PSTricks: User's Guide
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1. The commands gray red etc can be nested like the font commands as well There are a few important ways in which the color commands differ from the font commands 1 The color commands can be used in and out of math mode there are no restrictions other than proper TEX grouping 2 The color commands affect whatever is in their scope e g lines not simply characters 3 The scope of the color commands does not extend across pages 4 The color commands are not as robust as font commands when used inside box macros See page 89 for details You can avoid most problems by explicitly grouping color commands e g en closing the scope in braces whenever these are in the argument of another command However this is not necessary with the PSTricks LR box commands expect when psverbboxtrue is in effect See Section A Color 4 You can define or redefine additional colors and grayscales with the following commands In each case numi is a number between 0 and 1 Spaces are used as delimiters don t add any extraneous spaces in the arguments newgray color num numis the gray scale specification to be set by PostScript s setgray operator 0 is black and 1 is white For example newgray darkgray 25 newrgbcolor color num1 num2 num3 numi num2 num3 is a red green blue specification to be set by PostScript s setrgbcolor operator For example newrgbcolor green O 1 0 newhsbcolor color nu2. Here are the three curve interpolation macros Curves 14 pscurve par arrows x7 y7 xn yn This interpolates an open curve through the points For example pscurve showpoints true lt gt 0 1 3 0 7 1 8 3 3 0 5 4 1 6 0 4 0 4 Note the use of showpoints true to see the points This is helpful when constructing a curve psecurve par arrows x1 y7 xn yn This is like pscurve but the curve is not extended to the first and last points This gets around the problem of trying to determine how the curve should join the first and last points The e has something to do with endpoints For example psecurve showpoints true 125 8 25 4 5 2 1 1 2 5 4 25 8 125 psccurve par arrows x7 y7 xn yn This interpolates a closed curve through the points c stands for closed For example psccurve showpoints true 5 0 3 5 1 3 5 0 5 1 9 Dots The graphics object psdots par x1 y1 x2 y2 xn yn Dots 15 puts a dot at each coordinate What a dot is depends on the value of the dotstyle style Default parameter This also determines the dots you get when showpoints true The dot styles are also pretty intuitive Style Example Style Example x Se ae ee square ee o a n o i square ooo P trt pentagon e e e tiange 4 pentagon trianglee 4 E a a As with arrows there is a parameter for s
3. is also a IJIgX file samples pst of samples that is distributed with PSTricks Look to this file for further inspiration This documentation is written with IIX Some examples use I ipX specific constructs and some don t However there is nothing IdI xX specific about any of the macros nor is there anything that does not work with Idf X This package has been tested with Plain TEX IIex AMS IdfeXand AMSTpx and should work with other TEX macro packages as well The main macro file is pstricks tex pstricks sty Each of the PSTricks macro files comes with a tex extension and a sty extension these are equivalent but the sty extension means that you can include the file name as a ISTEX document style option There are numerous supplementary macro files A file like the one above and the left is used in this User s Guide to remind you that you must input a file before using the macros it contains For most PSTricks macros even if you misuse them you will not get PostScript errors in the output However it is recommended that you resolve any T X errors before attempting to print your document A few PSTricks macros pass on PostScript errors without warning Use Welcome to PSTricks 1 these with care especially if you are using a networked printer because PostScript errors can cause a printer to bomb Such macros are pointed out in strong terms using a warning like this one Warning Use macros that do not check for PostSc
4. is like arcsepA but ang eB is adjusted Arcs circles and ellipses 12 arcsep dim Default 0 This just sets both arcsepA and arcsepB These parameters make it easy to draw two intersecting lines and then use psare with arrows to indicate the angle between them For example SpecialCoor psline linewidth 2pt 4 50 0 0 4 10 psarc arcsepB 2pt gt 3 10 50 psarcn par arrows x y radius angleA angleB This is like psarc but the arc is drawn clockwise You can achieve the same effect using psare by switching angleA and angleB and the arrows 8 Curves psbezier par arrows x0 y0 X1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 psbezier draws a bezier curve with the four control points The curve starts at the first coordinate tangent to the line connecting to the second coordinate It ends at the last coordinate tangent to the line connecting to the third coordinate The second and third coordinates in addition to determining the tangency of the curve at the endpoints also pull the curve towards themselves For example psbezier linewidth 2pt showpoints true gt 0 0 1 4 2 1 4 3 5 3However with pscustom graphics object described in Part IV psaren is not redundant Curves 13 showpoints true puts dots in all the control points and connects them by dashed lines which is useful when adjusting your bezier curve parabola par arrows x0 y0 x1 y1 Starting at x0 y0 parabola dra
5. up the delimiters This may generate complaints from TeX or PSTricks about bad arguments or other unilluminating errors such as the following Use of get coor doesn t match its definition Paragraph ended before pst addcoor was complete Forbidden control sequence found while scanning use of check arrow File ended while scanning use of Iput Delimiters are generally the first thing to check when you get errors with a PSTricks macro Since PSTricks macros can have many arguments it is useful to know that you can leave a space or new line between any arguments except between arguments enclosed in curly braces If you need to insert a new line between arguments enclosed in curly braces put a comment character at the end of the line The Essentials 3 As a general rule the first non space character after a PSTricks macro should not be a or Otherwise PSTricks might think that the or is actually part of the macro You can always get around this by inserting a pair of braces somewhere between the macro and the or 2 Color The grayscales black darkgray gray lightgray and white and the colors red green blue cyan magenta and yellow are predefined in PSTricks This means that these names can be used with the graphics objects that are described in later sections This also means that the command gray or red etc can be used much like rm or tt as in gray This stuff should be gray
6. a new line if there are many parameter changes E g the first example is acceptable but the second is not psset fillcolor yellow linecolor blue psset fillcolor yellow linecolor blue The parameters are described throughout this User s Guide as they are needed Nearly every macro that makes use of graphics parameters allows you to include changes as an optional first argument enclosed in square brackets For example psline linecolor green linestyle dotted 8 7 draws a dotted green line It is roughly equivalent to psset linecolor green linestyle dotted psline 8 7 For many parameters PSTricks processes the value and stores it in a peculiar form ready for PostScript consumption For others PSTricks stores the value in a form that you would expect In the latter case this User s Guide will mention the name of the command where the value is stored This is so that you can use the value to set other parameters E g psset linecolor psfillcolor doublesep 5 pslinewidth However even for these parameters PSTricks may do some processing and error checking and you should always set them using psset or as optional parameter changes rather than redefining the command where the value is stored Setting graphics parameters 6 4 Dimensions coordinates and angles Whenever an argument of a PSTricks macro is a dimension the unit is optional The default unit is set by the unit dim Default 1cm paramet
7. bove and hence the radius depends on the size of the frame If cornersize is absolute then the linearc parameter determines the radius of the rounded corners for psframe and hence the radius is of constant size Now here are the lines and polygons psline par arrows x0 y0 x1 y1 xn yn This draws a line through the list of coordinates For example psline linewidth 2pt linearc 25 gt 4 2 0 1 2 0 qline coor0 coor Basic graphics objects 10 This is a streamlined version of psline that does not pay attention to the arrows parameter and that can only draw a single line segment Note that both coordinates are obligatory and there is no optional argument for setting parameters use psset if you need to change the linewidth or whatever For example qline 0 0 2 1 pspolygon par x0 y0 x1 y1 x2 y2 xn yn This is similar to psline but it draws a closed path For example pspolygon linewidth 1 5pt 0 2 1 2 pspolygon linearc 2 linecolor darkgray 1 0 1 2 4 0 4 2 psframe par x0 y0 x1 y7 psframe draws a rectangle with opposing corners x0 y0 and x1 y1 For example psframe linewidth 2pt framearc 3 fillstyle solid fillcolor lightgray 4 2 psframe linecolor white 1 5 2 1 5 7 Arcs circles and ellipses pscircle par x0 y0 radius This draws a circle whose center is at x0 y0 and that has radius radius For example pscircle linewid
8. caling the dots dotscale num1 num2 Default 1 The dots are scaled horizontally by num and vertically by num2 If you only include one number the arrows are scaled the same in both directions There is also a parameter for rotating the dots dotangle angle Default 0 Thus e g by setting dotangle 45 the dotstyle gives you an x and the square dotstyle gives you a diamond Note that the dots are first scaled and then rotated The unscaled size of the dot style is controlled by the tbarsize parameter and the unscaled size of the remaining dot styles is controlled by the dotsize These are described in Section 15 The radius as determined by the value of dotsize is the radius of solid or open circles The other types of dots are of similar size The dot sizes are allowed to depend on the linewidth because of the showpoints parameter However you can set the dot sizes to an absolute dimension by setting the second number in the dotsize parameter to 0 E g psset dotsize 3pt 0 sets the size of the dots to 3pt independent of the value of linewidth 4The polygons are sized to have the same area as the circles A diamond is just a rotated square Dots 16 10 Grids PSTricks has a powerful macro for making grids and graph paper psgrid x0 y0O x1 y1 x2 y2 psgrid draws a grid with opposing corners x1 y1 and x2 y2 The intervals are numbered with the numbers positioned at x0 and yO The coordinates are always
9. e gradient fill style Adding color to tables Typesetting text along a path Stroking and filling character paths Importing EPS files Table of contents 36 39 39 41 41 42 46 47 52 52 54 55 58 59 60 66 70 70 71 73 74 75 76 77 78 41 Exporting EPS files Help Boxes Tips and More Tricks Including PostScript code 5 OQ W eS Troubleshooting Table of contents 79 82 82 85 86 87 Welcome to PSTricks PSTricks is a collection of PostScript based TEX macros that is com patible with most TEX macro packages including Plain TEX IJIEX AMSTEX and AMS IdTpX PSTricks gives you color graphics rota tion trees and overlays PSTricks puts the icing PostScript on your cake TEX To install PSTricks follow the instructions in the file read me pst that comes with the PSTricks package Even if PSTricks has already been installed for you give read me pst a look over This User s Guide verges on being a reference manual meaning that it is not designed to be read linearly Here is a recommended strategy Finish reading this brief overview of the features in PSTricks Then thumb through the entire User s Guide to get your own overview Return to Part I Essentials and read it carefully Refer to the remaining sections as the need arises When you cannot figure out how to do something or when trouble arises check out the appendices Help You just might be lucky enough to find a solution There
10. er For example with the default value of 1cm the following are equivalent psset linewidth 5cm psset linewidth 5 By never explicitly giving units you can scale graphics by changing the value of unit You can use the default coordinate when setting non PSTricks dimen sions as well using the commands pssetlength cmd dim psaddtolength cmd dim where cmd is a dimension register in IdfX parlance a length and dim is a length with optional unit These are analogous to IdfRXx s setlength and addtolength Coordinate pairs have the form x y The origin of the coordinate system is at TRX s currentpoint The command SpecialCoor lets you use polar coordinates in the form r a where r is the radius a dimension and a is the angle see below You can still use Cartesian coordinates For a complete description of SpecialCoor see Section 34 The unit parameter actually sets the following three parameters xunit dim Default 1cm yunit dim Default 1cm runit dim Default 1cm These are the default units for x coordinates y coordinates and all other coordinates respectively By setting these independently you can scale the x and y dimensions in Cartesian coordinate unevenly After changing yunit to 1pt the two psline s below are equivalent psset yunit 1 pt psline Ocm 20pt 5cm 80pt psline 0 20 5 80 Dimensions coordinates and angles 7 The values of the runit xunit and yunit paramet
11. ers are stored in the dimension registers psunit also psrunit psxunit and psyunit Angles in polar coordinates and other arguments should be a number giving the angle in degrees by default You can also change the units used for angles with the command degrees num num should be the number of units in a circle For example you might use degrees 100 to make a pie chart when you know the shares in percentages degrees without the argument is the same as degrees 360 The command radians is short for degrees 6 28319 SpecialCoor lets you specify angles in other ways as well 5 Basic graphics parameters The width and color of lines is set by the parameters linewidth dim Default 8pt linecolor color Default black The linewidth is stored in the dimension register pslinewidth and the linecolor is stored in the command pslinecolor The regions delimited by open and closed curves can be filled as deter mined by the parameters Basic graphics parameters 8 fillstyle style fillcolor color When fillstyle none the regions are not filled When fillstyle solid the regions are filled with fillcolor Other fillstyle s are described in Section 14 The graphics objects all have a starred version e g psframe which draws a solid object whose color is linecolor For example a gt psellipse 1 5 1 5 Open curves can have arrows according to the arrows arrows parameter If arrows
12. fault 0 If num is positive the grid lines are dotted with num dots per division gridlabels dim Default 10pt The size of the numbers used to mark the grid gridlabelcolor color Default black The color of the grid numbers subgriddiv int Default 5 The number of grid subdivisions subgridwidth dim Default 4pt The width of subgrid lines subgridcolor color Default gray The color of subgrid lines subgriddots num Default 0 Like griddots but for subdivisions Here is a familiar looking grid which illustrates some of the parameters psgrid subgriddiv 1 griddots 10 gridlabels 7pt 1 1 3 1 Note that the values of xunit and yunit are important parameters for psgrid because they determine the spacing of the divisions E g if the value of these is 1pt and then you type psgrid 0 0 10in 10in Grids 18 you will get a grid with 723 main divisions and 3615 subdivisions Actually psgrid allows at most 500 divisions or subdivisions to limit the damage done by this kind of mistake Probably you want to set unit to 5in or 1in as in psgrid unit 5in 0 0 20 20 11 Plots The plotting commands described in this part are defined in pst plot tex pst plot sty which you must load first The psdots psline pspolygon pscurve psecurve and psccurve graphics objects let you plot data in a variety of ways However first you have to generate the data and enter it as coordinate pairs x y The
13. interpreted as Cartesian coordinates For exam ple psgrid 0 0 1 1 3 2 Note that the coordinates and label positioning work the same as with psaxes The main grid divisions occur on multiples of xunit and yunit Subdivi sions are allowed as well Generally the coordinates would be given as integers without units If the x0 y0 coordinate is omitted x1 y1 is used The default for x1 y1 is 0 0 If you don t give any coordinates at all then the coordi nates of the current pspicture environment are used or a 10x10 grid is drawn Thus you can include a psgrid command without coordinates in a pspicture environment to get a grid that will help you position objects in the picture The main grid divisions are numbered with the numbers drawn next to the vertical line at x0 away from x2 and next to the horizontal line at x1 away from y2 x1 y1 can be any corner of the grid as long as x2 y2 is the opposing corner you can position the labels on any side you want For example compare 0 1 2 3 4 and 0 1 2 3 4 0 Grids 17 The following parameters apply only to psgrid gridwidth dim Default 8pt The width of grid lines gridcolor color Default black The color of grid lines griddots num De
14. leecheng PSTricks PostScript macros for Generic TeX lt e gt Mathematical Model for Dripping Faucet a Dripping Faucet User s Guide Timothy Van Zandt 12 March 1993 Version 0 93a Author s address Department of Economics Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 1021 USA Internet tvz Princeton EDU 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Contents Welcome to PSTricks PartI The Essentials Arguments and delimiters Color Setting graphics parameters Dimensions coordinates and angles Basic graphics parameters Part II Basic graphics objects Lines and polygons Arcs circles and ellipses Curves Dots Grids Plots Part III More graphics parameters Coordinate systems Line styles Fill styles Arrowheads and such Custom styles Part IV Custom graphics The basics Parameters Graphics objects Table of contents 10 10 11 13 15 17 19 24 24 24 27 28 31 32 32 32 33 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Safe tricks Pretty safe tricks For hackers only Part V Picture Tools Pictures Placing and rotating whatever Repetition Axes Part VI Text Tricks Framed boxes Clipping Rotation and scaling boxes Part VII Nodes and Node Connections Nodes Node connections Attaching labels to node connections Part VIII Special Tricks Coils and zigzags Special coordinates Overlays Th
15. m1 num2 num3 numi num2 num3 is an hue saturation brightness specification to be set by PostScript s sethsbcolor operator For example newhsbcolor mycolor 3 7 9 newcemykcolor color num1 num2 num3 num4 numi num2 num3 num4 is a cyan magenta yellow black speci fication to be set by PostScript s newcmykcolor operator For example newcmykcolor hercolor 5 1 0 5 For defining new colors the rbg model is a sure thing hsb is not recommended cmyk is not supported by all Level 1 implementations of PostScript although it is best for color printing For more information on color models and color specifications consult the PostScript Language Reference Manual 2nd Edition Red Book and a color guide Driver notes The command pstVerb must be defined 3 Setting graphics parameters PSTricks uses a key value system of graphics parameters to customize the macros that generate graphics e g lines and circles or graphics combined with text e g framed boxes You can change the default values of parameters with the command psset as in Setting graphics parameters 5 psset fillcolor yellow psset linecolor blue framearc 3 dash 3pt 6pt The general syntax is psset par1 value1 par2 valuez As illustrated in the examples above spaces are used as delimiters for some of the values Additional spaces are allowed only following the comma that separates par value pairs which is thus a good place to start
16. peed up the rate at which the data is read but there are system dependent limits on how much data TEX can read like this in one chunk The must go at the beginning of a line The file should not contain anything else not even endinput except for comments marked with plotfile only recognizes the line polygon and dots plot styles and it ignores the arrows linearc and showpoints parameters The listplot command described below can also plot data from file without these restrictions and with faster T X processing However you are less likely to exceed PostScript s memory or operand stack limits with plotfile If you find that it takes TEX a long time to process your plot file command you may want to use the PSTtoEPS command described on page 80 This will also reduce TEX s memory re quirements dataplot par commands Plots dataplot is also for plotting lists of data generated by other pro grams but you first have to retrieve the data with one of the following commands savedata command data readdata command file data or the data in file should conform to the rules described above for the data in fileplot with savedata the data must be delimited by and with readdata bracketing the data with speeds things up You can concatenate and reuse lists as in readdata foo foo data readdata bar bar data dataplot foo bar dataplot origin 0 1 bar The readdata and data
17. plot combination is faster than fileplot if you reuse the data fileplot uses less of T X s memory than readdata and dataplot if you are also use PSTtoEPS 20
18. plotting macros in this section give you other ways to get and use the data Section 26 tells you how to generate axes To parameter plotstyle style Default line determines what kind of plot you get Valid styles are dots line polygon curve ecurve ccurve E g if the plotstyle is polygon then the macro becomes a variant of the pspolygon object You can use arrows with the plot styles that are open curves but there is no optional argument for specifying the arrows You have to use the arrows parameter instead Warning No PostScript error checking is provided for the data arguments Read Appendix C before including PostScript code in the arguments There are system dependent limits on the amount of data TEX and PostScript can handle You are much less likely to exceed the PostScript limits when you use the line polygon or dots plot style with showpoints false linearc Opt and no arrows Note that the lists of data generated or used by the plot commands cannot contain units The values of psxunit and psyunit are used as the unit Plots 19 fileplot par file plotfile is the simplest of the plotting functions to use You just need a file that contains a list of coordinates without units such as generated by Mathematica or other mathematical packages The data can be delimited by curly braces parentheses commas and or white space Bracketing all the data with square brackets will significantly s
19. ript errors with care PostScript errors can cause a printer to bomb Keep in mind the following typographical conventions in this User s Guide e All literal input characters i e those that should appear verbatim in your input file appear in upright Helvetica and Helvetica Bold fonts e Meta arguments for which you are supposed to substitute a value e g angle appear in slanted Helvetica Oblique and Helvetica BoldOblique fonts e The main entry for a macro or parameter that states its syntax appears in a large bold font except for the optional arguments which are in medium weight This is how you can recognize the optional arguments e References to PSTricks commands and parameters within para graphs are set in Helvetica Bold Welcome to PSTricks 2 The Essentials 1 Arguments and delimiters Here is some nitty gritty about arguments and delimiters that is really important to know The PSTricks macros use the following delimiters Curly braces arg Brackets only for optional arguments arg Parentheses and commas for coordinates x y and for parameters part vall Spaces and commas are also used as delimiters within arguments but in this case the argument is expanded before looking for the delimiters Always use a period rather than a comma to denote the decimal point so that PSTricks doesn t mistake the comma for a delimiter The easiest mistake to make with the PSTricks macros is to mess
20. th 2pt 5 5 1 5 qdisk coon radius This is a streamlined version of pscircle Note that the two arguments are obligatory and there is no parameters arguments To change the color of the disks you have to use psset Arcs circles and ellipses 11 psset linecolor gray qdisk 2 3 4pt pswedge par x0 y0 radius angle1 angle2 This draws a wedge whose center is at x0 y0 that has radius radius and that extends counterclockwise from angle to angle2 The angles must be specified in degrees For example pswedge linecolor gray linewidth 2pt fillstyle solid 2 0 70 2 psellipse par x0 y0 x1 y7 x0 yO is the center of the ellipse and x7 and y1 are the horizontal and vertical radii respectively For example psellipseffillcolor lightgray 5 0 1 5 1 psarc par arrows x y radius angleA angleB This draws an arc from angleA to angleB going counter clockwise for a circle of radius radius and centered at x y You must include either the arrows argument or the x y argument For example psarc showpoints true 1 5 1 5 1 5 215 0 See how showpoints true draws a dashed line from the center to the arc this is useful when composing pictures psarc also uses the parameters arcsepA dim Default Opt angleA is adjusted so that the arc would just touch a line of width dim that extended from the center of the arc in the direction of angleA arcsepB dim Default Opt This
21. ws the parabola that passes through x0 yO and whose maximum or minimum is x1 y7 For example parabola 1 1 2 3 psset xunit 01 parabola lt gt 400 3 200 0 The next three graphics objects interpolate an open or closed curve through the given points The curve at each interior point is perpendic ular to the line bisecting the angle ABC where B is the interior point and A and C are the neighboring points Scaling the coordinates does not cause the curve to scale proportionately The curvature is controlled by the following parameter curvature num1 num2 num3 Default 1 10 You have to just play around with this parameter to get what you want Individual values outside the range 1 to 1 are either ignored or are for entertainment only Below is an explanation of what each number does A B and C refer to three consecutive points Lower values of num make the curve tighter Lower values of num2 tighten the curve where the angle ABC is greater than 45 degrees and loosen the curve elsewhere num3 determines the slope at each point If num3 0 then the curve is perpendicular at B to the bisection of ABC If num3 1 then the curve at B is parallel to the line AC With this value and only this value scaling the coordinates causes the curve to scale proportionately However positive values can look better with irregularly spaced coordinates Values less than 1 or greater than 2 are converted to 1 and 2 respectively
22. you get no arrows If arrows lt gt you get arrows on both ends of the curve You can also set arrows gt and arrows lt if you just want an arrow on the end or beginning of the curve respectively With the open curves you can also specify the arrows as an optional argument enclosed in brackets This should come after the optional parameters argument E g a psline linewidth 2pt lt 2 1 Other arrow styles are described in Section 15 If you set the showpoints true false Default false parameter to true then most of the graphics objects will put dots at the appropriate coordinates or control points of the object Section 9 describes how to change the dot style The parameter value is stored in the conditional ifshowpoints Basic graphics parameters 9 Basic graphics objects 6 Lines and polygons The objects in this section also use the following parameters linearc dim Default Opt The radius of arcs drawn at the corners of lines by the psline and pspolygon graphics objects dim should be positive framearc num Default 0 In the psframe and the related box framing macros the radius of rounded corners is set by default to one half num times the width or height of the frame whichever is less num should be between 0 and 1 cornersize relative absolute Default relative If cornersize is relative then the framearc parameter determines the radius of the rounded corners for psframe as described a
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