User's manual for the PEU-database
Contents
1. e European Commission Historical Archives in Brussels Accessed in March 2010 4 6 Number of Directorates Number of Directorates gives these figures based on organization charts from the historical archives Information provided under Number of Directorates is based on the following sources 29 e European Commission Historical Archives in Brussels Accessed in March 2010 4 7 Number of Units Number of Units gives these figures based on organization charts from the historical archives Information provided under Number of Units is based on the following sources e European Commission Historical Archives in Brussels Accessed in March 2010 30 5 DG Nomenclature The database section DG Nomenclature deals with shifts in the Commission s portfolios over the history of EU Integration This section traces the history of all DGs of the Barroso I Commission For each Commission this table thus explains what it means if for instance a Commissioner of the Ortoli Commission is labelled as being COMP Commissioner Neither the names nor the responsibilities of individual portfolios in the Commission have been constant This section thus enables to understand the administrative positioning of each portfolio over the course of history We observe for instance that the administration portfolio was a distinct DG during the Barroso I Commission whereas in previous Commissions2. integration process All DGs are listed throughout Commission history even when they were not a DG at the time In this case the field Name at the time in the table DG Data lists either which DG or Service the policy field belonged to or if it did exist at all in the European Commission All data on the Directorates General are based on the last full year of their terms For example the data for the Santer Commission are recorded for 1998 4 1 DG DG lists the current abbreviations of Directorates General and Services during the Barroso I Commission All abbreviations can be found in the appendix of the manual Information provided under DG is based on the following sources e European Commission Historical Archives in Brussels Accessed in March 2010 e European Commission Website of the European Commission http ec europa eu commission_2010 2014 index_en htm as of 16 01 2013 27 4 2 Commission As in the Persons Data section of the database Commission lists the Commissions names according to the family name of the respective Commission President In the case a Commission President presided during more than one Commission period as was the case for Hallstein Delors and Barroso the name is accompanied by a numeration You will find a list of the Commission Presidents from 1958 to 2010 in the appendix Information provided under Commission is based on the follow
3. DG or Service at a 1 We thank our collaborators Julia Metz and Christian Rauh as well as Jacob D ringer for excellent research assistance Special thanks go to Fabio Franchino whose data constitutes an important building block for this data base http www sociol unimi it docenti franchino page and to Holger D ring Funding from the Volkswagen Foundation in form of a Schumpeter Fellowship is gratefully acknowledged For more information on the project and the database see http www wzb eu zkd peu default de htm specific time is listed in the field Name at the time of DG Data All abbreviations can be found in the appendix Please note that missings are coded with n a In the manual at hand we give some explanations on the different sections and fields of the database to facilitate its use for further research and analysis 2 Persons Data Persons Data lists available information about all 321 persons who have been active as Commissioners or Directors General from 1958 to 2010 This information includes details about e Name First name e Number of positions e Party affiliation Corresponding political family in the European Parliament EP e Nationality e Information regarding a person s professional background and further career e Date of birth e Gender Persons Data and Persons Positions see next section provide not only an historical overview but allow comparisons pri
4. Houndsmills Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 28 50 Maeyer Edward A 1967 Who s who in Europe Dictionnaire biographique des personnalit s europ ennes contemporaines Edition 2 1966 1967 Brussels Editions de Feniks Original research Personal and official CVs Schnapp Kai Uwe 2004 Ministerialbiirokratien in westlichen Demokratien Eine vergleichende Analyse Opladen Leske Budrich 23 31
5. whereas technocratic are all those which do not fulfil this criterion 17 Positions have been assigned a group as follows Position Group Political 1 Technocratic 0 Prime Minister Minister for Finance Minister for Foreign Affairs Minister for the Interior Minister for Economy Budget Minister for Justice Minister for Labour and Social Affairs Minister for Industry and Trade m m e e me m mele Minister for Education Science and Technology Minister for Defense Minister for Health Minister for Agriculture Fishery Forestry Minister for Transport and Communication Minister for European Integration ninaininaia _ Minister for Regional Development Construction and Housing Minister for the Environment Minister for Culture Junior Minister Regional Government Parliamentarian Party Leader Secretary of State Diplomat Bureaucrat Union Leader Business Academic Activist ojojo oJo JO OJO R R R R Ra Other Information provided under Technocratic Democratic Credentials Index results from the data used under Former positions detailed and the following sources e Schnapp Kai Uwe 2004 Ministerialburokratien in westlichen Demokratien Eine vergleichende Analyse Opladen Leske Budrich 23 18 2 14 Date of birth Date
6. General For a differentiated listing of the respective positions see the next section on Persons Positions 2 3 Party Party lists available information about party membership of all Commissioners and Directors General from 1958 to 2010 It contains only actual party membership affiliation for the point in time when being nominated not for instance being appointed by a certain government Whereas party affiliation of Commissioners is typically public little is known about the Directors Generals party political membership Thus data about party membership of Directors General is highly fragmented and incomplete Information provided under Party are based on the following sources e Franchino Fabio 2009 Data on Commission Portfolios since 1958 http www sociol unimi it docenti franchino page as of 29 07 2009 e MacMullen Andrew 1997 European Commissioners National Routes to a European Elite In Nugent Neill ed At the heart of the Union studies of the European Commission Houndsmills Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 28 50 e Original research Personal and official CVs 2 4 Party Family Party Family lists available information on the group in the European Parliament the party of the Commission member in question belonged to at the time Information provided under Party Family result from the data used under Party and the following sources e Hix Simon Lo
7. it was assigned to one of the DGs EMPL BUDG COMP or the General Secretariat 5 1 Current abbreviations We use current DG and Service abbreviations using the DGs during the Barroso I Commission as default All abbreviations can be found in the appendix of the manual Information provided under Current abbreviations is based on the following sources e European Commission Website of the European Commission 31 5 2 Historical portfolios Historical portfolios lists the administrative frame a portfolio as defined by the Barroso I Commission was assigned to during the period in question We observe for instance that the REGIO portfolio that was a distinct DG in Barroso I had been nonexistent during the Hallstein Commissions part of the MARKT portfolio during the Rey Commission and part of the COMP portfolio under Malfatti Information provided under Historical portfolios is based on the following sources e European Commission Historical Archives in Brussels Accessed in March 2010 32 6 Appendix 6 1 List of abbreviations ADMIN AGRI BUDG COMM COMP DEV DG EAC ECFIN ELARG EMPL ENTR ENV EP INFSO JLS JRC MARE MARKT REGIO RELEX RTD Personnel and Administration Agriculture and Rural Development Budget Directorate General for Communication Competition Directorate General Development and Relations with African Caribbean and Pacific States Directorate General Educati
8. of birth lists the available information about the date of birth of all Commissioners and Directors General from 1958 to 2010 To facilitate data analysis dates of birth are split into three colums according to the year month and day of birth Information provided under Date of birth is based on the following sources e Dove John C 1985 Who s who in European Institutions and Enterprises 1985 Zurich Who s who the International red series Verlag AG Group e Dove John C 1993 Who s who in European Institutions and Enterprises 1993 Zurich Who s who the International red series Verlag AG Group e European University Institute 2007 Oral History Project The European Commission 1958 1972 Florence http www eui eu HAEU OralHistory EN ECM asp as of 16 01 2013 e MacMullen Andrew 1997 European Commissioners National Routes to a European Elite In Nugent Neill ed At the Heart of the Union Studies of the European Commission Houndsmills Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 28 50 e Maeyer Edward A 1967 Who s who in Europe Dictionnaire biographique des personnalit s europ ennes contemporaines Edition 2 1966 1967 Brussels Editions de Feniks e Original research Personal and official CVs e Strute Karl Doelken Theodor 1982 Who s who in European Institutions and Enterprises 1982 Zurich Who s who the International red series Verlag AG Group 2 15 Gender Gender lists the s
9. to Persons that served in one position only are assigned the value 1 If having served in more than one position or during more than one Commission period the person is listed in the corresponding number of rows For example Emile No l has been assigned 8 different positions Secretary General during 8 different Commission periods He thus has been listed in 8 rows of the table while Spell gives the chronological order of positions No l started his Commission career in the Hallstein I Commission No l Spell 1 and quit his eighth and final position in the EU Commission with the end of the Delors I Commission No l Spell 8 3 2 Position Position lists the different hierarchy levels Commission President Vice President Commissioner Secretary General Director General of all Commissioners and Directors General from 1958 to 2010 Please note that persons having served in more than one position Commission have been assigned the corresponding number of rows As outlined in section 3 1 Spell the positions of a person can be put into chronological order by sorting Spell Information provided under Position is based on the following sources 22 e European Commission Historical Archives in Brussels Accessed in March 2010 e European Commission Website of the European Commission http ec europa eu commission_2010 2014 index_en htm as of 16 01 2013 e Original research Per
10. 2 15 Gender n n cs vise A 19 2 16 Further career PORRO O O shetesuvsvaceeiichsasasceince setae eare ea NANAS itis 20 NAAA A el tadnstesciceacai us dedeasedte iu ateaded vbeslecebsn 21 2 18 Further information manner 21 3 Persons POSITIONS AA reshen dono os edos aoaeeoo OEE e porao re SpE ee soos CEPE a rasa Ao iSS ROOP EEES 0 D ee 22 EPPA POSITION AEAEE AE ARE AE E A E E E EEEE 22 Bed D CA E PP O A EEA ENA AA E 23 BiB COMIMIUSS LOM ENAT ESA E AT PEE E EE RT 24 32D Date Mracni e A E AA N a RA A ROAN aa 25 3 6 Date Oii ESEA E E E EA A 25 3 7 Months iN Off COs sas asitasadticieaccntiaanhaanmienadsaausdidnnihihaddiiackandiaaciiens 26 A DG Data W E ER E T T T EE ETE EE ALN E DI IAEE EEE E E A EE A AEA dave sh E E T E A A ERE EET 27 ANS O 28 4 3 Personnel sida 28 4 4 Namie at tO Eh Y POCO OC en unn EE 28 4 5 Names of Directorates u nn a ii 29 4 6 Number OL DitEctorates dies 29 4 7 Number f Units lia 30 5 DG NomenclatuT O vsseessssis ccicsdivsesdievcececocevcveckecoccensesssncecbeoucsdbeossseccebessctessecsecedesensecsebeccccccnesteceonsesees 5T Current Ab DreVviatl ONS adds 31 5 2 Historical Portfolio nee 32 6 1115 1 10 AAA RR O 6 1 List Gf ADDrEVIAtIONS a ds ii 33 6 2 Commission Presidents 1958 2010 ssssssssssescececssssssssesesesescsesesessesesesesesescseeseseseseeeeseseneacoearsess 34 6 3 Legal Disclaimer AAA 35 6 4 Further Infor Mati miii dd iia 35 To RO OFETICOS cscs ss cisvecssciedsecesiscncsosssesoscvescecesc
11. Social Science Research Center Berlin Dr Miriam Hartlapp Yann Lorenz User s manual for the PEU database Social Science Research Center Berlin WZB Research Area International Politics and Law Schumpeter Junior Research Group Position Formation in the EU Commission January 2013 Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin f r Sozialforschung gGmbH Reichpietschufer 50 10785 Berlin Germany www wzb eu Contents 1 Introduction AAA An A 2 Persons Data sesisssdscsescccssdsacsisssecccecdsescsssesesccccssssssesesceccsoscssvevessccecossessescececeaseesssacececvsscedestsecsseosecotees O 5 2 2 Number of Positions Split 6 O e RE O A AO 6 AAA 7 IAS AAA 7 2 6 Dongr Receiving State nee ak 8 2 7 Geographical State Group ssecssssssssssssessseesssecsecsnecssecssnecssesssecsssesssessnessseessecssscssscssscssnecsnesssecsseeesneesns 9 IAS 10 2 9 Former positions detailed isisisi earen a ee ire EEEE aaa E e teere EEs 11 2 10 Former positions tenure ccssssssesssessssssssecssecsnecssessssessnsssssssssesssecssessneesscsssesssessseessnecsnecssecsneesssesaes 12 2 11 Former positions hierarchical ccsssssscsssesssesssesssesssessssessnecsseesssecssecsseessecsseessecsnecssecssceesseesses 13 2 12 Power TO A A E aia iii 15 2 13 Technocratic Democratic Credentials Index ssssssssssssssscsssscssssesssssssscsessesssssessesssesecssseeses 17 2 14 Date of birth u TO A este doatnse vs su cisecactuucetesshsvssseduauvsbetecveaiev ee 19
12. a as reference point The additional 15 former professions were positioned between 0 45 and 0 2 with Regional Government scoring close to the values on Secretaries of State and Party Leaders being assigned a value slightly higher than Parliamentarians The other categories we added rank below Parliamentarians with a gradually decreasing score Position Score Prime Minister 2 27 Minister for Finance 1 62 Minister for Foreign Affairs 1 41 Minister for the Interior 1 29 Minister for Economy Budget 1 22 Minister for Justice 1 1 Minister for Labour and Social Affairs 1 1 Minister for Industry and Trade 1 01 Minister for Education Science and 0 99 Technology Minister for Defense 0 98 Minister for Health 0 96 Minister for Agriculture Fishery Forestry 0 92 Minister for Transport and Communication 0 91 Minister for European Integration 0 87 Minister for Regional Development 0 77 Construction and Housing Minister for the Environment 0 73 Minister for Culture 0 7 2 Junior Minister 0 5 Secretary of State 0 5 Regional Government 0 45 Party Leader 0 4 Parliamentarian 0 33 Diplomat 0 3 Bureaucrat 0 28 Union Leader 0 27 Business 0 26 Academic 0 24 Activist 0 22 Other 0 2 Position and average score r
13. ave been assigned a group as follows State Group Donor 1 Receiving 0 Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Greece Hungary Ireland Latvia Lithuania Malta Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Sweden R jajaija a a a a a a Ra O OJO O JO JO O JO O O OJO O O JO O UK Information provided under Donor Receiving State is based on the following sources e European Commission 2011 EU budget 2010 Financial Report Luxembourg Publications Office of the European Union 75 http ec europa eu budget library biblio publications 2010 fin_re port fin_report_10_en pdf as of 16 01 2013 2 7 Geographical State Group Geographical State Group categorizes a person s nationality according to the state s geography We distinguish four different state groups North European 1 South European 2 East European 3 West European 4 This categorization allows for investigating potential research questions on regional recruitment patterns of Commission personnel States or nationalities have been assigned a group as follows State Group Denmark Finland Sweden Cyprus Greece Italy Malta Portugal Spain Bu
14. e European Commission 1958 72 History and Memories Luxembourg Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 3 4 Commission Commission lists the Commissions names for each period a person served in as Commissioner or Director General The Commission s name is based on the family name of the respective Commission President In case a person presided during more than one Commission period as was the case for Hallstein Delors and Barroso the name is accompanied by the number of the respective office period A person who served as Director General in the year 2009 would thus be assigned to the Barroso I Commission You will find a list of the Commission Presidents from 1958 to 2010 in the appendix Commission names are given for each position a person served in see section 3 1 Spell on persons having served in more than one position DG Commission Information provided under Commission is based on the following sources e European Commission Historical Archives in Brussels Accessed in March 2010 e European Commission Website of the European Commission http ec europa eu commission_2010 2014 index_en htm as of 16 01 2013 e Original research Personal and official CVs 24 3 5 Date in Date in lists the available information about dates of entry into the respective position of all Commissioners and Directors General from 1958 to 2010 Dates are given for each posit
15. eer is based on the following sources e European Commission Press releases http europa eu newsroom index_en htm as of 16 01 2013 e Original research Personal and official CVs 2 17 Notes In a number of cases Notes gives additional information about the person under consideration such as successors or dates of departure 2 18 Further information In some cases Further information provides an Internet link to additional sources of information such as interviews or CVs Please note We will not be held responsible for the availability or content of any external websites or material you access through our site If you decide to visit any linked site you do so at your own risk and it is your responsibility to take all protective measures to guard against viruses or other destructive elements We do not endorse and are not responsible or liable for any content advertising products services or information on or available from third party websites or material 21 3 Persons Positions Persons Positions is closely tied to the Persons Data table Adding to the information provided by the latter Persons Positions lists details about the DGs Commissions Dates of entry and exit for all positions a person served in at the EU Commission 3 1 Spell Spell is an enumeration of the high ranking Commission positions a person served in starting with the first position a person was appointed
16. eneral from 1958 to 2010 It gives descriptive details on a person s former career Information provided under Former positions detailed are based on the following sources 11 e Dove John C 1985 Who s who in European Institutions and Enterprises 1985 Zurich Who s who the International red series Verlag AG Group e Dove John C 1993 Who s who in European Institutions and Enterprises 1993 Zurich Who s who the International red series Verlag AG Group e Franchino Fabio 2009 Data on Commission Portfolios since 1958 http www sociol unimi it docenti franchino page as of 29 07 2009 e Maeyer Edward A 1967 Who s who in Europe Dictionnaire biographique des personnalit s europ ennes contemporaines Edition 2 1966 1967 Brussels Editions de Feniks e Original research Personal and official CVs e Strute Karl Doelken Theodor 1982 Who s who in European Institutions and Enterprises 1982 Zurich Who s who the International red series Verlag AG Group 2 10 Former positions tenure Former positions tenure lists the available information about the type grade of the professional position a Commission member held longest before first reaching the office of Commission President Vice President Commissioner Secretary General or Director General Former positions tenure codes the position group the person has longest served in In order to make former professional positions of Com
17. esulting from surveys by Druckman Warwick 2005 and Druckman Roberts 2008 Positions considered by Druckman Warwick 2005 and Druckman Roberts 2008 that did not appear in the empirical backtracking of former positions have not been included Position and score added by D ring 2011 Position and score added by us 16 Information provided under Power Index result from the data used under Former positions detailed and the following sources e D ring Holger 2011 Codebook European Commissioners e Druckman James N Roberts Andrew 2008 Measuring portfolio salience in Eastern European parliamentary democracies In European Journal of Political Research 47 1 101 134 e Druckman James N Warwick Paul V 2005 The missing piece Measuring portfolio salience in Western European parliamentary democracies In European Journal of Political Research 44 1 17 42 2 13 Technocratic Democratic Credentials Index The Technocratic Democratic Credentials Index assigns a numerical value to each position used in Former positions hierarchical as defined by Druckman Warwick 2005 and Druckman Roberts 2008 The aim of the index is to differentiate between political and technocratic professional backgrounds of persons having served in the Commission Referring to Schnapp 2004 we define political positions as those offices which are filled and legitimized by democratic elections
18. exes of all Commissioners and Directors General from 1958 to 2010 19 Information about gender is given in the following notation Male M Female F 2 16 Further career Further career lists the available information on relevant professional positions the person has first served in after their positions as Commission President Vice President Commissioner Secretary General or Director General As with prior professional positions we drew on a selection of assignable career posts in order to make positions comparable and to reduce complexity Further career alphabetical Academic Activist Bureaucrat Business Commission Deceased Diplomat Head of State Government National Minister Other Parliamentarian Party Leader Regional Government Retirement Still in office Union Leader Since the database lists only data until Barroso I Still in office relates to persons who were still in office at the beginning of the second Barroso Commission whereas people who changed positions within the Commission are attributed to Commission While we differentiated 20 national minister posts regarding former positions Further career pools them to National Ministers The self explanatory options Retirement and Deceased are added Information provided under Further car
19. in Jean ed European Commission 2007 The European Commission 1958 72 History and Memories Luxembourg Office for Official Publications of the European Communities European Commission 2011 EU budget 2010 Financial Report Luxembourg Publications Office of the European Union 75 http ec europa eu budget library biblio publications 2010 fin_repo rt fin_report_10_en pdf as of 16 01 2013 European Commission Press releases http europa eu newsroom index_en htm as of 16 01 2013 European Commission Historical Archives in Brussels Accessed in March 2010 European Commission Website of the European Commission http ec europa eu commission_2010 2014 index_en htm as of 16 01 2013 European Commission Website of the European Commission http ec europa eu budget library publications fin_reports fin_rep ort_05_de pdf European University Institute 2007 Oral History Project The European Commission 1958 1972 Florence http www eui eu HAEU OralHistory EN ECM asp Franchino Fabio 2009 Data on Commission Portfolios since 1958 http www sociol unimi it docenti franchino page as of 29 07 2009 36 Hix Simon Lord Christopher 1997 Political Parties in the European Union Houndsmills Macmillan MacMullen Andrew 1997 European Commissioners National Routes to a European Elite In Nugent Neill ed At the heart of the Union studies of the European Commission
20. ing sources e European Commission Historical Archives in Brussels Accessed in March 2010 4 3 Personnel When available Personnel gives the number of A level bureaucrats in the Service Data is highly fragmented and incomplete due to a lack of comparable data over time Information provided under Personnel is based on the following sources e European Commission Historical Archives in Brussels Accessed in March 2010 e European Commission Website of the European Commission http ec europa eu budget library publications fin_reports fin_repor t_05_de pdf 4 4 Name at the time Name at the time lists the official appellation of the DG in question during the selected Commission period Until the Prodi Commission each DG had a 28 specific number given in roman numerals when available these numbers are put in front Information provided under Name at the time is based on the following sources e European Commission Historical Archives in Brussels Accessed in March 2010 4 5 Names of Directorates Names of Directorates lists the official appellation of the respective Directorates for the time in question The names are also based on the organization charts from the Historical Archives in Brussels and were translated from French to English by Jacob Duringer and Yann Lorenz Information provided under Names of Directorates is based on the following sources
21. ion a person served in see section 3 1 Spell on persons having served in more than one position DG Commission Information provided under Date in is based on the following sources e European Commission Press releases http europa eu newsroom index_en htm as of 16 01 2013 e European Commission Historical Archives in Brussels Accessed in March 2010 e Franchino Fabio 2009 Data on Commission Portfolios since 1958 http www sociol unimi it docenti franchino page as of 29 07 2009 e MacMullen Andrew 1997 European Commissioners National Routes to a European Elite In Nugent Neill ed At the Heart of the Union Studies of the European Commission Houndsmills Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 28 50 e Original research Personal and official CVs 3 6 Date out Date out lists the available information about dates of exit from the respective position of all Commissioners and Directors General from 1958 to 2010 Dates are given for each position a person served in see section 3 1 Spell on persons having served in more than one position DG Commission Information provided under Date out is based on the following sources e European Commission Press releases http europa eu newsroom index_en htm as of 16 01 2013 e European Commission Historical Archives in Brussels Accessed in March 2010 25 e Franchino Fabio 2009 Data on Commission Portfolios since 1958 ht
22. lgaria Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Poland Romania Slovakia Slovenia Austria Belgium France Germany Ireland Luxembourg Netherlands alalalalalalalajo wjw w w w w w W w nN N IN INININ a a a UK 2 8 Accession Group Accession Group categorizes a person s nationality according to the state s date of accession to the EU Hence we distinguish seven different state groups the founding states 1 states having joined the Community in 1973 2 in 1981 3 in 1986 4 in 1995 5 in 2004 6 and 2007 7 10 States or nationalities have been assigned a group as follows State Group Belgium France Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Denmark Ireland UK Greece Portugal Spain Austria Finland Sweden Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Malta Poland Slovakia Slovenia Bulgaria SEND IDI DIDI DIDI DIDI DI D MOO BI BLWI NINN ele a jajaja Romania 2 9 Former positions detailed Former positions detailed lists the available information about professional positions before first reaching the office of Commission President Vice President Commissioner Secretary General or Director General of all Commissioners and Directors G
23. marily on the staff composition of Commission DGs 2 1 Name Name lists the family name and first name of all Commissioners and Directors General from 1958 to 2010 Family name prepositions like de di van de van den van der van von der von are treated in the following manner Last name First name preposition for example Miert Karel van Prepositions directly attached to the family name like Mc and O are kept in front for example McCreevy Charlie Information provided under Name is based on the following sources e Dumoulin Jean ed European Commission 2007 The European Commission 1958 72 History and Memories Luxembourg Office for Official Publications of the European Communities e European Commission Historical Archives of the European Commission in Brussels Accessed in March 2010 e European Commission Website of the European Commission http ec europa eu staffdir index htm as of 16 01 2013 http ec europa eu commission_2010 2014 index_en htm as of 16 01 2013 e Franchino Fabio 2009 Data on Commission Portfolios since 1958 http www sociol unimi it docenti franchino page as of 29 07 2009 2 2 Number of Positions Spells Number of Positions Spells lists the sum of high ranking positions a person held in the European Commission defined as either Commission President Vice President Commissioner Secretary General or Director
24. mission members comparable and to reduce complexity we decided to assign each Commission member to one of the following groups according to his her prior profession 12 Former position alphabetically Academic Activist Bureaucrat Business Diplomat Junior minister Minister for Agriculture Fishery Forestry Minister for Culture Minister for Defense Minister for Economy Budget Minister for Education Science and Technology Minister for European Integration Minister for Finance Minister for Foreign Affairs Minister for Health Minister for Industry and Trade Minister for Justice Minister for Labour and Social Affairs Minister for Regional Development Construction and Housing Minister for the Environment Minister for the Interior Minister for Transport and Communication Other Parliamentarian Party Leader Prime Minister Regional Government Secretary of State Union Leader The category other compromises lawyers journalists and other professions that could not be assigned to the range of positions listed here Information provided under Former positions tenure result from the data used under Former positions detailed 2 11 Former positions hierarchical Former positions hierarchical lists the available information about the most high ranking type g
25. ns hierarchical result from the data used under Former positions detailed and ranking by e Druckman James N Roberts Andrew 2008 Measuring portfolio salience in Eastern European parliamentary democracies In European Journal of Political Research 47 1 101 134 e Druckman James N Warwick Paul V 2005 The missing piece Measuring portfolio salience in Western European parliamentary democracies In European Journal of Political Research 44 1 17 42 2 12 Power Index Power Index assigns a numerical value to each position used in Former positions hierarchical as defined by Druckman Warwick 2005 and Druckman Roberts 2008 Based on expert surveys in 28 European countries Druckman Warwick 2005 and Druckman Roberts 2008 developed a ranking of portfolio salience in European parliamentary democracies Their findings rank the relative value of all ministerial positions in the countries under investigation For ministry positions we used the average score of all EU member states examined by Druckman Warwick 2005 and Druckman Roberts 2008 We adopted the position rankings added by D ring 2011 on Junior Ministers Secretaries of State and Parliamentarians and added scores for the positions Regional Government Party Leader Diplomat Bureaucrat Union Leader Business Academic Activist and Other We used the scores assigned in the mentioned dat
26. on and Culture Economic and Financial Affairs Enlargement Employment Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Enterprise and Industry Environment European Parliament Information Society and Media Justice Freedom and Security Joint Research Center Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Internal Market and services Regional Policy External Relations Research 33 SANCO Health and Consumers SG Secretariat General SJ Legal Service TAXUD Taxation and Customs Union TRADE Trade TREN Energy and Transport 6 2 Commission Presidents 1958 2010 Walter Hallstein I Walter Hallstein II Jean Rey Franco Maria Malfatti Sicco Mansholt Fran ois Xavier Ortoli Roy Jenkins Gaston Thorn Jacques Delors I Jacques Delors II Jacques Delors III Jacques Santer Romano Prodi Jos Manuel Barroso I 1958 01 07 1962 01 09 1962 01 10 1967 06 30 1967 07 01 1970 06 30 1970 07 01 1972 03 21 1972 03 22 1973 01 05 1973 01 06 1977 01 05 1977 01 06 1981 01 05 1981 01 06 1985 01 05 1986 01 06 1989 01 05 1989 01 06 1993 01 05 1993 01 06 1995 01 22 1995 01 23 1999 09 12 1999 09 13 2004 11 21 2004 11 22 2010 02 09 After the demission of the Santer Commission Manuel Marin held the Commission Presidency on an interim basis from 1999 03 15 to 1999 09 12 However even if falling into this period we decided to code the Commission as Santer Commission 34 6 3 Legal Disclaimer Please note We will n
27. ot be held responsible for the availability or content of any external websites or material you access through our site If you decide to visit any linked site you do so at your own risk and it is your responsibility to take all protective measures to guard against viruses or other destructive elements We do not endorse and are not responsible or liable for any content advertising products services or information on or available from third party websites or material 6 4 Further Information For further questions go to http www wzb eu en research international politics and law position formation in the eu commission or send an email to yann lorenz wzb eu or miriam hartlapp wzb eu 35 7 References D ring Holger 2011 Codebook European Commissioners Dove John C 1985 Who s who in European Institutions and Enterprises 1985 Zurich Who s who the International red series Verlag AG Group Dove John C 1993 Who s who in European Institutions and Enterprises 1993 Zurich Who s who the International red series Verlag AG Group Druckman James N Roberts Andrew 2008 Measuring portfolio salience in Eastern European parliamentary democracies In European Journal of Political Research 47 1 101 134 Druckman James N Warwick Paul V 2005 The missing piece Measuring portfolio salience in Western European parliamentary democracies In European Journal of Political Research 44 1 17 42 Dumoul
28. rade of the professional positions a Commission 13 member held before first reaching the office of Commission President Vice President Commissioner Secretary General or Director General In order to make former professional positions of Commission members comparable and to downsize complexity we used the same selection of former positions as in Former positions tenure ranking them according to the following scheme Former position hierarchically Prime Minister Minister for Finance Minister for Foreign Affairs Minister for the Interior Minister for Economy Budget Minister for Justice Minister for Labour and Social Affairs Minister for Industry and Trade Minister for Education Science and Technology Minister for Defense Minister for Health Minister for Agriculture Fishery Forestry Minister for Transport and Communication Minister for European Integration Minister for Regional Development Construction and Housing Minister for the Environment Minister for Culture Junior minister Secretary of State Regional Government Party Leader Parliamentarian Diplomat Bureaucrat Union Leader Business Academic Activist Other 14 To retrace on what basis we ranked the positions see the next section on Power Index Information provided under Former positio
29. rd Christopher 1997 Political Parties in the European Union Houndsmills Macmillan 2 5 Nationality Nationality lists available information about the citizenship of all Commissioners and Directors General from 1958 to 2010 If Commission members held more than one official nationality we listed the delegating member state Information provided under Nationality is based on the following sources e Dumoulin Jean ed European Commission 2007 The European Commission 1958 72 History and Memories Luxembourg Office for Official Publications of the European Communities e European Commission Historical Archives in Brussels Accessed in March 2010 e European Commission Website of the European Commission http ec europa eu commission_2010 2014 index_en htm as of 16 01 2013 e European University Institute 2007 Oral History Project The European Commission 1958 1972 Florence http www eui eu HAEU OralHistory EN ECM asp as of 16 01 2013 e Franchino Fabio 2009 Data on Commission Portfolios since 1958 http www sociol unimi it docenti franchino page as of 29 07 2009 e Original research Personal and official CVs 2 6 Donor Receiving State Donor Receiving State categorizes a person s nationality according to the state s status as financial donor or receiving country in the 2010 EU Budget as outlined by the EU s 2010 Financial Report States or nationalities h
30. sncbacs ocuscanncacasasescescassescscesseeescesseseccacaccosccescsescesssedsecdeesveeee 1 Introduction The PEU database on the European Commission provides an overview of the European Commission s historical development from the start of the first Hallstein Commission in 1958 to the end of the first Barroso Commission in 2010 It is part of the multi annual project Position formation in the EU Commission PEU at the Social Science Research Center Berlin WZB With the rise in scale and scope of the European Commission research and literature on the nature of the institution has increased considerably What is yet still missing is structured information how the European Commission developed in its organizational and staff composition over a longer period of time This newly established and comprehensive database on the European Commission 1958 2010 attempts to close this gap The database provides three different perspectives on the historical structure of the Commission an insight to the Commission staff Persons Data Persons Positions the administrative structure and size of the Directorates General DG Data and a localization of policies in the administrative structure of the EU Commission DG Nomenclature We use current DG and Service abbreviations using the DGs during the Barroso I Commission as default throughout their history in order to enable timelines The name of a Directorate General
31. sonal and official CVs e Franchino Fabio 2009 Data on Commission Portfolios since 1958 http www sociol unimi it docenti franchino page as of 29 07 2009 3 3 DG DG lists the Directorates General and Services a person served in as Commissioner or Director General Please note that the nomenclature of the Barroso I Commission has been used throughout Commission history See the database section DG nomenclature for details on shifts in the Commission s portfolios over the history of EU Integration This section contains the portfolios of Commissioners and codes it in terms of today s DG abbreviations For each Commission this table thus explains what it means if for instance a person is labelled as being COMP Commissioner DG names are given for each position a person served in see section 3 1 Spell on persons having served in more than one position DG Commission Information provided under DG is based on the following sources e European Commission Historical Archives in Brussels Accessed in March 2010 e European Commission Website of the European Commission http ec europa eu commission_2010 2014 index_en htm as of 16 01 2013 e Original research Personal and official CVs e Franchino Fabio 2009 Data on Commission Portfolios since 1958 http www sociol unimi it docenti franchino page as of 29 07 2009 23 e Dumoulin Jean ed European Commission 2007 Th
32. tp www sociol unimi it docenti franchino page as of 29 07 2009 e MacMullen Andrew 1997 European Commissioners National Routes to a European Elite In Nugent Neill ed At the Heart of the Union Studies of the European Commission Houndsmills Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 28 50 e Original research Personal and official CVs 3 7 Months in office Months in office lists the available information about the number of months spent in office by each Commissioner and Director General from 1958 to 2010 Every month touched is equally valued Thus a person having served from January 1 2009 to February 28 2009 is assigned two month just as a person having served from January 31 2009 to February 1 2009 Dates are given for each position a person served in see section 3 1 Spell on persons having served in more than one position DG Commission Information given under Months in office results from the dates used under Date in and Date out 26 4 DG Data The database section DG Data provides an overview to the administrative structure of the different Commission DGs It gives details about all Directorates General of the Barroso I Commission including official name personnel numbers names and number of units Units and the name and number of directorates they each compromised in previous Commissions DG Data allows comparing changes in portfolio salience during the
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