register name 16 register name alias definition 123 relative address 50 relative address section 50 51 relative address section declaration 112 relative address symbol 52 relative address value 52 115 relative path 202 203 relativ
12. 71 SHLL16 71 SHLR 71 SHLR2 71 SHLR8 71 SHLR 16 71 SHOW 304 sign bit 24 28 simulator debug ger 6 7 single data move instruction 93 102 single precision 21 22 23 24 25 61 SJIS 320 SLEEP 72 SNAN 22 SOURCE 298 source file 281 282 input source file
13. HWORD Operation Extracts the high order two bytes from a 4 byte value Before operation After operation 31 16 15 0 31 16 15 0 H Xxxx H 0000 H Xxxx LWORD Operation Extracts the low order two bytes from a 4 byte value Before operation After operation 31 16 15 0 31 16 15 0 H xxxx H 0000 H xxxx Rev 4 0 09 98 page 37 of 391 HITACHI Even Odd Operation Determines if the value of the address symbol is a multiple of 2 or 4 Table 1 7 shows the even odd operations Table 1 7 Even Odd Operations Operator Operation EVEN 1 when the value is a multiple of 2 and 0 otherwise ODD 0 when the value is a multiple of 2 and 1 otherwise EVEN2 1 when the value is a multiple of 4 and 0 otherwise ODD2 0 when the value is a multiple of 4 and 1 otherwise Example To obtain the current program counter value using an ODD2 operator LAB MOVA 0 PC RO ADD 4 2 SODD2 LAB RO ODD2 gives 0 when LAB is a multiple of 4 and gives 1 when LAB is not a multiple of 4 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 38 of 391 HITACHI 1 6 4 Notes on Expressions 1 Internal Processing The assembler regards expression values as 32 bit signed values Example H FO The assembler regards H FO as H 000000F0 Therefore the value of H FO is H FFFFFFOF Note that this is not H 0000000F 2 Arithmetic
14. 168 overflow boundary 22 P PABS 91 95 98 PADD 91 95 98 PADDC 91 95 98 PAGE 189 PAND 91 95 98 parallel operation instruction 92 parenthesis 32 PC 16 62 64 68 value of PC 86 PC relative with displacement 62 PCLR 91 95 98 PCMDP 91 95 98 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 385 of 391 HITACHI PDEC 91 95 98 PDMSB
15. 21 integer preprocessor variable definition 212 311 internal processing of expression 39 internal symbol 18 S _ 101 iterated expansion 209 224 termination 231 X 101 y 101 Z _ 100 101 J Japanese character 13 20 40 320 321 322 JMP 71 85 JSR 71 85 K keyword specification 247 L label 12 13 LDC 72 77 82 84
16. 281 assembly of multiple source files 57 281 source program 3 assembly language source program 4 6 7 end 198 source program listing 342 blank line output to source program listing 191 source program listing header setting 187 source program listing new page insertion 189 source program listing output control 179 181 298 304 source statement 11 source statement across multiple lines 15 94 coding of source statement 13 source statement structure 11 SP 16 SPACE 191 SPC 16 76 SR
17. 71 ROTR 71 ROUND 330 rounding 330 RS 16 83 271 RTE 72 85 RTS 71 85 S S type format load module 6 7 sample program 338 SDATA 133 SDATAB 135 SDATAC 138 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 387 of 391 HITACHI Se 96 SECtION 32 45 109 code section 45 109 common section 47 1
18. 75 79 FSUB 75 79 81 FTRC 75 79 82 FTRYV 81 FV Ni 16 80 G GBR 16 62 68 GBR indirect with displacement 62 GBR indirect with index 62 GLOBAL 165 H H 19 header for source program listing 187 HEADING 187 hexadecimal 19 196 I IMM 68 258 immediate 63 66 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 381 of 391 HITACHI impott
19. 66 83 272 SETS 77 SETT 72 Sf 96 SGR 16 80 SH 106 283 288 SH 1 106 288 330 332 SH 106 283 288 SH 2 106 288 330 332 SH2E 106 283 288 SH 2E 106 288 330 332 SHB 106 283 288 SH 3 106 288 330 332 SH3DSP 106 283 288 SH3 DSP 106 288 330 332 SH3E
20. 296 listing file 282 listing output file specification 296 literal pool automatic literal pool generation function 257 extended instruction related to automatic literal pool generation 258 size mode for automatic literal pool generation 258 324 load module 6 7 S type format load module 6 7 local label 42 location 29 location counter 29 value of location counter 29 correcting of location counter value 30 116 location counter value setting 114 logic operation instruction 70 M M 16 96 101 Ml 16
21. Llidiudd Automatic literal pool generation result source list 20 0000F000 20 CASEL 21 0000F000 D002 21 OV L H FFFFOOOO RO 22 0000F002 000B 22 RTS 23 0000F004 0009 23 OP 24 24 NOPOOL 25 0000F006 25 CASE2 26 0000F006 D001 26 OV L H FFFFOOOO RO 27 0000F008 000B 27 RTS 28 OOOOFOOA 0009 28 OP 29 BEGIN POOL L 30 QOOOFOOC FFFFO0O000 DATA FOR SOURCE LINE 21 26 31 END POOL Rev 4 0 09 98 page 266 of 391 HITACHI 9 7 Notes on Automatic Literal Pool Output 1 If an error occurs when an extended instruction is written a Extended instructions must not be specified in delay slots error 151 b Extended instructions must not be specified in relative sections having a boundary alignment value of less than 2 error 152 c MOV L imm Rn or MOVA imm RO must not be specified in relative sections having a boundary alignment value of less than 4 error 152 2 If an error occurs when a POOL directive is written POOL directives must not be written after unconditional branches error 522 3 If an error occurs when a NOPOOL directive is written NOPOOL directives are valid only when written after delay slot instructions If written at other locations the INOPOOL directive causes error 521 4 If the displacement of an executable instruction exceeds the valid range when an extended instruction is expanded The assembler generates a literal pool and outp
22. 91 95 98 PING 91 95 98 PLDS 91 95 98 PMULS 91 95 98 PNEG 91 95 98 POOL 260 262 267 POR 22st 91 95 98 positional specification 247 PR 16 68 precedence 33 PREF 76 preprocessor expansion error generation during preprocessor expansion 229 preprocessor expansion result output 317 preprocessor replacement character string definition 217 315 preprocessor variable 205 character preprocessor variable definition 215 313 integer preprocessor variable definition 212 311 PRINT
23. 56 BF 71 85 BPIS 73 85 bias 24 bias value 24 binary 19 196 blank line output to source program listing 191 boundary alignment boundary alignment value 109 correcting of location counter value 30 116 BRA 71 85 BRAF 73 85 branch instruction 71 73 delayed branch instruction 84 85 BSR 71 85 BSRE 73 85 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 376 of 391 HITACHI BT S 73 85 C chara
24. 57 281 MULU 69 N NAN 22 NEAREST 330 NEG 69 NEGC 69 nesting of file inclusion 202 new page insertion to source program listing 189 NOCROSS_REFERENCE 300 NODEBUG 292 NOLIST 296 NOOBJECT 290 NOP 72 NOPOOL 266 267 NOPX 91 99 102 NOPY 91 99 102 normalized number 22 23 25
25. Mnemonic Addressing Mode B Ww L S D Omitted FABS DRn x x x x O D FADD DRm DRn x x x x O D FCMP EQ DRm DRn x x x x O D FCMP GT DRm DRn x x x x O D FDIV DRm DRn x x x x O D FIPR FVm FVn x x x O x S FMUL DRm DRn x x x x O D FNEG DRn x x x x O D FSQRT DRn x x x x O D FSUB DRm DRn x x x x O D FTRV XMTRX FVn x x x O x S Rev 4 0 09 98 page 81 of 391 HITACHI Table 3 9 SH 4 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 3 3 System Control Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B Ww L S D Omitted FCNVDS DRm FPUL x x x x O D FCNVSD FPUL DRn x x x x O D FLOAT FPUL DRn x x x x O D FRCHG no operands x x x x x FSCHG no operands x x x x x FTRC DRm FPUL x x x x O D LDC Rm DBR x x O x x L LDC Rm DBR x x O x x L OCBI Rn x x x x O OCBP Rn x x x x O OCBWB Rn x x x x O STC DBR Rn x x O x x L STC DBR Rn x x O x x L STC SGR Rn x x O x x L STC SGR Rn x x O x x L Rev 4 0 09 98 page 82 of 391 HITACHI SH DSP SH3 DSP Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Table 3 10 shows the executable instruction and operation size combinations for the SH DSP and SH3 DSP instructions added to those of the SH 2 and SH 3 respectively Table 3 10 SH DSP SH3 DSP Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 1 1 Repeat Control Instructions Operation Sizes Default when
26. 16 83 96 101 AQG 16 101 Al 16 96 101 A 1G 16 101 ABORT 318 absolute address 50 absolute address section 50 absolute address section declaration 111 absolute address symbol 52 absolute address value 52 115 absolute path 202 203 absolute value 52 ADD 66 69 ADDC 69 address calculation 86 address symbol 16 absolute address symbol
27. 69 F FABS 75 79 81 FADD 75 79 81 FCMP EQ 75 79 81 FCMP GT 75 79 81 FCNVDS 82 FCNVSD 82 FDATA 142 FDATAB 144 FDIV 75 79 81 file format 282 file inclusion 201 202 nesting of file inclusion 202 file name 282 file specification format 282 FIPR 81 fixed point data format
28. 75 79 81 FNEG 75 79 81 FORM 185 formal parameter 236 238 default 238 forward 55 forward reference 56 FPSCR 16 74 78 FPUL 16 74 78 fraction part 24 28 FRCHG 82 FREG 125 FRES 158 FRN 16 74 78 FSCHG 82 FSQRT 79 81 FSTS
29. E LOCATE H Q000F000 MOV L H FFFF0000 R0 MOV W H FFOO RI1 MOV L H FFFFO000 R2 MOV H FF R3 RTS MOV R0 R10 P tsere PND etea i e deennhs atc arg to T a E Automatic literal pool generation result source list 1 0000F000 000000 T SECTION CD1 CODE LOCATE H 0000F000 2 0000F000 2 CD1_START 3 0000F000 D003 3 MOV L H FFFF0000 RO 4 0000F002 9103 4 MOV W H FF00 R1 5 0000F004 D202 5 MOV L H FFFFOOOO R2 6 0000F006 E3FF 6 MOV H FF R3 7 0000F008 000B 7 RTS 8 0000F00A 6403 8 MOV RO R10 9 BEGIN POOL 10 0000F00C FFOO DATA FOR SOURCE LINE 4 11 0000F00E 0000 ALIGNMENT CODE 12 OOO00F010 FFFFOO000 DATA FOR SOURCE LINE 3 5 ig x x END POOL ae 9 END HITACHI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 265 of 391 9 6 Literal Pool Output Suppression When a program has too many unconditional branches the following problems may occur e Many small literal pools are output e Literals are not shared In these cases suppress literal pool output as shown below lt delayed branch instruction gt lt delay slot instruction gt NOPOOL Example Source program OV L H FFFFO000 RO Extended instruction 1 NOPOOL we so No literal pool is output here OV L H FFFFO000 RO Extended instruction 2 b Literal pool is output here
30. 15 common section 47 common section declaration 109 compiler 6 7 conditional assembly 205 conditional assembly directive 211 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 377 of 391 HITACHI conditional assembly with comparison 207 219 conditional assembly with definition 208 222 conditional iterated expansion 210 226 maximum count specification 233 constant 19 52 constant symbol 16 control character 133 136 138 140 CPU 106 283 288 CPU 106 CPU 288 CROSS_REFERENCE
31. 300 cross reference listing 344 cross reference listing output control 179 300 D D 19 Da 101 DATA 128 data area reservation 149 DATAB 130 data move instruction 67 74 76 78 80 93 99 single data move instruction 93 102 X data move instruction 93 102 Y data move instruction 93 102 data section 46 data section declaration 109 data structure 48 data structure represented using dummy section 48 DBR 16 80 DCF
32. Mnemonic Addressing Mode B Ww L Omitted LDRS disp PC x x O L LDRS symbol x x O L LDRE disp PC x x O iE LDRE symbol x x O L SETRC Rn x x x SETRC imm x x x Symbol meanings MOD Modulo register RS Repeat start register RE Repeat end register DSR DSP status register AO DSP data register AO XO X1 YO or Y1 can be specified HITACHI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 83 of 391 Table 3 10 SH DSP SH3 DSP Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 2 2 System Control Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B WwW L Omitted LDC Rn MOD x x O L LDC Rn RS x x O L LDC Rn RE x x O L LDC Rn MOD x x O L LDC Rn RS x x O L LDC Rn RE x x O L LDS Rn DSR x x O L LDS Rn AO x x O L LDS Rn DSR x x O L LDS Rn A0 x x O L STC MOD Rn x x O L STC RS Rn x x O L STC RE Rn x x O L STC MOD Rn x x O L STC RS Rn x x O L STC RE Rn x x O L STS DSR Rn x x O L STS AO Rn x x O L STS DSR Rn x x O L STS A0 Rn x x O L 3 2 2 Notes on Delayed Branch Instructions The unconditional branch instructions are delayed branch instructions The microprocessors execute the delay slot instruction the instruction directly following a branch instruction in memory before executing the delayed branch instruction If an instruction inappropriate for a delay slot is specified the assembler issues error number 150 or 151 Table 3
33. 59 import assembler directive 160 import symbol 52 59 import symbol declaration 59 163 165 IMPORT 163 INCLUDE 202 INCLUDE 309 include file directory specification 309 inclusion 201 increment 63 infinity 22 25 input source file 281 INSTR 252 integer default radix for integer constants 196 integer constant 19 integer data block reservation 130 integer data reservation 128 integer part
34. Double quotation marks Angle brackets lt gt The assembler inserts defaults at macro expansion by removing the double quotation marks or angle brackets that enclose the character strings Rev 4 0 09 98 page 239 of 391 HITACHI MACRO ENDM 6 Restrictions on macro definitions Macros cannot be defined in the following locations e Macro bodies between MACRO and ENDM directives e Between AREPEAT and AENDR directives e Between AWHILE and AENDW directives The END directive cannot be used within a macro body No symbol can be inserted in the label field of the ENDM directive The ENDM directive is ignored if a symbol is written in the label field but no error is generated in this case Coding Example MACRO SUM Processing to obtain the sum of RO R1 R2 MOV RO R10 and R3 is defined as macro instruction SUM ADD R1 R10 ADD R2 R10 ADD R3 R10 ENDM SUM This statement calls macro instruction SUM Macro body MOV RO0 R10 ADD R1 R10 ADD R2 R10 ADD R3 R10 is expanded Rev 4 0 09 98 page 240 of 391 HITACHI EXITM Expansion Termination Syntax A EXITM Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the EXITM mnemonic 3 Operands The operand field is not used Description 1 EXITM is the assembler directive that terminates a macro expansion This directive can be specified wi
35. lt character string gt lt lt ASCII code for a control character gt gt The ASCII code for a control character must be specified as follows Rev 4 0 09 98 page 138 of 391 HITACHI SDATAC The specification must be an absolute value and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification Coding Example ALIGN 4 This statement adjusts the value of the location counter X SDATAC AAAAA This statement reserves character string data with length SDATAC UN BBB Ine The character string in this example includes double quotation marks SDATAC ABAB lt H 07 gt The character string in this example has a control character appended Explanatory Figure for the Coding Example Memory Address symbol x gt No 414141 41 41 05 22 42 42 42 22 05 41 42 41 42 07 Notes 1 The data in this figure is hexadecimal 2 The ASCII code for A is H 41 L J The ASCII code for B is H 42 The ASCII code for is H 22 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 139 of 391 HITACHI SDATAZ Character String Data Reservation With Zero Terminator Syntax lt symbol gt A SDATAZA lt character string gt lt character string gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter a reference symbol if required 2 Operation Enter the SDATAZ mnemonic 3 Operands Enter the character str
36. SUM R10 This statement calls macro instruction SUM specifying macro parameter R10 The formal parameter in the macro body is replaced with the macro parameter and MOV RO R10 ADD R1 R10 ADD R2 R10 ADD R3 R10 is expanded Rev 4 0 09 98 page 236 of 391 HITACHI 8 2 Macro Function Directives This assembler provides the following macro function directives MACRO Defines a macro instruction ENDM EXITM Terminates macro instruction expansion Rev 4 0 09 98 page 237 of 391 HITACHI MACRO ENDM Macro Definition Syntax A MACROA lt macro name gt A lt formal parameter gt lt default gt lt formal parameter gt A ENDM Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the MACRO or ENDM mnemonic 3 Operands MACRO Enter the name and formal parameters can be omitted for the macro instruction to be defined When formal parameters are defined their defaults can be defined defaults can be omitted ENDM The operand filed is not used Description 1 MACRO and ENDM are the assembler directives that define a macro instruction a sequence of source statements that are collectively named and handled together 2 Macro definition Naming as a macro instruction the source statements macro body between the MACRO and ENDM directives is called a macro definition 3 Macro name Macro
37. 1 Data Move Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B Ww L Omitted PREF Rn x x x Symbol meanings Rn_BANK Bank general register SSR Save status register SPC Save program counter Table 3 7 SH 3 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 2 2 Shift Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B WwW L Omitted SHAD Rn Rm x x O L SHLD Rn Rm x x O L Rev 4 0 09 98 page 76 of 391 HITACHI Table 3 7 SH 3 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 3 3 System Control Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B Ww L Omitted CLRS no operands x x x SETS no operands x x x LDC Rm SSR x x O L LDC Rm SPC x x O L LDC Rm Rn_BANK x x O L LDC Rm SSR x x O L LDC Rm SPC x x O L LDC Rm Rn_BANK x x O L STC SSR Rn x x O L STC SPC Rn x x O L STC Rm_BANK Rn x x O L STC SSR Rn x x O L STC SPC Rn x x O L STC Rm_BANK Rn x x O L LDTLB no operands x x x HITACHI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 77 of 391 SH 3E Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Table 3 8 shows the executable instruction and operation size combinations for the SH 3E instructions added to those of the SH 3 Table 3 8 SH 3E Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 1 1 Data Move Instructions Operation Sizes Defaul
38. 28 fixed point data reservation 147 fixed point number 26 FLDIO 74 78 FLDI1 74 78 FLDS 75 79 FLOAT 75 79 82 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 380 of 391 HITACHI floating point constant 21 floating point data 22 floating point data format 23 floating point data area reservation 158 floating point data block reservation 144 floating point data reservation 142 floating point register name alias definition 125 FMAC 75 79 FMOV 74 78 80 FMUL
39. SDATAC SDATAZ FDATA FDATAB XDATA SRES SRESC SRESZ FRES Reserves integer data Reserves integer data blocks Reserves character string data Reserves character string data blocks Reserves character string data with length Reserves character string data with zero terminator Reserves floating point data Reserves floating point data block Reserves fixed point data Reserves data area Reserves character string data area Reserves character string data area with length Reserves character string data area with zero terminator Reserves floating point data area Rev 4 0 09 98 page 127 of 391 HITACHI DATA Integer Data Reservation Syntax lt symbol gt A DATA lt operation size gt A lt integer data gt lt integer data gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter a reference symbol if required 2 Operation Mnemonic Enter DATA mnemonic Operation size Specifier Data Size B Byte W Word 2 bytes L Longword 4 bytes The shaded section indicates the default value when the specifier is omitted The specifier determines the size of the reserved data The longword size is used when the specifier is omitted 3 Operands Enter the values to be reserved as data in the operand field Description 1 DATA is the assembler directive
40. When the CPU type is SH 4 error 150 or 151 occurs Any other CPU type will cause warning 871 to occur Note on the value of PC PC lt destination address for the delayed branch instruction gt 2 The assembler generates the specified object code HITACHI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 85 of 391 CAUTION If the delayed branch instruction and the delay slot instruction are coded in different sections the assembler does not check the validity of the delay slot instruction Reference Extended Instructions Programmer s Guide 9 2 Extended Instructions Related to Automatic Literal Pool Generation 3 2 3 Notes on Address Calculations When the operand addressing mode is PC relative with displacement i e disp PC the value of PC must be taken into account in coding The value of PC can vary depending on certain conditions 1 Normal Case The value of PC is the first address in the currently executing instruction plus 4 bytes Examples Consider the state when a MOV instruction is being executed at absolute address H 00001000 Memory Absolute addresses H 00001000 MOV L 8 PC RO H 00001004 disp 8 bytes H 0000100C Area to be accessed Figure 3 1 Address Calculation Example Normal Case Rev 4 0 09 98 page 86 of 391 HITACHI 2 During the Delay Slot Instruction The value of PC is destination address for the delayed branch inst
41. no specification OUTPUT DBG Debug information is output OUTPUT NODBG Debug information is not output no specification Debug information is not output Rev 4 0 09 98 page 292 of 391 HITACHI DEBUG NODEBUG Supplement Debug information is required when debugging a program using the debugger or the emulator and is part of the object module Debug information includes information about source statement lines and information about symbols Rev 4 0 09 98 page 293 of 391 HITACHI ENDIAN Big Endian or Little Endian Selection Syntax ENDIAN lt endian gt Endian BIG LITTLE ras The abbreviated form is indicated by bold face Description 1 The ENDIAN option selects big endian or little endian for the target CPU 2 The default is big endian Relationship with Assembler Directives The assembler gives priority to specifications made with command line options Command Line Option Assembler Directive Result ENDIAN BIG regardless of any specification Assembles in big endian ENDIAN LITTLE regardless of any specification Assembles in little endian no specification ENDIAN BIG Assembles in big endian ENDIAN LITTLE Assembles in little endian no specification Assembles in big endian Reference ENDIAN Programmer s Guide 5 2 6 Object Module Assembler Directives ENDIAN Rev 4 0 09 98 page 294 of 391 HITACHI 2 2 3 Assem
42. 1 Label A symbol or a local symbol is written as a tag attached to a source statement A symbol is a name defined by the programmer 2 Operation The mnemonic of an executable instruction an extended instruction a DSP instruction an assembler directive or a directive statement is written as the operation Executable instructions must be microprocessor instructions Extended instructions are instructions that are expanded into executable instructions and constant data literals or several executable instructions For details refer to Programmer s Guide 9 Automatic Literal Pool Generation Function and 10 Automatic Repeat Loop Generation Function DSP instructions are instructions that control the DSP of the SH DSP microprocessor For details refer to Programmer s Guide 4 DSP Instructions Assembler directives are instructions that give directions to the assembler Directive statements are used for file inclusion conditional assembly and macro functions For details on each of these functions refer to Programmer s Guide 6 File Inclusion Function 7 Conditional Assembly Function or 8 Macro Function 3 Operand The object s of the operation s execution are written as the operand The number of operands and their types are determined by the operation There are also operations which do not require any operands 4 Comment Notes or explanations that make the program easier to understand are written
43. 52 relative address symbol 52 addressing mode 62 executable instruction mnemonic and addressing mode combination 67 GBR indirect with displacement 62 GBR indirect with index 62 immediate 63 PC relative with displacement 62 register direct 62 register indirect 62 register indirect with displacement 62 register indirect with index 62 register indirect with post increment 62 register indirect with pre decrement 62 symbol 63 65 TN DB 69 AELIF 219 AELSE 219 222 AENDLI
44. AENDI FLAG ASSIGNC FLAGA ASSIGNC FLAG ASSIGNC when FLAG is ON amp FLAG A space is added to FLAG OFF OFF is added to FLAGA amp FLAG AND amp FLAGA An apostrophe is used to distinguish FLAG and AND FLAG finally becomes ON AND OFF Rev 4 0 09 98 page 216 of 391 HITACHI DEFINE Definition of Preprocessor Replacement Character String Syntax lt symbol gt A DEFINEA lt replacement character string gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter a symbol to be replaced with a character string 2 Operation Enter the DEFINE mnemonic 3 Operands Enter a character string to replace the symbol enclosed with double quotation marks Description 1 DEFINE is the assembler directive that specifies that the symbol is replaced with the corresponding character string 2 The differences between the DEFINE directive and the ASSIGNC directive are as follows The symbol defined by the ASSIGNC directive can only be used in the preprocessor statement the symbol defined by the DEFINE directive can be used in any statement The symbols defined by the ASSIGNA and the ASSIGNC directives are referenced by the amp symbol format the symbol defined by the DEFINE directive is referenced by the symbol format The DEFINE symbol cannot be redefined 3 The DEFINE directive specifying a symbol is invalidated when t
45. AWHILE directive Macro body source statements between MACRO and ENDM When referencing integer preprocessor variables insert a backslash and an ampersand amp in front of them amp lt preprocessor variable gt To clearly distinguish the preprocessor variable name from the rest of the source statement an apostrophe can be added Note When using a Japanese environment use instead of When a preprocessor character string is defined by a command line option the ASSIGNA directive specifying the preprocessor variable having the same name as the character string is invalidated Rev 4 0 09 98 page 213 of 391 HITACHI ASSIGNA Coding Example This example generates a general purpose multiple bit shift instruction which shifts bits to the right by the number of SHIFT RN REG RO ROis set to Rn SHIFT ASSIGNA 27 27 is set to SHIFT AIF amp SHIFT GE 16 Condition SHIFT gt 16 When the condition is satisfied Rn is shifted to the right by 16 bits 16 is subtracted from SHIFT SHLR16 Rn SHIFT ASSIGNA amp SHIFT 16 AENDI AIF amp SHIFT GE 8 SHLR8 Rn SHIFT ASSIGNA amp SHIFT 8 AENDI AIF amp SHIFT GE 4 SHLR2 Rn SHLR2 Rn SHIFT ASSIGNA amp SHIFT 4 AENDI AIF amp SHIFT GE 2 SHLR2 Rn SHIFT ASSIGNA amp SHIFT 2 AENDI AIF amp SHIFT EQ 1 SHLR Rn AENDI The expanded results are as follows Condition SHIFT gt 8
46. DATA L H 12345678 DATA W H 1234 H 5678 These statements reserve integer data DATA B H 12 H 34 Cai Explanatory Figure for the Coding Example Memory Address symbol xX sl ve 563412 34 12 78 56 12 34 Note The data in this figure i is hexadecimal i 4 bytes i Rev 4 0 09 98 page 175 of 391 HITACHI LINE Line Number Modification Syntax A LINEA lt file name gt lt line number gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the LINE mnemonic 3 Operands First operand file name Enter the file name referred to at error message output or at debugging Second operand line number Enter the line number referred to at error message output or at debugging Description 1 LINE is the assembler directive that changes the file name and line number referred to at error message output or at debugging 2 The line number and the file name specified with a LINE directive is valid until the next LINE 3 In aC Compiler of version 3 0 or higher the LINE directive that corresponds to the line number in the C source file is generated when the debug option is specified and an assembler source is output 4 If the file name is omitted the file name is not changed but only the line number is changed Rev 4 0 09 98 page 176 of 391 HITACHI LINE Coding Example
47. RES Reserves data area SRES Reserves character string data area SRESC Reserves character string data area with length SRESZ Reserves character string data area with zero terminator FRES Reserves floating point data area Rev 4 0 09 98 page 103 of 391 HITACHI Table 5 1 Assembler Directives cont Type Mnemonic Function Export and import symbol EXPORT Declares export symbols IMPORT Declares import symbols GLOBAL Declares export and import symbols Object modules OUTPUT Controls object module output DEBUG Controls the output of symbolic debug information ENDIAN Selects big endian or little endian LINE Changes line number Assemble listing PRINT Controls assemble listing output LIST Controls the output of the source program listing FORM Sets the number of lines and columns in the assemble listing HEADING Sets the header for the source program listing PAGE Inserts a new page in the source program listing SPACE Outputs blank lines to the source program listing Other directives PROGRAM Sets the name of the object module RADIX Sets the radix in which integer constants with no radix specifier are interpreted END Declares the end of the source program Rev 4 0 09 98 page 104 of 391 HITACHI 5 2 Assembler Directive Reference 5 2 1 Target CPU Assembler Directive This assemble provides the following assembler directive concerned with the target CPU CPU Specifie
48. Statement Elements 1 Label Enter the symbol to which a value is to be set 2 Operation Enter the EQU mnemonic 3 Operands Enter the value to be set to the symbol Description 1 EQU is the assembler directive that sets a value to a symbol Symbols defined with the EQU directive cannot be redefined 2 The symbol value must be specified as follows The specification must be an absolute value an address value or an import symbol value and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification The values allowed for the symbol value are from H 00000000 to H FFFFFFFF From 2 147 483 648 to 4 294 967 295 in decimal Note An import value import value constant or import value constant can be specified Rev 4 0 09 98 page 119 of 391 HITACHI EQU Coding Example X1 EQU 10 The value 10 is set to X1 X2 EQU 20 The value 20 is set to X2 CMP EQ X1 R0 This is the same as CMP EQ 10 RO B ABELL CMP EQ X2 R0 This is the same as CMP EQ 20 RO B AABEL2 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 120 of 391 HITACHI ASSIGN Symbol Value Setting Resetting Allowed Syntax lt symbol gt A ASSIGNA lt symbol value gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter the symbol to which a value is to be set 2 Operation Enter the ASSIGN mnemonic 3 Operands Enter the value to be set to the symbol Description 1 ASSIGN is the assemble
49. FRO floating point register when only FRO can be specified FPUL FPU low register FPSCR FPU status control register S Single precision 4 bytes Rev 4 0 09 98 page 74 of 391 HITACHI Table 3 6 SH 2E Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 2 2 Arithmetic Operation Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B WwW L S Omitted FABS FRn x x x O S FADD FRm FRn x x x O S FCMP EQ FRm FRn x x x O S FCMP GT FRm FRn x x x O S FDIV FRm FRn x x x O S FMAC FRO FRm FRn x x x O S FMUL FRm FRn x x x O S FNEG FRn x x x O S FSUB FRm FRn x x x O S Table 3 6 SH 2E Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 3 3 System Control Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B WwW L S Omitted FLDS FRm FPUL x x x O S FLOAT FPUL FRn x x x O S FSTS FPUL FRn x x x O S FTRC FRm FPUL x x x O S LDS Rm FPUL x x O x L LDS Rm FPUL x x O x L LDS Rm FPSCR x x O x L LDS Rm FPSCR x x O x L STS FPUL Rn x x O x L STS FPUL Rn x x O x L STS FPSCR Rn x x O x L STS FPSCR Rn x x O x L Rev 4 0 09 98 page 75 of 391 HITACHI SH 3 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Table 3 7 shows the executable instruction and operation size combinations for the SH 3 instructions added to those of the SH 2 Table 3 7 SH 3 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 1
50. Specifies the maximum count of AWHILE expansion Rev 4 0 09 98 page 211 of 391 HITACHI ASSIGNA Integer Preprocessor Variable Definition Redefinition Is Possible Syntax lt preprocessor variable gt A ASSIGNAA lt value gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter the name of the preprocessor variable 2 Operation Enter the ASSIGNA mnemonic 3 Operands Enter the value to be assigned to the preprocessor variable Description 1 ASSIGNA is the assembler directive that defines a value for an integer preprocessor variable The syntax of integer preprocessor variables is the same as that for symbols An integer preprocessor variable can be defined with up to 32 characters and uppercase and lowercase letters are distinguished 2 The preprocessor variables defined with the ASSIGNA directive can be redefined with the ASSIGNA directive 3 The values for the preprocessor variables must be the following Constant integer constant and character constant Defined preprocessor variable Expression using the above as terms 4 Defined preprocessor variables are valid from the point of specification forward in the source program Rev 4 0 09 98 page 212 of 391 HITACHI ASSIGNA Defined preprocessor variables can be referenced in the following locations ASSIGNA directive ASSIGNC directive AIF directive AELIF directive AREPEAT directive
51. 2 Operation Mnemonic Enter DATAB mnemonic Operation size Specifier Data Size B Byte Ww Word 2 bytes L Longword 4 bytes The shaded section indicates the default value when the specifier is omitted The specifier determines the size of the reserved data The longword size is used when the specifier is omitted 3 Operands First operand block count Enter the number of times the data value is repeated as the first operand Second operand integer data Enter the value to be reserved as the second operand Rev 4 0 09 98 page 130 of 391 HITACHI DATAB Description 1 DATAB is the assembler directive that reserves the specified number of integer data items consecutively in memory The block count must be specified as follows The specification must be an absolute value and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification Arbitrary values including relative values and forward reference symbols can be used to specify the integer data The range of values that can be specified as the block size and as the integer data varies with the operation size Operation Size Block Size Range B H 00000001 to H FFFFFFFF 1 to 4 294 967 295 W H 00000001 to H 7FFFFFFF 1 to 2 147 483 647 L H 00000001 to H 3FFFFFFF 1 to 1 073 741 823 Operation Size Integer Data Range B H 00000000 to H OO0000FF 0 to 255 H FFFFFF80 to H FFFFFFFF 1
52. 2 2 5 Conditional Assembly Command Line Options This assembler provides the following command line options concerned with conditional assembly ASSIGNA This command line option defines integer preprocessor variable ASSIGNC This command line option defines character preprocessor variable DEFINE This command line option defines replacement character string Rev 4 0 09 98 page 310 of 391 HITACHI ASSIGNA Integer Preprocessor Variable Definition Syntax ASSIGNA lt preprocessor variable gt lt integer constant gt lt preprocessor variable gt lt integer constant gt The abbreviated form is indicated by bold face Description 1 The ASSIGNA option sets an integer constant to a preprocessor variable 2 The naming rule of preprocessor variables is the same as that of symbols 3 An integer constant is specified by combining the radix B Q D or H and a value If the radix is omitted the value is assumed to be decimal 4 An integer constant must be within the range from 2 147 483 648 to 4 294 967 295 To specify a negative value use a radix other than decimal Relationship with Assembler Directives Command Line Option Assembler Directive Result ZASSIGNA ASSIGN Value specified by ASSIGNA no specification Value specified by ASSIGNA no specification ASSIGNA Value specified by ASSIGNA Note When a value is assigned
53. 3 Operands lt output specifier gt Output Specifier Output Control OBJ An object module is output NOOBJ No object module is output DBG Debug information is output in the object module NODBG No debug information is output in the object module The shaded section indicates the default value when the specifier is omitted The output specifiers control object module and debug information output Description 1 OUTPUT is the assembler directive that controls object module and debug information output 2 Ifthe OUTPUT directive is used two or more times in a program with inconsistent output specifiers an error occurs Example OUTPU OBJ OUTPU OBJ OUTPU NODBG lt OK OUTPU NOOBJ lt Error Rev 4 0 09 98 page 168 of 391 HITACHI OUTPUT 3 Specifications concerning debug information output are only valid when an object module is output 4 To output debug information the assembler automatically generates a directory with the name dwfinf under the directory to which the object file is output and outputs a supplement debugging information file ELF DWARF supplement information whose file name is the same as the object file and whose file format is dwi 5 The assembler gives priority to command line option specifications concerning object module and debug information output References Object module output User s Guide 2 2 2 Ob
54. 55 AENDI 56 57 AIF 1 GE 1 58 00000008 4001 SHLR RO 59 AENDI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 184 of 391 HITACHI FORM Assemble Listing Line Count and Column Count Setting Syntax A FORMA lt size specifier gt lt size specifier gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the FORM mnemonic 3 Operands size specifier Size Specifier Listing Size LIN lt line count gt The specified value is set to the number of lines per page COL lt column count gt The specified value is set to the number of columns per line These specifications determine the number of lines and columns in the assemble listing Description 1 FORM is the assembler directive that sets the number of lines per page and columns per line in the assemble listing 2 The line count and column count must be specified as follows The specifications must be absolute values and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specifications The values allowed for the line count are from 20 to 255 The values allowed for the column count are from 79 to 255 3 The FORM directive can be used any number of times in a given source program Rev 4 0 09 98 page 185 of 391 HITACHI FORM 4 The assembler gives priority to command line option specifications concerning the number of lines and columns in the assemble listing References Setting the l
55. 85 LDRE 83 272 LDRS 83 272 LDS 72 75 79 84 LDTLB 77 LEN 250 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 382 of 391 HITACHI librarian 6 7 library file 6 7 line line length 337 maximum length 13 line number 176 line number modification 176 LINE 176 LINES 306 linkage editor 6 7 LIST 181 LIST
56. 910 Message SOURCE LINE NUMBER OVERFLOW Error description Recovery procedure The number of source program lines exceeded 65 535 Subdivide the program Rev 4 0 09 98 page 368 of 391 HITACHI Table D 4 Fatal Error Messages cont 911 Message IMPORT SYMBOL OVERFLOW Error description The number of import symbols exceeded 65 535 Recovery procedure Reduce the number of import symbols 912 Message EXPORT SYMBOL OVERFLOW Error description The number of export symbols exceeded 65 535 Recovery procedure Reduce the number of export symbols 933 Message ILLEGAL ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE Error description The specified target CPU is incorrect Recovery procedure Correct the target CPU 935 Message SUBCOMMAND FILE INPUT ERROR Error description Subcommand file input error Recovery procedure Check the hard disk for adequate free space Create the required free space by deleting unnecessary files 936 Message SUPPLEMENT FILE OUTPUT ERROR Error description Supplement file output error Recovery procedure Check the hard disk for adequate free space Create the required free space by deleting unnecessary files 950 Message MEMORY OVERFLOW Error description Insufficient memory Recovery procedure Separate the source program 951 Message LITERAL POOL OVERFLOW Error description More than 100 000 internal symbols are used for literal pools Recovery procedure Separate the source program 952 Message L
57. INVALID IMPORT SYMBOL Error description Symbol declared for import defined in the file Recovery procedure Remove the declaration for the import symbol 520 Message ILLEGAL CPU DIRECTIVE POSITION Error description CPU is not specified at the beginning of the program or specified more than once Recovery procedure Specify CPU at the beginning of the program once 521 Message ILLEGAL NOPOOL DIRECTIVE POSITION Error description NOPOOL placed at illegal position Recovery procedure Place NOPOOL following a delayed branch instruction 522 Message ILLEGAL POOL DIRECTIVE POSITION Error description POOL placed following a delayed branch instruction Recovery procedure Place an executable instruction following the delayed branch instruction 523 Message ILLEGAL OPERAND Error description Illegal LINE directive operand Recovery procedure Correct the operand 525 Message ILLEGAL LINE DIRECTIVE POSITION Error description Recovery procedure LINE directive specified during macro expansion or conditional iterated expansion Change the specified position of the LINE directive File Inclusion Conditional Assembly and Macro Errors 600 Message Error description Recovery procedure INVALID CHARACTER Illegal character Correct it Rev 4 0 09 98 page 357 of 391 HITACHI Table D 2 Source Program Error Messages cont 601 Message INVALID DELIMITER Error description Illegal deli
58. OCBpP 82 OCBWB 82 octal 19 196 operand 12 14 61 operating system 281 return code to operating system 281 Operation 12 13 61 internal processing 39 operation precedence 33 executable instruction and operation size combination 67 Operator 16 31 operator association rule 33 operator precedence 33 OR 66 70 ORG 114 OUTCODE 322 OUTPUT
59. REG R4 WORK4 REG R5 SECTION SAMPLE CODE ALIGN 4 INCLUDE appendix B a REG R8 b REG R9 REG R10 d REG R11 start STS PR SP OV L H 00018000 a OV L H 00024000 b OV L H 00030000 c OV L H 00050000 da OV a Parml OV b Parm2 BSR FIX_MUL NOP OV Parml a OV c Parml OV d Parm2 BSR FIX_DIV NOP FIX_ADD a OV Parml a LDS SP PR RTS NOP END Rev 4 0 09 98 page 341 of 391 HITACHI C 1 Source Program Listing The source program listing lists information related to the source statements including the line number and the corresponding object code Figure C 1 shows an example of a source program listing x SuperH RISC engine ASSEMBLER Ver 4 0 01 12 98 19 52 40 PROGRAM NAME SAMPLE 7 3 1 1 HEADING SAMPLE 2 2 POINT ASSIGNA 16 3 3 Parml REG RO 4 4 Parm2 REG R1 5 5 WORK1 REG R2 6 6 WORK2 REG R3 7 7 WORK3 REG R4 8 FE 8 WORK4 REG R5 20 00000000 9 I1 FIX_MUL 21 00000000 2107 10 I1 DIVOS Parml Parm2 22 00000002 0229 tI I1 MOVT WORK1 23 00000004 4011 12 I1 CMP PZ Parml ps 24 00000006 8900 13 I1 BT MULO1 poi if Parml 25 00000008 600B 14 I1 NEG Parml Parml 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 237 BEGIN POOL 238 00000180 A008 BRA TO END POOL 239 00000182 0009 NOP 240 00000184 00018000 DATA FOR SOURCE LINE 217 8 241 00000188 00024000 DATA FOR SOURCE LINE 218 242 0000018C 00030000 DATA
60. When the condition is satisfied Rn is shifted to the right by 8 bits 8 is subtracted from SHIFT Condition SHIFT gt 4 When the condition is satisfied Rn is shifted to the right by 4 bits 4 is subtracted from SHIFT Condition SHIFT gt 2 when the condition is satisfied Rn is shifted to the right by 2 bits 2 is subtracted from SHIFT Condition SHIFT 1 When the condition is satisfied Rn is shifted to the right by 1 bit SHLR16 RO SHLR8 RO SHLR2 RO SHLR RO When the condition is satisfied Rn is shifted to the right by 16 bits When the condition is satisfied Rn is shifted to the right by 8 bits When the condition is satisfied Rn is shifted to the right by 2 bits When the condition is satisfied Rn is shifted to the right by 1 bit Rev 4 0 09 98 page 214 of 391 HITACHI ASSIGNC Character Preprocessor Variable Definition Redefinition Is Possible Syntax lt preprocessor variable gt A ASSIGNCA lt character string gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter the name of the preprocessor variable 2 Operation Enter the ASSIGNC mnemonic 3 Operands Enter the character string enclosed with double quotation marks Description 1 ASSIGNC is the assembler directive that defines a character string for a character preprocessor variable The syntax of character preprocessor variables is the same as that for symbols A character preprocessor variable can be
61. co when negative 841 Message OPERAND UNDERFLOW Error description Floating point data underflows Recovery procedure Modify the value Supplement The assembler assumes 0 when the value is negative and 0 when negative 842 Message OPERAND DENORMALIZED Error description Denormalized numbers are specified for floating point data Recovery procedure Check and correct the floating point data Supplement The assembler creates the object code according to the specification sets denormalized numbers 850 Message ILLEGAL SYMBOL DEFINITION Error description Recovery procedure Symbol specified in label field Remove the symbol Rev 4 0 09 98 page 365 of 391 HITACHI Table D 3 Source Program Warning Messages cont 851 Message MACRO SERIAL NUMBER OVERFLOW Error description Macro generation counter exceeded 99 999 Recovery procedure Reduce the number of macro calls 852 Message UNNECESSARY CHARACTER Error description Characters appear after the operands Recovery procedure Correct the operand s 854 Message AWHILE ABORTED BY ALIMIT Error description Expansion count has reached the maximum value specified by ALIMIT directive and expansion has been terminated Recovery procedure Check the condition for iterated expansion 870 Message ILLEGAL DISPLACEMENT VALUE Error description Illegal displacement value Either the displacement value is not an even number when the operation size is wor
62. code No specification Japanese characters in character strings and comments are interpreted as Japanese code specified by the host machine 2 Do not specify this option together with the SJIS option Reference EUC code Programmer s Guide 1 4 2 Character Constants Rev 4 0 09 98 page 321 of 391 HITACHI OUTCODE Specification of Japanese Code for Output to Object File Syntax OUTCODE lt Japanese code gt lt Japanese code gt SJIS EUC The abbreviated form is indicated by bold face Description 1 The OUTCODE option converts Japanese characters in the source file to the specified Japanese kanji code for output to the object file 2 The Japanese code output to the object file depends on the OUTCODE specification and the code SJIS or EUC in the source file as follows _ OUTCODE Japanese Code in Source File Specification SJIS EUC No Specification SJIS Shift JIS code Shift JIS code Shift JIS code EUC EUC code EUC code EUC code No specification Shift JIS code EUC code Default code Default code is as follows Host Machine Default Code SPARC station EUC code HP9000 700 series Shift JIS code PC9800 series Shift JIS code IBM PC and its compatible machine Reference Japanese code in the source file User s Guide 2 2 7 Japanese Character Description Command Line Options SJIS User s Guide 2 2 7 Japanese Character Description Com
63. symbolic debug information 171 symbolic debug information output 171 system control instruction 72 75 77 79 82 84 T target CPU 106 283 288 TAS 70 term 31 TRAPA 66 72 85 TST 66 70 U underflow boundary 22 upper lower case letter distinction 337 Vv VBR 16 68 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 390 of 391 HITACHI XDATA 147 X data move instruction 93 102 XO 16 96 101 X 16 96 101 XDn
64. 1 1 Table 1 2 Table 1 3 Table 1 4 Table 1 5 Table 1 6 Table 1 7 Table 3 1 Table 3 2 Table 3 3 Table 3 4 Table 3 5 Table 3 6 Table 3 7 Table 3 8 Table 3 9 Table 3 10 Table 3 11 Table 4 1 Table 4 2 Table 4 3 Table 4 4 Table 4 5 Table 4 6 Table 4 7 Table 4 8 Table 4 9 Table 5 1 Table 9 1 Table 9 2 Table 9 3 Table 10 1 Table 10 2 Floating Point Data Types cs ccsssssscccnsesssscssnsesstscvonsetsrecconsesssscsonsernsscosnnessns 22 Data Types and Numerical Value Ranges Absolute Value 0 cee eee 23 Data Format S120 ise mese spans esa pe ae apane eE E r espai 24 Floating Point Representation for Each Data Type eeesssesseeeesserseessrsreeresreereseees 25 Operators sored oy a r Stages a n Gheasesaet ae traghsues Seeon atte A E A cease Geeta 31 Operator Precedence and Association Rules 0 0 0 0 cece ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeereeeeeeeeeseeaees 33 Even Odd Operations i cisse se peicesbesdcsas iere i aeoea a e eii Sesen E 38 Addressing Modes sc ccscssscsecsetysssetice soot seesesespeesceedtaansebigestesssebsegedssastetspasesebbaecdsts 62 Allowed Displacement Values ccceccesecesecssecneeceeeneseeeeeeeeeeeeseceseesseeesecaeenaes 64 Allowed Immediate Values 2 0 cceeeeccescesecesecesecesecseecaeecseseeeseeeseeeeeeeneeenseensees 66 SH 1 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations 0 eee 67 SH 2 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations 0 eee 73 SH 2E Executable Ins
65. 11 shows the relationship between the delayed branch instructions and the delay slot instructions Rev 4 0 09 98 page 84 of 391 HITACHI Table 3 11 Relationship between Delayed Branch Instructions and Delay Slot Instructions Delayed Branch Delay Slot BF S BT S BRAF BSRF BRA BSR JMP JSR RTS RTE BF x x x x x x x x x x BT x x x x x x x x x x BF S x x x x x x x x x x BT S x x x x x x x x x x BRAF x x x x x x x x x x BSRF x x x x x x x x x x BRA x x x x x x x x x x BSR x x x x x x x x x x JMP x x x x x x x x x x JSR x x x x x x x x x x RTS x x x x x x x x x x RTE x x x x x x x x x x TRAPA x x x x x x x x x x LDC Rn SR i 1 1 1 1 1 i 4 Rn SR 1 1 1 1 1 i i 4 MOV disp PC Rn 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 symbol Rn 2 2 x x 2 2 x x x x MOVA disp PC RO 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 symbol RO 2 2 x x 2 2 x x x x Extended MOV L imm Rn x x x x x x x x x x instructions MOV W imm Rn x x x x x x x x x x MOVA imm RO x x x x x x x x x x Any other instruction O O O O O O O O O O Symbol meanings O Normal i e the assembler generates the specified object code x Error 150 or 151 The instruction specified is inappropriate as a delay slot instruction The assembler generates object code with a NOP instruction H 0009 Notes 1 Operates normally when the CPU type is SH 1 SH 2 SH 2E or SH DSP 2 Any other CPU type will cause error 150 or 151 to occur
66. 2 2 3 Assemble Listing Command Line Options SHOW NOSHOW LIST directive statements themselves are not output on the source program listing Rev 4 0 09 98 page 182 of 391 HITACHI LIST Coding Example LIST NOCOND NODEF This statement controls source program MACRO SHLRN COUNT RA listing output SHIFT ASSIGNA COUNT SHIFT SHIFT SHIFT SHIFT gt bm HD b obou gt b obou gt BoP MD AIF amp SHIFT GE 16 SHLR16 Rd ASSIGNA amp SHIFT 16 AENDI IF amp SHIFT GE 8 HLR8 Rd SSIGNA amp SHIFT 8 ENDI IF amp SHIFT GE 4 HLR2 Rd HLR2 Rd SSIGNA amp SHIFT 4 ENDI IF amp SHIFT GE 2 HLR2 Rd SSIGNA amp SHIFT 2 ENDI IF amp SHIFT GE 1 HLR Rd ENDI DM HLRN 23 R0 These statements define a general purpose multiple bit shift procedure as a macro instruction Macro call HITACHI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 183 of 6 LIST Source Listing Output of Coding Example The LIST directive suppresses the output of the macro definition ASSIGNA and ASSIGNC directive statements and AIF and AIFDEF condition failed statements 31 31 32 32 SHLRN 23 R0 33 35 36 AIF 23 GE 16 37 00000000 4029 SHLR16 RO 39 AENDI 40 41 AIF 7 GE 8 45 46 AIF 7 GE 4 47 00000002 4009 C SHLR2 RO 48 00000004 4009 C SHLR2 RO 50 AENDI 51 52 AIF 3 GE 2 53 00000006 4009 C SHLR2 RO
67. 3 OV L H FFFF0000 RO 4 0000F002 9103 4 OV W H FFOO R1 5 0000F004 D203 5 OV L CD1_START R2 6 0000F006 E3FF 6 ov H FF R3 7 0000F008 000B 7 RTS 8 0000F00A 6A03 8 ov RO R10 i 9 kx xk BEGIN POOL i 10 0000F00C FFOO DATA FOR SOURCE LINE 4 11 0000F00E 0000 ALIGNMENT CODE 12 0000F010 FFFF0000 DATA FOR SOURCE LINE 3 13 0000F014 0000F000 DATA FOR SOURCE LINE 5 i ial KKK END POO i kk xx f 15 9 END Rev 4 0 09 98 page 261 of 391 HITACHI 9 4 2 Literal Pool Output to the POOL Location If literal pool output location after unconditional branches is not available within the valid displacement range because the program has a small number of unconditional branches the assembler outputs error 402 In this case a POOL directive must be specified within the valid displacement range The valid displacement range is as follows e Word size operation 0 to 511 bytes e Longword size operation 0 to 1023 bytes When a literal pool is output to a POOL location a branch instruction is also inserted to jump over the literal pool An example of literal pool output is shown on the following page Rev 4 0 09 98 page 262 of 391 HITACHI Source program SECTION CD1 CODE LOCATE H 0000F000 CD1_START MOV L H FFFFOOO0 RO MOV W H FFOO RI1 MOV L CD1_START R2 MOV H FF R3 POOL EE SEND a 2 c
68. 391 HITACHI SUBSTR Character Substring Extraction Syntax SUBSTR A lt character string gt lt start position gt lt extraction length gt Description 1 SUBSTR extracts from the specified character string a substring starting at the specified start position of the specified length SUBSTR is replaced with the extracted character string enclosed with double quotation marks Character strings are specified by enclosing the desired characters in double quotation marks To specify a double quotation mark in a character string enter two double quotation marks in succession The value of the extraction start position must be 0 or greater The value of the extraction length must be 1 or greater If illegal or inappropriate values are specified for the lt start position gt or lt extraction length gt parameters this function is replaced with a space Macro formal parameters and preprocessor variables can be specified in the character string and as the start position and extraction length parameters as shown below SUBSTR lt formal parameter gt SUBSTR amp lt preprocessor variable gt Note When using a Japanese environment use instead of This function can only be used within a macro body between the MACRO and ENDM directives Rev 4 0 09 98 page 254 of 391 HITACHI SUBSTR Coding Example MACRO RES
69. 69 CMP GT 69 CMP HI 69 CMPIHS 69 CMP PL 69 CMP PZ 69 CMP STR 69 code section 45 code section declaration 109 coding coding of source statement 13 coding of source statements across multiple lines 15 94 coding of symbol 18 COLUMNS 307 command line 281 command line option 285 comment 12 14 61 comment in macro 246 comment of source statements across multiple lines
70. 96 101 MAC 69 73 MACH 16 68 MACL 16 68 MACTO 235 character string manipulation function 246 249 comments in MaCTO 246 macro body 243 macro call 247 macro definition 235 238 macro expansion termination 241 macro function 235 macro function directive 237 macro generation number 244 macro name 238 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 383 of 391 HITACHI macro replacement processing exclusion 245 MACRO 238 maximum count specificati
71. A is H 41 S The ASCII code for B is H 42 The ASCII code for is H 22 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 141 of 391 HITACHI FDATA Floating Point Data Reservation Syntax lt symbol gt A FDATA operation size A lt floating point data gt lt floating point data gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter a reference symbol if required 2 Operation Mnemonic Enter FDATA mnemonic Operation size Specifier Data Size S Single precision 4 bytes D Double precision 8 bytes The shaded section indicates the default value when the specifier is omitted The specifier determines the size of the reserved data Single precision is used when the specifier is omitted 3 Operands Enter the values to be reserved as data Description 1 FDATA is the assembler directive that reserves floating point data in memory Reference Floating point data Programmer s Guide 1 4 3 Floating Point Constants Rev 4 0 09 98 page 142 of 391 HITACHI FDATA Coding Example ALIGN 4 This statement adjusts the value of the location counter X FDATA S F 1 234S This statement reserves a 4 byte area 3F9DF3B6 F 1 234S FDATA S H 7F800000 S This statement reserves a 4 byte area 7F800000 H F800000 S FDATA D F 4 32D 1 This statement reserves an 8 byte area 3FDBA5E353F7CED9 F 4 32D 1 ETENN a EE EAEAN NEA N
72. Description 1 The SHOW option specifies output of preprocessor function source statements and object code lines in the source program listing The NOSHOW option suppresses output of specified preprocessor function source statements and object code display lines in the source program listing The items specified by output types will be output or suppressed depending on the option When no output type is specified all items will be output or suppressed SHOW Output NOSHOW No output suppress Rev 4 0 09 98 page 304 of 391 HITACHI 3 The following output types can be specified SHOW NOSHOW Output Type Object Description CONDITIONALS Failed condition Condition failed AIF or AIFDEF statements DEFINITIONS Definition Macro definition parts AREPEAT and AWHILE definition parts INCLUDE directive statements ASSIGNA and ASSSIGNC directive statements CALLS Call Macro call statements AIF AIFDEF and AENDI directive statements EXPANSIONS Expansion Macro expansion statements AREPEAT and AWHILE expansion statements CODE Object code lines The object code lines exceeding the source statement lines References Source program listing output Programmer s Guide 5 2 7 Assemble Listing Assembler Directives PRINT User s Guide 2 2 3 Assemble Listing Command Line Options LIST NOLIST SOURCE NOSOURCE Relationship with Assembler Directives The assembler gives pri
73. ENA EEEE A MS E EN EA A PE NE AS AE AN OE ee As Ae eg ee ee A eS Explanatory Figure for the Coding Example Memory Address symbol X 3F 9D F3 B6 7F 80 00 00 3F DB AS E3_ 53 F7 CE D9 4 bytes Rev 4 0 09 98 page 143 of 391 HITACHI FDATAB Floating Point Data Block Reservation Syntax lt symbol gt A FDATAB operation size A lt block count gt lt floating point data gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter a reference symbol if required 2 Operation Mnemonic Enter FDATAB mnemonic Operation size Specifier Data Size S Single precision 4 bytes D Double precision 8 bytes The shaded section indicates the default value when the specifier is omitted The specifier determines the size of the reserved data Single precision is used when the specifier is omitted 3 Operands First operand block count Enter the number of times the data value is repeated as the first operand Second operand floating point data Enter the floating point data to be reserved as the second operand Description 1 FDATAB is the assembler directive that reserves the specified number of floating point data items consecutively in memory Rev 4 0 09 98 page 144 of 391 HITACHI FDATAB 2 The block count must be specified as follows The specification must be an absolute value and Forward reference symbols expor
74. FILE SPECIFIED There is no input source file specified Specify an input source file 20 Message CANNOT OPEN FILE lt file name gt Meaning The specified file cannot be opened Recovery procedure Check and correct the file name and directory 30 Message INVALID COMMAND PARAMETER Meaning The command line options are not correct Recovery procedure Check and correct the command line options 40 Message CANNOT ALLOCATE MEMORY Meaning All available memory is used up during processing Recovery procedure This error only occurs when the amount of available user memory is extremely small If there is other processing occurring at the same time as assembly interrupt that processing and restart the assembler If the error still occurs check and correct the memory management employed on the host system 50 Message COMPLETED FILE NAME TOO LONG lt file name gt Meaning The file name including the directory is too long Recovery procedure Supplement Shorten the total length of the file name and directory path It is possible that the object module output by the assembler after this error has occurred will not be usable with the debugger Rev 4 0 09 98 page 349 of 391 HITACHI Table D 2 Source Program Error Messages General Source Program Syntax Errors 100 Message OPERATION TOO COMPLEX Error description Too complex operation Recovery procedure Simplify the expression for the operat
75. L CMP PZ Rn x x O L CMP PL Rn x x O L CMP STR Rn Rm x x O L DIV1 Rn Rm x x O L DIVOS Rn Rm x x O L DIVOU no operands x x x EXTS Rn Rm O O x W EXTU Rn Rm O O x W MAC Rn Rm x O x WwW MULS Rn Rm x O O L MULU Rn Rm x O O L i NEG Rn Rm x x O L NEGC Rn Rm x x O L SUB Rn Rm x x O L SUBC Rn Rm x x O L SUBV Rn Rm x x O L Note The object code generated when W is specified is the same as that generated when L is specified Rev 4 0 09 98 page 69 of 391 HITACHI Table 3 4 3 Logic Operation Instructions Operation Sizes SH 1 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 3 Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B Ww L Omitted AND Rn Rm x x O L AND imm RO x x O L AND imm R0 GBR O x x B NOT Rn Rm x x O L OR Rn Rm x x O L OR imm RO x x O L OR imm R0 GBR O x x B TAS Rn O x x B TST Rn Rm x x O L TST imm RO x x O L TST imm R0 GBR O x x B XOR Rn Rm x x O L XOR imm RO x x O L XOR imm R0 GBR O x x B Rev 4 0 09 98 page 70 of 391 HITACHI Table 3 4 SH 1 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 4 4 Shift Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B Ww L Omitted ROTL Rn x x O L ROTR Rn x x O L ROTCL Rn x x O L ROTCR Rn x x O L SHAL Rn x x O L SHAR Rn x x O L SHLL Rn x x O L SHLR Rn x x O L SHLL2 Rn x x O L SHLR2 Rn x x O L SHLL8 Rn x x O L SHLR
76. Macro Function 20 0 eeeeeeeeeeseeceseeeenceceeeeenceceseeeeneeceueeseaeeceaeeeeneecsaeeesnees 235 8 2 Macro Function Directives esis adia da a i ea a s i aes 237 ACRO e ENDM arre anae eane ee Eeer nee EEEN EE senses e EE E O A NEEE e STES 238 D A A N E EA E ES T E E EE 241 8 3 MAaCIO Bod ve e a a E E EE N ERa 243 84 Macro Callens o e E T R EE A E eects fovea E RE eo RERS 247 8 5 Character String Manipulation Functions esseesseeeeseeseeresesreeresreerssrerrsrerrenrsreeresrenesseeees 249 HEN ne a i ee I EES Goa 250 PEINS AN S A A E T E A E E ntnadeumecs ees 252 SUB OP Raa sts E a E E E E A 254 Section9 Automatic Literal Pool Generation Function sessssissesessesireessssrreees 257 9 1 Overview of Automatic Literal Pool Generation esseesseessessseseseseserssrtesressressresessessee 257 9 2 Extended Instructions Related to Automatic Literal Pool Generation eseeeeeeeeeeees 258 9 3 Size Mode for Automatic Literal Pool Generation ee ceeeeeesceceeeeeececeseeeeneeceseeeeneeens 258 QA Etera POO Outputs a estgunew tide di bade Rus E A teams AER 260 9 4 1 Literal Pool Output after Unconditional Branch oo eee cece cesecneecneeeeeene 261 9 4 2 Literal Pool Output to the POOL Location 0 eee ee cess ceseceseceseenseceeeneeees 262 Od Literal Sharing i438 ots saree Asi ts esl ecto Reis eae Sos eee eae 264 9 6 Literal Pool Output Suppression erine ninen E a E a S 266 9 7 Notes on Automatic Lite
77. Operators Where values must be determined at assembly the multiplication and division operators cannot take terms that contain relative values values which are not determined until the end of the linkage process as their operands Example IMPORT SYM DATA SYM 10 Correctly assembled ORG SYM 10 An error will occur Also a divisor of 0 cannot be used with the division operator 3 Logic Operators The logic operators cannot take terms that contain relative values as their operands Reference Relative values Programmer s Guide 2 2 Absolute and Relative Values Rev 4 0 09 98 page 39 of 391 HITACHI 1 7 Character Strings Character strings are sequences of character data The following ASCII characters can be used in character strings ASCII code H 09 tab H 20 space to H 7E tilde A single character in a character string has as its value the ASCII code for that character and is represented as a byte sized data object In addition Japanese kana and kanji characters in shift JIS code or EUC code can be used When using Japanese characters in shift JIS code or EUC code be sure to specify the SJIS or EUC command line option respectively If not specified Japanese characters are handled as the Japanese code specified by the host machine Character strings must be written enclosed in double quotation marks Use two double quotation marks in succession to indicate a single double quotatio
78. Source file This is a source program file If a source program file is specified without the file format the file format src will be supplied e Object file This is an output destination file for object modules If an object file is specified without the file format the file format obj will be supplied If an object file is not specified to the assembler a file with the same name as the source file the first file and with the file format obj will be used e Listing file This is an output destination file for assemble listings If a listing file is specified without the file format the extension lis will be supplied If a listing file is not specified to the assembler a file with the same name as the source file the first file and with the file format lis will be used Rev 4 0 09 98 page 282 of 391 HITACHI 13 SHCPU Environment Variable The assembler assembles the program for the CPU specified by the SHCPU environment variable The following shows how to specify the environment variable For UNIX e C Shell setenv SHCPU lt target CPU gt e Bourne Korn Shell SHCPU lt target CPU gt export SHCPU For Windows 95 and Windows NT SET SHCPU lt target CPU gt The target CPU can be selected from SH1 SH2 SH2E SH3 SH3E SH4 SHDSP and SH3DSP The priority of target CPU specification is in the order of CPU CPU directive and SHCPU environment variable Note Be sure to specify this environment
79. a symbol as an import symbol it is necessary to declare it to be an export symbol and also to declare it to be an import symbol Export symbols are declared in the file in which they are defined using either the EXPORT or the GLOBAL directive Import symbols are declared in the file in which they are referenced using either the IMPORT or the GLOBAL directive Coding Example In this example a symbol defined in file A is referenced from file B File A GLOBAL x This statement declares X to be an export symbol X EQU H 10000000 This statement defines X File B GLOBAL X This statement declares X to be an import symbol ALIGN 4 DATA L X This statement references X Rev 4 0 09 98 page 166 of 391 HITACHI 5 2 6 Object Module Assembler Directives This assembler provides the following assembler directives concerned with object modules OUTPUT Controls object module and debug information output DEBUG Controls the output of symbolic debug information ENDIAN Selects big endian or little endian LINE Changes line number Rev 4 0 09 98 page 167 of 391 HITACHI OUTPUT Object Module Output Control Syntax A OUTPUTA lt output specifier gt lt output specifier gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the COUTPUT mnemonic
80. as valid values 2 The object code differs when denormalized numbers are specified as valid values ON and invalid values OFF Valid Warning number 842 occurs and the object code is output Invalid Warning number 841 occurs and zero is output for the object code 3 When the DENORMALIZE option is not specified whether the denormalized numbers are valid depends on the CPU type as follows CPU Type Valid Invalid SH 1 Valid ON SH 2 Valid ON SH 2E Invalid OFF SH 3 Valid ON SH 3E Invalid OFF SH 4 Invalid OFF SH DSP Valid ON SH3 DSP Valid ON Rev 4 0 09 98 page 332 of 391 HITACHI DENORMALIZE CAUTION When the CPU type is SH 2E or SH 3E and denormalized numbers are specified as valid warning number 818 occurs at the first floating point data assembler directive in the source program and object code is output with the denormalized numbers handled as valid values as specified Reference Denormalized numbers Programmer s Guide 1 4 3 Floating Point Constants Rev 4 0 09 98 page 333 of 391 HITACHI Appendix Appendix A Limitations and Notes on Programming distinction Table A 1 Limitations and Notes on Programming No Item Limitation 1 Character types ASCII characters shift JIS code EUC code 2 Upper lowercase letter Symbols including section names Object module names Distinguished Reserved words Executable instruction mnemoni
81. in a data dummy or stack section the assembler only adjusts the value of the location counter and does not fill in any object code in memory Coding Example n DAT DAT DAT ECTION ALIGN DAT A W ALIGN P code Wt T 1 Wt 22 EPS 33 2 This statement adjusts the value of the location H 4444 counter to be a multiple of 2 4 This statement adjusts the value of the location H 55555555 counter to be a multiple of 4 below 4 byte Explanatory Figure for the Coding Example boundary This example assumes that the byte sized integer data H 11 is originally located at the i 4 byte boundary address The assembler will insert the filler data as shown in the figure Memory H 11 H 22 H 33 H 09 H4444 H0009 H 55555555 Codes filled in by the assembler v 3 4 bytes Rev 4 0 09 98 page 117 of 391 HITACHI 5 2 3 Symbol Handling Assembler Directives This assembler provides the following assembler directives concerned with symbols EQU Sets a symbol value ASSIGN Sets and resets a symbol value REG Defines the alias of a register name FREG Defines a floating point register name Rev 4 0 09 98 page 118 of 391 HITACHI EQU Symbol Value Setting Resetting Not Allowed Syntax lt symbol gt A EQUA lt symbol value gt
82. line count setting 185 306 assemble listing output control 179 296 assemble listing output example 341 assembler 3 6 assembler directive 12 103 assembler directive mnemonic 103 assembly language source program 4 6 7 ASSIGN 121 ASSIGN A 212 ASSIGNA 311 ASSIGNC 215 ASSIGNC 313 AUTO_LITERAL 324 AWHILE 226 I 101 ON 101 ON 100 101 B B 19 backward 53 backward reference
83. lines on a page is given by LINES no specification FORM LIN lt line count gt The number of lines on a page is given by FORM no specification The number of lines on a page is 60 lines Rev 4 0 09 98 page 306 of 391 HITACHI COLUMNS Setting of the Number of Columns in the Assemble Listing Syntax COLUMNS lt column count gt The abbreviated form is indicated by bold face Description 1 The COLUMNS option sets the number of columns in a single line of the assemble listing The range of valid values for the column count is from 79 to 255 2 The COLUMNS option is only valid in cases where an assemble listing is being output References Assemble listing output Programmer s Guide 5 2 7 Assemble Listing Assembler Directives PRINT User s Guide 2 2 3 Assemble Listing Command Line Options LIST NOLIST Relationship with Assembler Directives The assembler gives priority to specifications made with command line options Command Line Option Assembler Directive Result COLUMNS regardless of any specification The number of columns in a line lt column count gt is given by COLUMNS no specification FORM COL lt column count gt The number of columns in a line is given by FORM no specification The number of columns in a line is 132 columns Rev 4 0 09 98 page 307 of 391 HITACHI 2 2 4 File Inclusion Function Command Line Option This as
84. names are the names assigned to macro instructions Rev 4 0 09 98 page 238 of 391 HITACHI MACRO ENDM Formal parameters Formal parameters are specified so that parts of the macro body can be replaced by specific parameters at expansion time Formal parameters are replaced with the character strings macro parameters specified at macro expansion macro call Formal parameter syntax The syntax for formal parameters is the same as that for symbols A formal parameter can be defined with up to 32 characters and uppercase and lowercase letters are distinguished Formal parameter reference Formal parameters are used referenced at the part to be replaced in the macro body The syntax of formal parameter reference in macro bodies is as follows lt formal parameter name gt To clearly distinguish the formal parameter name from the rest of the source statement an apostrophe can be added Note When using a Japanese environment use instead of Formal parameter defaults Defaults for formal parameters can be specified in macro definitions The default specifies the character string to replace the formal parameter when the corresponding macro parameter is omitted in a macro call The default must be enclosed with double quotation marks or angle brackets lt gt if any of the following characters are included in the default Space Tab Comma Semicolon
85. not output no specification OUTPUT OBJ An object module is output OUTPUT NOOBJ An object module is not output no specification An object module is output Rev 4 0 09 98 page 291 of 391 HITACHI DEBUG NODEBUG Debug Information Output Control Syntax DEBUG NODEBUG The abbreviated forms are indicated by bold face Description 1 The DEBUG option specifies output of debug information The NODEBUG option specifies no output of debug information 2 The DEBUG and NODEBUG options are only valid in cases where an object module is being output 3 To output debug information the assembler automatically generates a directory with the name dwfinf under the directory to which the object file is output and outputs a supplement debugging information ELF DWARF supplement information file whose file name is the same as the object file and whose file format is dwi References Object module output Programmer s Guide 5 2 6 Object Module Assembler Directives OUTPUT User s Guide 2 2 2 Object Module Command Line Options OBJECT NOOBJECT Relationship with Assembler Directives The assembler gives priority to specifications made with command line options Command Line Option Assembler Directive Result DEBUG regardless of any specification Debug information is output NODEBUG regardless of any specification Debug information is not output
86. of literal pools within a loop Therefore even when an unconditional branch is used in a loop no literal pool is generated If a POOL directive is used in a loop the assembler outputs a warning message and ignores the POOL directive Instruction Immediately before Loop If three or fewer instructions are to be repeated the instruction immediately before the loop must be an executable instruction or a DSP instruction Therefore when three or fewer instructions are to be repeated and if one of the following is located immediately before the start address of the loop the assembler outputs an error e Assembler directives that reserve a data item or a data area or ORG directive DATA DATAB SDATA SDATAB SDATAC SDATAZ FDATA FDATAB XDATA RES SRES SRESC SRESZ FRES or ORG e Literal pool generated by the automatic literal pool output function If an unconditional branch instruction and a delay slot instruction are located immediately before a loop or if a POOL directive is located immediately before a loop a literal pool may be automatically generated To prevent literal pool generation before a loop use a NOPOOL directive immediately after the delay slot instruction Rev 4 0 09 98 page 277 of 391 HITACHI One alignment byte generated by an ALIGN directive When an ALIGN directive is used immediately after an odd address before a loop one alignment byte may be generated for example ALIGN 4 is specified
87. or import symbol is specified as immediate data the linkage editor checks the value in the rage from H FFFFFFCO to H 0000003F 64 to 63 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 96 of 391 HITACHI Combination of Multiple DSP Operation Instructions The PADD instruction and the PMULS instruction or the PSUB instruction and the PMULS instruction can be specified in combination Each of these two combinations is basically one DSP instruction The PADD or PSUB operand and a PMULS operand are separately described so that programs can be read easily Example PADD A0 M0 A0 PMULS X0 Y0 MO NOPX MOVY W R6 YO PSUB A1 M1 A1 PMULS X1 Y1 M1 MOVX R4 X0 NOPY Note Warning 701 is displayed if the same register is specified as the destination registers when multiple DSP operation instructions are specified in combination Example PADD A0 M0 A0 PMULS X0 Y0 A0 Warning 701 Conditional DSP Operation Instructions Conditional DSP operation instructions specify if the program is executed according to the DC bit of the DSR register DCT When the DC bit is 1 the instruction is executed DCF When the DC bit is 0 the instruction is executed Conditional DSP operation instructions are the following PADD PAND PCLR PCOPY PDEC PDMSB PINC PLDS PNEG POR PSHA PSHL PSTS PSUB PXOR DSP Operation Instruction List Table 4 5 lists DSP operation instructions For the registers that can be specified as Sx Sy Dz Du Se
88. procedure Check and correct the operands and comment 304 Message LACKING OPERANDS Error description Too few operands Recovery procedure Correct the operands 307 Message ILLEGAL ADDRESSING MODE Error description Illegal addressing mode in operand Recovery procedure Correct the operand 308 Message SYNTAX ERROR IN OPERAND Error description Syntax error in operand Recovery procedure Correct the operand 309 Message FLOATING POINT REGISTER MISMATCH Error description Recovery procedure DSP Instruction Errors 350 Message Error description Recovery procedure A double precision floating point register is specified for a single precision operation or a single precision floating point register is specified for a double precision operation Correct the operation size or the floating point register SYNTAX ERROR IN SOURCE STATEMENT lt mnemonic gt There are syntax error s in the DSP instruction statement Correct the source statement Rev 4 0 09 98 page 352 of 391 HITACHI Table D 2 Source Program Error Messages cont 351 Message ILLEGAL COMBINATION OF MNEMONICS lt mnemonic gt lt mnemonic gt Error description Illegal combination of DSP operation instruction is specified Recovery procedure Correct the combination of DSP operation instructions 352 Message ILLEGAL CONDITION lt mnemonic gt Error description Illegal condition for DSP operation instruction is speci
89. term2 GE term1 gt term2 LE terml lt term2 Note Numeric values are handled as 32 bit signed integers For character strings only EQ and NE conditions can be used Rev 4 0 09 98 page 227 of 391 HITACHI AWHILE AENDW Coding Example This example is a multiply and accumulate operation TblSiz ASSIGNA 50 TblSiz Data table size MOV A_Tb11 R1 R1 Start address of data table 1 MOV A_Tb12 R2 R2 Start address of data table 2 CLRMAC MAC register initialization AWHILE amp TblSiz GT 0 MAC W RO R1 THlS3z ASSIGNA amp Tb1Siz 1 AENDW STS MACL RO r r While TblSiz is larger than 0 this statement is iteratively assembled 1 is subtracted from TblSiz The result is obtained in RO Rev 4 0 09 98 page 228 of 391 HITACHI AERROR Error Generation During Preprocessor Expansion Syntax A AERROR Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the AERROR mnemonic 3 Operands The operand field is not used Description 1 When the AERROR directive is assembled error 667 is generated and the assembler is terminated with an error 2 The AERROR directive can be used to check values such as preprocessor variables Rev 4 0 09 98 page 229 of 391 HITACHI AERROR Coding Example AIF amp FLG EQ 1 MOV R1 R10 MOV R2 R11 AERROR When amp FLG i
90. that reserves integer data in memory 2 Arbitrary values including relative values and forward reference symbols can be used to specify the integer data Rev 4 0 09 98 page 128 of 391 HITACHI DATA 3 The range of values that can be specified as integer data varies with the operation size Operation Size Integer Data Range B H 00000000 to H 000000FF 0 to 255 H FFFFFF80 to H FFFFFFFF 128 to 1 w H 00000000 to H 0000FFFF 0 to 65 535 H FFFF8000 to H FFFFFFFF 32 768 to 1 L H 00000000 to H 7FFFFFFF 0 to 4 294 967 295 H 80000000 to H FFFFFFFF 2 147 483 648 to 1 Note Numbers in parentheses are decimal Coding Example Cai ALIGN 4 This statement adjusts the value of the location counter X DATA L H 11111111 A DATA W H 2222 H 3333 These statements reserve integer data DATA B H 44 H 55 Cai PENE a one ee See OS See eee SASS Bee eet See See ERE AEE SESE E ee ee ee eee ee oe as Explanatory Figure for the Coding Example Memory Address symbol X 11 11 11 1i 22 22 33 33 44 55 4 bytes Note The data in this figure is hexadecimal i HITACHI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 129 of 391 DATAB Integer Data Block Reservation Syntax lt symbol gt A DATAB lt operation size gt A lt block count gt lt integer data gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter a reference symbol if required
91. the assembler will set a default implicit object module name The default object module name is the file name of the object file the object module output destination Example Object file name PROG obj Object module name PROG Reference User s Guide 1 2 File Specification Format The object module name can be the same as a symbol used in the program Coding Example PROGRAM PROGI This statement sets the object module name to be PROG1 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 195 of 391 HITACHI RADIX Default Integer Constant Radix Setting Syntax A RADIXA lt radix specifier gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the RADIX mnemonic 3 Operands radix specifier Radix Specifier Radix of Integer Constants with No Radix Specification B Binary Q Octal D Decimal H Hexadecimal The shaded section indicates the default setting when the specifier is omitted This specifier sets the radix base for integer constants with no radix specification Description 1 RADIX is the assembler directive that sets the radix base for integer constants with no radix specification 2 When there is no radix specification with the RADIX directive in a program integer constants with no radix specification are interpreted as decimal constants 3 If hexadecimal radix specifier H is specified as the radix for integer c
92. the repeat count OuterLoop RptStart RptE REPEAT RptStart RptEnd The LDRS and LDRE are expanded here MOV 10 RO PCLR PCLR MOVX PADD PCLR SETRC 16 YO AO R4 X1 MOVY R6 Y1 A0 Y0 Y0 PMULS X1 Y1 A0 AO AND RO R4 AND RO R6 DT RO BF OuterLoop Rev 4 0 09 98 page 276 of 391 HITACHI 10 5 Notes on the REPEAT Extended Instruction Start and End Addresses Only labels in the same section or local labels in the same local block can be specified as the start and end addresses The start address must come after be at a higher address than the REPEAT extended instruction The end address must come after be at a higher address than the start address Reference Local labels Programmer s Guide 1 8 Local Label Instructions Inside Loops e If one of the following assembler directives that reserve a data item or a data area or an ORG directive is used inside a loop the assembler outputs a warning message and counts the directive as one of the instructions to be repeated If an ALIGN directive is used inside a loop to adjust the boundary alignment the assembler outputs a warning message and counts the directive as one of the instructions to be repeated Directives generating a warning inside loops DATA DATAB SDATA SDATAB SDATAC SDATAZ FDATA FDATAB XDATA RES SRES SRESC SRESZ FRES ALIGN and ORG e The assembler stops automatic generation
93. to a preprocessor variable by the ASSIGNA option the definition of the preprocessor variable by ASSIGNA is invalidated Note When the host machine uses UNIX as the OS specify a backslash before the apostrophe of the radix If a preprocessor variable includes a dollar mark specify a backslash before the dollar mark Example asmsh aaa mar assigna _ S H FF UNIX Value H FF is assigned to preprocessor variable _ All references amp _ to preprocessor variable _ in the source program are set to H FF Rev 4 0 09 98 page 311 of 391 HITACHI ASSIGNA Reference ASSIGNA Programmer s Guide 7 2 Conditional Assembly Directive ASSIGNA Rev 4 0 09 98 page 312 of 391 HITACHI ASSIGNC Character Preprocessor Variable Definition Syntax ASSIGNC lt preprocessor variable gt lt character string gt lt preprocessor variable gt lt character string gt The abbreviated form is indicated by bold face Description 1 The ASSIGNC option sets a character string to a preprocessor variable 2 The naming rule of preprocessor variables is the same as that of symbols 3 A character string must be enclosed with double quotation marks 4 Up to 255 characters bytes can be specified for a character string Relationship with Assembler Directives Command Line Option Assembler Directive Result ASSIGNC ASSIGNC directive Character string specifie
94. to be referenced in other files IMPORT Declares import symbols This declaration allows symbols defined in other files to be referenced in the current file GLOBAL Declares export and import symbols This declaration allows symbols defined in the current file to be referenced in other files and allows symbols defined in other files to be referenced in the current file Rev 4 0 09 98 page 160 of 391 HITACHI EXPORT Export Symbols Declaration Syntax A EXPORTA lt symbol gt lt symbol gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the EXPORT mnemonic 3 Operands Enter the symbols to be declared as export symbols Description 1 EXPORT is the assembler directive that declares export symbols An export symbol declaration is required to reference symbols defined in the current file from other files 2 The following can be declared to be export symbols Constant symbols other than those defined with the ASSIGN directive Absolute address symbols other than address symbols in a dummy section Relative address symbols 3 To reference a symbol as an import symbol it is necessary to declare it to be an export symbol and also to declare it to be an import symbol Import symbols are declared in the file in which they are referenced using either the IMPORT or the GLOBAL directive Rev 4 0 09 98 page 161 of 3
95. to the use of the ORG assembler directive H 22222222 4 bytes Rev 4 0 09 98 page 115 of 391 HITACHI ALIGN Location Counter Value Correction Syntax A ALIGNA lt boundary alignment value gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used Operation Enter the ALIGN mnemonic Operands Enter the boundary alignment value Description Ls ALIGN is the assembler directive that corrects the location counter value to be a multiple of the boundary alignment value Executable instructions and data can be allocated on specific boundary values address multiples by using the ALIGN directive The boundary alignment value must be specified as follows The specification must be an absolute value and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification The values allowed for the boundary alignment value are powers of 2 e g 29 21 22 231 When ALIGN is used in a relative section the following must be satisfied Boundary alignment value specified by SECTION 2 Boundary alignment value specified by ALIGN Rev 4 0 09 98 page 116 of 391 HITACHI ALIGN When ALIGN is used in a code section the assembler inserts NOP instructions in the object code to adjust the value of the location counter Odd byte size areas are filled with H 09 Note This object code is not displayed in the assemble listing When ALIGN is used
96. 00 to 199 200 to 299 300 to 349 350 to 399 400 to 499 500 to 599 600 to 699 700 to 799 800 to 999 General source program syntax errors Errors in symbols Errors in operations and or operands Errors in DSP instructions Errors in expressions Errors in assembler directives Errors in file inclusion conditional assembly or macro function Warnings in DSP instructions General source program warnings Rev 4 0 09 98 page 347 of 391 HITACHI 3 Fatal Errors These are errors related to the assembler operating environment and can occur for example if the available memory is insufficient The assembler outputs a message to standard error output The format of these messages is as follows 2 line lt line number gt lt error number gt F lt message gt Example gt line 0 903 F LISTING FILE OUTPUT ERROR Notes 1 The assembler outputs the message to standard output when Windows 95 or Windows NT is used 2 The format is as follows when Windows 95 or Windows NT is used lt line number gt lt error number gt F lt message gt Example 0 903 F LISTING FILE OUTPUT ERROR Assembly processing is interrupted when a fatal error occurs Rev 4 0 09 98 page 348 of 391 HITACHI D 2 Error Message Tables Table D 1 10 Message Meaning Recovery procedure Command Error Messages NO INPUT
97. 09 data section 46 109 dummy section 48 109 memory location 50 section attribute 109 section boundary alignment value 109 section declaration 109 stack section 48 109 start and restart of section 110 111 SECTION 109 SECTION 302 section information listing 345 section information listing output control 302 section NaMe 16 54 109 section S et 32 section set operation 32 separate assembly 57 SETRC
98. 2 Notes on Executable Instructions 3 2 1 Notes on the Operation Size The operation size that can be specified vary with the mnemonic and the addressing mode combination SH 1 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Table 3 4 shows the SH 1 allowable executable instruction and operation size combinations Table 3 4 SH 1 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 1 1 Data Move Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B Ww L Omitted MOV imm Rn O A A B 4 MOV disp PC Rn x O O L MOV symbol Rn x O O L MOV Rn Rm x x O L MOV Rn Rm O O O L MOV Rn Rm O O O L MOV Rn Rm O O O L MOV Rn Rm O O O L MOV R0 disp Rn O O O L MOV Rn disp Rm x x O L 2 MOV disp Rn RO O O O L MOV disp Rn Rm x x O L 3 MOV Rn R0 Rm O O O L MOV R0 Rn Rm O O O L MOV RO disp GBR O O O L MOV disp GBR RO O O O L MOVA imm RO x x A L MOVA disp PC RO x x O L MOVA symbol RO x x O L Notes 1 to 3 See next page Rev 4 0 09 98 page 67 of 391 HITACHI Table 3 4 SH 1 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 1 cont 1 Data Move Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B Ww L Omitted MOVT Rn x x O L SWAP Rn Rm O x Ww XTRCT Rn Rm x x O L Symbol meanings Rn Rm RO SR GBR VBR MACH MACL PR i PC imm disp symbol xOrswD A A general registe
99. 271 272 2 from the start bit respectively n is the bit length of the fraction part Table 1 3 shows the size of each parameter in data format Table 1 3 Data Format Size Parameter Single Precision Double Precision Bit length 32 bits 64 bits Sign bit S 1 bit 1 bit Exponent part E 8 bits 11 bits Fraction part F 23 bits 52 bits Bias of exponent value 127 1023 A floating point number is represented using the symbols in table 1 3 as follows 1 F Normalized number E bias Ss gt Pa aaa 10 F Denormalized number 1 F 1 b0x 2 b1 x272 bna x2 0 F b0 x 27 b1 X 272 4 bn x27 b Bit location in the fraction part n Bit length of the fraction part Rev 4 0 09 98 page 24 of 391 HITACHI Table 1 4 shows the floating point representation for each data type NAN cannot be represented because it is not handled as a numerical value Table 1 4 Floating Point Representation for Each Data Type Data Type Single Precision Double Precision Denormalized number 1 8 27126 0 F 1 8 2 1022 0 F Zero 1 0 1 0 Infinity 1 1 8 Not a Number NAN quiet NAN signaling NAN quiet NAN signaling NAN Valid Range for Floating Point Constants When converting floating point constants used in assembler directives for reserving floating point numbers into object codes the assembler rounds them in the following two modes to set t
100. 28 to 1 WwW H 00000000 to H OOOOFFFF 0 to 65 535 H FFFF8000 to H FFFFFFFF 32 768 to 1 L H 00000000 to H 7FFFFFFF 0 to 4 294 967 295 H 80000000 to H FFFFFFFF Note Numbers in parentheses are decimal 2 147 483 648 to 1 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 131 of 391 HITACHI DATAB Coding Example ALIGN 4 This statement adjusts the value of the location counter X DATAB L 1 H 11111111 DATAB W 2 H 2222 This statement reserves two blocks of integer DATAB B 3 H 33 data Explanatory Figure for the Coding Example Memory Address symbol Xx 11 11 11 1i i 22 22 22 22 33 33 33 Note The data in this figure l S J is hexadecimal i Ka i 4 bytes i Rev 4 0 09 98 page 132 of 391 HITACHI SDATA Character String Data Reservation Syntax lt symbol gt A SDATAA lt character string gt lt character string gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter a reference symbol if required 2 Operation Enter the SDATA mnemonic 3 Operands Enter the character string s to be reserved Description 1 SDATA is the assembler directive that reserves character string data in memory Reference Character strings Programmer s Guide 1 7 Character Strings 2 A control character can be appended to a character string The syntax for this notation is as follows lt character string gt lt l
101. 4 SUBV 69 supplement debugging information file ELF DWARF supplement information 169 292 SWAP 68 SX 96 Sy 96 symbol 12 16 63 65 68 absolute address symbol 52 address symbol 16 coding of symbol 18 constant symbol 16 functions of symbol 16 internal symbol 18 replacement symbol 206 relative address symbol 52 symbol definition 53 symbol reference 55
102. 8 Rn x x O L SHLL16 Rn x x O L SHLR16 Rn x x O L Table 3 4 SH 1 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 5 5 Branch Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B W L Omitted BF symbol x x x BT symbol x x x BRA symbol x x x BSR symbol x x x JMP Rn x x x JSR Rn x x x RTS no operands x x x Rev 4 0 09 98 page 71 of 391 HITACHI Table 3 4 6 System Control Instructions Operation Sizes SH 1 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 6 Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B Ww L Omitted CLRT no operands x x x CLRMAC no operands x x x LDC Rn SR x x O L LDC Rn GBR x x O L LDC Rn VBR x x O L LDC Rn SR x x O L LDC Rn GBR x x O L LDC Rn VBR x x O L LDS Rn MACH x x O L LDS Rn MACL x x O L LDS Rn PR x x O L LDS Rn MACH x x O L LDS Rn MACL x x O L LDS Rn PR x x O L NOP no operands x x x RTE no operands x x x SETT no operands x x x SLEEP no operands x x x STC SR Rn x x O L STC GBR Rn x x O L STC VBR Rn x x O L STC SR Rn x x O L STC GBR Rn x x O L STC VBR Rn x x O L STS MACH Rn x x O L STS MACL Rn x x O L STS PR Rn x x O L STS MACH Rn x x O L STS MACL Rn x x O L STS PR Rn x x O L TRAPA imm x x O L Rev 4 0 09 98 page 72 of 391 HITACHI SH 2 Ex
103. 91 HITACHI EXPORT Coding Example In this example a symbol defined in file A is referenced from file B File A EXPORT x This statement declares X to be an export symbol X EQU H 10000000 This statement defines X File B IMPORT x This statement declares X to be an import symbol ALIGN 4 DATA L x This statement references X Rev 4 0 09 98 page 162 of 391 HITACHI IMPORT Import Symbols Declaration Syntax A IMPORTA lt symbol gt lt symbol gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the IMPORT mnemonic 3 Operands Enter the symbols to be declared as import symbols Description 1 IMPORT is the assembler directive that declares import symbols An import symbol declaration is required to reference symbols defined in another file 2 Symbols defined in the current file cannot be declared to be import symbols 3 To reference a symbol as an import symbol it is necessary to declare it to be an export symbol and also to declare it to be an import symbol Export symbols are declared in the file in which they are defined using either the EXPORT or the GLOBAL directive Rev 4 0 09 98 page 163 of 391 HITACHI IMPORT Coding Example In this example a symbol defined in file A is referenced from file B File A EXPORT x This state
104. A 6A03 7 OV RO R10 i 8 krx BEGLIN POOQL XA 4 9 0000F00C OOFF DATA FOR SOURCE LINE 3 5 10 0000F00E 0000 ALIGNMENT CODE 11 0000F010 000000FF DATA FOR SOURCE LINE 2 12 xx x X END POOL 13 8 END The contents of R3 is H 000000FF Rev 4 0 09 98 page 269 of 391 HITACHI Section 10 Automatic Repeat Loop Generation Function 10 1 Overview of Automatic Repeat Loop Generation Function In the SH DSP the start and end addresses of the repeat loop are set in the RS and RE registers by the LDRS and LDRE instructions The address settings differ depending on the number of instructions in the repeat loop When setting the address consider the relationship between the address and the number of instructions in the repeat loop shown in table 10 1 Table 10 1 Repeat Loop Instructions and Address Setting Two Three Four or more Register Name One Instruction Instructions Instructions Instructions RS s_addr0 8 s_addr0 6 s_addr0 4 s_addr RE s_addr0 4 s_addr0 4 s_addr0 4 e_addr3 4 s_addr0 Address of the instruction one instruction before the repeat loop start address s_addr Repeat loop start address e_addr3 Address of the instruction three instructions before the repeat loop end address The automatic repeat loop generation function automatically generates the PC relative instructions LDRS and LDRE and the SETRC instruction from a single instruction The LDRS and LDRE instructions transfer the repeat loop start and en
105. AT Rpt Rpt RO MOVX R4 X1 MOVY R6 Y1 Rpt PADD A0 Y0 Y0 PMULS X1 Y1 A0 MOVX R4 X1 MOVY R6 Y1 The above program has the same meaning as the following DRS RptStart0 8 E DRE RptStart0 4 SETRC RO RptStart0O MOVX R4 X1 MOVY R6 Y1 The label is not actually generated Rpt PADD A0 Y0 Y0 PMULS X1 Y1 A0 MOVX R4 X1 MOVY R6 Y1 To Repeat Two Instructions REPEAT RptStart RptEnd 10 PCLR YO RptStart MOVX R4 X1 MOVY R6 Y1 RptEnd PADD AO Y0 YO PMULS X1 Y1 A0 The above program has the same meaning as the following LDRS RptStart0 6 DRE RptStart0 4 SETRC 10 RptStart0 PCIR YO The label is not actually generated RptStart MOVX R4 X1 MOVY R6 Y1 RptEnd PADD AO Y0 YO PMULS X1 Y1 A0 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 275 of 391 HITACHI To Repeat Three Instructions RptStart RptE REP PCL R YO FAT RptStart RptEnd RO MOVX R4 X1 MOVY R6 Y1 PMU PAD LS X1 Y1 A0 D AO Y0 YO The above program has the same meaning as the following RptStarto RptStart RptE DRI SE PCL LDRS RptStart0 4 RptStart0 4 RC RO R YO The label is not actually generated MOVX R4 X1 MOVY R6 Y1 PMU PAD LS X1 Y1 A0 D AO Y0 YO To Omit the Repeat Count When the repeat count is omitted the assembler does not generate SETRC To separate the LDRS and LDRE from the SETRC omit
106. Allowed Displacement Values cont Addressing Mode Displacement symbol When used as a branch instruction operand When used as an operand for a conditional branch instruction BT BF BF S or BT S H 00000000 to H 000000FF 0 to 255 H FFFFFFO0 to H FFFFFFFF 256 to 1 When used as an operand for an unconditional branch instruction BRA or BSR H 00000000 to H 00000FFF 0 to 4095 H FFFFF000 to H FFFFFFFF 4096 to 1 When used as the operand of a data move instruction When the operation size is word W H 00000000 to H 000001FE 0 to 510 When the operation size is longword L H 00000000 to H 000003FC 0 to 1020 When used as an operand of an instruction that sets the RS or RE register LDRS or LDRE H FFFFFFOO to H O00000FE 256 to 254 Note Units are bytes and numbers in parentheses are decimal Rev 4 0 09 98 page 65 of 391 HITACHI The values that can be used for immediate values vary with the executable instruction Table 3 3 Allowed Immediate Values Executable Instruction Immediate Value TST AND OR XOR H 00000000 to H 000000FF 0 to 255 MOV H 00000000 to H OO0000FF 0 to 255 H FFFFFF80 to H FFFFFFFF 128 to 1 1 ADD CMP EQ H 00000000 to H OOO000FF 0 to 255 H FFFFFF80 to H FFFFFFFF 128 to 1 1 TRAPA H 00000000 to H 000000FF 0 to 255 SETRC H 00000001 to H 000000FF 1 to 255 2 Notes 1 Values in the range H FFFFFF80 to H FFFFFFFF can be written as pos
107. As Ix Iy and Is refer to table 4 9 Data Move Instructions Rev 4 0 09 98 page 100 of 391 HITACHI Table 4 8 Registers that Can Be Specified in Addressing Modes for Data Move Instructions General Register DSP Register R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 AO Al MO M1 XO X1 YO Y1 AOGAIG Dz Dx Yes Yes Dy Yes Yes Ds Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Da Yes Yes Az Ax Yes Yes Ay Yes Yes As Yes Yes Yes Yes Iz Ix Yes ly Yes Is Yes Note Warning 703 is displayed if the destination register for the DSP instruction and the destination register for the data move instruction are the same register and if the instructions are in the same statement Example PADD AO MO YO NOPX MOVY W R6 Y0 Warning 703 Data Move Instruction List Table 4 9 lists data move instructions For registers that can be specified for Dx Dy Ds Da Ax Ay As Ix Iy and Is refer to table 4 8 Registers that Can Be Specified in Addressing Modes for Data Move Instructions Rev 4 0 09 98 page 101 of 391 HITACHI Table 4 9 Data Move Instructions Classification Mnemonic Addressing Mode X data move instructions NOPX MOVX W Ax Dx MOVX W Ax Dx MOVX W Ax Ix Dx MOVX W Da Ax MOVX W Da Ax MOVX W Da Ax Ix Y data move instructions NOPY MOVY W Ay Dy MOVY W Ay Dy MOVY W Ay ly Dy MOVY W Da Ay MOVY W Da Ay MO
108. CPU Rev 4 0 09 98 page 287 of 391 HITACHI CPU Target CPU Specification Syntax CPU lt target CPU gt Description 1 The CPU option specifies the target CPU for the source program to be assembled 2 The following CPUs can be specified e SHI for SH 1 SH2 for SH 2 SH2E for SH 2E SH3 for SH 3 SH3E for SH 3E SH4 for SH 4 e SHDSP for SH DSP SH3DSP for SH3 DSP Relationship with Assembler Directives Command Line SHCPU Environment Option Assembler Directive Variable Result CPU regardless of any regardless of any Target CPU specified by specification specification CPU no specification CPU lt target CPU gt regardless of any Target CPU specified by specification CPU no specification SHCPU lt target CPU gt Target CPU specified by SHCPU environment variable no specification SH1 References Target CPU Programmer s Guide 5 2 1 Target CPU Assembler Directive CPU SHCPU environment variable User s Guide 1 3 SHCPU Environment Variable Rev 4 0 09 98 page 288 of 391 HITACHI 2 2 2 Object Module Command Line Options This assembler provides the following command line options concerned with object modules OBJECT NOOBJECT These command line options control output of an object module DEBUG NODEBUG These command line options control output of debug informat
109. Constants e Integer constants e Character constants e Symbols that have a value that is one of the above hereafter referred to as constant symbols 2 Absolute Address Values e The location counter referenced in an absolute address section e The location counter referenced in a dummy section e Symbols that have a value that is one of the above hereafter referred to as absolute address symbols 3 Other Absolute Values Expressions whose value is determined when assembly completes 2 2 2 Relative Values The following are the relative values handled by the assembler 1 Relative Address Values e The location counter referenced in a relative address section e Symbols that have the above as a value hereafter referred to as relative address symbols 2 External Reference Values Symbols that reference another file hereafter referred to as import symbols 3 Other Relative Values Expressions whose value is not determined until the linkage editor completes Rev 4 0 09 98 page 52 of 391 HITACHI 2 3 Symbol Definition and Reference 2 3 1 Symbol Definition 1 Normal Definition The normal method for defining a symbol is to write that symbol in the label field of a source statement The value of that symbol will then be the value of the location counter at that point in the program linkage completes and its value is the start address of the section plus 2 Examples SECTION DT1 DATA LOCA
110. DD RO R1 The ADD instruction takes two operands SHAL R1 The SHAL instruction takes one operand 4 Coding of Comment The comment is written following a semicolon The assembler regards all characters from the semicolon to the end of the line as the comment Examples ADD RO R1 Adds RO to R1 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 14 of 391 HITACHI 1 1 3 Coding of Source Statements across Multiple Lines A single source statement can be written across several lines in the following situations e When the source statement is too long as a single statement e When it is desirable to attach a comment to each operand Write source statements across multiple lines using the following procedure 1 Insert a new line after a comma that separates operands 2 Insert a plus sign in the first column of the new line 3 Continue writing the source statement following the plus sign Spaces and tabs can be inserted following the plus sign Examples DATA L H FFFFOOOO H FFOOFFOO H FFFFFFFF In this example a single source statement is written across three lines A comment can be attached at the end of each line Examples DATA L H FFFF0000 Initial value 1 H FFOOFFOO Initial value 2 H FFFFFFFF Initial value 3 In this example a comment is attached to each operand Rev 4 0 09 98 page 15 of 391 HITACHI 1 2 Reserved Words Reserved words are names that the
111. EL1 EQU This assembler directive sets the value of the location counter to the symbol LABEL1 EQU is an assembler directive that sets the value to a symbol Rev 4 0 09 98 page 30 of 391 HITACHI 1 6 Expressions Expressions are combinations of constants symbols and operators that derive a value and are used as the operands of executable instructions and assembler directives 1 6 1 Elements of Expression An expression consists of terms operators and parentheses 1 Terms The terms are the followings e A constant e The location counter reference e A symbol excluding aliases of the register name e The result of a calculation specified by a combination of the above terms and an operator An independent term is also a type of expression 2 Operators Table 1 5 shows the operators supported by the assembler Table 1 5 Operators Operator Type Operator Operation Coding Arithmetic operations Unary plus lt term gt Unary minus lt term gt Addition lt term1 gt lt term2 gt Subtraction lt term1 gt lt term2 gt Multiplication lt term1 gt lt term2 gt Division lt term1 gt lt term2 gt Logic operations ee Unary negation lt term gt amp Logical AND lt term1 gt amp lt term2 gt Logical OR lt term1 gt lt term2 gt an Exclusive OR lt term1 gt lt term2 gt Shift operations lt lt Arithmetic left shift lt te
112. ERVE_STR P1 0 P2 SDATA SUBSTR ABCDEFG P1 P2 ENDM RESERVE_STR 2 2 RESERVE_STR 3 Macro parameter P1 is omitted Expanded results are as follows SDATA CD SDATA ABC Rev 4 0 09 98 page 255 of 391 HITACHI Section 9 Automatic Literal Pool Generation Function 91 Overview of Automatic Literal Pool Generation To move 2 byte or 4 byte constant data referred to below as a literal to a register a literal pool a collection of literals must be reserved and referred to in PC relative addressing mode For literal pool location the following must be considered e Is data stored within the range that can be accessed by data move instructions e Is 2 byte data aligned to a 2 byte boundary and is 4 byte data aligned to a 4 byte boundary e Can data be shared by several data move instructions e Where in the program should the literal pool be located The assembler automatically generates from a single instruction a DATA directive and a PC relative MOV or MOVA instruction which moves constant data to a register For example this function enables program a below to be coded as b a MOV L DATA1 RO MOV L DATA2 R1 ALIGN 4 DATAL DATA L H 12345678 DATA2 DATA L 500000 b MOV L H 12345678 RO MOV L 500000 R1 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 257 of 391 HITACHI 9 2 Extended Instructions Related to Automa
113. Error Size Selection Size Specification imm Value Range Mode Mode H 80000000 to H FFFF7FFF 2 147 483 648 to Long word Warning 835 32 769 H FFFF8000 to H FFFFFF7F 32 768 to 129 Word Warning 835 H FFFFFF80 to H 0000007F 128 to 127 Byte Byte H 00000080 to H 000000FF 128 to 255 Word Byte H 00000100 to H 00007FFF 256 to 32 767 Word Warning 835 H 00008000 to H 7FFFFFFF 32 768 to Long word Warning 835 2 147 483 647 Note The value in parentheses is in decimal Rev 4 0 09 98 page 324 of 391 HITACHI AUTO_LITERAL Reference Size selection mode Size specification mode Programmer s Guide 9 3 Size Mode for Automatic Literal Pool Generation Rev 4 0 09 98 page 325 of 391 HITACHI 2 2 9 Command Line Input Command Line Option This assembler provides the following command line option concerned with command line input SUBCOMMAND This command line option inputs command line specifications from a file Rev 4 0 09 98 page 326 of 391 HITACHI SUBCOMMAND Command Line Specification Input from File Syntax SUBCOMMAND lt subcommand file name gt The abbreviated form is indicated by bold face Description 1 The SUBCOMMAND option inputs command line specifications from a file 2 Specify input file names and command line options in the subcommand file in the same order as for normal command line specifications 3 Only one inp
114. Error description An executable instruction DSP instruction extended instruction or assembler directive that reserves data is in dummy section Recovery procedure Remove from the dummy section the executable instruction DSP instruction extended instruction or assembler directive that reserves data Supplement The assembler ignores the executable instruction DSP instruction extended instruction or assembler directive that reserves data in dummy section 826 Message ILLEGAL PRECISION Error description The floating point constant does not have the same precision specified with the operation size Recovery procedure Correct the operation size or the precision type of the floating point constant Supplement The assembler assumes the precision specified with the operation size 832 Message MULTIPLE P DEFINITIONS Error description Symbol P already defined before a default section is used Recovery procedure Do not define P as a symbol if a default section is used Supplement The assembler regards P as the name of the default section and ignores other definitions of the symbol P 835 Message ILLEGAL VALUE IN OPERAND Error description Operand value out of range for this instruction Recovery procedure Correct the value Supplement The assembler generates object code with a value corrected to be within range 836 Message ILLEGAL CONSTANT SIZE Error description Recovery procedure Supplement Illegal no
115. FOR SOURCE LINE 219 243 00000190 00050000 DATA FOR SOURCE LINE 220 244 KKK END POOL KKK 245 39 END TOTAL ERRORS TOTAL WARNINGS 9 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 342 of 391 Figure C 1 Source Program Listing Output Example HITACHI d 2 3 wa wm 4 5 wm 6 7 8 9 a t Line numbers in decimal The value of the location counter in hexadecimal The object code in hexadecimal The size of the reserved area in bytes is listed for areas reserved with the RES SRES SRESC SRESZ and FRES assembler directives Source line numbers in decimal Expansion type Whether the statement is expanded by file inclusion conditional assembly function or macro function is listed In File inclusion n indicates the nest level C Satisfied conditional assembly performed iterated expansion or satisfied conditional iterated expansion M Macro expansion The source statements The header setup with the HEADING assembler directive The literal pool The total number of errors and warnings Error messages are listed on the line following the source statement that caused the error Rev 4 0 09 98 page 343 of 391 HITACHI C 2 Cross Reference Listing The cross reference listing lists information relating to symbols including the attribute and the value Figure C 2 shows an example of a cross reference listing SuperH RISC engine ASSEMBLER Ver 4 0 01 12 98 19 52 40 C
116. Hitachi Microcomputer Support Software SuperH RISC Engine Assembler User s Manual HITACHI ADE 702 090C Rev 4 0 11 4 98 Hitachi Ltd McS Setsu Cautions 1 Hitachi neither warrants nor grants licenses of any rights of Hitachi s or any third party s patent copyright trademark or other intellectual property rights for information contained in this document Hitachi bears no responsibility for problems that may arise with third party s rights including intellectual property rights in connection with use of the information contained in this document 2 Products and product specifications may be subject to change without notice Confirm that you have received the latest product standards or specifications before final design purchase or use 3 Hitachi makes every attempt to ensure that its products are of high quality and reliability However contact Hitachi s sales office before using the product in an application that demands especially high quality and reliability or where its failure or malfunction may directly threaten human life or cause risk of bodily injury such as aerospace aeronautics nuclear power combustion control transportation traffic safety equipment or medical equipment for life support 4 Design your application so that the product is used within the ranges guaranteed by Hitachi particularly for maximum rating operating supply voltage range heat radiation characteristics installation
117. ILLEGAL END DIRECTIVE POSITION Error description END directive in macro expansion Recovery procedure Remove the END directive 622 Message NOT FOUND Error description Matching parenthesis missing in macro processing exclusion Recovery procedure Add the missing macro processing exclusion parenthesis 623 Message SYNTAX ERROR IN STRING FUNCTION Error description Syntax error in character string manipulation function Recovery procedure Correct the character string manipulation function 624 Message MACRO PARAMETERS MISMATCH Error description Too many macro parameters for positional specification in macro call Recovery procedure Correct the number of macro parameters 631 Message END DIRECTIVE MISMATCH Error description Recovery procedure Terminating preprocessor directive does not agree with matching directive Reexamine the preprocessor directives Rev 4 0 09 98 page 359 of 391 HITACHI Table D 2 Source Program Error Messages cont 640 Message SYNTAX ERROR IN OPERAND Error description Syntax error in conditional assembly directive operand Recovery procedure Reexamine the entire source statement 641 Message INVALID RELATIONAL OPERATOR Error description Error in conditional assembly directive relational operator Recovery procedure Correct the relational operator 642 Message ILLEGAL END DIRECTIVE POSITION Error description END directive appears between AREPEAT and AEND
118. ITERAL POOL OVERFLOW Error description Literal pool capacity overflow Recovery procedure Insert unconditional branch before overflow 953 Message MEMORY OVERFLOW Error description Insufficient memory Recovery procedure Separate the source program 954 Message LOCAL BLOCK NUMBER OVERFLOW Error description Recovery procedure The number of local blocks that are valid in the local label exceeded 100 000 Separate the source program Rev 4 0 09 98 page 369 of 391 HITACHI Table D 4 Fatal Error Messages cont 956 Message EXPAND FILE INPUT OUTPUT ERROR Error description File output error for preprocessor expansion Recovery procedure Check the hard disk for adequate free space Create the required free space by deleting unnecessary files 957 Message MEMORY OVERFLOW Error description Insufficient memory Recovery procedure Separate the source program 958 Message MEMORY OVERFLOW Error description Insufficient memory Recovery procedure Separate the source program Rev 4 0 09 98 page 370 of 391 HITACHI Appendix E Differences from Version 3 1 The differences between this new version V 4 0 and the former version V 3 1 are described below E 1 CPU This version includes assembly functions for the SH 2E SH 4 and SH3 DSP in addition to the SH 1 SH 2 SH 3 SH 3E and SH DSP and the following items are added or changed e Reserved words e Executable instructions e CPU assembler d
119. L STS FPSCR Rn x x O x L Rev 4 0 09 98 page 79 of 391 HITACHI SH 4 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Table 3 9 shows the executable instruction and operation size combinations for the SH 4 instructions added to those of the SH 3E Table 3 9 SH 4 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 1 1 Data Move Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B Ww L S D Omitted FMOV DRm DRn x x x x O D FMOV DRm Rn x x x x O D FMOV DRm Rn x x x x O D FMOV DRm RO Rn x x x x O D FMOV Rm DRn x x x x O D FMOV Rm DRn x x x x O D FMOV R0 Rm DRn x x x x O D FMOV DRm XDn x x x x O D FMOV XDm DRn x x x x O D FMOV XDm XDn x x x x O D FMOV XDm Rn x x x x O D FMOV XDm Rn x x x x O D FMOV XDm RO Rn x x x x O D FMOV Rm XDn x x x x O D FMOV Rm XDn x x x x O D FMOV R0 Rm XDn x x x x O D Symbol meanings DRm DRn Double precision floating point register XDm XDn Extended double precision floating point register FVm FVn Single precision floating point vector register XMTRX Single precision floating point extended register matrix DBR Debug vector base register SGR Save general register 15 D Double precision 8 bytes Rev 4 0 09 98 page 80 of 391 HITACHI Table 3 9 SH 4 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 2 2 Arithmetic Operation Instructions Operation Sizes Default when
120. L1 Local block 1 start 20001 CMP EQ R1 R2 BT 20002 Branches to 70002 of local block 1 BRA 20001 Branches to 70001 of local block 1 20002 LABEL2 Local block 2 start 20001 CMP GE R1 R2 BT 20002 Branches to 70002 of local block 2 BRA 20001 Branches to 70001 of local block 2 20002 LABEL3 Local block 3 start Note A local label cannot be referenced during debugging A local label cannot be specified as any of the following items e Macro name e Section name e Object module name e Label in ASSIGNA ASSIGNC EQU ASSIGN REG or DEFINE e Operand in EXPORT IMPORT or GLOBAL Rev 4 0 09 98 page 42 of 391 HITACHI 1 8 2 Description Method of Local Label First Character A local label is a character string starting with a question mark Usable Characters The following ASCII characters can be used in a local label except for the first character e Alphabetical uppercase and lowercase letters A to Z and a to z e Numbers 0 to 9 e Underscore _ e Dollar sign The assembler distinguishes uppercase letters from lowercase ones in local labels Maximum Length The length of local label characters is 2 to 16 characters If 17 or more characters are specified the assembler will not recognize them as a local label 1 8 3 Scope of Local Labels The scope of a local label is called a local block Local blocks are separated by address symbols or by the SECTION directives The local
121. LLEGAL OPERAND Error description Misspelled operand Recovery procedure Correct the operand 506 Message ILLEGAL OPERAND Error description Illegal element specified in operand Recovery procedure Correct the operand 508 Message ILLEGAL VALUE IN OPERAND Error description Operand value out of range for this directive Recovery procedure Correct the operand 510 Message ILLEGAL BOUNDARY VALUE Error description Illegal boundary alignment value Recovery procedure Correct the boundary alignment value 512 Message ILLEGAL EXECUTION START ADDRESS Error description Illegal execution start address Recovery procedure Correct the execution start address 513 Message ILLEGAL REGISTER NAME Error description Recovery procedure Illegal register name Correct the register name Rev 4 0 09 98 page 356 of 391 HITACHI Table D 2 Source Program Error Messages cont 514 Message INVALID EXPORT SYMBOL Error description Symbol declared for export symbol that cannot be exported Recovery procedure Remove the declaration for the export symbol 516 Message EXCLUSIVE DIRECTIVES Error description Inconsistent directive specification Recovery procedure Check and correct all related directives 517 Message INVALID VALUE INOPERAND Error description Illegal value forward reference symbol an import symbol or relative address symbol specified in operand Recovery procedure Correct the operand 518 Message
122. NOSECTION 302 NOSHOW 304 NOSOURCE 22 22 2 nnn nn nnn nnn nnn nnn nn nena 298 NOT 70 not a number NAN 22 25 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 384 of 391 HITACHI o OBJECT 290 object code 29 object converter 6 object file 282 object module 4 6 7 167 168 object module assembler directive 167 object module command line option 289 object module name 194 object module output control 168 290 object output file specification 290 OCBl1 82
123. OP Error description Recovery procedure Supplement Symbol Errors Illegal data is found immediately before the loop specified by a REPEAT instruction If an assembler directive is located before the loop correct the directive If a literal pool is located before the loop use a NOPOOL directive to prevent the literal pool output When three or fewer instructions are to be repeated an executable or DSP instruction must be located before the loop 200 Message UNDEFINED SYMBOL REFERENCE Error description Undefined symbol reference Recovery procedure Define the symbol 201 Message ILLEGAL SYMBOL OR SECTION NAME Error description Recovery procedure Reserved word specified as symbol or section name Correct the symbol or section name Rev 4 0 09 98 page 351 of 391 HITACHI Table D 2 Source Program Error Messages cont 202 Message ILLEGAL SYMBOL OR SECTION NAME Error description Illegal symbol or section name Recovery procedure Correct the symbol or section name 203 Message ILLEGAL LOCAL LABEL Error description Recovery procedure Illegal local label Correct the local label Operation and Operand Errors 300 Message ILLEGAL MNEMONIC Error description Illegal operation Recovery procedure Correct the operation 301 Message TOO MANY OPERANDS OR ILLEGAL COMMENT Error description Too many operands of executable instruction or illegal comment format Recovery
124. PC 2 When the microprocessor does not correct the value of PC Consider the state when a MOV instruction is being executed at address H 00001000 Memory Address H 00001000 MOV L 8 PC RO PC H 00001004 disp 8 bytes The value of the PC is not changed H 0000100C _ Area to be accessed Figure 3 4 Address Calculation Example When Microprocessor Does Not Correct the Value of PC Rev 4 0 09 98 page 88 of 391 HITACHI Supplement When the operand is the PC relative specified with the symbol the assembler derives the displacement taking account of the value of PC when generating the object code Rev 4 0 09 98 page 89 of 391 HITACHI Section 4 DSP Instructions 4 1 Program Contents 4 1 1 Source Statements The SH DSP instructions are classified into two types executable instructions and DSP instructions The DSP instructions manipulate DSP registers The instruction set and description format of DSP instructions are different from those of the executable instructions For the DSP instructions many operations can be included in one statement The DSP instruction operation is as follows 1 DSP operation Specifies operations between DSP registers PABS PADD PADDC PAND PCLR PCMP PCOPY PDEC PDMSB PINC PLDS PMULS PNEG POR PRND PSHA PSHL PSTS PSUB PSUBC PXOR 2 X data transfer operation Specifies data transfer between a DSP reg
125. R directives or between AWHILE and AENDW directives Recovery procedure Remove the END directive 643 Message DIRECTIVE MISMATCH Error description AENDR or AENDW directive does not form a proper pair with AREPEAT or AWHILE directive Recovery procedure Re examine the preprocessor directives 644 Message ILLEGAL AENDW OR AENDR DIRECTIVE POSITION Error description AENDW or AENDR directive appears between AIF and AENDI directives Recovery procedure Remove the AENDW or AENDR directive 645 Message EXPANSION TOO LONG Error description Line with over 255 characters generated by AAREPEAT or AWHILE expansion Recovery procedure Correct the AREPEAT or AWHILE to generate lines of less than or equal to 255 characters 650 Message INVALID INCLUDE FILE Error description Error in INCLUDE file name Recovery procedure Correct the file name 651 Message CANNOT OPEN INCLUDE FILE Error description Could not open INCLUDE file Recovery procedure Correct the file name 652 Message INCLUDE NEST TOO DEEP Error description Recovery procedure File inclusion nesting exceeded 30 levels Limit the nesting to 30 or fewer levels Rev 4 0 09 98 page 360 of 391 HITACHI Table D 2 Source Program Error Messages cont 653 Message SYNTAX ERROR IN OPERAND Error description Syntax error in INCLUDE operand Recovery procedure Correct the operand 660 Message ENDM NOT FOUND Error description Missin
126. ROSS REFERENCE LIST NAME SECTION ATTR VALUE SEQUENCE FIX_DIV SAMPLE 00000088 94 229 FIX_MUL SAMPLE 00000000 20 224 MANO3 UDEF 00000000 89 MULO1 SAMPLE OOO00000A 24 26 MULO2 SAMPLE 00000010 27 29 Parml REG 32 2 23 25 37 37 39 41 69 7 Ts TD 96 97 102 104 122 124 126 128 150 152 154 156 174 176 178 180 198 200 202 204 Parm2 REG 4 2 26 28 44 45 47 49 70 72 74 76 144 146 148 150 168 170 172 174 1 2 3 4 5 Figure C 2 Cross Reference Listing Output Example 1 The symbol name 2 The name of the section that includes the symbol first eight characters 3 The symbol attribute EXPT Export symbol IMPT Import symbol SCT Section name REG Symbol defined with the REG assembler directive FREG Symbol defined with the FREG assembler directive ASGN Symbol defined with the ASSIGN assembler directive EQU Symbol defined with the EQU assembler directive MDEF Symbol defined two or more times UDEF Undefined symbol No symbol attribute blank A symbol other than those listed above 4 The value of symbol in hexadecimal 5 The list line numbers in decimal of the source statements where the symbol is defined or referenced The line number marked with an asterisk is the line where the symbol is defined Rev 4 0 09 98 page 344 of 391 HITACHI C 3 Section Information Listing The section information listing lists information related to the sections in a program including the section type and section si
127. Sf and Dg refer to table 4 3 Registers that Can Be Specified in DSP Register Direct Addressing Mode Rev 4 0 09 98 page 97 of 391 HITACHI Table 4 5 DSP Operation Instructions Mnemonic Addressing Mode Mnemonic Addressing Mode PABS Sx Dz PABS Sx Dz PADD Sx Sy Dz PADD Sx Sy Du PMULS Se Sf Dg PADDC Sx Sy Dz PAND Sx Sy Dz PCLR Dz PCMP Sx Sy PCOPY Sx Dz PCOPY Sy Dz PDEC Sx Dz PDEC Sy Dz PDMSB Sx Dz PDMSB Sy Dz PINC Sx Dz PINC Sy Dz PLDS Dz MACH PLDS Dz MACL PMULS Se Sf Dg PNEG Sx Dz PNEG Sy Dz POR Sx Sy Dz PRND Sx Dz PRND Sy Dz PSHA imm Dz PSHA Sx Sy Dz PSHL imm Dz PSHL Sx Sy Dz PSTS MACH Dz Rev 4 0 09 98 page 98 of 391 HITACHI Table 4 5 DSP Operation Instructions cont Mnemonic Addressing Mode Mnemonic Addressing Mode PSTS MACL Dz PSUB Sx Sy Dz PSUB Sx Sy Du PMULS Se Sf Dg PSUBC Sx Sy Dz PXOR Sx Sy Dz 4 2 2 Data Move Instructions Mnemonics Two types of data move instructions are available dual memory move instructions and single memory move instructions Dual memory move instructions specify data move at the same time between x memory and a DSP register and between Y memory and a DSP register Single memory move instructions specify data move between arbitrary memory and a DSP register Table 4 6 lists data move instructions in mnemonic
128. Source file input error Recovery procedure Check the hard disk for adequate free space Create the required free space by deleting unnecessary files 902 Message MEMORY OVERFLOW Error description Insufficient memory Unable to process the temporary information Recovery procedure Subdivide the program 903 Message LISTING FILE OUTPUT ERROR Error description Output error on the list file Recovery procedure Check the hard disk for adequate free space Create the required free space by deleting unnecessary files 904 Message OBJECT FILE OUTPUT ERROR Error description Output error on the object file Recovery procedure Check the hard disk for adequate free space Create the required free space by deleting unnecessary files 905 Message MEMORY OVERFLOW Error description Insufficient memory Unable to process the line information Recovery procedure Subdivide the program 906 Message MEMORY OVERFLOW Error description Insufficient memory Unable to process the symbol information Recovery procedure Subdivide the program 907 Message MEMORY OVERFLOW Error description Insufficient memory Unable to process the section information Recovery procedure Subdivide the program 908 Message SECTION OVERFLOW Error description The number of sections exceeded 65 535 Recovery procedure Subdivide the program 909 Message SYMBOL OVERFLOW Error description The number of symbols exceeded 65 535 Recovery procedure Subdivide the program
129. Symbol Definition and Reference 0 eee ee eee cee cseeeeeeeeteeeeseeeeeeeseeesecsaecsaecsaeesaeeseeenes 53 2 3 1 Symbol Definition sensen teen eats ties siesta EEIE EE genera 53 273 2 Symbol References en eer e a a E ont Mech vertsedned E 55 24 Separate Assembly nennst oie R Ris er ees Rais A R 57 24l Separate Assembly snenie e a a a A S R S 57 2 4 2 Declaration of Export Symbols and Import Symbols sssessseeessseseseerssreereeresrees 58 Section 3 Executable Instructions 0 cccccccccscscsesssscscscscscscsceesessesesesescsnsnsnescssscseeees 61 3 1 Overview of Executable Instructions ccccccccsesseccccceceesssaeceeececsensaeceeececsessaeeeeeeeeeeneas 61 3 2 Notes on Executable Instructions ccccccccccssssececececeesssaeceeececsesseaeceecceceesneaeceeeceeeensaaees 67 3 2 1 Notes on the Operation Size eee eee eeeeeeeceeeceecesecaecaecsaecseecseseeeeeeeeeeees 67 3 2 2 Notes on Delayed Branch Instructions 0 cece cee eseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeseeeseeaees 84 3 2 3 Notes on Address Calculations cccccccccccccsessssecececeesesseeeceeececeensaeeeeseeseessaeees 86 Section 4 DSP Instructions ccc cccsssssesesescscsssnescscscscscsceessssssesesescsnsnessessacees 91 4L Propratn Contents ksr nne a a r aE a E ees 91 4l Source Statements nnn a a a E E E A A N 91 4 1 2 Parallel Operation Instructions esesseseeeseeeseseeesssreersstsresrestesresreersserrrererresresreet 92 4 1 3 Da
130. TE H 0000F000 This statement declares an absolute address section XL DATA W H 1111 The value of X1 becomes H 0000F000 X2 DATA W H 2222 The value of X2 becomes H 0000F002 ee ee fo i nie ed ahh E ARR ee Se SECTION DT2 DATA ALIGN 4 This statement declares a relative address section Y1 DATA W H 1111 The value of Y1 is determined when linkage completes and its value is the start address of the section Y2 DATA W H 2222 The value of Y2 is determined when Rev 4 0 09 98 page 53 of 391 HITACHI 2 Definition by Assembler Directive Symbols can be defined by using assembler directives to set an arbitrary value or a special meaning Examples SECTION DT1 DATA ALIGN 4 DT1 is the section name A section name is also a type of symbol that expresses the start address of asection However the syntactic handling of address symbols and section names is different X EQU 100 The value of X is 100 X cannot be redefined Y ASSIGN 10 The value of Y is 10 Y can be redefined Z REG R1 Z becomes an alias of the general register R1 Z cannot be redefined Rev 4 0 09 98 page 54 of 391 HITACHI 2 3 2 Symbol Reference There are three forms of symbol reference as follows e Forward reference e Backward reference e External reference Supplement Figure 2 3 shows the meaning of the terms forward and backward as u
131. Table 4 6 Data Move Instructions in Mnemonic Classification Mnemonic Dual memory move X memory move NOPX MOVX Y memory move NOPY MOVY Single memory move MOVS Operation Size NOPX and NOPY instructions Operation size cannot be specified MOVX and MOVY instructions Only word size W can be specified If omitted word size is specified MOVS instruction Word size W or longword size L can be specified If omitted longword size is specified Rev 4 0 09 98 page 99 of 391 HITACHI Addressing Mode Table 4 7 lists addressing modes that can be specified for the data move instructions Table 4 7 Addressing Modes of Data Move Instructions Addressing mode Description DSP register direct Dz Register indirect Az Register indirect with post increment Az Register indirect with index post increment Az lz Register indirect with pre decrement Az Register indirect with index post increment is a special addressing mode for the DSP data move instructions In this mode after referring to the contents indicated by register Az register Az contents are incremented by the value of the Iz register Registers that Can Be Specified in Addressing Modes Table 4 8 lists registers that can be specified in the DSP register direct register indirect register indirect with post increment register indirect with index post increment and register indirect with pre decrement addressing modes For Dx Dy Ds Da Ax Ay
132. The ROUND option specifies the rounding mode used when converting constants in floating point data assembler directives into object codes 2 The following two rounding modes can be selected round to NEAREST even NEAREST round to ZERO ZERO 3 When the ROUND option is not specified the rounding mode depends on the CPU type as follows CPU Type Rounding Mode SH 1 round to NEAREST even SH 2 round to NEAREST even SH 2E round to ZERO SH 3 round to NEAREST even SH 3E round to ZERO SH 4 round to ZERO SH DSP round to NEAREST even SH3 DSP round to NEAREST even CAUTION When the CPU type is SH 2E or SH 3E and round to NEAREST even is selected as the rounding mode warning number 818 occurs at the first floating point data assembler directive in the source program and object code is output in the selected round to NEAREST even rounding mode Rev 4 0 09 98 page 330 of 391 HITACHI ROUND Reference Rounding mode Programmer s Guide 1 4 3 Floating Point Constants Rev 4 0 09 98 page 331 of 391 HITACHI DENORMALIZE Specification of Handling Denormalized Numbers in Floating Point Data Syntax DENORMALIZE lt selection type gt lt selection type gt ON OFF The abbreviated form is indicated by bold face Description 1 The DENORMALIZE option specifies whether to handle the denormalized numbers in floating point data assembler directives
133. The start of area 2 gt plus B Figure 2 2 Data Structure Example Using Dummy Section Example In the example above assume that R1 holds the starting address of area 1 and R2 holds the starting address of area 2 MOV L B R1 RO Moves the contents of item B in area 1 to RO MOV L RO B R2 Moves the contents of RO to item B in area 2 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 49 of 391 HITACHI CAUTION 1 The following cannot be used in stack and dummy sections a Executable instructions b Extended instructions c Assembler directives that reserve initialized data DATA DATAB SDATA SDATAB SDATAC SDATAZ FDATA FDATAB and XDATA 2 When using a data or common section be sure to keep in mind whether that section is reserved to ROM or RAM 2 1 2 Absolute Address Sections and Relative Address Sections A section can be classified as either an absolute address section or as a relative address section depending on whether absolute start addresses are given to the sections at assembly 1 Absolute Address Section The memory locations of absolute address sections are specified in the source program and cannot be changed by the linkage editor In this assembly language locations in an absolute address section are expressed as absolute addresses which are addresses that express the actual position in memory Examples SECTION ABS DATA LOCATE H 0000F000 ABS is an absolute addr
134. The values in parentheses are decimal Reference AUTO_LITERAL MOV L imm Rn Expansion result MOV L disp PC Rn and 4 byte literal data User s Guide 2 2 8 Automatic Literal Pool Generation Command Line Option HITACHI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 259 of 391 9 4 Literal Pool Output The literal pool is output to one of the following locations e After an unconditional branch and its delay slot instruction e Where a POOL directive has been specified by the programmer The assembler outputs the literal corresponding to an extended instruction to the nearest output location following the extended instruction The assembler gathers the literals to be output as a literal pool CAUTION When a label is specified in a delay slot instruction no literal pool will be output to the location following the delay slot Rev 4 0 09 98 page 260 of 391 HITACHI 9 4 1 Literal Pool Output after Unconditional Branch An example of literal pool output is shown below Source program adenine SECTION CD1 CODE LOCATE H 0000F000 CD1_START MOV L H FFFF0000 R0 MOV W H FF00 R1 MOV L CD1_START R2 MOV H FF R3 RTS MOV RO R10 SRP EEEE VEE E E af Automatic literal pool generation result source list T 1 0000F000 1 SECTION CD1 CODE LOCATE H 0000F000 2 0000F000 2 CD1_START 3 0000F000 D003
135. U E E E EE E E ieee ate 288 2 2 2 Object Module Command Line Options ssesssessseeesseesesesrseeerrseterssterrssesrreeesreerss 289 OBJECT yu lt NOOBJEC Tere a E E EE 290 DEBUG NODE BUG are fice r ana Er E EE E a T EES EE SETE S OTSESES 292 PENDTAN outrans e E ESEO SS E ea S E Or O OaS 294 2 2 3 Assembly Listing Command Line Options 200 0 ee ee eeceseceeecesecnsecseeeeeeneeenes 295 SHTS Fy lt SNOL Dsl sess ousted ssvevcetesueateneres cued A ES 296 SOURCE SNOSOURCE becostssesedunsedevevncosttsdacddesecnontestinssdecensisevtpeseeddevednccteviencuses 298 CROSS_REFERENCE NOCROSS_REFERENCE Qo erae aE ENRE 300 SECTION NOSECT ION eaaet arn Ea E nEn OEI EES EErEE SE EER SRE SREE 302 SHOWS NOSHON ona a a a cs a Rei 304 NI EE A A vende caus A E E E A A 306 EE OON E E E L A A 307 2 2 4 File Inclusion Function Command Line Option esseseeeseeesesseesesreersserrrererrreresee 308 SAN CLM DIE E A E A E E si aneeoeeaes 309 2 2 5 Conditional Assembly Command Line Options ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneees 310 PSO GNAS 35 5 ico stectewssveasuarenets ae ceeuistndstvesusisheteaanenssasheususecteorsspeesussersoetrsvessesecast 311 FRO S LGN Ciro aioe AE e EE E A E E A Uno tepeaasbenssevcecpwuansneubeobectersasn Denese ek 313 SID EVBYEN EA ave Me sbeahecntect ds tote E otal sews seae ont eesti es atten 315 2 2 6 Assembler Execution Command Line Option eee eee eeeeeeeeeeseeseeeeenaes 316 SEXPAND 2 cc divycedccccscousestned
136. VY W Da Ay ly Single data move instructions MOVS W As Ds MOVS W As Ds MOVS W As Ds MOVS W As ls Ds MOVS W Ds As MOVS W Ds As MOVS W Ds As MOVS W Ds As ls MOVS L As Ds MOVS L As Ds MOVS L As Ds MOVS L As ls Ds MOVS L Ds As MOVS L Ds As MOVS L Ds As MOVS L Ds As ls Rev 4 0 09 98 page 102 of 391 HITACHI Section 5 Assembler Directives 5 1 Overview of the Assembler Directives The assembler directives are instructions that the assembler interprets and executes Table 5 1 lists the assembler directives provided by this assembler Table 5 1 Assembler Directives Type Mnemonic Function Target CPU CPU Specifies the target CPU Section and the location SECTION Declares a section counter ORG Sets the value of the location counter ALIGN Corrects the value of the location counter Symbols EQU Sets a symbol value reset not allowed ASSIGN Sets a symbol value reset allowed REG Defines the alias of a register name FREG Defines a floating point register name Data and data area DATA Reserves integer data reservation DATAB Reserves integer data blocks SDATA Reserves character string data SDATAB Reserves character string data blocks SDATAC Reserves character string data with length SDATAZ Reserves character string data with zero terminator FDATA Reserves floating point data FDATAB Reserves floating point data blocks XDATA Reserves fixed point data
137. alue in Rn gives the start address of the memory accessed Rn Register indirect with A memory location The value in Rn before being post increment incremented gives the start address of the memory accessed The microprocessor first uses the value in Rn for the memory reference and increments Rn afterwards Rn Register indirect with A memory location The value in Rn after being pre decrement decremented 2 gives the start address of the memory accessed The microprocessor first decrements Rn and then uses that value for the memory reference disp Rn Register indirect with A memory location The start address of the displacement s memory access is given by the value of Rn plus the displacement disp The value of Rn is not changed RO Rn Register indirect with A memory location The start address of the index memory access is given by the value of RO plus the value of Rn The values of RO and Rn are not changed disp GBR GBR indirect with A memory location The start address of the displacement memory access is given by the value of GBR plus the displacement disp The value of GBR is not changed RO GBR GBR indirect with index A memory location The start address of the memory access is given by the value of GBR plus the value of RO The values of GBR and RO are not changed disp PC PC relative with A memory location The start address of the displacement mem
138. as the comment Rev 4 0 09 98 page 12 of 391 HITACHI 1 1 2 Coding of Source Statements Source statements are written using ASCII characters Character strings and comments can include Japanese kana and kanji characters shift JIS code or EUC code In principle a single statement must be written on a single line The maximum length of a line is 255 bytes 1 Coding of Label The label is written as follows e Written starting in the first column Or e Written with a colon appended to the end of the label Examples LABEL1 This label is written starting in the first column LABEL2 This label is terminated with a colon LABEL3 This label is regarded as an error by the assembler since it is neither written starting in the first column nor terminated with a colon 2 Coding of Operation The operation is written as follows e When there is no label Written starting in the second or later column e When there is a label Written after the label separated by one or more spaces or tabs Examples ADD RO R1 An example with no label LABEL1 ADD R1 R2 An example with a label Rev 4 0 09 98 page 13 of 391 HITACHI CAUTION Since white spaces and tabs are ASCII characters each space or tab requires a byte of storage 3 Coding of Operand The operand is written following the operation field separated by one or more spaces or tabs Examples A
139. assembler reserves as symbols with special meanings Register names operators and the location counter are used as reserved words Reserved words are different depending on the CPU type Refer to the programming manual of the CPU used for details Reserved words must not be used as symbols e Register names RO to R15 FRO to FR15 DRO to DR14 only even values XDO to XD14 only even values FVO to FV12 only multiples of four RO_BANK to R7_BANK SP SR GBR VBR MACH MACL PR PC SSR SPC FPUL FPSCR MOD RE RS DSR AO AOG Al A1G MO M1 X0 X1 YO Yl XMTRX DBR SGR e Operators STARTOF SIZEOF HIGH LOW HWORD LWORD EVEN ODD EVEN2 ODD2 e Location counter Note R15 and SP indicate the same register Reference Operators Programmer s Guide 1 6 1 Expression Elements Location counter Programmer s Guide 1 5 Location Counter CPU type Programmer s Guide 5 2 1 Target CPU Assembler Directive CPU User s Guide 1 3 SHCPU Environment Variable User s Guide 2 2 1 Target CPU Command Line Option CPU Symbols Programmer s Guide 1 3 Symbols 1 3 Symbols 1 3 1 Functions of Symbols Symbols are names defined by the programmer and perform the following functions e Address symbols Express data storage and branch destination addresses e Constant symbols Express constants e Aliases of register names Express general registers and floating point registers e Secti
140. ata Move Instructions and Size Mode eee ceecceecesecesecesecesecseecaeeeaeeeeeeeeeees 258 Instructions Selected in Size Selection Mode eects cseeseeereeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeesees 259 Repeat Loop Instructions and Address Setting eee eee cee cseeeneeeeeeeeeeeeeenees 271 Extended Instructions and Expanded Results eecceescecsseceeneeceeeeeeneeceereeeneeeeees 272 User s Guide Table 2 1 Command Line Options s src eisioes e ikonos neneke E eeoa 285 Rev 4 0 09 98 page xiv of 15 HITACHI Appendix Table A 1 Table D 1 Table D 2 Table D 3 Table D 4 Table E 1 Table E 2 Table F 1 Limitations and Notes on Programming 0 0 0 0 eeeeeseeseceseceseceeeceecaeeeneeeneeeeeeeeees 337 Command Error Messages ccceccececseeseeeeeeeeceeceeeecesecsecssecuaecsaecsaecaeesaeseaeeeeeees 349 Source Program Error Messages ecccescesecssecseecseeeseeeseeeeeesseeseceseeaeensecaeesaesaee 350 Source Program Warning Messages ccsceeeesceeseeeeeeeeeeeecesecesecsecaecaecsaeeneeenes 362 Fatal Error Messages cis cccscessvevecs sissies eon o a a a S T aean 368 Changed Assembler Directives and Statements seseesseeseeesrsreerssreerrsrsrrsrerrreresee 372 Added Command Line Options 0 0 0 cece eeceeseeecesecesecesecssecaecseecaeecaeseneseeeeneeeeeees 372 ASCH Code Tabler a ar hea Syeda el eee bees 374 Rev 4 0 09 98 page xv of 15 HITACHI Overview Section 1 Overview The assembler converts source programs wri
141. ation Syntax lt symbol gt A FRES S A lt area count gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter a reference symbol if required 2 Operation Mnemonic Enter FRES mnemonic Operation size Specifier Data Size S Single precision 4 bytes D Double precision 8 bytes The shaded section indicates the default value when the specifier is omitted The specifier determines the size of one area Single precision is used when the specifier is omitted 3 Operands Enter the number of areas the number of single precision data items Description 1 FRES is the assembler directive that reserves floating point data areas in memory 2 The area count must be specified as follows The specification must be an absolute value and Forward reference symbols import symbols and relative symbols must not appear in the specification Rev 4 0 09 98 page 158 of 391 HITACHI FRES Coding Example ALIGN 4 This statement adjusts the value of the location counter X FRES S 2 This statement reserves two areas FRES D 3 This statement reserves three areas Memory 4 bytes Rev 4 0 09 98 page 159 of 391 HITACHI 5 2 5 Export and Import Assembler Directives This assembler provides the following assembler directives concerned with export and import EXPORT Declares export symbols This declaration allows symbols defined in the current file
142. ation Size For the DSP operation instructions operation size cannot be specified Addressing Mode Table 4 2 lists addressing modes for the DSP operation instructions Table 4 2 Addressing Modes for DSP Operation Instructions Addressing Mode Description Format DSP register direct Dp DSP register name Immediate data imm Rev 4 0 09 98 page 95 of 391 HITACHI e DSP register direct Table 4 3 lists registers that can be specified in DSP register direct addressing mode For Sx Sy Dz Du Se Sf and Dg refer to table 4 5 DSP Operation Instructions Table 4 3 Registers that Can Be Specified in DSP Register Direct Addressing Mode DSP Register AO Al Mo M1 X0 X1 Yo Y1 Dp Sx Yes Yes Yes Yes Sy Yes Yes Yes Yes Dz Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Du Yes Yes Yes Yes Se Yes Yes Yes Yes Sf Yes Yes Yes Yes Dg Yes Yes Yes Yes e Immediate data Immediate data can be specified for the first operand of the PSHA and PSHL instructions The following items can be specified Value type Constants symbols or expressions can be specified Symbol types Symbols including relative and import symbols can be specified as immediate data Value range Table 4 4 lists the specifiable value ranges Table 4 4 Ranges of Immediate Data Instruction Range PSHA instruction H FFFFFFEO to H 00000020 32 to 32 PSHL instruction H FFFFFFFO to H 00000010 16 to 16 Note When a relative symbol
143. ator are normally decimal constants although the radix for such constants can be changed with the RADIX assembler directive Reference Interpretation of integer constants without a radix specified Programmer s Guide 5 2 8 Other Assembler Directives RADIX Supplement Q is used instead of O to avoid confusion with the digit 0 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 19 of 391 HITACHI 1 4 2 Character Constants Character constants are considered to be constants that represent ASCII codes Character constants are written by enclosing up to four ASCII characters in double quotation marks The following ASCII characters can be used in character constants ASCII code H 09 tab H 20 space to H 7E tilde Examples DATA L ABC This is the same as DATA L H 00414243 DATA W AB This is the same as DATA W H 4142 DATA B A This is the same as DATA B H 41 The ASCII code for A is H 41 The ASCII code for B is H 42 The ASCII code for C is H 43 In addition Japanese kana and kanji characters in shift JIS code or EUC code can be used When using Japanese characters in shift JIS code or EUC code be sure to specify the SJIS or EUC command line option respectively Note that the shift JIS code and EUC code cannot be used together in one source program Use two double quotation marks in succession to indicate a single double quotation mark in a character constant Example DATA B N
144. being output References Assemble listing output Programmer s Guide 5 2 7 Assemble Listing Assembler Directives PRINT User s Guide 2 2 3 Assemble Listing Command Line Options LIST NOLIST Rev 4 0 09 98 page 300 of 391 HITACHI CROSS_REFERENCE NOCROSS_REFERENCE Relationship with Assembler Directives The assembler gives priority to specifications made with command line options Result When an Assemble Command Line Option Assembler Directive Listing Is Output CROSS_REFERENCE regardless of any specification A cross reference listing is output NOCROSS_REFERENCE regardless of any specification A cross reference listing is not output no specification PRINT CREF A cross reference listing is output PRINT NOCREF A cross reference listing is not output no specification A cross reference listing is output Rev 4 0 09 98 page 301 of 391 HITACHI SECTION NOSECTION Section Information Listing Output Control Syntax SECTION NOSECTION The abbreviated forms are indicated by bold face Description 1 The SECTION option specifies output of a section information listing to the assemble listing The NOSECTION option specifies no output of a section information listing to the assemble listing 2 The SECTION and NOSECTION options are only valid in cases where an assemble listing is being output References Assemble lis
145. bly Listing Command Line Options This assembler provides the following command line options concerned with the assemble listing LIST NOLIST These command line options control output of an assemble listing SOURCE NOSOURCE These command line options control output of a source program listing CROSS_REFERENCE NOCROSS_REFERENCE These command line options control output of a cross reference listing SECTION NOSECTION These command line options control output of a section information listing SHOW NOSHOW These command line options control output of the source program listing LINES This command line option sets the number of lines in the assemble listing COLUMNS This command line option sets the number of columns in the assemble listing Rev 4 0 09 98 page 295 of 391 HITACHI LIST NOLIST Assemble Listing Output Control Syntax LIST lt listing output file gt NOLIST The abbreviated forms are indicated by bold face Description 1 The LIST option specifies output of an assemble listing The NOLIST option specifies no output of an assemble listing 2 The listing output file specifies the output destination file for the assemble listing 3 When the listing output file parameter is omitted the assembler takes the following actions If the file format is omit
146. cedence are for unary operation Rev 4 0 09 98 page 33 of 391 HITACHI The figures below show examples of expressions Example 1 ee eG Deve 0 Becks o ods an S 3 La o lo d The assembler calculates this expression in the order a to d The result of a is 1 The result of b is 2 SN The result of c is 0 The final result of this calculation is 1 The result of d is 1 Example 2 H FFFFFFF1 H 000000F0 H 00000010 H 000000F0 amp H 0000FFFF La Lo L c e The assembler calculates this expression in the order a to e is H 0000000F The result of a b is H 00000F00 c d The result of The result of c is H 00000F0F The final result of this calculation is H 00000FFF The result of d is H 000000F0 The result of e is H 00000FFF Rev 4 0 09 98 page 34 of 391 HITACHI Example 3 H 0000000F a The assembler calculates this expression in the order a to d is H FFFFFFFO is H 00000010 is H FFFFFFEF is H 00000011 The result of The result of The result of The result of gt The final result of this calculation is H 00000011 pe eee at wer PT a a b c d Rev 4 0 09 98 page 35 of 391 HITACHI 1 6 3 Detailed Description on Operation STARTOF Operation Determines the start address of a section set af
147. cing a symbol defined in one file from another file is called external reference or import When referencing a symbol externally it is necessary to declare to the assembler that this symbol is shared between multiple files this declaration is called external definition or export 1 Export Symbol Declaration This declaration is used to declare that the definition of the symbol is valid in other files EXPORT or GLOBAL directive is used to make this declaration Rev 4 0 09 98 page 58 of 391 HITACHI 2 Import Symbol Declaration This declaration is used to declare that a symbol defined in another file is referenced IMPORT or GLOBAL directive is used to make this declaration Examples In this example the symbol MAX is defined in file A and referenced in file B File A EXPORT MAX Declares MAX to be an export symbol MAX EQU 100 Defines MAX File B IMPORT MAX Declares MAX to be an import symbol MOV MAX RO References MAX Reference Symbol Export and Import Programmer s Guide 5 2 5 Export and Import Assembler Directives EXPORT IMPORT GLOBAL Rev 4 0 09 98 page 59 of 391 HITACHI Section 3 Executable Instructions 3 1 Overview of Executable Instructions The executable instructions are the instructions of microprocessor The microprocessor interprets and executes the executable instructions in the object code stored in memory An executable
148. conditions and other characteristics Hitachi bears no responsibility for failure or damage when used beyond the guaranteed ranges Even within the guaranteed ranges consider normally foreseeable failure rates or failure modes in semiconductor devices and employ systemic measures such as fail safes so that the equipment incorporating Hitachi product does not cause bodily injury fire or other consequential damage due to operation of the Hitachi product 5 This product is not designed to be radiation resistant No one is permitted to reproduce or duplicate in any form the whole or part of this document without written approval from Hitachi 7 Contact Hitachi s sales office for any questions regarding this document or Hitachi semiconductor products Preface This manual describes the SuperH RISC Engine Assembler hereafter referred to as the assembler which supports development of programs for Hitachi SuperH RISC engine family hereafter referred to as microprocessor This manual is organized as follows Overview Gives an overview of the functions of the assembler Programmer s Guide Describes the assembly language syntax and programming techniques User s Guide Describes the use invocation of the assembler program itself and the command line options Appendix Describes assembler limitations and error messages Read this manual and fully understand its mechanisim before use of the assembler For information concer
149. cs DSP instruction mnemonics Not Assembler directive mnemonics distinguished Operation sizes Integer constant radixes 3 Line length Up to 255 bytes 4 Program length in lines Up to 65 535 lines 5 Character constants Up to 4 characters 6 Symbol length Up to 251 characters 7 Number of symbols Up to 65 535 symbols 8 Number of import symbols Up to 65 535 symbols 9 Number of export symbols Up to 65 535 symbols 10 Section size Up to H FFFFFFFF bytes 11 Number of sections Up to 65 535 sections 12 Number of macro generation Up to 100 000 numbers numbers 13 Number of literals Up to 100 000 literals Rev 4 0 09 98 page 337 of 391 HITACHI Appendix B Sample Program This appendix presents a sample program written for this assembler B 1 Sample Program Specifications Functional Specification Macros and subroutines for addition subtraction multiplication and division of fixed point data in the following format lt parameter 1 gt OP lt parameter 2 gt result OP x Note Operation results are rounded off Neither underflow nor overflow is checked Data Format Register 4 Integer part Fraction part Sign bit a Decimal point The location of the decimal point is set in preprocessor variable POINT as the number of bits from the MSB Inputs and Outputs Inputs Set parameter 1 in register Parm1 Set parameter 2 in register Parm2 For addit
150. cter constant 20 character preprocessor variable definition 215 313 character string 40 character string data area reservation 152 character string data area reservation with length 154 character string data area reservation with zero terminator 156 character string data block reservation 135 character string data reservation 133 character string data reservation with length 138 character string data reservation with zero terminator 140 character string length count 250 character string manipulation function 246 249 character string search 252 CLRMAC 72 CLRS 77 CLRT enn es 72 CMP EQ 66 69 CMP GE
151. d or the displacement value is not a multiple of 4 when the operation size is long word Recovery procedure Take account of the fact that the assembler corrects the displacement value Supplement The assembler generates object code with the displacement corrected according to the operation size For a word size operation the assembler discards the low order bit of the displacement to create an even number and for a long word size operation the assembler discards the two low order bits of the displacement to create a multiple of 4 871 Message PC RELATIVE IN DELAY SLOT Error description Executable instruction with PC relative addressing mode operand is located following delayed branch instruction Recovery procedure Take account of the fact that the value of PC is changed by a delayed branch instruction Supplement The assembler generates object code exactly as specified in the program 874 Message CANNOT CHECK DATA AREA BOUNDARY Error description Recovery procedure Supplement Cannot check data area boundary for PC relative data move instructions Note carefully the data area boundary at linkage process The assembler only outputs this message when a data move instruction is included in a relative section or when an import symbol is used to indicate a data area Rev 4 0 09 98 page 366 of 391 HITACHI Table D 3 Source Program Warning Messages cont 875 Message CANNOT CHECK DISPLACEMENT SIZE Error d
152. d addresses based on the number of instructions in the repeat loop to the RS and RE registers and the SETRC instruction specifies the repetition count For example program A can be written as program B when using the automatic repeat loop generation function Program A o gt LDRS s_addr0O od DRE s_addr0O SETRC 10 s_addr0 NOP PADD A0 M0 A0 Repeat loop start address PCMP X1 MO0O Repeat loop end address Rev 4 0 09 98 page 271 of 391 HITACHI Program B REPEAT s_addr e_addr 10 NOP s_addr PADD AO MO AO Repeat loop start address e_addr PCMP X1 M0 Repeat loop end address 10 2 Extended Instructions of Automatic Repeat Loop Generation Function The assembler automatically generates necessary instructions from extended instructions REPEAT s_label e_label imm REPEAT s_label e_label Rn and REPEAT s_label e_label and calculates the PC relative displacement Table 10 2 lists the source statement of each extended instruction and its expanded results of two or three executable instructions Table 10 2 Extended Instructions and Expanded Results Extended Instruction Expanded Results REPEAT s_label e_label imm LDRS disp PC LDRE disp PC and SETRC imm REPEAT s_label e_label Rn LDRS disp PC LDRE disp PC and SETRC Rn REPEAT s_label e_label LDRS disp PC and LDRE disp PC 10 3 REPEAT Description Syntax lt symbol gt AREPEATA lt sta
153. d by ASSIGNC no specification Character string specified by ASSIGNC no specification ASSIGNC directive Character string specified by ASSIGNC Note When a character string is assigned to a preprocessor variable by the ASSIGNC option the definition of the preprocessor variable by ASSIGNC is invalidated Note To specify the following characters in a character string when the host machine uses UNIX as the OS specify a backslash before the characters To specify character strings before and after the following characters enclose the character strings with double quotation marks e Exclamation mark e Double quotation mark e Dollar mark e Back quotation mark gt Rev 4 0 09 98 page 313 of 391 HITACHI ASSIGNC asmsh aaa mar assignc _ ON OFEF UNIX Character string ON OFF is assigned to preprocessor variable _ All references amp _ to preprocessor variable _ in the source program are set to ON OFF Reference ASSIGNC Programmer s Guide 7 2 Conditional Assembly Directive ASSIGNC Rev 4 0 09 98 page 314 of 391 HITACHI DEFINE Replacement Character String Definition Syntax DEFINE lt replacement symbol gt lt character string gt lt replacement symbol gt lt character string gt The abbreviated form is indicated by bold face Description 1 The DEFINE option defines that the specified symbol is replaced with the cor
154. defined with up to 32 characters and uppercase and lowercase letters are distinguished 2 The preprocessor variables defined with the ASSIGNC directive can be redefined with the ASSIGNC directive 3 Character strings are specified by characters or preprocessor variables enclosed with double quotation marks 4 Defined preprocessor variables are valid from the point of specification forward in the source program 5 Defined preprocessor variables can be referenced in the following locations ASSIGNA directive ASSIGNC directive AIF directive AELIF directive Rev 4 0 09 98 page 215 of 391 HITACHI ASSIGNC AREPEAT directive AWHILE directive Macro body source statements between MACRO and ENDM When referencing character preprocessor variables insert a backslash and an ampersand amp in front of them amp lt preprocessor variable gt To clearly distinguish the preprocessor variable name from the rest of the source statement an apostrophe can be added Note When using a Japanese environment use instead of 6 When a preprocessor character string is defined by a command line option the ASSIGNC directive specifying the preprocessor variable having the same name as the character string is invalidated Coding Example FLAG ASSIGNC ON ON is set to FLAG AIF amp FLAG EQ ON MOV RO R1 is assembled MOV RO R1
155. ditional Assembly Directives This assembler provides the following conditional assembly directives ASSIGNA ASSIGNC DEFINE AIF AELIF AELSE AENDI AIFDEF AELSE AENDI AREPEAT AENDR AWHILE AENDW AERROR EXITM ALIMIT Defines an integer preprocessor variable The defined variable can be redefined Defines a character preprocessor variable The defined variable can be redefined Defines a preprocessor replacement character string Determines whether or not to assemble a part of a source program according to the specified condition When the condition is satisfied the statements after the AIF are assembled When not satisfied the statements after the AELIF or AELSE are assembled Determines whether or not to assemble a part of a source program according to the replacement symbol definition When the replacement symbol is defined the statements after the AIFDEF are assembled When not defined the statements after the AELSE are assembled Repeats assembly of a part of a source program between AREPEAT and AENDR the specified number of times Assembles a part of a source program between AWHILE and AENDW iteratively while the specified condition is satisfied Processes an error during preprocessor expansion Terminates AREPEAT or AWHILE iterated expansion
156. dlcstietent enced dnesbes sistaeedsevesyceteettacddtdosnsestesgndegenstndeeecesnctyse 317 SABOR Tacs cavens vise otved E ov ech con A ee 318 2 2 7 Japanese Character Description Command Line Options eee ee eeeeeeeeeee 319 SOLS n E A EEE A AR A A alah anuaitna amend 320 SBS oi A E E E A nge att 321 TOU L CODE isi E EE EA A 322 2 2 8 Automatic Literal Pool Generation Command Line Option eee 323 PAULO TPR ERA cus seotisseuusvesscetestitis seas sderssigseaenwasstlvsatsecssieiseennunous eeasre reas 324 2 2 9 Command Line Input Command Line Option eee eee ese ceeeereeeeeeeeeeeeees 326 SSUBCOMMAND se lecncestesdncisedontacssccre ds davenbidesseteeccessochesvtettnse eccesbsotineayrenseornecstestacneys 327 Rev 4 0 09 98 page xi of 15 HITACHI OION DAAE suesccdeatensss ashen ssencisusste cuasgsGns Stes seussceestieus senchponstedstes cetvatecceavectsdes setetes 330 DENORMA TIL Zibs Jscciets coiiebenserets losheossetentetecccnssuccsdbs sts gosteccsebevtetecsemesecanctenbs conhese 332 Appendix Appendix A Limitations and Notes on Programming c cecseeeeeteeeeteeeeteeeees 337 Appendix B Sample Program iccsasctincctiia eG ies 338 B 1 Sample Program Specifications cece cseesseeeeeeeceeseeseceecesecaecsaecsaecseecaeseneseeeeeneeeeees 338 B 2 Coding Example see eneee enparen araa ietive soptechssceapeesoessgcusctp bebastts decsstessesoevasthassebesss 339 Appendix C Assemble Listing Output Example cess ee
157. dress 2 The location counter value must be specified as follows The specification must be an absolute value or an address within the section and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification The values allowed for the location counter value are from H 00000000 to H FFFFFFFF From 0 to 4 294 967 295 in decimal When the location counter value is specified with an absolute value the following condition must be satisfied lt location counter value gt 2 lt section start address gt when compared as unsigned values Rev 4 0 09 98 page 114 of 391 HITACHI ORG 3 The assembler handles the value of the location counter as follows The value is regarded as an absolute address value within an absolute address section The value is regarded as a relative address value relative distance from the section head within a relative address section Coding Example SECTION DT DATA LOCATE H FFFF0000 DATA L H 11111111 ORG H FFFFO010 This statement sets the value of the location counter DATA L H 22222222 The integer data H 22222222 is stored at absolute address H FFFFO010 Absolute address Explanatory Figure for the Coding Example H FFFFO000 Absolute address H FFFF0010 gt A E Bs Dee ESE AN EEEE T AEE T Memory i H 11111111 Locations from H FFFF0004 to H FFFFOOOF are not changed due
158. ds Enter the floating point register name for which the alias is to be defined Description 1 FREG is the assembler directive that defines the alias of a floating point register name The alias of a floating point register name defined with FREG can be used in exactly the same manner as the original register name The alias of a floating point register name defined with FREG cannot be redefined 2 The alias can only be defined for the floating point registers FRm m 0 to 15 DRn n 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 XDn n 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 and FVi i 0 4 8 12 3 Definitions with the FREG are valid from the point of the definition forward in the program 4 Symbols defined with FREG have the following limitations They cannot be used as import or export symbols They cannot be referenced from the simulator debugger 5 FREG is valid only when SH 2E SH 3E or SH 4 is selected as the CPU type Rev 4 0 09 98 page 125 of 391 HITACHI FREG Coding Example MAX FREG FR11 FMOV FR1 MAX This is the same as FMOV FR1 FR11 FCMP EQ MAX FR2 This is the same as FCMP EQ FR11 FR2 BF LABEL Rev 4 0 09 98 page 126 of 391 HITACHI 5 2 4 Data and Data Area Reservation Assembler Directives This assembler provides the following assembler directives that are concerned with data and data area reservation DATA DATAB SDATA SDATAB
159. ds Enter the sizes of the areas not including the terminating zero to be reserved in byte units Description 1 SRESZ is the assembler directive that allocates character string data areas with zero termination A character string with length is a character string with an appended trailing byte with the value H 00 that indicates the end of the string Reference Character strings Programmer s Guide 1 7 Character Strings 2 The character string area size must be specified as follows The specification must be an absolute value and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification The values that are allowed for the character string area size are from H 00000000 to H 000000FF from 0 to 255 in decimal Rev 4 0 09 98 page 156 of 391 HITACHI SRESZ 3 The size of the area reserved in memory is the size of the character string area itself plus 1 byte for the terminating zero Coding Example ALIGN 4 This statement adjusts the value of the location counter X SRESZ 7 This statement reserves 7 bytes plus 1 byte for the terminating byte SRESZ 6 This statement reserves 6 bytes plus 1 byte for the terminating byte Explanatory Figure for the Coding Example Memory Address symbol X Ss MYL LALLA Q J 4 bytes Rev 4 0 09 98 page 157 of 391 HITACHI FRES Floating Point Data Area Reserv
160. dules and relocatable load modules into library files We recommend handling processing that is common to multiple programs as a library file This has several advantages including allowing modules to be easily managed The linkage editor links together object modules and library files to produce load modules executable programs The object converter converts load modules into the S type format The S type format is a standard load module format The simulator debugger assists debugging microprocessor software Load modules created by this development support system can be input to several types of emulator Emulators are systems for debugging microprocessor system hardware and software Also S type format load modules can be input into most EPROM programmers Rev 4 0 09 98 page 7 of 391 HITACHI Programmer s Guide Section Program Elements 1 1 Source Statements If source programs are compared to natural language writing a source statement will correspond to a sentence The words that make up a source statement are reserved words and symbols 1 1 1 Source Statement Structure The following shows the structure of a source statement lt label gt A lt operation gt A lt operand s gt lt comment gt Example LABEL1 MOV L RO R1 _ This is an example of a source statement Comment Operands Operation Label HITACHI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 11 of 391
161. e Correct the operation size The assembler ignores the incorrect operation size specification Rev 4 0 09 98 page 362 of 391 HITACHI Table D 3 Source Program Warning Messages cont 808 Message ILLEGAL CONSTANT SIZE Error description Illegal notation of integer constant Recovery procedure Correct the notation Supplement The assembler may misinterpret the integer constant i e interpret it as a value not intended by the programmer 810 Message TOO MANY OPERANDS Error description Too many operands or illegal comment format Recovery procedure Correct the operand or the comment Supplement The assembler ignores the extra operands 811 Message ILLEGAL SYMBOL DEFINITION Error description Specified label in assembler directive that cannot have a label Recovery procedure Remove the label specification Supplement The assembler ignores the label 813 Message SECTION ATTRIBUTE MISMATCH Error description A different section type is specified on section restart reentry or a section start address is respecified at the restart of absolute section Recovery procedure Do not respecify the section type or start address on section reentry Supplement The specification of starting section remains valid 815 Message MULTIPLE MODULE NAMES Error description Respecification of object module name Recovery procedure Specify the object module name once in a program Supplement The assembler ignores the second and
162. e editor The process of developing software often consists of repeatedly correcting and reassembling the program In such cases if the source program is partitioned it will be only necessary to reassemble the source file that was changed As a result the time required to construct the complete program will be significantly reduced If a source program is collected If a Source program is partitioned together in a single file into several files File Processing 1 File Processing 2 File Processing 4 File _ Procesing 5 File Processing 6 Part of the source program that requires changes Range of the program that must be reassembled Figure 2 5 Relationship between the Changed Range of the Source Program and the Range of the Program that must be Reassembled Rev 4 0 09 98 page 57 of 391 HITACHI The procedure involved in separate assembly consists of steps 1 to 4 1 Investigate methods for partitioning the program Normally programs are partitioned by function Note that the memory reservation of the section must also be considered at this point 2 Divide the source program into separate files and edit those files accordingly 3 Assemble the individual files 4 Link the individual object modules into a single load module 2 4 2 Declaration of Export Symbols and Import Symbols When a source program consists of multiple files referen
163. e value 52 REPEAT 272 repeat control instruction 83 repeat loop automatic repeat loop generation function 271 extended instruction related to automatic repeat loop generation 272 repeat count 272 start address and end address 272 replacement character string definition 217 315 replacement symbol 206 RES 149 reserved word 16 return code to operating system 281 Rn 16 62 64 68 Rn_BANK 16 ROTCL 71 ROTCR 71 ROTL
164. ecification or INCLUDE dir2 file2 h Absolute path specification file2 h must have the following inclusion directive INCLUDE file3 h dir2 is the current directory relative path specification or INCLUDE dir2 file3 h Absolute path specification Rev 4 0 09 98 page 203 of 391 HITACHI INCLUDE CAUTION When using Windows 95 or Windows NT change the slash in the above example as follows depending on the environment e Japanese environment Yen mark e English environment Backslash Rev 4 0 09 98 page 204 of 391 HITACHI Section 7 Conditional Assembly Function 7 1 Overview of the Conditional Assembly Function The conditional assembly function provides the following assembly operations e Replaces a character string in the source program with another character string e Selects whether or not to assemble a specified part of a source program according to the specified condition e Jteratively assembles a specified part of a source program 7 1 1 Preprocessor variables Preprocessor variables are used to write assembly conditions Preprocessor variables are of either integer or character type 1 Integer preprocessor variables Integer preprocessor variables are defined by the ASSIGNA directive these variables can be redefined When referencing integer preprocessor variables insert a backslash and a
165. ecutable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Table 3 5 shows the executable instruction and operation size combinations for the SH 2 instructions added to those of the SH 1 Table 3 5 SH 2 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 1 1 Arithmetic Operation Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B Ww L Omitted MAC Rn Rm x O O WwW MUL Rn Rm x x O L DMULS Rn Rm x x O L DMULU Rn Rm x x O L DT Rn x x x Table 3 5 SH 2 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 2 2 Branch Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B Ww L Omitted BF S symbol x x x BT S symbol x x x BRAF Rn x x x BSRF Rn x x x Rev 4 0 09 98 page 73 of 391 HITACHI SH 2E Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Table 3 6 shows the executable instruction and operation size combinations for the SH 2E instructions added to those of the SH 2 Table 3 6 SH 2E Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 1 1 Data Move Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B WwW L S Omitted FLDIO FRn x x x O S FLDI FRn x x x O S FMOV Rm FRn x x x O S FMOV FRn Rm x x x O S FMOV Rm FRn x x x O S FMOV FRn Rm x x x O S FMOV R0 Rm FRn x x x O S FMOV FRm R0 Rm x x x O S FMOV FRm FRn x x x O S Symbol meanings FRm FRn Floating point register FRO
166. ed 2 Operation Enter the ENDIAN mnemonic 3 Operands endian Endian Output Control BIG Assembles program in big endian LITTLE Assembles program in little endian The shaded section indicates the default value when the specifier is omitted Description 1 ENDIAN is the assembler directive that selects the big endian or little endian 2 Enter an ENDIAN directive at the beginning of the source program 3 If the ENDIAN option has been specified the ENDIAN is invalidated Reference ENDIAN User s Guide 2 2 2 Object Module Command Line Options ENDIAN Rev 4 0 09 98 page 173 of 391 HITACHI ENDIAN Coding Example 1 When the big endian is selected CPU SH1 This statement specifies the SH1 as the CPU ENDIAN BIG This statement selects the big endian DATA L H 12345678 DATA W H 1234 H 5678 These statements reserve integer data DATA B H 12 H 34 Cai PES E E E a re A AE E E REY T e PERNE A A R OE EAE a E EA E E EA A Explanatory Figure for the Coding Example Memory i l Address symbol X i 12 34 56 78 i 12 34 56 78 12 34 Note The data in this figure is hexadecimal i 4 bytes i Rev 4 0 09 98 page 174 of 391 HITACHI ENDIAN 2 When the little endian is selected CPU SH3 This statement specifies the SH3 as the CPU ENDIAN LITTLE This statement selects the little endian
167. eeeeeeeereeneeees 341 CA Source Program Listing 2c siero teon ees ie E EE RE EE E SEEE EEEE o er 342 C2 Cross Reference LISD ssc sse tecesies sce sect tscssscstazscoet lvscesse ss vesvetesvsasssdavecoy usnevcesseesved EEan Se 344 C 3 Section Information Listing eee ee cesecseceeecseeceeeseseeeeseeeseeeeeesecesecaecaecsaesaesaeeees 345 Appendix D Error Messages e esseseeseeesserereeessreeerersserreerserrererersessreeroererereesrssreereerre 346 D I lt Error Types ie aeea eoa e e seeds E E E S NE E east 346 D2 Erro Message Tables ennn e vk Sere ste he Reine eee EE 349 Appendix E Differences from Version 3 1 0 ceceeseeesesseseseeseessesneeeesneeseanereeaneeee 371 Beds OPU r tins ode A e A A E T east 371 E O oE eS ta E AAEE EE E E 371 E3 Constants s c2 s5 eee e ene ia E E EES EEEE eA EE aera E he ae ee 372 E 4 Changed Assembler Directives seistes reiner oh rr EEEE SEEE EEEE ksr SEEE Ee 372 E 5 Added Command Line Options esssseesseeessstesessrseerrsreerssrrrrerestenresrentesrerreserrrnresrreresre 372 Appendix F ASCILC ode WV able 3 2 3s 5otas cctene wie chen alba amie renes 374 Rev 4 0 09 98 page xii of 15 HITACHI Figures Overview Figure 1 1 Figure 2 1 Function of the Assemblers c c c ssccseensseessestbvhsbeeciecbscesbnesves copeasioesrnsbepsupebeceseees 4 Relationships between the Software Development Support Tools eee 6 Programmer s Guide Figure 2 1 Figure 2 2 Figure 2 3 Figu
168. een the AREPEAT and AENDR directives are iterated the number of times specified with the AREPEAT directive Note that the source statements are simply copied the specified number of times and therefore the operation is not a loop at program execution Counts are specified by constants or preprocessor variables Nothing is expanded if a value of 0 or smaller is specified Rev 4 0 09 98 page 224 of 391 HITACHI AREPEAT AENDR Coding Example This example is a division of 64 bit data by 32 bit data R1 R2 64 bits RO 32 bits R2 32 bits Unsigned TST RO RO Zero divisor check BT zero_div CMP HS RO R1 Overflow check BT over_div DIVOU Flag initialization AREPEAT 32 ROTCL R2 These statements are DIV1 RO R1 iterated 32 times AENDR ROTCL R2 R2 quotient r Rev 4 0 09 98 page 225 of 391 HITACHI AWHILE AENDW Conditional Iterated Expansion Syntax A AWHILEA lt terml gt A lt relational operator gt A lt term2 gt lt Source statements iteratively assembled gt A AENDW Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the AWHILE or AENDW mnemonic 3 Operands AWHILE Enter the condition to iteratively expand source statements AENDW The operand field is not used Description 1 AWHILE and AENDW are the assembler directives that assemble source statements by iteratively expanding the
169. egister name Rev 4 0 09 98 page 353 of 391 HITACHI Table D 2 Source Program Error Messages cont Expression and Operation Errors 400 Message CHARACTER CONSTANT TOO LONG Error description Character constant is longer than 4 characters Recovery procedure Correct the character constant 402 Message ILLEGAL VALUE IN OPERAND Error description Operand value out of range for this instruction Recovery procedure Change the value 403 Message ILLEGAL OPERATION FOR RELATIVE VALUE Error description Attempt to perform multiplication division or logic operation on relative value Recovery procedure Correct the expression 406 Message ILLEGAL OPERAND Error description An expression is specified at the location where floating point data must be specified Recovery procedure Specify floating point data 407 Message MEMORY OVERFLOW Error description Memory overflow during expression calculation Recovery procedure Simplify the expression 408 Message DIVISION BY ZERO Error description Attempt to divide by 0 Recovery procedure Correct the expression 409 Message REGISTER IN EXPRESSION Error description Register name in expression Recovery procedure Correct the expression 411 Message INVALID STARTOF SIZEOF OPERAND Error description STARTOF or SIZEOF specifies illegal section name Recovery procedure Correct the section name 412 Message ILLEGAL SYMBOL IN EXPRESSION Error description Relative
170. embler directives that reserve uninitialized data Examples SECTION DT1 DATA ALIGN 4 This assembler directive declares adata section with the name DT1 DATA W H FFOO These assembler directives reserve DATA B H FF initialized data Bopp aan gees sree ere ae a osen ede ne osname ee ato op reads Sater erase ee cesta eee wan nan nn en ee ee SECTION DT2 DATA ALIGN 4 This assembler directive declares adata section with the name DT2 ES W 10 These assembler directives reserve ES B 10 data areas that do not have initial values Rev 4 0 09 98 page 46 of 391 HITACHI 3 Common Section A common section is used as a section to hold data that is shared between files when a source program consists of multiple source files The following can be written in a common section e Assembler directives that reserve initialized data e Assembler directives that reserve uninitialized data Supplement The linkage editor reserves common sections with the same name to the same area in memory In the example shown in figure 2 1 the common section CM declared in file A and the common section CM declared in file B are reserved to the same area in memory Program Memory Common section CM Common section CM Figure 2 1 Memory Reservation of Common Section Rev 4 0 09 98 page 47 of 391 HITACHI 4 Stack Section The section
171. enean paea ie te ee oe eh eaaet blbiddd Automatic literal pool generation result source list 1 0000F000 is ee SECTION CD1 CODE LOCATE H 0000F000 2 0000F000 2 CD1_START 3 0000F000 D003 3 OV L H FFFF0000 R0 4 0000F002 9103 4 OV W H FF00 R1 5 0000F004 D203 5 OV L CD1_START R2 6 0000F006 E3FF 6 OV H FF R3 7 0000F008 7 POOL 8 BEGIN POOL 9 0000F008 A006 BRA TO END POOL 10 0000F00A 0009 NOP 11 0000F00C FFOO DATA FOR SOURCE LINE 4 12 0000F00E 0000 ALIGNMENT CODE 13 0000F010 FFFF0000 DATA FOR SOURCE LINE 3 14 0000F014 0000F000 DATA FOR SOURCE LINE 5 1 15 END POOL 16 8 END Rev 4 0 09 98 page 263 of 391 HITACHI 9 5 Literal Sharing When the literals for several extended instructions are gathered into a literal pool the assembler makes the extended instructions share identical immediate data The following operand forms can be identified and shared e Symbol e Constant e Symbol constant In addition to the above expressions that are determined to have the same value at assembly processing may be shared However extended instructions having different operation sizes do not share literal data even when they have the same immediate data An example of literal data sharing among extended instructions is shown on the following page Rev 4 0 09 98 page 264 of 391 HITACHI Source program SECTION CD1 COD CD1_START
172. ents assembled if the AIF condition is satisfied gt A AENDI Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the AIF AELIF can be omitted AELSE can be omitted or AENDI mnemonic 3 Operands AIF Enter the condition Refer to the description below AELIF Enter the condition Refer to the description below AELSE The operand field is not used AENDI The operand field is not used Description 1 AIF AELIF AELSE and AENDI are the assembler directives that select whether or not to assemble source statements according to the condition specified The AELIF and AELSE directives can be omitted 2 AELIF can be specified repeatedly between AIF and AELSE HITACHI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 219 of 391 AIF AELIF AELSE AENDI 3 The condition must be specified as follows AIFA lt term1 gt A lt relational operator gt A lt term2 gt AELIFA lt term1 gt A lt relational operator gt A lt term2 gt Terms are specified with numeric values or character strings However when a numeric value and a character string are compared the condition always fails Numeric values are specified by constants or preprocessor variables Character strings are specified by characters or preprocessor variables enclosed with double quotation marks To specify a double quotation mark in a character string enter two double quotation marks in succession 4 The followin
173. er gt E lt message gt Example 0 10 E NO INPUT FILE SPECIFIED 2 Source Program Errors These are syntax errors in the source program The assembler outputs the error message to standard output usually the display or the source program listing If a source program listing is output during assembly these messages are not output to standard output Rev 4 0 09 98 page 346 of 391 HITACHI The format of these messages is as follows 2 lt source file name gt line lt line number gt lt error number gt E lt message gt lt source file name gt line lt line number gt lt error number gt W lt message gt Example PROG SRC line 25 300 E ILLEGAL MNEMONIC PROG SRC line 33 811 W ILLEGAL SYMBOL DEFINITION Notes 1 The assembler outputs the message to standard output or the source program listing when Windows 95 or Windows NT is used 2 The format is as follows when Windows 95 or Windows NT is used lt source file name gt lt line number gt lt error number gt E lt message gt lt source file name gt lt line number gt lt error number gt W lt message gt Example PROG SRC 25 300 E ILLEGAL MNEMONIC PROG SRC 33 811 W ILLEGAL SYMBOL DEFINITION The source program error numbers are classified as follows 1
174. es to the source program listing Nothing is output for the lines output by the SPACE directive in particular line numbers are not output for these lines 2 The line count must be specified as follows The specification must be an absolute value and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification Values from 1 to 50 can be specified as the line count 3 When a new page occurs as the result of blank lines output by the SPACE directive any remaining blank lines are not output on the new page 4 SPACE directive statements themselves are not output to the source program listing Rev 4 0 09 98 page 191 of 391 HITACHI SPACE Coding Example SECTION DT1 DATA ALIGN 4 DATA L H 11111111 DATA L H 22222222 DATA L H 33333333 DATA L H 44444444 Inserts five blank lines at the point SPACE 5 where the section changes SECTION DT2 DATA ALIGN 4 SuperH RISC engine ASSEMBLER Ver 4 0 01 12 98 10 23 30 PROGRAM NAME 1 00000000 1 SECTION DT1 DATA ALIGN 4 2 00000000 11111111 2 DATA L H 11111111 3 00000004 22222222 3 DATA L H 22222222 4 00000008 33333333 4 DATA L H 33333333 5 0000000C 44444444 DATA L H 44444444 7 00000000 7 SECTION DT2 DATA ALIGN 4 Note See appendix C OAssemble Listing Output ExampleO for an explanation of the contents of the source program listing Rev 4 0 09 98 page 192 of 391 HITACHI 5 2 8 Other As
175. escription Cannot check displacement size for PC relative data move instructions Recovery procedure Note carefully the distance between data move instructions and data area at linkage Supplement The assembler only outputs this message when a data move instruction is included in a relative section or when an import symbol is used to indicate a data area 876 Message ASSEMBLER OUTPUTS BRA INSTRUCTION Error description The assembler automatically outputs a BRA instruction Recovery procedure Specify a literal pool output position using POOL or check that the program to which a BRA instruction is added can run normally Supplement When a literal pool output location is not available the assembler automatically outputs literal pool and a BRA instruction to jump over the literal pool 880 Message END NOT FOUND Error description No END in the program Recovery procedure Add an END 881 Message ILLEGAL DIRECTIVE IN REPEAT LOOP Error description Recovery procedure Supplement An illegal assembler directive was found in a loop Delete the directive If a directive that reserves a data item or a data area an ALIGN directive or an ORG directive is used in a loop the assembler counts the directive as one of the instructions to be repeated Rev 4 0 09 98 page 367 of 391 HITACHI Table D 4 Fatal Error Messages Fatal Errors 901 Message SOURCE FILE INPUT ERROR Error description
176. escription Command Line Options This assembler provides the following command line options concerned with Japanese characters description in source files SJIS This command line option interprets Japanese kanji characters in source files as shift JIS code EUC This command line option interprets Japanese kanji characters in source files as EUC code OUTCODE This command line option specifies the Japanese kanji code for output to object file Rev 4 0 09 98 page 319 of 391 HITACHI SJIS Interpretation of Japanese Characters as Shift JIS Code Syntax SJIS Description 1 The SJIS option enables Japanese characters to be written in character strings and comments SJIS Japanese characters in character strings and comments are interpreted as shift JIS code No specification Japanese characters in character strings and comments are interpreted as Japanese code specified by the host machine 2 Do not specify this option together with the EUC option Reference Shift JIS code Programmer s Guide 1 4 2 Character Constants Rev 4 0 09 98 page 320 of 391 HITACHI EUC Interpretation of Japanese Characters as EUC Code Syntax Description 1 The EUC option enables Japanese characters to be written in character strings and comments EUC Japanese characters in character strings and comments are interpreted EUC
177. ess section The starting address of section ABS is the absolute address H 0000F000 The constant H 1111 is reserved at the absolute address H 0000F000 DATA W H 1111 The constant H 2222 is reserved at the absolute address H 0000F002 DATA W H 2222 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 50 of 391 HITACHI 2 Relative Address Section The locations in memory of relative section are not specified in the source program but rather are determined when the sections are linked by the linkage editor In this assembly language locations in a relative address section are expressed as relative addresses which are addresses that express the position relative to the start of the section itself Examples SECTION REL DATA ALIGN 4 REL is a relative address section The starting address of section REL is determined after linkage DATA W H 1111 The constant H 1111 is reserved at the relative address H 00000000 DATA W H 2222 The constant H 2222 is reserved at the relative address H 00000002 Supplement Dummy sections correspond neither to relative nor to absolute address sections Rev 4 0 09 98 page 51 of 391 HITACHI 2 2 Absolute and Relative Values Absolute values are determined when assembly completes Relative values are not determined until the linkage editor completes 2 2 1 Absolute Values The following are the absolute values handled by the assembler 1
178. ev 4 0 09 98 page 198 of 391 HITACHI END Coding Example EXPORT START SECTION CD CODE ALIGN 4 START END START This statement declares the end of the source program The simulator debugger starts simulation from the address indicated by the value of the symbol START Rev 4 0 09 98 page 199 of 391 HITACHI Section 6 File Inclusion Function The file inclusion function allows source files to be inserted into other source files at assembly time The file inserted into another file is called an included file This assembler provides the INCLUDE directive to perform file inclusion The file specified with the INCLUDE directive is inserted at the location of the INCLUDE directive Example Source program SIUC OIDs iP tibyay tet Included file FILE H SECTION CD1 CODE ALIGN 4 MOV ON RO OFF EQU 0 biilidd File included result source list INCLUDE E E ON Hou Og MOU O i SECTION CD1 CODE ALIGN 4 i MOV ON RO Rev 4 0 09 98 page 201 of 391 HITACHI INCLUDE File Inclusion Syntax A INCLUDEA lt file name gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the INCLUDE mnemonic 3 Operands Enter the file to be included Description 1 INCLUDE is the file inclusion assembler directive 2 Ifno file f
179. fied Recovery procedure Cancel the condition or change the DSP operation instruction 353 Message ILLEGAL POSITION OF INSTRUCTION lt mnemonic gt Error description The DSP operation instruction is specified in an illegal position Recovery procedure Specify the DSP operation instruction in the correct position 354 Message ILLEGAL ADDRESSING MODE lt mnemonic gt Error description The addressing mode of the DSP operation instruction is illegal Recovery procedure Correct the operand 355 Message ILLEGAL REGISTER NAME lt mnemonic gt Error description The register name of the DSP operation instruction is illegal Recovery procedure Correct the register name 357 Message ILLEGAL COMBINATION OF MNEMONICS lt mnemonic gt Error description An illegal data move instruction is specified Recovery procedure Correct the data move instruction 371 Message ILLEGAL COMBINATION OF MNEMONICS lt mnemonic gt lt mnemonic gt Error description The combination of data move instructions is illegal Recovery procedure Correct the combination of data move instructions 372 Message ILLEGAL ADDRESSING MODE lt mnemonic gt Error description An illegal addressing mode for the data move instruction operand is specified Recovery procedure Correct the operand 373 Message ILLEGAL REGISTER NAME lt mnemonic gt Error description Recovery procedure An illegal register name for the data move instruction is specified Correct the r
180. g ENDM directive following MACRO Recovery procedure Insert an ENDM directive 662 Message ILLEGAL END DIRECTIVE POSITION Error description END directive appears between AIF and AENDI directives Recovery procedure Remove the END directive 663 Message ILLEGAL END DIRECTIVE POSITION Error description END directive appears in included file Recovery procedure Remove the END directive 664 Message ILLEGAL END DIRECTIVE POSITION Error description END directive appears between AIF and AENDI directives Recovery procedure Remove the END directive 665 Message EXPANSION TOO LONG Error description Lines with over 255 characters are generated by the DEFINE directive Recovery procedure Correct the DEFINE directive to generate lines of less than or equal to 255 characters 667 Message SUCCESSFUL CONDITION AERROR Error description Statement including the AERROR directive was processed in the AIF condition Recovery procedure Correct the conditional statement so that the AERROR directive is not processed 668 Message ILLEGAL VALUE IN OPERAND Error description Recovery procedure Error in the operand of the directive Specify as the operand of this directive a symbol defined by DEFINE directive Rev 4 0 09 98 page 361 of 391 HITACHI Table D 3 Source Program Warning Messages DSP Instruction Warnings 700 Message ILLEGAL VALUE IN OPERAND lt mnemonic gt Error description The operand va
181. g relational operators can be used EQ term term2 NE term term2 GT term gt term2 LT terml lt term2 GE term gt term2 LE terml lt term2 Note Numeric values are handled as 32 bit signed integers For character strings only EQ and NE conditions can be used Rev 4 0 09 98 page 220 of 391 HITACHI AIF AELIF AELSE AENDI Coding Example AIF amp TYPE EQ R10 R11 1 2 These statements are assembled when TYPE is 1 These statements are assembled when TYPE is 2 These statements are assembled when TYPE is not 1 nor 2 HITACHI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 221 of 391 AIFDEF AELSE AENDI Conditional Assembly with Definition Syntax A AIFDEFA lt replacement symbol gt lt statements to be assembled when the specified replacement symbol is defined gt A AELSE lt statements to be assembled when the specified replacement symbol is not defined gt A AENDI Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the AIFDEF AELSE can be omitted or AENDI mnemonic 3 Operands AIFDEF Enter the condition Refer to the description below AELSE The operand field is not used AENDI The operand field is not used Description 1 AIFDEF AELSE and AENDI are the assembler directives that select whether or not to assemble source stateme
182. ged Assembler Directives and Statements Assembler Directive Reference in or Statement Function Programmer s Guide FREG Floating point register types 5 2 3 FDATA Double precision operation size 5 2 4 FDATAB Double precision operation size 5 2 4 FRES Double precision operation size 5 2 4 E 5 Added Command Line Options Table E 2 lists the command line options added to the new version Table E 2 Added Command Line Options Command Line Option Function Reference in User s Guide ROUND Selection of floating point 2 2 10 data rounding mode DENORMALIZE Selection of how to handle 2 2 10 denormalized numbers in floating point data Rev 4 0 09 98 page 372 of 391 HITACHI Reference Floating point constants Programmer s Guide 1 4 3 Floating Point Constants Rev 4 0 09 98 page 373 of 391 HITACHI Appendix F ASCII Code Table Table F 1 ASCII Code Table Upper 4 Bits Lower 4 Bits 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 NUL DLE SP 0 P p 1 SOH DC1 1 A Q a q 2 STX DC2 2 B R b r 3 ETX DC3 3 C S c S 4 EOT DC4 4 D T d t 5 ENQ NAK 5 E U e u 6 ACK SYN amp 6 F V f v 7 BEL ETB 7 G W g w 8 BS CAN 8 H X h x 9 HT EM 9 Y i y A LF SUB J Z j z B VT ESC K k C FF FS lt L D CR GS M m E SO RS gt N 4 n F SI US O o DEL Rev 4 0 09 98 page 374 of 391 HITACHI A AQ
183. gle brackets lt gt if any of the following characters are included in the macro parameters Space Tab Comma Semicolon Double quotation marks Angle brackets lt gt Macro parameters are inserted by removing the double quotation marks or angle brackets that enclose character strings at macro expansion Coding Example MACRO SUM FROM 0 TO 9 R FROM R10 MOV COUNT ASSIGNA AWHILE amp COUNT LE TO R amp COUNT R10 MOV COUNT ASSIGNA AENDW ENDM FROM 1 amp COUNT 1 r r Macro instruction SUM and formal parameters FROM and TO are defined Macro body is coded using formal parameters Both will be expanded _ into the same statements Expanded results are as follows the formal parameters in the macro body are replaced with macro parameters OV OV OV OV OV OV RO R1 R1 R1 R2 R1 R3 R1 R4 R1 R5 R1 G OS OLO Oo Rev 4 0 09 98 page 248 of 391 HITACHI 8 5 Character String Manipulation Functions This assembler provides the following character string manipulation functions LEN Counts the length of a character string INSTR Searches for a character string SUBSTR Extracts a character string Rev 4 0 09 98 page 249 of 391 HITACHI LEN Character String Length Count Syntax LEN A lt character s
184. haracter String Manipulation Functions LEN INSTR Programmer s Guide 8 5 Character String Manipulation Functions INSTR SUBSTR Programmer s Guide 8 5 Character String Manipulation Functions SUBSTR Rev 4 0 09 98 page 246 of 391 HITACHI 8 4 Macro Call Expanding a defined macro instruction is called a macro call The syntax for macro calls is as follows Syntax lt symbol gt A lt macro name gt A lt macro parameter gt lt macro parameter gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter a reference symbol if required 2 Operation Enter the macro name to be expanded The macro name must have been already defined before a macro call 3 Operands Enter character strings as macro parameters to replace formal parameters at macro expansion The formal parameters must have been declared in the macro definition with MACRO Description 1 Macro parameter specification Macro parameters can be specified by either positional specification or keyword specification Positional specification The macro parameters are specified in the same order as that of the formal parameters declared in the macro definition with MACRO Keyword specification Each macro parameter is specified following its corresponding formal parameter separated by an equal sign Rev 4 0 09 98 page 247 of 391 HITACHI 2 Macro parameter syntax Macro parameters must be enclosed with double quotation marks or an
185. he same replacement symbol has been defined by a command line option Rev 4 0 09 98 page 217 of 391 HITACHI DEFINE Coding Example SYM1 DEFINE RI MOV L SYM1 RO Replaced with MOV L R1 RO Notes 1 A hexadecimal number starting with an alphabetical character a to f or A to F will be replaced when the same character string is specified as a replacement symbol by DEFINE directive Add 0 to the beginning of the number to stop replacing such number AO DEFINE 0 MOV B H AO RO Replaced with MOV B H 0 RO MOV B H OA0 RO Not replaced A radix indication B Q D or H will also be replaced when the same character string is specified as a replacement symbol by DEFINE directive When specifying a symbol having only one character such as B Q D H b q d or h make sure that the corresponding radix indication is not used B DEFINE H MOV B B 10 R0 Replaced with MOV H H 10 RO Rev 4 0 09 98 page 218 of 391 HITACHI AIF AELIF AELSE AENDI Conditional Assembly with Comparison Syntax A AIFA lt term1 gt A lt relational operator gt A lt term2 gt A AELIFA lt terml gt A lt relational operator gt A lt term2 gt A AELSE lt Source statements assembled if the AELIF condition is satisfied gt KSource statements assembled if all the conditions are not satisfied gt lt Source statem
186. he valid range e Round to Nearest even RN Rounds the least significant bit in the object code to its nearest absolute value When two absolute values are at the same distance rounds the least significant bit to become zero e Round to Zero RZ Rounds the least significant bit in the object code to zero Example Object code of FDATA S F 1S 1 RN H 3DCCCCCD RZ H 3DCCCCCC Reference Rounding mode setting User s Guide 2 2 10 Floating Point Data Command Line Options ROUND Rev 4 0 09 98 page 25 of 391 HITACHI Handling Denormalized Numbers The assembler handles denormalized numbers differently depending on the CPU type In a CPU that does not handle denormalized numbers if a value in the denormalized number range is used warning number 841 occurs and the object code is output as zero In a CPU that handles denormalized numbers if a value in the denormalized number range is used warning number 842 occurs and the object code is output in denormalized numbers How to handle denormalized numbers can be switched with the DENORMALIZE command line option Examples CPU not handling denormalized numbers FDATA S F 1S 40 Warning 841 Object code H 00000000 CPU handling denormalized numbers FDATA S F 18 40 Warning 842 Object code H 000116C2 Reference Denormalized numbers User s Guide 2 2 10 Floating Point Data Command Line Options DENORMALIZE 1 4 4 Fixed Po
187. hips between the Software Development Support LOOIS cnsrhvei sc honest tee thes eh et aha etna a es 5 Programmer s Guide Section 1 Program Elements s cedsn sini anieaion sian a R RE 11 LI S rce Statements ease a E E E RE E EE E E A A atone 11 1 1 1 Source Statement Structure eseseeserseererserseererersrereerinseererssrcesrereteensrerenseeris seners 11 1 1 2 Coding of Source Statements esseseeseeeseeeseseesestertsserresestentesreerssrerreresrenresrenees 13 1 1 3 Coding of Source Statements across Multiple Lines eee eee cee eee cee eneeeee 15 1 2 ReS rved Words arisoona a tiae seduced cuts lots oh cond wesc de E EEEE EEE EEEE ERE 16 133 SYMONS ienaa ast ay aoe eohiee else a eee TESE EE a EEE seers 16 1 3 1 Functions of Symbols o oo cece eeens iriri siese iEn e 16 1 3 2 Coding of Symbols ss s sss5csccssecsscsscesses sec vab se secastessevesbevdssesdescsduacessspactebesesssesbavessentss 18 VA Constants ean tea a ee ee eRe ies aie ek RG ee 19 14 1 Integer Constants scien ctaitieesneeaionties ee netic A T ties eee ete 19 1 4 2 Character Constants sene a Re E ES RESES 20 1 4 3 Floating Point Constant 00 0 eee eeceecesecesecesecsseceaecaeecaeeeneeeeeseeeeseeseeeseenseenaes 21 1 4 4 Fixed Point Constant neresine se o Er E E EEEn E ER EES 26 1 5 Location Counter ir n A A a E E an AS ges AA E E E 29 1 6 EXPrESSIONS tiiin cashes viens E E Teer E SEEE EERE Er E ESFE E E E Eeo 31 1 6 1 Elements of EXpressio
188. his example includes double quotation marks SDATAB 2 ABAB lt H 07 gt The character string in this example has acontrol character appended Explanatory Figure for the Coding Example Memory Address ae aA A A H 41 4 4 4 4141 22 42 42 42 22 22 42 42 42 22 41 42 41 42 07 41 42 41 42 07 Notes 1 The data in this figure is hexadecimal 2 The ASCII code for A is H 41 N J The ASCII code for B is H 42 The ASCII code for is H 22 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 137 of 391 HITACHI SDATAC Character String Data Reservation With Length Syntax lt symbol gt A SDATACA lt character string gt lt character string gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter a reference symbol if required 2 Operation Enter the SDATAC mnemonic 3 Operands Enter the character string s to be reserved Description 1 SDATAC is the assembler directive that reserves character string data with length in memory A character string with length is a character string with an inserted leading byte that indicates the length of the string The length indicates the size of the character string not including the length in bytes Reference Character strings Programmer s Guide 1 7 Character Strings 2 A control character can be appended to a character string The syntax for this notation is as follows
189. his option is specified no object will be generated 3 When the output file parameter is omitted the assembler takes the following actions Ifthe file format is omitted The file format exp is used Ifthe specification is completely omitted The file format exp is appended to the name of the input source file the first specified source file 4 Do not specify the same file name for the input and output files Rev 4 0 09 98 page 317 of 391 HITACHI ABORT Change of Error Level at Which the Assembler Is Abnormally Terminated Syntax ABORT lt error level gt Error level WARNING ERROR The abbreviated form is indicated by bold face Description 1 The ABORT option specifies the error level and changes the return value to the OS depending on the assembly result 2 The return value to the OS is as follows Return Value to OS when Option Specified Number of Cases ABORT WARNING ABORT ERROR Windows 95 Windows 95 Warning Error Fatal Error Windows NT UNIX Windows NT UNIX 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1ormore 0 0 2 1 0 0 1ormore 0 2 1 2 1 1 or more 4 1 4 1 Note The underline indicates the default option setting 3 When the return value to the OS becomes 1 or larger the object module is not output 4 The ABORT option is valid only when the object module output is specified Rev 4 0 09 98 page 318 of 391 HITACHI 2 2 7 Japanese Character D
190. ified as follows The specification must be an absolute value and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification The values allowed for the start address are from H 00000000 to H FFFFFFFF From 0 to 4 294 967 295 in decimal Rev 4 0 09 98 page 111 of 391 HITACHI SECTION 4 Use ALIGN lt boundary alignment value gt to start a relative address section The linkage editor will adjust the start address of the section to be a multiple of the boundary alignment value The boundary alignment value must be specified as follows The specification must be an absolute value and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification The values allowed for the boundary alignment value are powers of 2 e g 29 21 22 231 For code sections the values must be 4 or larger powers of 2 e g 22 23 24 231 5 The assembler provides a default section for the following cases The use of executable or extended instructions when no section has been declared The use of data reservation assembler directives when no section has been declared The use of the ALIGN directive when no section has been declared The use of the ORG directive when no section has been declared Reference to the location counter when no section has been declared The use of statements consisting of only the label field when no section has been declared The default sectio
191. ine count in assemble listing User s Guide 2 2 3 Assemble Listing Command Line Options LINES Setting the column count in assemble listing User s Guide 2 2 3 Assemble Listing Command Line Options COLUMNS 5 When there is no specification of command line option or FORM assembler directive specification for the line count or the column count the following values are used Line count 60 lines Column count 132 columns Coding Example Note This example and its description assume that no command line options concerning the assemble listing line count and or column count are specified FORM LIN 60 COL 200 Starting with this page the number of lines per page in the assemble listing is 60 lines Also starting with this line the number of columns per line in the assemble listing is 200 columns FORM LIN 55 COL 150 Starting with this page the number of lines per page in the assemble listing is 55 lines Also starting with this line the number of columns per line in the assemble listing is 150 columns Rev 4 0 09 98 page 186 of 391 HITACHI HEADING Source Program Listing Header Setting Syntax A HEADINGA lt character string gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the HEADING mnemonic 3 Operands character string Enter the header for the source program listing Description 1 HEADING
192. ing NAN and qNAN quiet NAN Rev 4 0 09 98 page 22 of 391 HITACHI These data types are shown on the following number line NAN cannot be shown on the number line because it is not handled as a numerical value 0 i Eoaea Negative normalized number j Zero i Positive normalized number gt 00 Negative denormalized number Positive denormalized number Table 1 2 lists the numerical value ranges the assembler can use Table 1 2 Data Types and Numerical Value Ranges Absolute Value Data Type Single Precision Double Precision Normalized number Maximum value 3 40 x 1038 1 79 x 10308 Minimum value 1 18 x 10 38 2 23 x 10 308 Denormalized number Maximum value 1 17 x 10 38 2 22 x 10 308 Minimum value 1 40 x 10 45 4 94 x 10 324 Floating Point Data Format The floating point data format is shown below Single Precision 31 30 BODO cust Aditi si tuete toak aea 0 S E F A Decimal point S Sign bit E Exponent part F Fraction part Rev 4 0 09 98 page 23 of 391 HITACHI e Sign bit S Indicates the sign of a value Positive and negative are represented by 0 and 1 respectively e Exponent part E Indicates the exponent of a value The actual exponent value is obtained by subtracting the bias value from the value specified in this exponent part e Fraction part F Each bit has its own significance and corresponds to
193. ing s to be reserved Description 1 SDATAZ is the assembler directive that reserves character string data with zero terminator in memory A character string with zero terminator is a character string with an appended trailing byte with the value H 00 that indicates the end of the string Reference Character strings gt Programmer s Guide 1 7 Character Strings 2 A control character can be appended to a character string The syntax for this notation is as follows lt character string gt lt lt ASCII code for a control character gt gt The ASCII code for a control character must be specified as follows Rev 4 0 09 98 page 140 of 391 HITACHI SDATAZ The specification must be an absolute value and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification Coding Example ALIGN 4 This statement adjusts the value of the location counter X SDATAZ AAAAA This statement reserves character string data with zero terminator SDATAZ TETBBBIENI The character string in this example includes double quotation marks SDATAZ ABAB lt H 07 gt The character string in this example has a control character appended Explanatory Figure for the Coding Example Memory Address symbol E Sa A A 44 i 41 00 22 42 42 42 22 00 4 42 41 42 07 00 Notes 1 The data in this figure is hexadecimal 2 The ASCII code for
194. instruction source statement has the following basic form lt symbol gt A lt mnemonic gt lt operation size gt A lt addressing mode gt lt addressing mode lt comment gt L HH 1 l i Label Operation Operand Comment This section describes the mnemonic operation size and addressing mode The other elements are described in detail in section 1 Program Elements in the Programmer s Guide 1 Mnemonic The mnemonic expresses the executable instruction Abbreviations that indicate the type of processing are provided as mnemonics for microprocessor instructions The assembler does not distinguish uppercase and lowercase letters in mnemonics 2 Operation Size The operation size is the unit for processing data The operation sizes vary with the executable instruction The assembler does not distinguish uppercase and lowercase letters in the operation size Specifier Data Size B Byte W Word 2 bytes L Longword 4 bytes S Single precision 4 bytes D Double precision 8 bytes Rev 4 0 09 98 page 61 of 391 HITACHI 3 Addressing Mode The addressing mode specifies the data area accessed and the destination address The addressing modes vary with the executable instruction Table 3 1 shows the addressing modes Table 3 1 Addressing Modes Addressing Mode Name Description Rn Register direct The contents of the specified register Rn Register indirect A memory location The v
195. int Constants Fixed point constants can be specified as operands in the assembler directive for reserving fixed point data Fixed Point Number Representation Fixed point numbers express real numbers ranging from 1 0 to 1 0 in decimal Word size and longword size are available for fixed point numbers e Word size fixed point numbers Two byte signed integers expressing real numbers ranging from 1 0 to 1 0 The real number expressed by 2 byte signed integer x 32 768 lt x lt 32 767 is x 32768 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 26 of 391 HITACHI Example Fixed point number Word size representation SLO H 8000 0 5 H C000 0 0 H 0000 0 9 H 4000 1 0 H 7FFF Longword size fixed point numbers Four byte signed integers expressing real numbers ranging from 1 0 to 1 0 The real number expressed by 4 byte signed integer x 2 147 483 648 lt x lt 2 147 483 647 is x 2147483648 Example Fixed point number Longword size representation 1 0 H 80000000 OS H C0000000 0 0 H 00000000 0 5 H 40000000 1 0 H 7FFFFFFF Rev 4 0 09 98 page 27 of 391 HITACHI Fixed Point Data Format The fixed point data format consists of a sign bit and a 15 bit fraction part in word size and a sign bit and a 31 bit fraction part in longword size The decimal point is assumed to be fixed on the right of the sign bit Word size 1514 0 A Decimal point S Sign bit S a F gt F Fraction part A Lo
196. ion ENDIAN This command line option selects big endian or little endian HITACHI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 289 of 391 OBJECT NOOBJECT Object Module Output Control Syntax OBJECT lt object output file gt NOOBJECT The abbreviated forms are indicated by bold face Description 1 The OBJECT option specifies output of an object module The NOOBJECT option specifies no output of an object module 2 The object output file specifies the output destination for the object module 3 When the object output file parameter is omitted the assembler takes the following actions If the file format is omitted The file format obj is supplied If the specification is completely omitted The file format obj is appended to the name of the input source file the first specified source file CAUTION Do not specify the same file for the input source file and the output object file If the same file is specified the contents of the input source file will be lost Rev 4 0 09 98 page 290 of 391 HITACHI OBJECT NOOBJECT Relationship with Assembler Directives The assembler gives priority to specifications made with command line options Command Line Option Assembler Directive Result OBJECT regardless of any specification An object module is output NOOBJECT regardless of any specification An object module is
197. ion H xxxx t H XXXX Indicates that the number is hexadecimal It cannot be omitted Indicates the bit pattern of the floating point constant in hexadecimal If the bit pattern is shorter than the specified data length it is aligned to the right end of the reserved area and Os are added to the remaining bits in the reserved area If the bit pattern is longer than the specified data length the right side bits of the bit pattern are allocated for the specified data length and the remaining bits of the bit pattern are ignored Indicates that the number is in either of the following precisions e S Single precision e D Double precision If omitted the assembler assumes the operation size of the assembler directive This format directly specifies the bit pattern of the floating point constant to represent data that is difficult to represent in decimal format such as Os for the specified data length or infinity Example H 0123456789ABCDEF S H FFFF D H 89ABCDEF H 000000000000FFFF Floating Point Data Range Table 1 1 lists the floating point data types Table 1 1 Floating Point Data Types Data Type Description including the boundary values Denormalized number The absolute value is between 0 and the underflow boundary Zero The absolute value is 0 Infinity The absolute value is larger than the overflow boundary Not a Number NAN A value that is not a numerical value Includes sNAN signal
198. ion 101 Message SYNTAX ERROR IN SOURCE STATEMENT Error description Syntax error in source statement Recovery procedure Check and correct the whole source statement 102 Message SYNTAX ERROR IN DIRECTIVE Error description Syntax error in assembler directive source statement Recovery procedure Check and correct the whole source statement 104 Message LOCATION COUNTER OVERFLOW Error description The value of location counter exceeded its maximum value Recovery procedure Reduce the size of the program 105 Message ILLEGAL INSTRUCTION IN STACK SECTION Error description An executable instruction DSP instruction extended instruction or assembler directive that reserves data is in the stack section Recovery procedure Remove from the stack section the executable instruction DSP instruction extended instruction or assembler directive that reserves data 106 Message TOO MANY ERRORS Error description Error display terminated due to too many errors Recovery procedure Check and correct the whole source statement 108 Message ILLEGAL CONTINUATION LINE Error description Illegal continuation line Recovery procedure Check and correct continuation line 109 Message LINE NUMBER OVERFLOW Error description The number of lines being assembled exceeded 65 535 lines Recovery procedure Subdivide the program into multiple files 150 Message INVALID DELAY SLOT INSTRUCTION Error description Recovery procedure Illegal executable inst
199. ion and subtraction parameters 1 and 2 can be specified as macro parameters Output The result is stored in register Parm1 Macro and Subroutine Usage Addition Macro call FIX_ADD parameter 1 parameter 2 Subtraction Macro call FIX_SUB parameter 1 parameter 2 Multiplication x Subroutine call FIX_MUL Division Subroutine call FIX_DIV Registers to be Used Define the following registers with the REG directive Parm1 Parm2 WORK1 WORK2 WORK3 WORK4 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 338 of 391 HITACHI B 2 Coding Example MACRO FIX_ADD Rs Parm2 Rd Parml ADD Rs Rd ENDM MACRO FIX_SUB Rs Parm2 Rd Parml SUB Rs Rd ENDM FIX_MUL DIVOS Parml Parm2 A MOVT WORK1 Stores the sign of the result in WORK1 CMP PZ Parmi Pore BT ULO1 If Parmi lt 0 Parmi Parm1 NEG Parml Parml A ai MULO1 CMP PZ Parm2 AE BT ULO2 If Parm2 lt 0 Parm2 Parm2 NEG Parm2 Parm2 ee MULO2 MULU Parml Parm2 Parmi low Parm2 low SWAP W Parml Parml STS ACL WORK2 MULU Parm1l Parm2 Parmi high Parm2 low SWAP W Parml Parml SWAP W Parm2 Parm2 A STS MACL WORK3 MULU Parm1l Parm2 Parmi low Parm2 high SWAP W Parml Parml STS MACL WORK4 MULU Parm1l Parm2 Parmi high Parm2 high CLRT 7 STS MACL Parml MOV WORK3 Parm2 poai SHLR16 WORK3 SHLL16 Parm2 i ADDC Parm2 WORK2 ADDC WORK3 Parm1 1 Sums 16 bit multiplicati
200. ional assembly and macro functions c Selects whether or not to output object code lines Rev 4 0 09 98 page 181 of 391 HITACHI LIST 2 Output is controlled by output specifiers as follows Output Specifier Type Output Not output Object Description a ON OFF Source statements The source statements following this directive b COND NOCOND Failed condition Condition failed AIF or AIFDEF directive statements DEF NODEF Definition Macro definition statements AREPEAT and AWHILE definition statements INCLUDE directive statements ASSIGNA and ASSSIGNC directive statements CALL NOCALL Call Macro call statements AIF AIFDEF and AENDI directive statements EXP NOEXP Expansion Macro expansion statements AREPEAT and AWHILE expansion statements c CODE NOCODE Object code lines The object code lines exceeding the source statement lines The shaded sections indicate the default settings when the specifier is omitted 3 The specification of the LIST directive is only valid when an assemble listing is output References Source program listing output Programmer s Guide 5 2 7 Assemble Listing Assembler Directives PRINT User s Guide 2 2 3 Assemble Listing Command Line Options LIST NOLIST SOURCE NOSOURCE 4 The assembler gives priority to command line option specifications concerning source program listing output Reference Output on the source program listing User s Guide
201. irective e CPU command line option e SHCPU environment variable References Reserved words Programmer s Guide 1 2 Reserved Words Executable instructions Programmer s Guide 3 Executable Instructions CPU assembler directive Programmer s Guide 5 2 1 Assembler Directive Related to CPU CPU command line option User s Guide 2 2 1 Target CPU Command Line Option SHCPU environment variable User s Guide 1 3 SHCPU Environment Variable E 2 Object Format In the new version ELF DWARF object format is supported in addition to those supported in the former version The assembler outputs ELF DWARF supplement information when outputting debug information References Debug information Programmer s Guide 5 2 6 Object Module Assembler Directives OUTPUT User s Guide 2 2 2 Object Module Command Line Options DEBUG Rev 4 0 09 98 page 371 of 391 HITACHI E 3 Constants In the new version double precision floating point constants can be used in addition to single precision floating point constants e Double precision floating point constants are used in the SH 4 Reference Floating point constants Programmer s Guide 1 4 3 Floating Point Constants E 4 Changed Assembler Directives Table E 1 lists the double precision registers and operation sizes added to assembler directives and assembler statements related to floating point constants in the new version Table E 1 Chan
202. is as follows lt macro replacement processing excluded character string gt Note When using a Japanese environment use instead of The backslash and the parentheses will be removed in macro processing Rev 4 0 09 98 page 245 of 391 HITACHI Coding example ACRO BACK_SLASH_SET MOV RO is expanded as an ASCII character ENDM Expanded results are as follows MOV RO is expanded as an ASCII character 5 Comments in macros Comments in macro bodies can be coded as normal comments or as macro internal comments When comments in the macro body are not required in the macro expansion code to avoid repeating the same comment in the listing file those comments can be coded as macro internal comments to suppress their expansion The syntax for macro internal comments is as follows lt comment gt Note When using a Japanese environment use instead of Coding example ACRO PUSH Rn MOV L Rn R15 Rnis a register ENDM PUSH RO Expanded results are as follows the comment is not expanded MOV L RO R15 6 Character string manipulation functions Character string manipulation functions can be used in a macro body The following character string manipulation functions are provided LEN Character string length INSTR Character string search SSUBSTR Character string extraction References LEN Programmer s Guide 8 5 C
203. is the assembler directive that sets the header for the source program listing A character string of up to 60 characters can be specified as the header Reference Character strings Programmer s Guide 1 7 Character Strings 2 The HEADING directive can be used any number of times in a given source program The range of validity for a given use of the HEADING directive is as follows When the HEADING directive is on the first line of a page it is valid starting with that page When the HEADING directive appears on the second or later line of a page it is valid starting with the next page Rev 4 0 09 98 page 187 of 391 HITACHI HEADING Coding Example HEADING SAMPLE SRC WRITTEN BY YAMADA Explanatory Figure for the Coding Example Source program listing Rest sce s Sreceee ecco osnace sao sate se cs ey m Page boundary Second line m Header SAMPLE SRC WRITTEN BY YAMADA Rev 4 0 09 98 page 188 of 391 HITACHI PAGE Source Program Listing New Page Insertion Syntax A PAGE Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the PAGE mnemonic 3 Operands The operand field is not used Description 1 PAGE is the assembler directive that inserts a new page in the source program listing at an arbitrary point 2 The PAGE directive is ignored if it is used on the fi
204. ister and X data memory MOVX NOPX 3 Y data transfer operation Specifies data transfer between a DSP register and Y data memory MOVY NOPY 4 Single data transfer operation Specifies data transfer between a DSP register and memory MOVS Reference Executable instructions Programmer s Guide 3 Executable Instructions Rev 4 0 09 98 page 91 of 391 HITACHI 4 1 2 Parallel Operation Instructions Parallel operation instructions specify DSP operations as well as data transfer between a DSP register and X or Y data memory at the same time The instruction size is 32 bits The description format is as follows lt label gt A lt DSP operation part gt A lt data transfer part gt lt comment gt DSP Operation Part Description Format lt condition gt A lt DSP operation gt A lt operand gt A lt DSP operation gt A lt operand gt e Condition Specifies how parallel operation instruction is executed as follows DCT The instruction is executed when the DC bit is 1 DCF The instruction is executed when the DC bit is 0 e DSP operation Specifies DSP operation PADD and PMULS and PSUB and PMULS can be specified in combination Data Transfer Part Description Format lt X data transfer operation gt A lt operand gt A lt Y data transfer operation gt A lt operand gt Be sure to specify X data transfer and Y data transfer in this order Inputting an instruction is not required when the data move instr
205. isting Output Example Rev 4 0 09 98 page 178 of 391 HITACHI PRINT Assemble Listing Output Control Syntax A PRINTA lt output specifier gt lt output specifier gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the PRINT mnemonic 3 Operands output specifier Output Specifier Assembler Action LIST An assemble listing is output NOLIST No assemble listing is output SRC A source program listing is output in the assemble listing NOSRC No source program listing is output in the assemble listing CREF A cross reference listing is output in the assemble listing NOCREF No cross reference listing is output in the assemble listing SCT A section information listing is output in the assemble listing NOSCT No section information listing is output in the assemble listing The shaded sections indicate the default settings when the specifier is omitted The output specifier controls assemble listing output Rev 4 0 09 98 page 179 of 391 HITACHI PRINT Description 1 PRINT is the assembler directive that controls assemble listing output 2 Ifthe PRINT directive is used two or more times in a program with inconsistent output specifiers an error occurs Example PRINT LIST PRINT LIST PRINT NOSRC lt OK PRINT NOLIST lt Error 3 The output specifiers concerned with the source prog
206. itive decimal values 2 When zero is set as the immediate values of the SETRC instruction warning number 835 occurs and the object code is output as zero In this case the range to be repeated is executed once When an import symbol is set as the immediate values of the SETRC instruction the linkage editor checks the range from H 00000000 to H 000000FF 0 to 255 CAUTION The assembler corrects the value of displacements under certain conditions Condition Type of Correction When the operation size is a word and the The lowest bit of the displacement is displacement is not a multiple of 2 discarded resulting in the value being a multiple of 2 When the operation size is a longword and The lower 2 bits of the displacement are the displacement is not a multiple of 4 discarded resulting in the value being a multiple of 4 When the displacement of the branch The lowest bit of the displacement is instruction is not a multiple of 2 discarded resulting in the value being a multiple of 2 Be sure to take this correction into consideration when using operands of the mode disp Rn disp GBR and disp PC Example MOV L 63 PC R0O The assembler corrects the 63 to be 60 and generates object code identical to that for the statement MOV L 60 PC RO and warning number 870 occurs Rev 4 0 09 98 page 66 of 391 HITACHI 3
207. ject Module Command Line Options OBJECT NOOBJECT Debug information output User s Guide 2 2 2 Object Module Command Line Options DEBUG NODEBUG Coding Example Note This example and its description assume that no command line options concerning object module or debug information output were specified OUTPUT OBJ An object module is output No debug information is output OUTPUT OBJ DBG Both an object module and debug information is output OUTPUT OBJ NODBG An object module is output No debug information is output Rev 4 0 09 98 page 169 of 391 HITACHI OUTPUT Supplement Debug information is required when debugging a program using the debugger and is part of the object module Debug information includes information about source statements and information about symbols Rev 4 0 09 98 page 170 of 391 HITACHI DEBUG Symbolic Debug Information Output Control Syntax A DEBUGA lt output specifier gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the DEBUG mnemonic 3 Operands output specifier Output Specifier Output Control ON Symbolic debug information is output starting with the next source statement OFF Symbolic debug information is not output starting with the next source statement The shaded section indicates the default value when the specifier is omitted The
208. label defined within a local block can be referenced in that local block A local label belonging to a local block is interpreted as being unique even if its spelling is the same as local labels in other local blocks it does not cause an error Note The address symbols defined by the EQU or ASSIGN directive are not interpreted as delimiters for the local block Rev 4 0 09 98 page 43 of 391 HITACHI Section 2 Basic Programming Knowledge 2 1 Sections If source programs are compared to natural language writing a section will correspond to a chapter The section is the processing unit used when the linkage editor links object modules 2 1 1 Section Types by Usage Sections are classified by usage into the following types e Code section e Data section e Common section e Stack section e Dummy section 1 Code Section The following can be written in a code section e Executable instructions e Extended instructions e Assembler directives that reserve initialized data Examples SECTION CD CODE ALIGN 4 This assembler directive declares a code section with the name CD MOV L X R1 This is an executable instruction MOV R1 R2 ALIGN 4 xX DATA L H FFFFFFFF This assembler directive reserves initialized data Rev 4 0 09 98 page 45 of 391 HITACHI 2 Data Section The following can be written in a data section e Assembler directives that reserve initialized data e Ass
209. later object module name specifications 816 Message ILLEGAL DATA AREA ADDRESS Error description Illegal allocation of data or data area Recovery procedure Locate the word data or data area on an even address Locate the long word or single precision data or data area on an address of a multiple of 4 Locate the double precision data or data area on an address of a multiple of 8 Supplement The assembler corrects the location of the data or data area according to its size 817 Message ILLEGAL BOUNDARY VALUE Error description Recovery procedure Supplement A boundary alignment value less than 4 specified for a code section The specification is valid but if an executable instruction DSP instruction or extended instruction is located at an odd address error 153 occurs Special care must be taken when specifying 1 for code section boundary alignment value Rev 4 0 09 98 page 363 of 391 HITACHI Table D 3 Source Program Warning Messages cont 818 Message COMMAND LINE OPTION MISMATCH FOR FLOATING DIRECTIVE Error description When the CPU type is SH 2E or SH 3E the ROUND NEAREST or DENORMALIZE ON command line option is specified Recovery procedure Change the specification in the ROUND or DENORMALIZE command line option Supplement The assembler creates the object code according to the specification in the ROUND or DENORMALIZE command line option 825 Message ILLEGAL INSTRUCTION IN DUMMY SECTION
210. lects the part of program to be assembled according to whether or not the specified condition is satisfied A coding example is as follows SATE lt comparison condition 1 gt lt Statements to be assembled when condition 1 is satisfied gt AELSE lt comparison condition 2 gt lt Statements to be assembled when condition 2 is satisfied gt AENDI i This part can be omitted Example Cai AIF amp FLAG EQ ON OV RO R10 Assembled when FLAG OV R1 R11 is ON OV R2 R12 AELSE OV R10 R0 Assembled when FLAG OV R11 R1 is not ON OV R12 R2 AENDI d Rev 4 0 09 98 page 207 of 391 HITACHI Conditional Assembly with Definition Selects the part of program to be assembled by whether or not the specified replacement symbol has been defined A coding example is as follows AIFDEF lt definition condition gt lt Statements to be assembled when the specified replacement symbol is defined gt This part can be omitted Example AIFDEF FLAG OV RO R10 Assembled when FLAG is defined with OV R1 R11 the DEFINE directive before the AIFDEF OV R2 R12 directive in the program AELSE OV R10 RO Assembled when FLAG is not defined with OV R11 R1 the DEFINE directive before the AIFDEF OV R12 R2 directive in the program AENDI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 208 of 391 HITACHI 7 1 4 Iterated Expansion A pa
211. lue of the DSP operation instruction exceeds the specifiable range Recovery procedure Correct the operand value within the specifiable range 701 Message MULTIPLE REGISTER IN DESTINATION lt mnemonic gt lt mnemonic gt Error description The same register is specified as multiple destination operands of the DSP instruction Recovery procedure Specify the register correctly 702 Message ILLEGAL OPERATION SIZE lt mnemonic gt Error description The operation size of the DSP operation instruction or the data transfer instruction is illegal Recovery procedure Cancel or correct the operation size 703 Message MULTIPLE REGISTER IN DESTINATION Error description Recovery procedure lt mnemonic gt lt mnemonic gt The same register is specified as the destination registers of the DSP operation instruction and data transfer instruction Specify the register correctly General Source Program Warnings 800 Message SYMBOL NAME TOO LONG Error description A symbol exceeded 251 characters Recovery procedure Correct the symbol Supplement The assembler ignores the characters starting at the 252nd character 801 Message MULTIPLE SYMBOLS Error description Symbol already defined Recovery procedure Remove the symbol redefinition Supplement The assembler ignores the second and later definitions 807 Message ILLEGAL OPERATION SIZE Error description Recovery procedure Supplement Illegal operation siz
212. m while the specified condition is satisfied 2 The source statements between the AWHILE and AENDW directives are iterated while the condition specified with the AWHILE directive is satisfied Note that the source statements are simply copied iteratively and therefore the operation is not a loop at program execution 3 The condition must be specified as follows AWHILEA lt terml gt A lt relational operator gt A lt term2 gt Terms are specified with numeric values or character strings However when a numeric value and a character string are compared the condition always fails Rev 4 0 09 98 page 226 of 391 HITACHI AWHILE AENDW Numeric values are specified by constants or preprocessor variables Character strings are specified by characters or preprocessor variables enclosed with double quotation marks To specify a double quotation mark in a character string enter two double in succession wow quotation marks Conditional iterated expansion terminates when the condition finally fails CAUTION If a condition which never fails is specified source statements are iteratively expanded for 65 535 times or until the maximum count of statement expansion specified by the ALIMIT directive is reached Accordingly the condition for this directive must be carefully specified 4 The following relational operators can be used EQ term term2 NE terml term2 GT term gt term2 LT terml lt
213. mand Line Options EUC Rev 4 0 09 98 page 322 of 391 HITACHI 2 2 8 Automatic Literal Pool Generation Command Line Option This assembler provides the following command line option concerned with automatic literal pool generation AUTO_LITERAL This command line option specifies the size mode for automatic literal pool generation Rev 4 0 09 98 page 323 of 391 HITACHI AUTO_LITERAL Size Mode Specification for Automatic Literal Pool Generation Syntax AUTO_LITERAL The abbreviated form is indicated by bold face Description 1 The AUTO_LITERAL option specifies the size mode for automatic literal pool generation When this command line option is specified automatic literal pool generation is performed in size selection mode and the assembler checks the imm value in the data move instruction without operation size specification MOV imm Rn and automatically generates a literal pool if necessary When this option is not specified automatic literal pool generation is performed in size specification mode and the data move instruction without size specification is handled as a 1 byte data move instruction 2 In the size selection mode the imm value in the data move instruction without operation size specification is handled as a signed value Therefore a value within the range from H 00000080 to H 000000FF 128 to 255 is regarded as word size data Selected Size or
214. mbler directive has a length of 2 bytes The location counter changes to H 00001002 DATA W H FO The object code generated by this assembler directive has a length of 2 bytes The location counter changes to H 00001004 DATA W H 10 The object code generated by this assembler directive has a length of 2 bytes The location counter changes to H 00001006 ALIGN 4 The value of the location counter is corrected to be a multiple of 4 The location counter changes to H 00001008 DATA L H FFFFFFFF The object code generated by this assembler directive has alength of 4 bytes The location counter changes to H 0000100C ORG is an assembler directive that sets the value of the location counter ALIGN is an assembler directive that adjusts the value of the location counter DATA is an assembler directive that reserves data in memory W is a specifier that indicates that data is handled in word 2 bytes size L is a specifier that indicates that data is handled in longword 4 bytes size Rev 4 0 09 98 page 29 of 391 HITACHI References Setting the value of the location counter Programmer s Guide 5 2 2 Section and Location Counter Assembler Directives ORG Correcting the value of the location counter Programmer s Guide 5 2 2 Section and Location Counter Assembler Directives ALIGN The location counter is referenced using the dollar sign symbol Examples LAB
215. ment declares X to be an export symbol X EQU H 10000000 This statement defines X File B IMPORT x This statement declares X to be an import symbol ALIGN DATA L x This statement references X Rev 4 0 09 98 page 164 of 391 HITACHI GLOBAL Export and Import Symbols Declaration Syntax A GLOBALA lt symbol gt lt symbol gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used Operation Enter the GLOBAL mnemonic Operands Enter the symbols to be declared as export symbols or as import symbols Description 1 GLOBAL is the assembler directive that declares symbols to be either export symbols or import symbols An export symbol declaration is required to reference symbols defined in the current file from other files An import symbol declaration is required to reference symbols defined in another file A symbol defined within the current file is declared to be an export symbol by a GLOBAL declaration A symbol that is not defined within the current file is declared to be an import symbol by a GLOBAL declaration The following can be declared to be export symbols Constant symbols other than those defined with the ASSIGN assembler directive Absolute address symbols other than address symbols in a dummy section Relative address symbols Rev 4 0 09 98 page 165 of 391 HITACHI GLOBAL 4 To reference
216. miter character Recovery procedure Correct it 602 Message INVALID CHARACTER STRING FORMAT Error description Character string error Recovery procedure Correct it 603 Message SYNTAX ERROR IN SOURCE STATEMENT Error description Source statement syntax error Recovery procedure Reexamine the entire source statement 604 Message ILLEGAL SYMBOL IN OPERAND Error description Illegal operand specified in a directive Recovery procedure No symbol or location counter can be specified as an operand of this directive 610 Message MULTIPLE MACRO NAMES Error description Macro name reused in macro definition MACRO directive Recovery procedure Correct the macro name 611 Message MACRO NAME NOT FOUND Error description Macro name not specified MACRO directive Recovery procedure Specify a macro name in the name field of the MACRO directive 612 Message ILLEGAL MACRO NAME Error description Macro name error MACRO directive Recovery procedure Correct the macro name 613 Message ILLEGAL MACRO DIRECTIVE POSITION Error description MACRO directive appears in macro body between MACRO and ENDM directives between AREPEAT and AENDR directives or between AWHILE and AENDW directives Recovery procedure Remove the MACRO directive 614 Message MULTIPLE MACRO PARAMETERS Error description Identical formal parameters repeated in formal parameter declaration in macro definition MACRO directive Recovery procedure Correct the fo
217. n This is a character constant consisting of a single double quotation mark DATA L gape Japanese kanji characters References SJIS command line option User s Guide 2 2 7 Japanese Character Command Line Options SJIS Rev 4 0 09 98 page 20 of 391 HITACHI EUC command line option User s Guide 2 2 7 Japanese Character Command Line Options EUC 1 4 3 Floating Point Constants Floating point constants can be specified as operands in assembler directives for reserving floating point constants Floating Point Constant Representation Floating point constants can be represented in decimal and hexadecimal Decimal representation F peel tIL xx J n indicates the integer part in decimal m indicates the fraction part in decimal Either the integer part or the fraction part can be omitted If the sign is omitted the assembler assumes it is positive t Indicates that the number is in either of the following precisions e S Single precision e D Double precision If omitted the assembler assumes the operation size of the assembler directive xx Indicates the exponent part in decimal If omitted the assembler assumes 0 If the sign is omitted the assembler assumes it is positive Example F 0 5S8 2 0 5x10 0 005 H 3BA3D70A F 123D3 0 123x10 123 H 405EC00000000000 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 21 of 391 HITACHI e Hexadecimal representat
218. n MOV L imm Rn Extended instruction Extended instruction Size Specification Mode In this mode a data move instruction without size specification MOV imm Rn is handled as a normal executable instruction This mode is used when AUTO_LITERAL is not specified as the command line option Rev 4 0 09 98 page 258 of 391 HITACHI Size Selection Mode In this mode when a data move instruction without size specification MOV imm Rn is written the assembler checks the imm operand value and automatically generates a literal pool if necessary The imm value is checked for the signed value range This mode is used when AUTO_LITERAL is specified as the command line option Table 9 3 shows the instructions selected depending on imm value range Table 9 3 imm Specification Constant or back reference absolute value Instructions Selected in Size Selection Mode imm Value Range H FFFFFF80 to H 0000007F 128 to 127 Selected Instruction MOV B imm Rn H FFFF8000 to H FFFFFF7F 32 768 to 129 H 00000080 to H 00007FFF 128 to 32 767 MOV W imm Rn Expansion result MOV W disp PC Rn and 2 byte literal data H 80000000 to H FFFF7FFF 2 147 483 648 to 32 769 H 00008000 to H 7FFFFFFF 32 768 to 2 147 483 647 MOV L imm Rn Expansion result MOV L disp PC Rn and 4 byte literal data Relative value or forward reference absolute value Does not depend on imm value Note
219. n ampersand amp in front of them Example FLAG ASSIGNA 1 AIF amp FLAG EQ 1 MOV RO R1 is assembled MOV RO R1 when FLAG is 1 AENDI Note When using a Japanese environment use instead of Rev 4 0 09 98 page 205 of 391 HITACHI 2 Character preprocessor variables Character preprocessor variables are defined by the ASSIGNC directive these variables can be redefined When referencing character preprocessor variables insert a backslash and an ampersand amp in front of them Example FLAG ASSIGNC ON AIF amp FLAG EQ ON MOV RO R1 is assembled MOV RO R1 when FLAG is ON AENDI Note When using a Japanese environment use instead of 7 1 2 Replacement Symbols The DEFINE directive specifies symbols that will be replaced with the corresponding character strings at assembly A coding example is shown below Example SYM1 DEFINE R1 MOV L SYM1 RO Replaced with MOV L R1 RO0 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 206 of 391 HITACHI 7 1 3 Conditional Assembly The conditional assembly function determines whether or not to assemble a specified part of a source program according to the specified conditions Conditional assembly is classified into two types conditional assembly with comparison using relational operators and conditional assembly with definition of replacement symbols Conditional Assembly with Comparison Se
220. n is the following section Section name P Section type Code section Relative address section with a boundary alignment value of 4 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 112 of 391 HITACHI SECTION Coding Example ALIGN 4 This section of the program belongs to the default section P The default section P is a code section and is a relative DATA L H 11111111 zZ O lt ve i Fal N address section with a boundary alignment value of 4 This section of the program belongs to the section CD The section CD is a code section and is a relative address section with a boundary alignment value of 4 mE DATA L H 22222222 This section of the program belongs to the section DT DATA L AH 33333933 The section DT is a data section and is an absolute address ional section with a start address of H 00001000 END Note This example assumes the SECTION directive does not appear in the parts indicated by Va HITACHI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 113 of 391 ORG Location Counter Value Setting Syntax A ORGA lt location counter value gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the ORG mnemonic 3 Operands Enter the new value for the location counter Description 1 ORG is the assembler directive that sets the value of the location counter The ORG directive is used to place executable instructions or data at a specific ad
221. n mark in a character string Examples SDATA Hello This statement reserves the character string data Hello SDATA FESTI This statement reserves the character string data i TRVTZ SDATA Hello This statement reserves the character string data Hello SDATA is an assembler directive that reserves character string data in memory Supplement The difference between character constants and character strings is as follows Character constants are numeric values They have a data size of either byte 2 bytes or 4 bytes Character strings cannot be handled as numeric values A character string has a data size between 1 byte and 255 bytes Rev 4 0 09 98 page 40 of 391 HITACHI References SJIS command line option User s Guide 2 2 7 Japanese Character Command Line Options SJIS EUC command line option User s Guide 2 2 7 Japanese Character Command Line Options EUC Rev 4 0 09 98 page 41 of 391 HITACHI 1 8 Local Label 1 8 1 Local Label Functions A local label is valid locally between address symbols Since a local label does not conflict with the other labels outside its scope the user does not have to consider other label names A local label can be defined by writing in the label field in the same way as a normal address symbol and can be referenced by an operand An example of local label descriptions is shown below Example LABE
222. n snss iist eion sieeescivvacus svete cuapaniveeceien ubuebenees 31 16 2 Operation Precedence ss 5 5 sche chescsssseestes sdk segstezsccessstess setheecbes er ea TEE ERSE sE Tee ETERS 33 1 6 3 Detailed Description on Operation 00 0 eee cee eeeeeeeeeeceeeeeseceseeesecaecsaecsaeeneeenes 36 1 6 4 Notes on Expressions sieniretki 39 TF Chatacter Strings cos sc ctiitesncencckedyesebinnsshobs isk ies eres ee Era EEA POSEES ES E NEESI rosas 40 t8 Eoc Eabele eoe eree eain e keee E e EN ad evs EERS EEEE E dupe 42 1 8 1 Local Label Functions serisine e n ar ea eE rea o AE E r a et 42 1 8 2 Description Method of Local Label eessssesssseesssesesssrsererrsresresresrsserrreserresresreee 43 1 83 Scopeof Local Labels iriri sense a e RE E E I aunes 43 Section2 Basic Programming Knowledge esses ssessssireisessssieeesssrreesessrsrreesssrrerses 45 Beli Secon es oeeo eoe eis Baws a eeose ands E E EE eE E E E e oS T 45 2 1 1 Section Types by Usage sss ccccsccsecisoecspessetessiseuechetssccebtsoescbeesseeetsganepshpebstensegstes 45 2 1 2 Absolute Address Sections and Relative Address Sections cece eeeeeeeeeee 50 Rev 4 0 09 98 page vii of 15 HITACHI 2 2 Absolute and Relative Values 00 0 ccccccccceccececececececececesececececeeeceeeceeessessesseseseeeseeuenaes 52 PADA A DSOMItEV AUS occ E E S E A E E NUT bes hs ae LES ee 52 222 Relative Valie Sune e eos ves veh he catoves A otounscnt Asche E bbe ae 52 2 3
223. nges esheets spe ioeie Epa i eseo Era Ei n 206 T3 Conditional Assemblynn snie a e e e E EE e E 207 TAA Tterated EXpah Sonenn n a A a E ARS 209 Rev 4 0 09 98 page ix of 15 HITACHI 7 1 5 Conditional Iterated Expansion 0 eee ee ceeceseceecesecneecaeecaeeeaeseaeeeseeseeeeenaees 210 7 2 Conditional Assembly Directives eee eeeeseeeeeeeecesscesecesecesecssecnaecnaecnaecaaeesesenesensees 211 PSO LGN Ai E E dents chiuier cuhsuewts cosmo sccbdeawes couabesenadaves E dos etecosueon 212 PESO AGING cx A iiais silees a orkce dean E sons vse coussnessdsensestuaeseasetarvecserse nets ceeeee 215 DEFUIN Bsa te ascigisietinaiatesteirn ane ite T inte aid A R EE e 217 ALE ABLE AE ESEY WABND ED tothe iectiensedednssevtesengled h 219 ALEDEER gARTGSE aABRNDItentantict hectic de otis hed ide cots 222 AREREAT 7 sABNDRiciiscscecsshesteasteccvasecniess tisdseces A tev dvedevneevolsesedoenetneets olsen 224 AWE LAE ec BIN DIW tac des cues seseapercaccsssetesecvstces counsttasss ives Seveapbedess occas overtesesbereecees 226 AE RROR shessscstnchscvethoestoossaddevevgeattubunce evccvndvssessbesvedoncoteuevecceuestneogsescecdvccesssotebeusecs 229 PX VMs voci sce ss ctasccobtic tt voticadecsesssausegesibesttte a E 231 PUT EMTT e oe tcc sstouens tue cos casusierettu tet EE cotnatuens Ae ac AE SS 233 Sections Macro Pinctionins iiine eene e E E e 235 8 1 Overview of the
224. ngword size 3130 0 S lt F gt A Sign bit S Indicates the sign of a value Positive and negative are represented by 0 and 1 respectively Fraction part F Each bit has its own significance and corresponds to 2 71 2 2 2 31 from the start bit respectively Valid Range for Fixed Point Numbers In long word size 31 bits can represent nine digits of data in decimal but the assembler handles ten digits in decimal as a valid number rounds the 35th bit in RN round to the nearest absolute value mode and uses the high order 31 bits of the result as fixed point data Note The actual fixed point data range is 1 0 to 0 9999999999 but the assembler assumes 1 0 as 0 9999999999 and represents it as H 7FFFFFFF Rev 4 0 09 98 page 28 of 391 HITACHI 1 5 Location Counter The location counter expresses the address location in memory where the corresponding object code the result of converting executable instructions and data into code the microprocessor can regard is stored The value of the location counter is automatically adjusted according to the object code output The value of the location counter can be changed intentionally using assembler directives Examples ORG H 00001000 This assembler directive sets the location counter to H 00001000 DATA W H FF The object code generated by this asse
225. nic 3 Operands Enter the sizes of the areas to be reserved in byte units Description 1 SRES is the assembler directive that reserves character string data areas 2 The character string area size must be specified as follows The specification must be an absolute value and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification The values that are allowed for the character string area size are from H 00000001 to H FFFFFFFF from 1 to 4 294 967 295 in decimal Rev 4 0 09 98 page 152 of 391 HITACHI SRES Coding Example ALIGN 4 This statement adjusts the value of the location counter X SRES 7 This statement reserves a 7 byte area SRES 6 This statement reserves a 6 byte area Memory Address symbol X T g 4 bytes Rev 4 0 09 98 page 153 of 391 HITACHI SRESC Character String Data Area Reservation With Length Syntax lt symbol gt A SRESCA lt character string area size gt lt character string area size gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter a reference symbol if required 2 Operation Enter the SRESC mnemonic 3 Operands Enter the sizes of the areas not including the length to be reserved in byte units Description 1 SRESC is the assembler directive that reserves character string data areas with length in memory A character string with length is a character string
226. ning the related hardware and software read the corresponding manuals and understand their mechanisims before use Rev 4 0 09 98 page v of 15 HITACHI Notes e The following symbols have special meanings in this manual lt item gt lt specification item gt A Blank space s or tab s The OS prompt indicates the input waiting state RET Press the Return Enter key The preceding item can be repeated E The enclosed item is optional i e can be omitted e Numbers are written as follows in this manual Binary A prefix of B is used Octal A prefix of Q is used Decimal A prefix of D is used Hexadecimal A prefix of H is used However when there is no specification the number without a prefix is decimal Windows 95 and Windows NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries licensed exclusively through X Open Company Limited SPARC is a CPU and workstation administered by SPARC International Inc HP9000 700 series is a trademark of Hewlett Packard Company PC 9800 series is a trademark of NEC Corporation IBM PC is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation Rev 4 0 09 98 page vi of 15 HITACHI Contents Overview Section 1 OVELVICW cccecesssceseecescoceccsscececcescocecssccecsccesencecsssescessesensessssencesssensesszsensensess 3 Section 2 Relations
227. nly the first specification becomes valid 5 The assembler gives priority to target CPU specification in the order of CPU CPU and the SHCPU environment variable Coding Example CPU SH2 SECTION A CODE ALIGN 4 MOV L RO R1 MOV L RO R2 Assembles program for SH 2 Reference CPU User s Guide 2 2 1 CPU Command Line Option CPU Rev 4 0 09 98 page 107 of 391 HITACHI 5 2 2 Section and Location Counter Assembler Directives This assembler provides the following assembler directives concerned with sections and the location counter SECTION Declares a section ORG Sets the value of the location counter ALIGN Adjusts the value of the location counter to a multiple of the boundary alignment value Rev 4 0 09 98 page 108 of 391 HITACHI SECTION Section Declaration Syntax A SECTIONA lt section name gt lt section attribute gt LOCATE lt start address gt ALIGN lt boundary alignment value gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the SECTION mnemonic 3 Operands First operand the section name The rules for section names are the same as the rules for symbols References Naming sections Programmer s Guide 1 3 2 Coding of Symbols Second operand the section attribute Attribute Section Type CODE Code
228. ns will differ by H 00000080 to H 000000FF 128 to 255 from these assembled by version 2 0 An example of source listing output in the size specification mode and size selection mode is shown on the following page Rev 4 0 09 98 page 268 of 391 HITACHI Example Source program SECTION CD1 CODE LOCATE H 0000F000 MOV L H FF RO MOV W H FF R1 MOV B H FF R2 MOV H FF R3 n RTS MOV RO R10 a et ee ee EEE RIP a TACA Automatic literal pool output in size specification mode source listing 000 1 0000F000 al SECTION CD1 CODE LOCATE H 0000F000 2 0000F000 D003 2 OV L H FF RO 3 0000F002 9103 3 OV W H FF R1 4 0000F004 E2FF 4 OV B H FF R2 5 QOO0OFO06 E3FF 5 OV HIRE ARS 6 0000F008 000B 6 RTS i i 7 QOOOFOOA 6403 gi OV RO R10 i 8 x BEGIN POOL 9 0000F00C OOFF DATA FOR SOURCE LINE 3 10 OOOOFOOE 0000 ALIGNMENT CODE 11 0000F010 000000FF DATA FOR SOURCE LINE 2 i a xxx x END POOL 13 8 END The contents of R3 is H FFFFFFFF Automatic literal pool output in size selection mode source listing 1 0000F000 1 SECTION CD1 CODE LOCATE H 0000F000 2 0000F000 D003 2 OV L H FF RO 3 0000F002 9103 3 OV W H FF R1 4 0000F004 E2FF 4 OV B H FF R2 5 0000F006 9301 5 OV H FF R3 6 0000F008 000B 6 RTS l i 7 0000F00
229. nts according to the replacement symbol definition 2 The condition must be specified as follows AIFDEFA lt replacement symbol gt The replacement symbol must be defined by the DEFINE directive When the specified replacement symbol is defined by the command line option or in the source statements before this directive the condition is regarded as satisfied When the replacement symbol is defined after this directive or is not defined the condition is regarded as unsatisfied Rev 4 0 09 98 page 222 of 391 HITACHI AIFDEF AELSE AENDI Coding Example AIFDEF FLAG MOV RO R3 These statements are assembled when MOV R1 R4 FLAG is defined by DEFINE directive AELSE MOV RO R6 These statements are assembled when MOV R1 R7 FLAG is not defined by DEFINE directive AENDI HITACHI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 223 of 391 AREPEAT AENDR Iterated Expansion Syntax A AREPEAT lt count gt lt Source statements iteratively assembled gt A AENDR Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used Operation Enter the AREPEAT or AENDR mnemonic 3 Operands AREPEAT Enter the number of iterations AENDR The operand field is not used Description 1 AREPEAT and AENDR are the assembler directives that assemble source statements by iteratively expanding them the specified number of times The source statements betw
230. on for conditional iterated expansion 233 maximum length of a line 13 memory location of section 50 MnNnemoniC 12 61 67 337 assembler directive mnemonic 103 executable instruction mnemonic and addressing mode combination 67 MOD 16 83 MON 67 85 257 MOVA 67 85 257 MOVS 91 99 102 MOVT 68 MOVX 91 99 102 MOVY 91 99 102 MUL 73 MULS 69 multiple lines source statement across multiple lines 15 94 multiple source file assembly
231. on names Express section names Note A section is a part of the program and the linkage editor regards it as a unit of processing The following shows examples of symbol usage Rev 4 0 09 98 page 16 of 391 HITACHI Examples BRA SUB1 BRA is a branch instruction SUB1 is the address symbol of the destination SUB1 MAX EQU 100 EQU is an assembler directive that sets a value to a symbol OV B MAX RO MAX expresses the constant value 100 MIN REG RO REG is an assembler directive that defines a register alias MOV B 100 MIN MINis an alias for RO n ECTION CD COD E ALIGN 4 SECTION is an assembler directive that declares a section CD is the name of the current section Rev 4 0 09 98 page 17 of 391 HITACHI 1 3 2 Coding of Symbols 1 Available Characters The following ASCII characters can be used e Alphabetical uppercase and lowercase letters A to Z a to z e Numbers 0 to 9 e Underscore _ e Dollar sign The assembler distinguishes uppercase letters from lowercase letters in symbols 2 First Character in a Symbol The first character in a symbol must be one of the following e Alphabetical uppercase and lowercase letters A to Z a to z e Underscore _ e Dollar sign CAUTION The dollar sign character used alone is a reserved word that expresses the location counter Reference Reserved words Programmer s Guide 1 2 Re
232. on number marker is expanded as a 5 digit decimal number between 00000 and 99999 unique to the macro expansion The syntax for specifying the macro generation number marker is as follows Note When using a Japanese environment use instead of Two or more macro generation number markers can be written in a macro body and they will be expanded to the same number in one macro call CAUTION Because macro generation number markers are expanded to numbers they must not be written at the beginning of symbol names Reference Programmer s Guide 1 3 2 Coding of Symbols Rev 4 0 09 98 page 244 of 391 HITACHI Coding example MACRO RES_STR STR Rn MOV L str Rn BRA end_str NOP str SDATA STR ALIGN 2 end_str ENDM RES_STR ONE RO Different symbols are generated RES_STR TWO R1 each time RES_STR is expanded Expanded results are as follows MOV L str00000 R0 BRA end_str00000 NOP str00000 SDATA ONE ALIGN 2 end_str00000 MOV L str00001 R1 BRA end_str00001 NOP str00001 SDATA Two ALIGN 2 end_str00001 4 Macro replacement processing exclusion When a backslash appears in a macro body it specifies macro replacement processing Therefore a means for excluding this macro processing is required when it is necessary to use the backslash as an ASCII character The syntax for macro replacement processing exclusion
233. on results Mov WORK4 Parm2 SHLR16 WORK4 SHLL16 Parm2 ADDC WORK4 Parm1 ae AREPEAT amp POINT POG SHLL Parm2 Corrects decimal point location ROTCL Parml i AENDR i SHLR WORK1 p i BF MULO3 Adds the sign NEG Parml Parml pola MULO3 RTS NOP HITACHI Continued on following page Rev 4 0 09 98 page 339 of 391 FIX_DIV MOV 0 WORK1 po DIVOS WORK1 Parm1 If dividend is a negative value SUBC WORK1 Parmi converts to 1 s complement AREPEAT amp POINT go as SHAR Parml Corrects decimal point location ROTCR WORK1 oo AENDR po DIVOS Parm2 Parml f AREPEAT 32 sioan ROTCL WORK1 Parm1 WORK1 Parm2 gt WORK1 DIV1 Parm2 Parml i AENDR poo ROTCL WORK1 MOV 0 Parml eg ADDC Parm1 WORK1 i Converts to 2 s complement MOV WORK1 Parm1 Pai RTS NOP Rev 4 0 09 98 page 340 of 391 HITACHI Appendix C Assemble Listing Output Example The assemble listing shows the result of the assemble processing The assemble listing consists of a source program listing a cross reference listing and a section information listing This appendix describes the content and output format of the assemble listing using the assembly of the source program shown below as an example This uses the sample program shown in appendix B to calculate the following 1 5 x 2 254345 POINT ASSIGNA 16 Parml REG RO Parm2 REG R1 WORK1 REG R2 WORK2 REG R3 WORK3
234. on size is a longword 3 Displacement A displacement is the distance between two points In this assembly language the unit of displacement values is in bytes 4 Start address Refer to Programmer s Guide 10 1 Overview of Automatic Repeat Loop Generation Function Rev 4 0 09 98 page 63 of 391 HITACHI The values that can be used for the displacement vary with the addressing mode and the operation size Table 3 2 Allowed Displacement Values Addressing Mode Displacement When the operation size is byte B disp Rn H 00000000 to H 0000000F 0 to 15 When the operation size is word W H 00000000 to H 0000001E 0 to 30 When the operation size is longword L H 00000000 to H 0000003C 0 to 60 disp GBR When the operation size is byte B H 00000000 to H O00000FF 0 to 255 When the operation size is word W H 00000000 to H 000001FE 0 to 510 When the operation size is longword L H 00000000 to H 000003FC 0 to 1020 disp PC When used as an operand of a move instruction When the operation size is word W H 00000000 to H 000001FE 0 to 510 When the operation size is longword L H 00000000 to H 000003FC 0 to 1020 When used as an operand of an instruction that sets the RS or RE register LDRS or LDRE H FFFFFFO0 to H 000000FE 256 to 254 Note Units are bytes and numbers in parentheses are decimal Rev 4 0 09 98 page 64 of 391 HITACHI Table 3 2
235. onstants with no radix specification integer constants whose first digit is A through F must be prefixed with a 0 zero The assembler interprets expressions that begin with A through F to be symbols Rev 4 0 09 98 page 196 of 391 HITACHI RADIX 4 Specifications with the RADIX directive are valid from the point of specification forward in the program Coding Example RADIX D X EQU 100 This 100 is decimal RADIX H Y EQU 64 This 64 is hexadecimal RADIX H Z EQU OF A zero is prefixed to this constant OF since it would be interpreted as a symbol if it were written as simply Rev 4 0 09 98 page 197 of 391 HITACHI END Source Program End Declaration Syntax A END A lt start address gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the END mnemonic 3 Operands start address Enter the start address for simulation if required Description 1 END is the assembler directive that declares the end of the source program Assembly processing terminates at the point that the END directive appears 2 Ifa start address is specified with the END directive in the operand field the simulator debugger starts simulation from that address 3 The start address must be specified with either an absolute value or an address value 4 The value of the start address must be an address in a code section R
236. ority to specifications made with command line options Command Line Option SHOW lt output type gt Assembler Directive regardless of any specification Result The object code is output NOSHOW2 lt output type gt regardless of any specification The object code is not output no specification LIST lt output type gt output The object code is output LIST lt output type gt suppress The object code is not output no specification The object code is output Rev 4 0 09 98 page 305 of 391 HITACHI LINES Setting of the Number of Lines in the Assemble Listing Syntax LINES lt line count gt The abbreviated form is indicated by bold face Description 1 The LINES option sets the number of lines on a single page of the assemble listing The range of valid values for the line count is from 20 to 255 2 The LINES option is only valid in cases where an assemble listing is being output References Assemble listing output Programmer s Guide 5 2 7 Assemble Listing Assembler Directives PRINT User s Guide 2 2 3 Assemble Listing Command Line Options LIST NOLIST Relationship with Assembler Directives The assembler gives priority to specifications made with command line options Command Line Option Assembler Directive Result LINES lt line count gt regardless of any specification The number of
237. ormat is specified only the file name is used as specified the assembler does not assume any default file format Reference User s Guide 1 2 File Specification Format 3 The file name can include the directory The directory can be specified either by the absolute path path from the route directory or by the relative path path from the current directory Note The current directory for the INCLUDE directive in a source file is the directory where the assembler is initiated The current directory for the INCLUDE directive in an included file is the directory where the included file exits 4 Included files can include other files The nesting depth for file inclusion is limited to 30 levels multiplex state 5 The directory name specified by INCLUDE can be changed by INCLUDE Reference INCLUDE User s Guide 2 2 4 File Inclusion Function Command Line Option Rev 4 0 09 98 page 202 of 391 HITACHI INCLUDE Coding Example This example assumes the following directory configuration and operations Starts the assembler from the route directory B e Inputs source file dir1 file1 src an gi e Inserts file2 h in file1 src Inserts file3 h in file2 h The start command is as follows Sasmsh dirl filel srce RET file1 src must have the following inclusion directive INCLUDE dir2 file2 h is the current directory relative path sp
238. ory access is given by the value of the PC plus the displacement disp Notes 1 to 3 See next page Rev 4 0 09 98 page 62 of 391 HITACHI Table 3 1 Addressing Modes cont Addressing Mode Name Description symbol PC relative specified When used as the operand of a branch instruction with symbol The symbol directly indicates the destination address The assembler derives a displacement disp from the symbol and the value of the PC using the formula disp symbol PC When used as the operand of a data move instruction A memory location The symbol indicates the start address of the memory accessed The assembler derives a displacement disp from the symbol and the value of the PC using the formula disp symbol PC When used as the operand of an instruction that specifies the RS or RE register LDRS or LDRE instruction A memory location The symbol indicates the start address 4 of the memory accessed The assembler derives a displacement disp from the symbol and the value of the PC using the formula disp symbol PC imm Immediate Indicates a constant Notes 1 Increment The amount of the increment is 1 when the operation size is a byte 2 when the operation size is a word two bytes and 4 when the operation size is a longword four bytes 2 Decrement The amount of the decrement is 1 when the operation size is a byte 2 when the operation size is a word and 4 when the operati
239. output specifier controls symbolic debug information output Description 1 DEBUG is the assembler directive that controls the output of symbolic debug information This directive allows assembly time to be reduced by restricting the output of symbolic debug information to only those symbols required in debugging 2 The specification of the DEBUG directive is only valid when both an object module and debug information are output Rev 4 0 09 98 page 171 of 391 HITACHI DEBUG References Object module output Programmer s Guide 5 2 6 Object Module Assembler Directives OUTPUT User s Guide 2 2 2 Object Module Command Line Options OBJECT NOOBJECT Debug information output Programmer s Guide 5 2 6 Object Module Assembler Directives OUTPUT User s Guide 2 2 2 Object Module Command Line Options DEBUG NODEBUG Coding Example DEBUG OFF Starting with the next statement the assembler does not output symbolic debug information DEBUG ON Starting with the next statement the assembler Outputs symbolic debug information Supplement The term symbolic debug information refers to the parts of debug information concerned with symbols Rev 4 0 09 98 page 172 of 391 HITACHI ENDIAN Endian Selection Syntax A ENDIANA lt endian gt lt endian gt BIG LITTLE het Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not us
240. ovs s N devs Sbapeaeenceve nets 173 PER I EN T EA E EE SS ES S E E EST E scenic E S S TAT 176 5 2 7 Assemble Listing Assembler Directives eseeseseeressereeresrerrsrrrrererrsrerrrssesesseeees 178 BRD E E E E E A 179 EIST erne a a r a E E o ea E e en thas 181 FORM aoo O EERE E EE R E AR ee E 185 SLED TIN Gio eeaeee e e aE EEE a O T E RE E s iT 187 PNE tsa E E E Aik aoeiis ae enetie tag 189 Jr PR CE peat A EE A EE E A v cece Gace ed Ue ese S boecu es Seb evecpeces bens Sveewcate genes Sepeasr pees 191 9 2 8 Other Assembler Directives roerei onen ssvsvovyionnt aebeunnets E Ss 193 PROGRAM ssi ivestevssisecsvensoperseessmsetonas sas covnasenesoas unesesescubenvansaserdabesmertucs OR ATSR 194 RAD EX sudsssvcededersen tinedvccdedvscevndededeuvecseneddee dovedsvnsedtedostesenedgensetestgncedehosstesesduosnduestees 196 BUND RE E esi su cquovaeveusnbens oaghp saves seuss desea tebeeres usbap EE EEE 198 Section 6 File Inclusion Function cccccccessesssseesesseeseeseeseeseeseeseeseeeeesseeeeaneeeeaneaeenss 201 seDNC TUDES thnisccsnsritennswelecocdcnsnbessis E E cdncawes dueuve stu aststebwesdsadendensunss 202 Section 7 Conditional Assembly Function ccccccesseessseeeeeeseeeesseseenseeesneeeenes 205 7 1 Overview of the Conditional Assembly Function eee eee eceecceeceseceseceseceseenseeaeeneeens 205 TeAcd Preprocessor varia Des isci ok scbcs senres eiior e e esea aE 205 RIZ Replacement SytabOls wrse si ecocsseetcousss pave cheoss
241. pecifier is omitted 3 Operands Enter the number of areas to be reserved in the operand field Rev 4 0 09 98 page 149 of 391 HITACHI Description 1 RES is the assembler directive that reserves data areas in memory 2 The area count must be specified as follows The specification must be an absolute value and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification 3 The range of values that can be specified as the area count varies with the operation size Operation Size Area Count Range B H 00000001 to H FFFFFFFF 1 to 4 294 967 295 W H 00000001 to H ZFFFFFFF 1 to 2 147 483 647 L H 00000001 to H 3FFFFFFF 1 to 1 073 741 823 Note Numbers in parentheses are decimal Rev 4 0 09 98 page 150 of 391 HITACHI Coding Example ALIGN 4 This statement adjusts the value of the location counter X RES L 2 This statement reserves two longword size areas RES W 3 This statement reserves three word size areas RES B 5 This statement reserves five byte size areas Memory Rev 4 0 09 98 page 151 of 391 HITACHI SRES Character String Data Area Reservation Syntax lt symbol gt A SRESA lt character string area size gt lt character string area size gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter a reference symbol if required 2 Operation Enter the SRES mnemo
242. ple LABEL3 MOVS W R2 A0 Single data transfer Rev 4 0 09 98 page 93 of 391 HITACHI 4 1 4 Coding of Source Statements Across Multiple Lines For the DSP instructions many operations can be included in one statement and therefore source statements become long and complicated To make programs easy to read source statements for DSP instructions can be written across multiple lines by separating between an operand and an operation in addition to separating at a comma between operands Write source statements across multiple lines using the following procedure 1 Insert a new line between an operand and an operation 2 Insert a plus sign in the first column of the new line 3 Continue writing the source statement following the plus sign Spaces and tabs can be inserted following the plus sign Example PADD A0 M0 X0 PMULS A1 Y1 MO0 MOVX R4 x0 MOVY R6 Y1 A single source statement is written across four lines Rev 4 0 09 98 page 94 of 391 HITACHI 4 2 DSP Instructions 4 2 1 DSP Operation Instructions Table 4 1 lists DSP instructions in mnemonic Table 4 1 DSP Instructions in Mnemonic Instruction Name Mnemonic DSP arithmetic operation instructions PADD PSUB PCOPY PDMSB PINC PNEG PMULS PADDC PSUBC PCMP PDEC PABS PRND PCLR PLDS PSTS DSP logic operation instructions POR PAND PXOR DSP shift operation instructions PSHA PSHL Oper
243. precedence See the next section section 1 6 2 Operation Precedence for a description of the use of parentheses Rev 4 0 09 98 page 32 of 391 HITACHI 1 6 2 Operation Precedence When multiple operations appear in a single expression the order in which the processing is performed is determined by the operator precedence and by the use of parentheses The assembler processes operations according to the following rules lt Rule 1 gt Processing starts from operations enclosed in parentheses When there are multiple parentheses processing starts with the operations surrounded by the innermost parentheses lt Rule 2 gt Processing starts with the operator with the highest precedence lt Rule 3 gt Processing proceeds in the direction of the operator association rule when operators have the same precedence Table 1 6 shows the operator precedence and the association rule Table 1 6 Operator Precedence and Association Rules Precedence Operator Association Rule 1 high STARTOF SIZEOF Operators are processed from right to left EVEN ODD EVEN2 ODD2 HIGH LOW HWORD LWORD 2 Operators are processed from left to right 3 Operators are processed from left to right 4 lt lt gt gt Operators are processed from left to right 5 amp Operators are processed from left to right 6 low ER Operators are processed from left to right Note The operators of precedence 1 highest pre
244. r RO to R15 General register RO when only RO can be specified Status register Global base register Vector base register Multiplication and accumulation register Procedure register Program counter An immediate value A displacement value Asymbol Byte Word 2 bytes Longword 4 bytes Valid specification Invalid specification The assembler regards instructions with this combination as the specification being omitted The assembler regards them as extended instructions Notes 1 In size selection mode the assembler selects the operation size according to the imm value 2 In this case Rn must be one of R1 to R15 3 In this case Rm must be one of R1 to R15 References Extended instructions Programmer s Guide 9 2 Extended Instructions Related to Automatic Literal Pool Generation Size selection mode Programmer s Guide 9 3 Size Mode for Automatic Literal Pool Generation Rev 4 0 09 98 page 68 of 391 HITACHI Table 3 4 SH 1 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 2 2 Arithmetic Operation Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B Ww L Omitted ADD Rn Rm x x O L ADD imm Rn x x O L ADDC Rn Rm x x O L ADDV Rn Rm x x O L CMP EQ imm RO x x O L CMP EQ Rn Rm x x O L CMP HS Rn Rm x x O L CMP GE Rn Rm x x O L CMP HI Rn Rm x x O L CMP GT Rn Rm x x O
245. r directive that sets a value to a symbol Symbols defined with the ASSIGN directive can be redefined with the ASSIGN directive 2 The symbol value must be specified as follows The specification must be an absolute value or an address value and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification The values allowed for the symbol value are from H 00000000 to H FFFFFFFF From 0 to 4 294 967 295 in decimal 3 Definitions with the ASSIGN directive are valid from the point of the definition forward in the program Rev 4 0 09 98 page 121 of 391 HITACHI ASSIGN 4 Symbols defined with ASSIGN have the following limitations They cannot be used as export or import symbols They cannot be referenced from the debugger Coding Example iy ASSIGN X2 ASSIGN 2 CMP EQ X1 R0 This is the same as CMP EQ 1 RO0 BT ABELL CMP EQ X2 R0 This is the same as CMP EQ 2 R0 BT ABEL2 XI ASSIGN 3 X2 ASSIGN 4 CMP EQ X1 R0 This is the same as CMP EQ 3 RO0 BT ABEL3 CMP EQ X2 R0 This is the same as CMP EQ 4 RO0 BF JABEL4 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 122 of 391 HITACHI Register Name Alias Definition Syntax lt symbol gt A REGA lt register name gt or lt symbol gt A REGA lt register name gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter the symbol to be defined as the alias of a register name 2 Operation En
246. ral Pool Output ee eeceescesecesecesecaecsaecaeecaeeeseseneeeeeees 267 Section 10 Automatic Repeat Loop Generation Function 0 c cece 271 10 1 Overview of Automatic Repeat Loop Generation Function cece eeseeeseceeeceeeeneeeee 271 10 2 Extended Instructions of Automatic Repeat Loop Generation Function eee 272 10 3 REPEAT Descriptio siet acnee nones ee ch e EEEE A EEAS E E 272 10 4 Coding Example S s epeen ee aree e ae a Ne KEE ERER ETEEN T 274 10 5 Notes on the REPEAT Extended Instruction cece eesceencecsseceeeeeceaeceeneecaeceeeeeeaeeeeees 277 Rev 4 0 09 98 page x of 15 HITACHI User s Guide Section 1 Executing the Assembler iss i ccancciuansieast cisnadidieasibie nets 281 1 1 Command Line Format sser iesire ree Terreros erer EEEE e EEE EEEE EEE E 281 1 2 File Specification Formati ose e e r E OE E EEE EET E E 282 1 3 SHCPU Environment Vara blese ehs oneone epi enre arke spi a e i 283 Section2 Command Line Options ssesessieeesessssteeesssrrtesessssrretssssrrersessssrreessssrreeees 285 2 1 Overview of Command Line Options ssssesssseeseseesesteersrrsteesresrsseerreserrenesrenrrsreeesseeees 285 22 Command Line Option ReferenC sssisires iieiea eere i e EESK E Sesa oS Epes ie 287 2 2 1 Target CPU Command Line Option esssesssseessseesssreerssrrrrsrrsresresrerrsserrreresrreresre 287 CP
247. ram listing the cross reference listing and the section information listing are only valid when an assemble listing is output 4 The assembler gives priority to command line option specifications concerning assemble listing output References Assemble listing output User s Guide 2 2 3 Assemble Listing Command Line Options LIST NOLIST SOURCE NOSOURCE CROSS_REFERENCE NOCROSS_REFERENCE SECTION NOSECTION Coding Example Note This example and its description assume that no command line options concerning assemble listing output are specified PRINT LIST All types of assemble listing are output PRINT LIST NOSRC NOCREF Only a section information listing is output Rev 4 0 09 98 page 180 of 391 HITACHI LIST Source Program Listing Output Control Syntax A LISTA lt output specifier gt lt output specifier gt Output specifier ON OFF COND NOCOND DEF NODEF CALL NOCALL EXP NOEXP CODE NOCODE Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the LIST mnemonic 3 Operands Enter the output specifiers Description 1 LIST is the assembler directive that controls output of the source program listing in the following three ways a Selects whether or not to output source statements Selects whether or not to output source statements related to the condit
248. re 2 4 Figure 2 5 Figure 3 1 Figure 3 2 Figure 3 3 Figure 3 4 Appendix Figure C 1 Figure C 2 Figure C 3 Memory Reservation of Common Section 0 eee ee ceseeseceecesecneeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeenes 47 Data Structure Example Using Dummy Section 00 ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseensees 49 Meaning of the Terms Forward and Backward o00 eee cesceseeese cscs cneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenes 55 Meaning of the Term External 0 c0ssccesc ssistssescsssssesseosasssdescsehcogstsnecosvapssessebavesoes 55 Relationship between the Changed Range of the Source Program and the Range of the Program that must be Reassembled eee eee eseeeeeereeeeeee 57 Address Calculation Example Normal Case cesccessceceseceeeeceeeeeeneeceeeeeneecees 86 Address Calculation Example When the Value of PC Differs Due to a Branch 87 Address Calculation Example When Microprocessor Corrects the Value OFC M O a OEE dances oesge chau nance baie teeneneoneshoeeset 88 Address Calculation Example When Microprocessor Does Not Correct the V alvie Of PC VETON EEEE AE AE td adpedgeeconooes E EEEE 88 Source Program Listing Output Example ee eee eeeceseeesecesecsaeceeesaesneeees 342 Cross Reference Listing Output Example 0 0 cece eee eeee cece cseeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneeees 344 Section Information Listing Output Example eee eeeesecesecesecneeeneeeneeeee 345 Rev 4 0 09 98 page xiii of 15 HITACHI Tables Programmer s Guide Table
249. responding character string by the preprocessor 2 Differences between DEFINE and ASSIGNC are the same as those between DEFINE and ASSIGNC Relationship with Assembler Directives Command Line Option Assembler Directive Result DEFINE DEFINE directive Character string specified by DEFINE no specification Character string specified by DEFINE no specification DEFINE directive Character string specified by DDEFINE Note When a character string is assigned to a replacement symbol by the DEFINE option the definition of the replacement symbol by DEFINE is invalidated Reference DEFINE Programmer s Guide 7 2 Conditional Assembly Directive DEFINE Rev 4 0 09 98 page 315 of 391 HITACHI 2 2 6 Assembler Execution Command Line Option This assembler provides the following command line options concerned with assembler execution EXPAND This command line option outputs preprocessor expansion result ABORT This command line option changes the error level at which the assembler is abnormally terminated Rev 4 0 09 98 page 316 of 391 HITACHI EXPAND Preprocessor Expansion Result Output Syntax EXPAND lt output file name gt The abbreviated form is indicated by bold face Description 1 The EXPAND option outputs an assembler source file for which macro expansion conditional assembly and file inclusion have been performed 2 When t
250. rm 1 gt lt lt lt term 2 gt gt gt Arithmetic right shift lt term 1 gt gt gt lt term 2 gt HITACHI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 31 of 391 Table 1 5 Operators cont Operator Type Operator Operation Coding Section set STARTOF _ Derives the starting address STARTOF lt section name gt operations of a section set SIZEOF Derives the size of a section SIZEOF lt section name gt set in bytes Even odd operations EVEN 1 when the value is a EVEN lt symbol gt multiple of 2 and 0 otherwise ODD 0 when the value is a ODD lt symbol gt multiple of 2 and 1 otherwise EVEN2 1 when the value is a EVEN2 lt symbol gt multiple of 4 and 0 otherwise ODD2 0 when the value is a ODD2 lt symbol gt multiple of 4 and 1 otherwise Extraction operations HIGH Extracts the high order byte HIGH lt term gt LOW Extracts the low order byte LOW lt term gt HWORD Extracts the high order word HWORD lt term gt LWORD Extracts the low order word LWORD lt term gt Note Supplement See the supplement below In this assembly language programs are divided into units called section Sections are the units in which linkage processing is performed When there are multiple sections of the same type and same name within a given program the linkage editor links them into a single section set Reference Sections Programmer s Guide 2 1 Sections 3 Parentheses Parentheses modify the operation
251. rmal parameters 615 Message ILLEGAL END DIRECTIVE POSITION Error description Recovery procedure END directive appears in macro body between MACRO and ENDM directives Remove the END directive Rev 4 0 09 98 page 358 of 391 HITACHI Table D 2 Source Program Error Messages cont 616 Message MACRO DIRECTIVES MISMATCH Error description An ENDM directive appears without a preceding MACRO directive or an EXITM directive appears outside of a macro body between MACRO and ENDM directives outside of AAREPEAT and AENDR directives or outside of AWHILE and AENDW directives Recovery procedure Remove the ENDM or EXITM directive 618 Message MACRO EXPANSION TOO LONG Error description Line with over 255 characters generated by macro expansion Recovery procedure Correct the definition or call so that the line is less than or equal to 255 characters 619 Message ILLEGAL MACRO PARAMETER Error description Macro parameter name error in macro call or error in formal parameter in a macro body between MACRO and ENDM directives Recovery procedure Correct the formal parameter Supplement When there is an error in a formal parameter in a macro body the error will be detected and flagged during macro expansion 620 Message UNDEFINED PREPROCESSOR VARIABLE Error description Reference to an undefined preprocessor variable Recovery procedure Define the preprocessor variable 621 Message
252. ro body gt ENDM A macro name is the name assigned to a macro instruction and a macro body is the statements to be executed as the macro instruction Using a defined macro instruction by specifying the name is called a macro call Macro instructions are called as follows lt defined macro name gt An example of macro definition and macro call is shown below Example MACRO SUM Processing to obtain the sum of RO R1 R2 MOV RO R10 and R3 is defined as macro instruction SUM ADD R1 R10 ADD R2 R10 ADD R3 R10 ENDM SUM This statement calls macro instruction SUM Macro body MOV RO R10 ADD R1 R10 ADD R2 R10 ADD R3 R10 is expanded from the macro instruction Rev 4 0 09 98 page 235 of 391 HITACHI Parts of the macro body can be replaced when expanded by the following procedure 1 Macro definition a Declare formal parameters after the macro name in the MACRO directive b Use the formal parameters in the macro body Formal parameters must be identified in the macro body by placing a backslash in front of them 2 Macro call Specify macro parameters in the macro call When the macro instruction is expanded the formal parameters are replaced with their corresponding macro parameters Example MACRO SUM ARG1 Formal parameter ARG1 is defined MOV RO ARG1 ARG1 is referenced in the macro body ADD R1 ARG1 ADD R2 ARG1 ADD R3 ARG1 ENDM
253. rst line of a page 3 PAGE directive statements themselves are not output to the source program listing Rev 4 0 09 98 page 189 of 391 HITACHI PAGE Coding Example MOV RO R1 RTS MOV RO R2 PAGE Anew page is specified here since the section changes at this point SECTION DT DATA ALIGN 4 DATA L ea eae aD DATA L H 22222222 DATA L H 33 333333 18 19 20 22 23 25 Note See appendix C Assemble Listing Output Example for an explanation of the contents of the source program listing 24 00000022 00000024 00000026 SuperH RISC PROGRAM NAME 00000000 00000000 00000004 00000008 i i i i 6103 18 MOV RO R1 000B 19 RTS i 6203 20 MOV R0 R2 i i i i i P H eR PI I Se New page engine ASSEMBLER Ver 4 0 01 12 98 10 23 30 22 SECTION DT DATA ALIGN 11111111 23 DATACH H 11111111 22222222 24 DATA L H 22222222 33333333 25 DATA L H 33333333 i i i Rev 4 0 09 98 page 190 of 391 HITACHI SPACE Source Program Listing Blank Line Output Syntax A SPACE A lt line count gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the SPACE mnemonic 3 Operands line count Enter the number of blank lines A single blank line is output if this operand is omitted Description 1 SPACE is the assembler directive that outputs the specified number of blank lin
254. rt address gt lt end address gt lt repeat count gt Statement Elements 1 Start and end addresses Enter the labels of the start and end addresses of the repeat loop 2 Repeat count Enter the repeat count as an immediate value or as a general register name Rev 4 0 09 98 page 272 of 391 HITACHI Description 1 REPEAT automatically generates the executable instructions LDRS and LDRE to repeat the instructions in the range from the start address to the end address 2 When the repeat count is specified REPEAT generates a SETRC instruction When the repeat count is omitted SETRC is not generated Rev 4 0 09 98 page 273 of 391 HITACHI 10 4 Coding Examples To Repeat Four or More Instructions Basic Example REPEAT RptStart RptEnd 5 PCLR YO PCLR AO RptStart MOVX R4 X1 MOVY R6 Y1 PADD AO Y0O YO PMULS X1 Y1 A0 DCT PCLR AO AND RO R4 RptEnd AND RO R6 This program repeats execution of five instructions from RptStart to RptEnd five times The above program has the same meaning as the following LDRS RptStart DRE RptEnd3 4 SETRC 5 PCLR YO PCLR AO RptStart MOVX R4 X1 MOVY R6 Y1 RptEnd3 PADD AO Y0 YO PMULS X1 Y1 A0 The label is not actually generated DCT PCLR AO AND RO R4 RptEnd AND RO R6 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 274 of 391 HITACHI To Repeat One Instruction Specify the same labels as the start and end addresses REPE
255. rt of section DM _ This part of the source program belongs to section DM _ This statement declares the end of the source program Note This example assumes that the SECTION directive does not appear in any of the source statement sets 1 to 3 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 110 of 391 HITACHI SECTION It is possible to redeclare and thus restart i e re enter a section that was previously declared in the same file The following is a simple example of section restart Source program SECTION CD CODE ALIGN 4 This statement declares the start of section CD This part of the source program belongs to section CD SECTION DT DATA ALIGN 4 SECTION CD This statement declares the restart arate Sala E 5 of section CD This part of the source program also belongs to section CD This part of the program is a continuation of source statement set 1 Note This example assumes that the SECTION directive does not appear in any of the source statement sets 1 to 3 CAUTION When using the SECTION directive to restart a section the second and third operands must be omitted The original specifications when first declaring the section remain valid Use LOCATE lt start address gt as the third operand when starting an absolute address section The start address is the absolute address of the start of that section The start address must be spec
256. rt of a source program can be iteratively assembled the specified number of times A coding example is shown below AREPEAT lt count gt lt Statements to be iterated gt AENDR Example This example is a division of 64 bit data by 32 bit data R1 R2 64 bits RO 32 bits R2 32 bits Unsigned TST RO RO Zero divisor check BT zero_div CMP HS RO R1 Overflow check BT over_div DIVOU Flag initialization AREPEAT 32 ROTCL R2 These statements are iteratively assembled 32 times DIv1 RO R1 AENDR ROTCL R2 R2 quotient Rev 4 0 09 98 page 209 of 391 HITACHI 7 1 5 Conditional Iterated Expansion A part of a source program can be iteratively assembled while the specified condition is satisfied A coding example is shown below AWHILE lt condition gt lt Statements to be iterated gt AENDW Example This example is a multiply and accumulate operation TblSiz ASSIGNA 50 TblSiz Data table size MOV A_Tb11 R1 R1 Start address of data table 1 MOV A_Tb12 R2 R2 Start address of data table 2 CLRMAC MAC register initialization AWHILE amp Tb1Siz GT 0 While TblSiz is larger than 0 MAC W RO R1 this statement is iteratively assembled TblSiz ASSIGNA amp TblSiz 1 1 is subtracted from TblSiz AENDW STS MACL RO The result is obtained in RO Rev 4 0 09 98 page 210 of 391 HITACHI 7 2 Con
257. ruction placed following delayed branch instruction in memory Change the order of the instructions so that the illegal instruction does not immediately follow a delayed branch instruction Rev 4 0 09 98 page 350 of 391 HITACHI Table D 2 Source Program Error Messages cont 151 Message ILLEGAL EXTENDED INSTRUCTION POSITION Error description Extended instruction placed following a delayed branch instruction in memory Recovery procedure Place an executable instruction following the delayed branch instruction 152 Message ILLEGAL BOUNDARY ALIGNMENT VALUE Error description Illegal boundary alignment value specified for a section including extended instructions Recovery procedure Specify 2 or a larger multiple of 2 as a boundary alignment value 153 Message ILLEGAL ADDRESS Error description Recovery procedure REPEAT Errors Executable or extended instruction placed at an odd address Place executable and extended instructions at even addresses 160 Message REPEAT LOOP NESTING Error description Another REPEAT is located between a REPEAT and its end address Recovery procedure Correct the REPEAT location 161 Message ILLEGAL START ADDRESS FOR REPEAT LOOP Error description No executable or DSP instructions are located between a REPEAT and the start address Recovery procedure Use one or more executable or DSP instructions between the REPEAT and the start address 162 Message ILLEGAL DATA BEFORE REPEAT LO
258. ruction plus 2 bytes Examples Consider the state when a MOV instruction is being executed at absolute address H 00001000 Memory Absolute addresses BRA L1 H 00001000 MOV L 8 PC RO Delayed branch L1 H 00001006 destination PC H 00001008 a disp 8 bytes H 00001010 _ Area to be Ea accessed V A 2 bytes Figure 3 2 Address Calculation Example When the Value of PC Differs Due to a Branch Supplement When the operand is the PC relative specified with the symbol the assembler derives the displacement taking account of the value of PC when generating the object code Rev 4 0 09 98 page 87 of 391 HITACHI 3 During the Execution of Either a MOV L disp PC Rn or a MOVA disp PC RO When the value of PC is not a multiple of 4 microprocessors correct the value by discarding the lower 2 bits when calculating addresses Examples 1 When the microprocessor corrects the value of PC Consider the state when a MOV instruction is being executed at address H 00001002 Memory Address H 00001002 MOV L 8 PC RO H 00001004 HUK PC H eeee 006 disp 8 bytes The value of the PC H 0000100C is corrected to be a multiple of 4 a Area to be accessed S 2 bytes Figure 3 3 Address Calculation Example When Microprocessor Corrects the Value of
259. s a E O Bea E S 121 AIHE SEEE E E E E E E E A E E E O 123 H A H E EAA ETE A E A TE E EET E ET E A 125 5 2 4 Data and Data Area Reservation Assembler Directives cccssccccceseessrseeeeees 127 DATED a AAE I AEE a E EET AE 128 Rev 4 0 09 98 page viii of 15 HITACHI SODA Asis ictseecdtis dh A E E 133 JODA EAB aeree na O R e e cortueseubibs EOSS OO ETSO 135 ToB AE OA A a E E E E E 138 ALT VAE E E N S 140 PE D NN E E CEE OEE EAE EEEE E E E S 142 PE ADY E A E E E EE E A E E E ESE 144 ADATA a s a A s a E A A N tne AI ES 147 RE Oroa N tii a el nM ie elise 149 TORE Snia e leeseosevsay a a a aa abe nee er a 152 HSRES ORAA A E 154 PORDO eneo a AE E E E E iaeeh Ghia tasy 156 PARE Onr E EE E E E AE E TAREE 158 5 2 5 Export and Import Assembler Directives sessseeseseeeseseseesesereresrrresrrrreserreseerreee 160 EP OR EE cotussactacts munsosssitusthcncteigiethohuosseneieewsecussenseses E sets 161 IMPORT nn ah ei senate a i tae aa a ea E E a OaE Aco a ative ret aes 163 GUOBAT EEE E E E A usage S T SS 165 5 2 6 Object Module Assembler Directives 00 0 eee eeceeeceseeeeeeseceseeereeseenseeneees 167 QUT RUE vscvsessdevecscetdecdscccubeestncesvccuncsdunsddevanvectuneddederdacsunsddevcevevinnssdecccuteseneugencetestes 168 DEBUG oe cate ae E E a A ces sdusestenpinesvncetasesent svecwadsapenieveceeaduvecsessapeushy ens 171 ENDAN eaae comentsovaverocmecssaieces ocustesegeone sence Gsees seas t
260. s not 1 an error is generated AENDI Rev 4 0 09 98 page 230 of 391 HITACHI EXITM Expansion Termination Syntax A EXITM Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the EXITM mnemonic 3 Operands The operand field is not used Description 1 EXITM is the assembler directive that terminates an iterated expansion AREPEAT to AENDR or a conditional iterated expansion AWHILE to AENDW 2 Each expansion is terminated when this directive appears 3 This directive is also used to exit from macro expansions The location of this directive must be specified carefully when macro instructions and iterated expansion are combined Reference Macro expansion Programmer s Guide 8 2 Macro Function Directives Rev 4 0 09 98 page 231 of 391 HITACHI EXITM Coding Example COUNT ASSIGNA 0 Ois set to COUNT AWHILE 1 EQ 1 ADD RO R1 ADD R2 R3 COUNT ASSIGNA amp COUNT 1 AIF amp COUNT EQ EXITM AENDI AENDW pus 2 An infinite loop condition is always satisfied is specified 1 is added to COUNT Condition COUNT 2 When the condition is satisfied AWHILE expansion is terminated When COUNT is updated and satisfies the condition specified with the AIF directive EXITM is assembled When EXITM is assembled AWHILE expansion is terminated The expansion res
261. s the error level at which the assembler is abnormally terminated Rev 4 0 09 98 page 285 of 391 HITACHI Table 2 1 Command Line Options cont Section Number Command Line Option Function 2 2 7 Japanese character description specifications SJIS Interprets Japanese characters in source file as shift JIS code EUC Interprets Japanese characters in source file as EUC code OUTCODE Specifies the Japanese code for output to object code 2 2 8 Automatic literal pool generation specifications AUTO_LITERAL Specifies size mode for automatic literal pool generation 2 2 9 Command line specifications SUBCOMMAND Inputs command line from a file 2 2 10 Floating point data specifications ROUND Specifies the rounding mode for floating point data DENORMALIZE Specifies how to handle denormalized numbers in floating point data Supplement The assemble listing is a listing to which the results of the assembly processing are output and consists of a source program listing a cross reference listing and a section information listing References See appendix C Assemble Listing Example for a detailed description of the assemble listing Rev 4 0 09 98 page 286 of 391 HITACHI 2 2 Command Line Option Reference 2 2 1 Target CPU Command Line Option This assembler provides the following command line option concerned with the target CPU CPU This command line option specifies the target
262. s the target CPU Rev 4 0 09 98 page 105 of 391 HITACHI CPU Target CPU Specification Syntax A CPUA lt target CPU gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the CPU mnemonic 3 Operands Enter the target CPU Specification Target CPU SH1 Assembles program for SH 4 SH2 Assembles program for SH 2 SH2E Assembles program for SH 2E SH3 Assembles program for SH 3 SH3E Assembles program for SH 3E SH4 Assembles program for SH 4 SHDSP Assembles program for SH DSP SH3DSP Assembles program for SH3 DSP This directive determines the target CPU If it is omitted the CPU specified by the SHCPU environment variable becomes valid Reference SHCPU environment variable User s Guide 1 3 SHCPU Environment Variable Rev 4 0 09 98 page 106 of 391 HITACHI CPU Description 1 CPU is the assembler directive that specifies the target CPU for which the source program is assembled 2 The following CPUs can be selected e SHI for SH 1 e SH2 for SH 2 e SH2E for SH 2E SH3 for SH 3 e SH3E for SH 3E e SH4 for SH 4 e SHDSP for SH DSP e SH3DSP for SH3 DSP 3 Specify this directive at the beginning of the source program If it is not specified at the beginning an error will occur However directives related to assembly listing can be written before this directive 4 When several CPU directives are specified o
263. section DATA Data section STACK Stack section COMMON Common section DUMMY Dummy section The shaded section indicates the default value when the specifier is omitted When the specification is omitted the section will be a code section Rev 4 0 09 98 page 109 of 391 HITACHI SECTION Third operand start address or boundary alignment value Specification LOCATE lt start address gt Section Type Absolute address section ALIGN lt boundary alignment value gt Relative address section No specification Relative address section boundary alignment value 4 The specification determines whether the section type will be an absolute address section or a relative address section Description 1 SECTION is the section declaration assembler directive A section is a part of a program and the linkage editor regards it as a unit of processing The following describes section declaration using the simple examples shown below m Source program SECTION CD CODE ALIGN 4 SECTION DT DATA ALIGN 4 is Bite ots ete ees SoS Stes cee es Ee l asks SECTION DM DUMMY E lt Ee Ee This statement declares the start of section CD _ This part of the source program belongs to section CD _ This statement declares the start of section DT _ This part of the source program belongs to section DT _ This statement declares the sta
264. sed in this manual Forward Backward Reference position Source program start Source program end Figure 2 3 Meaning of the Terms Forward and Backward Figure 2 4 shows the meaning of the term external as used in this manual Reference position External Figure 2 4 Meaning of the Term External Rev 4 0 09 98 page 55 of 391 HITACHI 1 Forward Reference Forward reference means referencing a symbol that is defined forward from the point of reference Examples BRA FORWARD BRA is a branch instruction This is a forward reference to the symbol FORWARD FORWARD 2 Backward Reference Backward reference means referring to a symbol that is defined backward from the point of reference Examples BACK BRA BACK BRA is a branch instruction This is a backward reference to the symbol BACK 3 External Reference When a source program consists of multiple source files a reference to a symbol defined in another file is called an external reference External reference is described in the next section 2 4 Separate Assembly Rev 4 0 09 98 page 56 of 391 HITACHI 2 4 Separate Assembly 2 4 1 Separate Assembly Separate assembly refers to the technique of creating a source program in multiple separate source files and finally creating a single load module by linking together those source files object modules using the linkag
265. self with the numerical value of the position of the found string with 0 indicating the start of the string in decimal with no radix INSTR is replaced with 1 if character string 2 does not appear in character string 1 Character strings are specified by enclosing the desired characters with double quotation marks To specify a double quotation mark in a character string enter two double quotation marks in succession The lt start position gt parameter specifies the search start position as a numerical value with 0 indicating the start of character string 1 Zero is used as default when this parameter is omitted Macro formal parameters and preprocessor variables can be specified in the character strings and as the start position as shown below INSTR lt formal parameter gt INSTR amp lt preprocessor variable gt Note When using a Japanese environment use instead of This function can only be used within a macro body between the MACRO and ENDM directives Rev 4 0 09 98 page 252 of 391 HITACHI Coding Example INSTR ENDM MACRO FIND_STR P1 FIND_S FIND_ST Expanded results are as follows DATA W DATA W R CD RH 2 T DATA W INSTR ABCDEFG P1 0 The start position of CDE is 2 0 indicating the beginning of the string in ABCDEFG ABCDEFG includes no H Rev 4 0 09 98 page 253 of
266. sembler Directives This assembler provides the following additional assembler directives PROGRAM Sets the name of the object module RADIX Sets the radix in which integer constants with no radix specifier are interpreted END Declares the end of the source program Rev 4 0 09 98 page 193 of 391 HITACHI PROGRAM Object Module Name Setting Syntax A PROGRAMA lt object module name gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the PROGRAM mnemonic 3 Operands lt object module name gt Enter a name that identifies the object module Description 1 PROGRAM is the assembler directive that sets the object module name The object module name is a name that is required by the H Series Linkage Editor or the H Series Librarian to identify the object module 2 Object module naming conventions are the same as symbol naming conventions The assembler distinguishes upper case and lower case letter in object module names Reference Coding of symbols Programmer s Guide 1 3 2 Coding of Symbols 3 Setting the object module name with the PROGRAM directive is valid only once in a given program The assembler ignores the second and later specifications of the PROGRAM directive Rev 4 0 09 98 page 194 of 391 HITACHI 5 PROGRAM If there is no PROGRAM specification of the object module name
267. sembler provides the following command line option concerned with the file inclusion function INCLUDE This command line option specifies the include file directory Rev 4 0 09 98 page 308 of 391 HITACHI INCLUDE Include File Directory Specification Syntax INCLUDE lt directory name gt lt directory name The abbreviated form is indicated by bold face Description 1 The INCLUDE option specifies the include file directory 2 The directory name depends on the naming rule of the host machine used 3 As many directory name as can be input in one command line can be specified 4 The current directory is searched and then the directories specified by the INCLUDE are searched in the specified order Relationship with Assembler Directives Command Line Option Assembler Directive Result INCLUDE regardless of any specification 1 Directory specified by INCLUDE 2 Directory specified by INCLUDE no specification INCLUDE lt file name gt Directory specified by INCLUDE Note The directory specified by the INCLUDE option is added before that specified by INCLUDE Note asmsh aaa mar include usr tmp tmp UNIX INCLUDE file h is specified in aaa mar The current directory usr tmp and tmp are searched for file h in that order Reference INCLUDE Programmer s Guide 6 File Inclusion Function Rev 4 0 09 98 page 309 of 391 HITACHI
268. served Words 3 Maximum Length of a Symbol A symbol may contain up to 251 characters The assembler ignores any characters after the first 251 4 Names that Cannot Be Used as Symbols Reserved words cannot be used as symbols The following names must not be used because they are used as internal symbols by the assembler _ nnnnn n is a number from 0 to 9 Note Internal symbols are necessary for assembler internal processing Internal symbols are not output to assemble listings or object modules Rev 4 0 09 98 page 18 of 391 HITACHI 1 4 Constants 1 4 1 Integer Constants Integer constants are expressed with a prefix that indicates the radix The radix indicator prefix is a notation that indicates the radix of the constant e Binary numbers The radix indicator B plus a binary constant e Octal numbers The radix indicator Q plus an octal constant e Decimal numbers The radix indicator D plus a decimal constant e Hexadecimal numbers The radix indicator H plus a hexadecimal constant The assembler does not distinguish uppercase letters from lowercase letters in the radix indicator The radix indicator and the constant value must be written with no intervening space Examples DATA B B 10001000 DATA B Q 210 These source statements express the same DATA B D 136 numerical value DATA B H 88 i The radix indicator can be omitted Integer constants with no radix indic
269. shc code asmcode debug test c C source program test c Assembly source program test src int func EXPORT _func od SECTION P CODE ALIGN 4 i int iJ LINE asm test c 1 wafunge function func j 0 frame size 0 i for i 1 i lt 10 i gt LINE asm test c 5 eee MOV 0 R5 i LINE asm test c 6 return j MOV 10 R6 If MOV 1 R4 Pee wheats E eae L212 l LINE asm test c 7 ADD R4 R5 ADD 1 R4 LINE asm test c 6 CMP GT R6 R4 BF L212 LINE asm test c 10 RTS LINE asm test c 9 MOV R5 RO i END Rev 4 0 09 98 page 177 of 391 HITACHI 5 2 7 Assemble Listing Assembler Directives This assembler provides the following assembler directives for controlling the assemble listing PRINT Controls assemble listing output LIST Controls the output of the source program listing FORM Sets the number of lines and columns in the assemble listing HEADING Sets the header for the source program listing PAGE Inserts a new page in the source program listing SPACE Outputs blank lines to the source program listing Supplement The assemble listing is a listing to which the results of the assembly are output and includes a source program listing a cross reference listing and a section information listing Reference For a detailed description of the assemble listing see appendix C Assemble L
270. ssing will be the concatenation of the specified files in the specified order In this case the END directive must appear only in the last file Supplement The assembler returns the operating system a return code that reports whether or not the assembly processing terminated normally The return value indicates the level of the errors occurred as follows Normal termination 0 Warnings occurred 0 Errors occurred Windows 95 and Windows NT 2 UNIX 1 Fatal error occurred Windows 95 and Windows NT 4 UNIX 1 The return code can be changed with ABORT Reference ABORT User s Guide 2 2 6 Assembler Execution Command Line Options ABORT Rev 4 0 09 98 page 281 of 391 HITACHI 1 2 File Specification Format Files handled by the assembler are specified in the following format lt file name gt lt file format gt The term file name as used in this manual normally refers to both the file name and the file format Example File name FILE SS ECs esitu A file with the file name file and the file format src prog obj A file with the file name prog and the file format obj The file format is used as an identifier to distinguish the contents of the file Thus two files with differing formats are different files even if the file name is the same Example file src file obj These file names specify different files The assembler handles the following types of file e
271. t ASCII code for a control character gt gt The ASCII code for a control character must be specified as follows The specification must be an absolute value and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification Rev 4 0 09 98 page 133 of 391 HITACHI SDATA Coding Example ALIGN 4 This statement adjusts the value of the location counter X SDATA AAAAA This statement reserves character string data SDATA nro The character string in this example includes double quotation marks SDATA ABAB lt H 07 gt The character string in this example has a control character appended Memory 44 4 41 41 41 22 42 42 42 22 41 42 41 42 07 4 bytes Notes 1 The data in this figure is hexadecimal 2 The ASCII code for A is H 41 The ASCII code for B is H 42 The ASCII code for is H 22 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 134 of 391 HITACHI SDATAB Character String Data Blocks Reservation Syntax lt symbol gt A SDATABA lt block count gt lt character string gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter a reference symbol if required 2 Operation Enter the SDATAB mnemonic 3 Operands First operand lt block count gt Enter the number of character strings as the first operand Second operand lt character string gt Enter the character string to be reser
272. t symbols and relative symbols must not appear in specification 3 The range of values that can be specified as the block size varies with the operation size Operation Size Block Size Range S H 00000001 to H 3FFFFFFF 1 to 1 073 741 823 D H 00000001 to H 1FFFFFFF 1 to 536 870 911 Note Numbers in parentheses are decimal Reference Floating point data Programmer s Guide 1 4 3 Floating Point Constants Rev 4 0 09 98 page 145 of 391 HITACHI FDATAB Coding Example ALIGN 4 This statement adjusts the value of the location counter X FDATAB S 2 H 7F800000 S This statement reserves two blocks of 4 byte areas 7F800000 H 7F800000 S FDATAB D 3 F 4 32D 1 This statement reserves three blocks of 8 byte areas 3FDBA5E353F7CED9 F 4 32D 1 Explanatory Figure for the Coding Example Memory Address symbol X N 7F 80 00 00 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 146 of 391 HITACHI XDATA Fixed Point Data Reservation Syntax lt symbol gt A XDATA lt operation size gt A lt fixed point data gt lt fixed point data gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter a reference symbol if required 2 Operation Mnemonic Enter XDATA mnemonic Operation size Specifier Data Size W Word 2 bytes L Longword 4 bytes The shaded section indicates the default value when the specifier is omitted The specifier determines
273. t when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B WwW L S Omitted FLDIO FRn x x x O S FLDI FRn x x x O S FMOV Rm FRn x x x O S FMOV FRm Rn x x x O S FMOV Rm FRn x x x O S FMOV FRm Rn x x x O S FMOV R0 Rm FRn x x x O S FMOV FRn RO Rn x x x O S FMOV FRm FRn x x x O S Symbol meanings FRm FRn Floating point register FRO FRO floating point register when only FRO can be specified FPUL FPU low register FPSCR FPU status control register S Single precision 4 bytes Rev 4 0 09 98 page 78 of 391 HITACHI Table 3 8 SH 3E Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 2 2 Arithmetic Operation Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B WwW L S Omitted FABS FRn x x x O S FADD FRm FRn x x x O S FCMP EQ FRm FRn x x x O S FCMP GT FRm FRn x x x O S FDIV FRm FRn x x x O S FMAC FRO FRm FRn x x x O S FMUL FRm FRn x x x O S FNEG FRn x x x O S FSQRT FRn x x x O S FSUB FRm FRn x x x O S Table 3 8 SH 3E Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations Part 3 3 System Control Instructions Operation Sizes Default when Mnemonic Addressing Mode B WwW L S Omitted FLDS FRm FPUL x x x O S FLOAT FPUL FRn x x x O S FSTS FPUL FRn x x x O S FTRC FRm FPUL x x x O S LDS Rm FPUL x x O x L LDS Rm FPUL x x O x L LDS Rm FPSCR x x O x L LDS Rm FPSCR x x O x L STS FPUL Rn x x O x L STS FPUL Rn x x O x L STS FPSCR Rn x x O x
274. ta Move Imstructions siei E E EEEE S TES 93 4 1 4 Coding of Source Statements Across Multiple Lines eeeeseeeeeeeeesereersreerrerees 94 4 2 DSP Instructons sect E E EE TE EE E E E es ts es 95 4 2 1 DSP Operation Instructions eeseeseseeeseseeeseeesrseeeserrrssesressesresresrerrssrerreresreeresrent 95 4 2 2 Data Move Instructions 00 ccccccecccccceceesseceeececeessaaececececeessaaecesececsessseeeeeeeeeenes 99 Section 5 Assembler Directives ccccccccsssesesessssssesescscscscscsessesssesesescstsnsnesesssssces 103 5 1 Overview of the Assembler Directives c cccccccccssssscecececeessssscecececsesenseaesececeesenseaeeeeees 103 5 2 Assembler Directive Reference ccccccccsssscccececeessssececccecseseececececsesesseseeeeseeesesssaeeeeees 105 5 2 1 Target CPU Assembler Directive cece cee csseeceeeceesceseeesecesecaecaecsaeeneeenes 105 GPU NEEESE N E EE RET EEO AARE O E EEEE EEEE Meee EE EER 106 5 2 2 Section and Location Counter Assembler Directives ccccccccccceceeceessnneeeeees 108 SE SETON cau issicnemeeniaweseuanmestaswseecocnecdaveusceatwecagswasesauvcsiestouce E de aebeuawaninwenese 109 OR G mA e hia i cset ahd ese URL Oe A eS 114 ATS LGN ESA AE E EEE cet cl Sata rev aod ewes E bans co apeactaateousteete senses 116 5 2 3 Symbol Handling Assembler Directives 0 00 0 ee ceseeeeceseceseceecesecesecneceseenaes 118 PA H O O NEE E E Sagvonth tess opin E E E E EE E E E 119 ASS TON AAE n Sea don
275. tation of integer constant Correct the notation The assembler may misinterpret the integer constant i e interpret it as a value not intended by the programmer Rev 4 0 09 98 page 364 of 391 HITACHI Table D 3 Source Program Warning Messages cont 837 Message SOURCE STATEMENT TOO LONG Error description The length of a source statement exceeded 255 bytes Recovery procedure Rewrite the source statement to be within 255 bytes by for example rewriting the comment Alternatively rewrite the statement as a multi line statement Supplement The assembler ignores byte number 256 and regards the characters starting at byte 257 as the next statement 838 Message ILLEGAL CHARACTER CODE Error description The shift JIS code or EUC code is specified outside character strings and comments or the SJIS or EUC command line option is not specified Recovery procedure Specify the shift JIS code or EUC code in character strings or comments Specify the SJIS or EUC command line option 839 Message ILLEGAL FIGURE IN OPERAND Error description Fixed point data having six or more digits is specified in word size or that having 11 or more digits is specified in long word size Recovery procedure Reduce the digits to the limit 840 Message OPERAND OVERFLOW Error description Floating point data overflows Recovery procedure Modify the value Supplement The assembler assumes when the value is positive and
276. ted The file format lis is supplied If the specification is completely omitted The file format lis is appended to the name of the input source file the first specified source file CAUTION Do not specify the same file for the input source file and the output object file If the same file is specified the contents of the input source file will be lost Rev 4 0 09 98 page 296 of 391 HITACHI LIST NOLIST Relationship with Assembler Directives The assembler gives priority to specifications made with command line options Command Line Option Assembler Directive Result LIST regardless of any specification An assemble listing is output NOLIST regardless of any specification An assemble listing is not output no specification PRINT LIST An assemble listing is output PRINT NOLIST An assemble listing is not output no specification An assemble listing is not output Rev 4 0 09 98 page 297 of 391 HITACHI SOURCE NOSOURCE Source Program Listing Output Control Syntax SOURCE NOSOURCE The abbreviated forms are indicated by bold face Description 1 The SOURCE option specifies output of a source program listing to the assemble listing The NOSOURCE option specifies no output of a source program listing to the assemble listing 2 The SOURCE and NOSOURCE options are only valid in cases where an assemble listing is being ou
277. ter P is referenced ENDM PLUS1 R R1 PLUS1 is expanded Expanded results are as follows ADD 1 R1 Formal parameter P1 is referenced SDATA R1 Formal parameter P is referenced Preprocessor variable reference Preprocessor variables can be referenced in macro bodies The syntax for preprocessor variable reference is as follows amp lt preprocessor variable name gt To clearly distinguish the preprocessor variable name from the rest of the source statement add an apostrophe Note When using a Japanese environment use instead of Rev 4 0 09 98 page 243 of 391 HITACHI Coding example MACRO PLUS1 ADD 1 R amp V1 Preprocessor variable V1 is referenced SDATA amp V 1 Preprocessor variable V is referenced ENDM V ASSIGNC R Preprocessor variable V is defined vI ASSIGNA 1 Preprocessor variable V1 is defined PLUS1 PLUS1 is expanded Expanded results are as follows ADD 1 R1 Preprocessor variable V1 is referenced SDATA RI Preprocessor variable V is referenced 3 Macro generation number The macro generation number facility is used to avoid the problem that symbols used within a macro body will be multiply defined if the macro is expanded multiple times To avoid this problem specify the macro generation number marker as part of any symbol used in a macro This will result in symbols that are unique to each macro call The macro generati
278. ter the REG mnemonic 3 Operands Enter the register name for which the alias of a register name is being defined Description 1 REG is the assembler directive that defines the alias of a register name The alias of a register name defined with REG can be used in exactly the same manner as the original register name The alias of a register name defined with REG cannot be redefined 2 The alias of a register name can only be defined for the general registers RO to R15 and SP 3 Definitions with the REG directive are valid from the point of the definition forward in the program 4 Symbols defined with REG have the following limitations They cannot be used as import or export symbols They cannot be referenced from the simulator debugger Rev 4 0 09 98 page 123 of 391 HITACHI Coding Example MIN REG R10 MAX REG R11 MOV 0 MIN This is the same as MOV 0 R10 MOV 99 MAX This is the same as MOV 99 R11 CMP HS MIN R1 BF ABEL CMP HS R1 MAX BF ABEL Rev 4 0 09 98 page 124 of 391 HITACHI FREG Floating Point Register Name Alias Definition Syntax lt symbol gt A FREGA lt floating point register name gt or lt symbol gt A FREGA lt floating point register name gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter the symbol to be defined as a floating point register name 2 Operation Enter the FREG mnemonic 3 Operan
279. ter the specified sections are linked by the linkage editor SIZEOF Operation Determines the size of a section set after the specified section are linked by the linkage editor Example CPU SH1 SECTION INIT_RAM DATA ALIGN 4 RES B H 100 SECTION INIT_DATA DATA ALIGN 4 INIT_BGN DATA L STARTOFP INET RAM e oe Gis slave acels aie O E 1 INIT_END DATA L STARTOF INIT_RAM SIZEOF INIT_RAM 2 SECTION MAIN CODE ALIGN 4 INITIAL OV L DATA1 R6 OV 0 R5 OV L DATA1 4 R3 BRA LOOP 2 OV L R3 R4 DOORIA OTT oe Initializes the data area in section is INIT_RAM to 0 ADD 4 R4 LOOP2 OV L R6 R3 CMP HI R3 R4 BF LOOP1 RTS NOP J DATAI1 DATA L INIT_END DATA L INIT_BGN END 1 Determines the start address of section INIT_RAM 2 Determines the end address of section INIT_RAM Rev 4 0 09 98 page 36 of 391 HITACHI HIGH Operation Extracts the high order byte from the low order two bytes of a 4 byte value Before operation After operation 31 24 23 16 15 8 7 0 31 24 23 16 15 8 7 0 H xx H 00 H 00 H 00 H xx Example LABEL EQU H 00007FFF DATA HIGH LABEL Reserves integer data H 0000007F on memory LOW Operation Extracts the lowest order one byte from a 4 byte value Before operation After operation 31 24 23 16 15 8 7 0 31 24 23 16 15 8 7 0 H xx H 00 H 00 H 00 H xx
280. that the microprocessor uses as a stack area an area for temporary data storage is called the stack section The following can be written in the stack section e Assembler directives that reserve uninitialized data Examples SECTION ST STACK ALIGN 4 This assembler directive declares a stack section with the name ST RES B 1024 This assembler directive reserves a stack area of 1024 bytes STK 5 Dummy Section A dummy section is a hypothetical section for representing data structures The assembler does not output dummy sections to the object module The following can be written in a dummy section e Assembler directives that reserve uninitialized data Examples SECTION DM DUMMY This assembler directive declares a dummy section with the name DM RES B 1 The assembler does not output the A RES B 1 section DM to the object module B RES B 2 Specific methods for specifying data structures are described in the supplement on the next page Rev 4 0 09 98 page 48 of 391 HITACHI Supplement As shown in figure 2 2 it is possible to access areas in memory by using address symbols from a dummy section Data structure Memory Reference The start of point area 1 Address The start of area 1 _ symbol A plus A Dummy Address gt section The start of area 1 symbol B plus B The start of area 2 The start of area 2_ plus A
281. the size of the reserved data The longword size is used when the specifier is omitted 3 Operands Enter the fixed point data to be reserved as data in the operand field Description 1 XDATA is the assembler directive that reserves fixed point data in memory Reference Fixed point data Programmer s Guide 1 4 4 Fixed Point Constants Rev 4 0 09 98 page 147 of 391 HITACHI XDATA Coding Example ALIGN 4 This statement adjusts the value of the location counter X XDATA L 0 5 This statement reserves 4 byte area H 40000000 XDATA W 0e 157 0 225 This statement reserves 2 byte areas H 6000 and H 2000 Gea a e AAE E E A TAT O cn AAN A AN AA AT E A A AE A E EA AAT E A E A neg a EE A A Un A ESEA aiee Explanatory Figure for the Coding Example Memory Address symbol x 40 00 00 00 60 00 20 00 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 148 of 391 HITACHI Data Area Reservation Syntax lt symbol gt A RES lt operation size gt A lt area count gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter a reference symbol if required 2 Operation Mnemonic Enter RES mnemonic Operation size Specifier Data Size B Byte W Word 2 bytes IL Longword 4 bytes The shaded section indicates the default value when the specifier is omitted The specifier determines the size of one area The longword size is used when the s
282. thin the macro body between the MACRO and ENDM directives 2 Expansion is terminated when this directive appears 3 This directive is also used to exit from iterated expansions specified with the AREPEAT or AWHILE directive The location of this directive must be specified carefully when macro instructions and iterated expansion are combined Rev 4 0 09 98 page 241 of 6 HITACHI EXITM Coding Example MACRO SUM P1 MOV RO R10 ADD R1 R10 1 ADD R2 R10 k BE 0 SBE HE 2 ADD R3 R10 ENDM SUM EXITM EXITM is expanded at 2 and macro expansion is terminated Only the statements indicated by 1 are expanded Rev 4 0 09 98 page 242 of 391 HITACHI 8 3 Macro Body The source statements between the MACRO and ENDM directives are called a macro body The macro body is expanded and assembled by a macro call 1 Formal parameter reference Formal parameters are used to specify the parts to be replaced with macro parameters at macro expansion The syntax of formal parameter reference in macro bodies is as follows lt formal parameter name gt To clearly distinguish the formal parameter name from the rest of the source statement add an apostrophe Note When using a Japanese environment use instead of Coding example MACRO PLUS1 P P1 P and P1 are formal parameters ADD 1 P1 Formal parameter P1 is referenced SDATA P 1 Formal parame
283. tic Literal Pool Generation The assembler automatically generates a literal pool corresponding to an extended instruction MOV W imm Rn MOV L imm Rn or MOVA imm RO and calculates the PC relative displacement value An extended instruction source statement is expanded to an executable instruction and literal data as shown in table 9 1 Table 9 1 Extended Instructions and Expanded Results Extended Instruction Expanded Result MOV W imm Rn MOV W disp PC Rn and 2 byte literal data MOV L imm Rn MOV L disp PC Rn and 4 byte literal data MOVA imm RO MOVA disp PC RO and 4 byte literal data 9 3 Size Mode for Automatic Literal Pool Generation Automatic literal pool generation has two modes size specification mode and size selection mode In size specification mode a data move instruction extended instruction whose operation size is prespecified is used to generate a literal pool In size selection mode when a move instruction without size specification is written the assembler automatically checks the imm operand value and selects a suitable size move instruction Table 9 2 shows data move instructions and size mode Table 9 2 Data Move Instructions and Size Mode Data Move Instruction Size Specification Mode Size Selection Mode MOV imm Rn Executable instruction Selected by assembler MOV B imm Rn Executable instruction Executable instruction MOV W imm Rn Extended instruction Extended instructio
284. ting output Programmer s Guide 5 2 7 Assemble Listing Assembler Directives PRINT User s Guide 2 2 3 Assemble Listing Command Line Options LIST NOLIST Rev 4 0 09 98 page 302 of 391 HITACHI SECTION NOSECTION Relationship with Assembler Directives The assembler gives priority to specifications made with command line options Command Line Option Assembler Directive Result When an Assemble Listing Is Output SECTION regardless of any specification A section information listing is output NOSECTION regardless of any specification A section information listing is not output no specification PRINT SCT A section information listing is output PRINT NOSCT A section information listing is not output no specification HITACHI A section information listing is output Rev 4 0 09 98 page 303 of 391 SHOW NOSHOW Source Program Listing Output Control Syntax lt UNIX gt SHOW lt output type gt lt output type gt NOSHOW lt output type gt lt output type gt lt Windows 95 and Windows NT gt SHOW lt output type gt lt output type gt NOSHOW lt output type gt lt output type gt When only one output type is specified the parentheses can be omitted Output type CONDITIONALS DEFINITIONS CALLS EXPANSIONS CODE The abbreviated forms are indicated by bold face
285. tion of the REPEAT or the label 463 Message Error description Recovery procedure Assembler Directive Errors 500 Message Error description Recovery procedure NO INSTRUCTION IN REPEAT LOOP No instruction is found in a loop or no instruction is found at the end address Write an instruction between the start and end addresses or specify an address storing an instruction as the end address SYMBOL NOT FOUND Label not defined in directive that requires label Insert a label Rev 4 0 09 98 page 355 of 391 HITACHI Table D 2 Source Program Error Messages cont 501 Message ILLEGAL ADDRESS VALUE IN OPERAND Error description Illegal specification of the start address or the value of location counter in section Recovery procedure Correct the start address or value of location counter 502 Message ILLEGAL SYMBOL IN OPERAND Error description Illegal value forward reference symbol import symbol or relative address symbol specified in operand Recovery procedure Correct the operand 503 Message UNDEFINED EXPORT SYMBOL Error description Symbol declared for export symbol not defined in the file Recovery procedure Define the symbol Alternatively remove the export symbol declaration 504 Message INVALID RELATIVE SYMBOL IN OPERAND Error description Illegal value forward reference symbol or import symbol specified in operand Recovery procedure Correct the operand 505 Message I
286. tput References Assemble listing output Programmer s Guide 5 2 7 Assemble Listing Assembler Directives PRINT User s Guide 2 2 3 Assemble Listing Command Line Options LIST NOLIST Rev 4 0 09 98 page 298 of 391 HITACHI SOURCE NOSOURCE Relationship with Assembler Directives The assembler gives priority to specifications made with command line options Result When an Assemble Command Line Option Assembler Directive Listing Is Output SOURCE regardless of any specification A source program listing is output NOSOURCE regardless of any specification A source program listing is not output no specification PRINT SRC A source program listing is output PRINT NOSRC A source program listing is not output no specification A source program listing is output Rev 4 0 09 98 page 299 of 391 HITACHI CROSS_REFERENCE NOCROSS_REFERENCE Cross Reference Listing Output Control Syntax CROSS_REF ERENCE NOCROSS_RE Ay vs Q The abbreviated forms are indicated by bold face Description 1 The CROSS_REFERENCE option specifies output of a cross reference listing to the assemble listing The NOCROSS_REFERENCE option specifies no output of a cross reference listing to the assemble listing 2 The CROSS_REFERENCE and NOCROSS_REFERENCE options are only valid in cases where an assemble listing is
287. tring gt Description 1 LEN counts the number of characters in a character string and replaces itself with the number of characters in decimal with no radix 2 Character strings are specified by enclosing the desired characters with double quotation marks To specify a double quotation mark in a character string enter two double quotation marks in succession 3 Macro formal parameters and preprocessor variables can be specified in the character string as shown below LEN lt formal parameter gt LEN amp lt preprocessor variable gt Note When using a Japanese environment use instead of 4 This function can only be used within a macro body between MACRO and ENDM directives Rev 4 0 09 98 page 250 of 391 HITACHI LEN Coding Example Hm MACRO RESERVE_LENGTH P1 ALIGN 4 SRES LEN P1 ENDM RESERVE_LENGTH ABCDEF RESERVE_LENGTH ABC Expanded results are as follows ALIGN 4 SRES 6 ABCDEF has six characters ALIGN 4 SRES 3 ABC has three characters Rev 4 0 09 98 page 251 of 391 HITACHI INSTR Character String Search Syntax INSTR A lt character string 1 gt lt character string 2 gt lt start position gt Description 1 INSTR searches character string 1 for character string 2 and replaces it
288. truction and Operation Size Combinations 0 ee 74 SH 3 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations 1 0 0 0 eee 76 SH 3E Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations 0 ee 78 SH 4 Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations 0 0 0 0 eee 80 SH DSP SH3 DSP Executable Instruction and Operation Size Combinations 83 Relationship between Delayed Branch Instructions and Delay Slot Instructions 85 DSP Instructions in MneMONic eee eee eceeeceeecesecesecesecaecsaecaeecaeeeseseeeeeeeeerees 95 Addressing Modes for DSP Operation Instructions essseeseeeseseereeerrsreerrsreereeen 95 Registers that Can Be Specified in DSP Register Direct Addressing Mode 96 Ranges of Immediate Data eee eecc eee ceeceeeecesecesecaecsaecsaecaeecaeseseseeeeeneeeees 96 DSP Operation Instructions serens eeeeeeeceeecesecesecesecaecsaecsaecaeecaeseseseeeseeeenees 98 Data Move Instructions in Mnemonic 00 eee ceeeeesecesecesecnseceecaeecaeeeseseeeeeeeeenens 99 Addressing Modes of Data Move Instructions 2 0 0 0 ceceeceecesecesecesecsseeeeeeeeneeees 100 Registers that Can Be Specified in Addressing Modes for Data Move TS CHUGH OMS 1s aces seteg sada a E a Se Soa a R eee EEE 101 Data Move Instructions cece een nE Ea A REE IE T e EEE 102 Assembler DITECtIVES meeer irern a o e a a EEEa Spei E ea aias 103 Extended Instructions and Expanded Results 0 eee eeceeceseceseceseceseceeeneeeneeees 258 D
289. tten in assembly language into a format that can be handled by microprocessors and outputs the result as an object module Also the results of the assembly processing are output as an assemble listing This assembler provides the following functions to support efficient program development Assembler directives Give the assembler various instructions File inclusion function Includes files into a source file Conditional assembly function Selects source statements to be assembled or repeats assembly according to a specified condition Macro function Gives a name to a sequence of statements and defines it as one instruction Automatic literal pool generation function Interprets data transfer instructions MOV W imm MOV L imm and MOVA imm that are not provided by the SuperH RISC engine family as extended instructions and expands them into microprocessor executable instructions and constant data literals Automatic repeat loop generation function Interprets instruction REPEAT that is not provided by the SH DSP as an extended instruction and expands it into SH DSP repeat loop instructions LDRS LDRE and SETRC that control the repeat loop characteristic of the SH DSP Rev 4 0 09 98 page 3 of 391 HITACHI Figure 1 1 shows the function of the assembler Assembly language source program File inclusion Included tile e Assembler directives Assembler Conditional assembly e Macro Object mod
290. uction is NOPX or NOPY Example LABEL1 PADD A0 M0 A0 PMULS X0 Y0 MO MOVX W R4 X0 MOVY W R6 YO DSP Instruction Label DSP operation part Data transfer part Comment DCT PINC X1 Al MOVX W R4 X0 MOVY W R6 YO DSP operation part Data transfer part PCMP X1 MO MOVX W R4 XO Y Memory transfer is omitted DSP operation part Data transfer part Comment Rev 4 0 09 98 page 92 of 391 HITACHI 4 1 3 Data Move Instructions Two types of data move instructions are available combination of X data memory transfer and Y data memory transfer and single data transfer The description formats are as follows Combination of X Data Memory Move and Y Data Memory Move Instructions lt label gt A lt xX data transfer operation gt A lt operand gt A lt Y data transfer operation gt A lt operand gt lt comment gt Be sure to specify X data memory transfer and Y data memory transfer in this order Inputting an instruction is not required when the data move instruction is NOPX or NOPY Note that both X data memory and Y data memory cannot be omitted unlike the parallel operation instruction Example LABEL2 MOVX W R4 X0 Data move instruction Y data memory transfer is omitted MOVX W R4 X0 MOVY W R6 YO Single Data Move Instruction lt label gt A lt single data transfer operation gt A lt operand gt lt comment gt Specifies the MOVS instruction Exam
291. ule e Automatic literal pool generation e Automatic repeat loop generation Assemble listing Figure 1 1 Function of the Assembler Rev 4 0 09 98 page 4 of 391 HITACHI Section 2 Relationships between the Software Development Support Tools In addition to the assembler software development support tools such as the C C compiler linkage editor librarian object converter and simulator debugger are available for the SuperH RISC engine family These tools assist in the efficient development of application software Figure 2 1 shows the relationships between the software development support tools Rev 4 0 09 98 page 5 of 391 HITACHI Editor C C language source program Assembly language 1 source program C C compiler Assembler CPU information analyzer Librarian Object module CPU 3 information Linkage editor Library file file Load module y Object converter LA Y Simulator debugger S type format load module Figure 2 1 Relationships between the Software Development Support Tools Rev 4 0 09 98 page 6 of 391 HITACHI Supplement Use a general purpose editor a text editor to edit source programs The C C compiler converts programs written in the C C language into either object modules or assembly language source programs The librarian converts object mo
292. ults are as follows ADDS RORI areis ee eki ADD R2 R3 ADDI ROR esie eae la a cote peet ADD R2 R3 When COUNT is 0 When COUNT is 1 After this COUNT becomes 2 and expansion is terminated Rev 4 0 09 98 page 232 of 391 HITACHI ALIMIT Maximum Count Specification for AWHILE Expansion in Preprocessor Syntax A ALIMIT lt count gt Statement Elements 1 Label The label field is not used 2 Operation Enter the ALIMIT mnemonic 3 Operands Enter the maximum count of statement expansion Description 1 During conditional iterated AWHILE to AENDW expansion if the statement expansion count exceeds the maximum value specified by the ALIMIT directive warning 854 is generated and the expansion is terminated 2 Ifthe ALIMIT directive is not specified the maximum count is 65 535 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 233 of 391 HITACHI ALIMIT Coding Example ALIMIT 20 FLG ASSIGNA 0 AWHILE amp FLG EQ 0 Expansion is terminated after performed NOP 20 times and a warning message is output AENDW Rev 4 0 09 98 page 234 of 391 HITACHI Section 8 Macro Function 8 1 Overview of the Macro Function The macro function allows commonly used sequences of instructions to be named and defined as one macro instruction This is called a macro definition Macro instructions are defined as follows MACRO lt macro name gt lt mac
293. ut file name or one command line option can be specified in one line in the subcommand file 4 This option must be specified at the end of a command line The remaining files and options are read from the specified subcommand file 5 This option must not be specified in a subcommand file Example asmsh aaa src subcommand aaa sub The subcommand file contents are expanded to a command line and assembled bbb sre List The above command line and file aaa sub are expanded as follows asmsh aaa src bbb srce list noobj Rev 4 0 09 98 page 327 of 391 HITACHI SUBCOMMAND Notes 1 One line of a subcommand file can include a maximum of 300 bytes 2 One subcommand file can include a maximum of 32 767 bytes Rev 4 0 09 98 page 328 of 391 HITACHI 2 2 10 Floating Point Data Command Line Options This assembler provides the following command line options concerned with floating point data ROUND This command line option specifies the rounding mode for floating point data DENORMALIZE This command line option specifies how to handle denormalized numbers in floating point data Rev 4 0 09 98 page 329 of 391 HITACHI ROUND Specification of Floating Point Data Rounding Mode Syntax ROUND lt rounding mode gt lt rounding mode gt NEAREST ZERO The abbreviated form is indicated by bold face Description 1
294. uts error 402 for the instruction having a displacement outside the valid range Solution Move the literal pool output location for example by the NNOPOOL directive or change the location or addressing mode of the instruction causing the error 5 If the literal pool output location cannot be found If the assembler cannot find a literal pool output location satisfying the following conditions in respect to the extended instruction Same file Same section Forward direction The assembler outputs at the end of the section which includes the extended instruction the literal pool and a BRA instruction with a NOP instruction in the delay slot to jump around the literal pool and outputs warning 876 Rev 4 0 09 98 page 267 of 391 HITACHI 6 If the displacement from the extended instruction exceeds the valid range If the displacement of the literal pool from the extended instruction exceeds the valid range error 402 is generated Solution Output the literal pool within the valid range for example using the POOL directive 7 Differences between size specification mode and size selection mode Version 2 0 of the assembler can only use the size specification mode but the size selection mode is added to this new assembler version If the source program created before for version 2 0 is assembled in the size selection mode by version 3 1 or higher the imm values of data move instructions without size specificatio
295. value specified as shift value Recovery procedure Correct the expression 450 Message ILLEGAL DISPLACEMENT VALUE Error description Recovery procedure Illegal displacement value Negative value is specified Correct the displacement value Rev 4 0 09 98 page 354 of 391 HITACHI Table D 2 Source Program Error Messages cont 452 Message Error description Recovery procedure ILLEGAL DATA AREA ADDRESS PC relative data move instruction specifies illegal address for data area Access a correct address according to the instruction operation size 4 byte boundary for MOV L and MOVA and 2 byte boundary for MOV W 453 Message Error description Recovery procedure REPEAT Errors 460 Message Error description Recovery procedure LITERAL POOL OVERFLOW More than 510 extended instructions exist that have not output literals Output literal pools using POOL ILLEGAL SYMBOL A backward reference symbol an undefined symbol or a symbol other than a label is specified as an operand of a REPEAT or the start address comes after be at a higher address than the end address Correct the operand 461 Message Error description Recovery procedure SYNTAX ERROR IN OPERAND Illegal operand Correct the operand 462 Message Error description Recovery procedure ILLEGAL VALUE IN OPERAND The distance between a REPEAT and the label exceeds the allowable range Correct the loca
296. variable in uppercase letters Rev 4 0 09 98 page 283 of 391 HITACHI Section 2 Command Line Options 2 1 Overview of Command Line Options Command line options are detailed specifications of the assembly processing Table 2 1 shows an overview of the command line options Table 2 1 Command Line Options Section Number Command Line Option Function 2 2 1 Target CPU specifications CPU Specifies target CPU 2 2 2 Object module specifications NO OBJECT Controls output of object module NO DEBUG Controls output of debugging information ENDIAN Selects big endian or little endian 2 2 3 Assembly listing specifications NO LIST Controls output of assembly listing NO SOURCE Controls output of source program listing NO JCROSS_REFERENCE Controls output of cross reference listing NO SECTION Controls output of section information listing NO SHOW Controls output of part of source program listing LINES Specifies the number of lines in assemble listing COLUMNS Specifies the number of columns in assemble listing 2 2 4 File inclusion function specifications INCLUDE Specifies the include file directory 2 2 5 Conditional assembly specifications ASSIGNA Defines integer preprocessor variable ASSIGNC Defines character preprocessor variable DEFINE Defines replacement character string 2 2 6 Assembler execution specifications EXPAND Outputs preprocessor expansion result ABORT Change
297. ved as the second operand Description 1 SDATAB is the assembler directive that reserves the specified number of character strings consecutively in memory Reference Character strings Programmer s Guide 1 7 Character Strings 2 The lt block count gt must be specified as follows The specification must be an absolute value and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification A value of 1 or larger must be specified as the block count The maximum value of the block count depends on the length of the character string data Rev 4 0 09 98 page 135 of 391 HITACHI SDATAB The length of the character string data multiplied by the block count must be less than or equal to H FFFFFFFF 4 294 967 295 bytes 3 A control character can be appended to a character string The syntax for this notation is as follows lt character string gt lt lt ASCII code for a control character gt gt The ASCII code for a control character must be specified as follows The specification must be an absolute value and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification Rev 4 0 09 98 page 136 of 391 HITACHI SDATAB Coding Example ALIGN 4 This statement adjusts the value of the location counter X SDATAB 2 AAAAA This statement reserves two character string data blocks SDATAB 2 ee BBB MIN The character string in t
298. when the location counter value is 3 In this case the contents of the byte before a loop is not an executable instruction and an error message is output If two or more alignment bytes are generated before a loop their contents consist of a NOP instruction and the program can be correctly executed Others One or more executable or DSP instructions must be located between a REPEAT extended instruction and the start address Otherwise the assembler outputs an error message A REPEAT extended instruction must not be located between another REPEAT extended instruction and its end address If REPEAT extended instructions are nested the assembler outputs an error message the first REPEAT is valid and the other REPEAT instructions are ignored Rev 4 0 09 98 page 278 of 391 HITACHI User s Guide Section 1 Executing the Assembler 1 1 Command Line Format To start the assembler enter a command line with the following format when the host computer operating system is in the input wait state A gt asmsh A lt input source file gt lt input source file gt A lt command line options gt l l l 1 2 3 1 Assembler start command 2 Name of input source file Multiple source files can be specified at the same time 3 Command line options which specify the assembly method in more detail CAUTION When multiple source files are specified on the command line the unit of assembly proce
299. with an inserted leading byte that indicates the length of the string The length indicates the size of the character string not including the length in bytes Reference Character strings Programmer s Guide 1 7 Character Strings 2 The character string area size must be specified as follows The specification must be an absolute value and Forward reference symbols must not appear in the specification The values that are allowed for the character string area size are from H 00000000 to H 000000FF from 0 to 255 in decimal Rev 4 0 09 98 page 154 of 391 HITACHI SRESC 3 The size of the area reserved in memory is the size of the character string area itself plus 1 byte for the count Coding Example ALIGN 4 This statement adjusts the value of the location counter X SRESC 7 This statement reserves 7 bytes plus 1 byte for the count SRESC 6 This statement reserves 6 bytes plus 1 byte for the count Memory Address symbol Xx LLL LLL 4 bytes Rev 4 0 09 98 page 155 of 391 HITACHI SRESZ Character String Data Area Reservation With Zero Terminator Syntax lt symbol gt A SRESZA lt character string area size gt lt character string area size gt Statement Elements 1 Label Enter a reference symbol if required 2 Operation Enter the SRESZ mnemonic 3 Operan
300. ze Figure C 3 shows an example of a section information listing SuperH RISC engine ASSEMBLER Ver 4 0 01 12 98 19 52 40 SECTION DATA LIST SECTION ATTRIBUTE SIZE START SAMPLE REL CODE 000000194 1 2 3 4 Figure C 3 Section Information Listing Output Example 1 The section name 2 The section type REL Relative address section ABS Absolute address section CODE Code section DATA Data section COMMON Common section STACK Stack section DUMMY Dumny section 3 The section size in hexadecimal byte units 4 The start address of absolute address sections Rev 4 0 09 98 page 345 of 391 HITACHI Appendix D Error Messages D 1 Error Types 1 Command Errors These are errors related to the command line that starts the assembler These errors can occur for example in cases where there are errors in the source file or command line option specifications The assembler outputs the error message to standard error output usually the display The format of these messages is as follows 2 line lt line number gt lt error number gt E lt message gt Example gt line 0 10 E NO INPUT FILE SPECIFIED Notes 1 The assembler outputs the message to standard output when Windows 95 or Windows NT is used 2 The format is as follows when Windows 95 or Windows NT is used lt line number gt lt error numb

SuperH RISC Engine Assembler, User's Manual

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