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Garmin GPS Receiver 400/500 User's Manual

1. 27 PART THREE TERRAIN INTERFACE Section 1 Introduction 29 Overview 29 Operating Criteria 29 GPS Position and GPS MSL Altitude 29 TERRAIN Alerting using the GPS Position GPS MSL Altitude 30 Baro Corrected Altitude verses GPS MSL Altitude 30 Premature Descent Alerting PDA using GPS MSL Altitude 30 Limitations 31 Section 2 TERRAIN Operation 32 Power Up
2. 17 Customizing NEXRAD Data on the Map Page 17 Displaying NEXRAD Data on the Default NAV Page 500 Series Only 18 Customizing NEXRAD Data on the Default NAV Page 500 Series Only 18 Request Shortcuts 18 Data Link Request Log Page GDL 49 Only 19 Sending Position Reports GDL 49 Only 19 Section 4 METAR Operation 20 Requesting Graphical METARS 20 Displaying Graphical METARS on the NAV Weather Page 21 Viewing Graphical METAR Data for a Speci c Airport from the Map Page 21 Weather Legend Page
3. 49 vi Introduction Table of Contents TAWS Symbols 50 Color Interpretation 50 General Database Information 51 Database Versions 51 Database Updates 51 Terrain Obstacle Database Areas of Coverage 52 Navigation Database 52 Nearest Airport Criteria amp TAWS Phase of Flight 53 TAWS Destination Airport 53 Section 3 TAWS Alerts
4. 54 Forward Looking TERRAIN Avoidance 55 Premature Descent Alerting PDA 56 Excessive Descent Rate Alert EDR 57 Negative Climb Rate After Takeoff Alert NCR 58 Five Hundred Aural Alert 59 TAWS Failure Alert 59 TAWS Not Available Alert 59 TAWS Alert Summary 60 APPENDIX A Standard Forecast Abbreviations 63 APPENDIX B Graphical METAR Symbology 64 1 Section 1 TIS Operation and Symbology PART ONE TRAFFIC INFORMATION SERVICE TIS INTERF
5. 32 TERRAIN Page 32 Inhibit Mode 33 TERRAIN Symbols 34 Color Interpretation 34 General Database Information 35 Database Versions 35 Database Updates 35 v INTRODUCTION Table of Contents TERRAIN Obstacle Database Areas of Coverage 36 Navigation Database 36 Nearest Airport Criteria amp TERRAIN Phase of Flight
6. 37 TERRAIN Destination Airport 37 Section 3 TERRAIN Alerts 38 Pop up Alerts 38 Forward Looking TERRAIN Avoidance 39 Premature Descent Alerting PDA 40 TERRAIN Failure Alert 41 TERRAIN Not Available Alert 41 TERRAIN Alert Summary 42 PART FOUR TAWS INTERFACE Section 1 Introduction 43 Overview 43
7. 1 TIS Operation 1 TIS Limitations 2 TIS Symbology 4 Section 2 Control and Display 5 TIS Traf c Display Status and Pilot Response 5 Traf c Ground Track 6 Traf c Warning Window 6 Traf c Page 6 Traf c Page Display Range 6 Map Page
8. 22 Displaying Textual METARS 23 The screen display examples shown in this addendum are taken from the GNS 430 and GNS 530 TIS and Weather Data Link Display Interface functionality is the same for the 400 and 500 Series Units TIS Traffic Display and Weather Data Link are available only when the 400 500 units are configured with the GTX 330 Mode S Transponder and GDL 49 Data Link Satellite Transceiver respectively iv Introduction Table of Contents Section 5 Temperature Dewpoints and Winds 24 Displaying Temperature Dewpoints 24 Displaying Wind Data 24 Section 6 Troubleshooting 25 Monitoring the Data Link 25 GDL 49 Datalink Status 26 GDL 69 69A Datalink Status
9. 7 Con guring TIS Traf c Data on the Map Page 7 Highlighting TIS Traf c Using Map Page Panning 8 Section 3 TIS Operational Procedures 9 Introduction 9 Power Up Test 9 Manual Override 10 Flight Procedures 10 After Landing 10 PART TWO WEATHER DATA LINK INTERFACE Section 1 Introduction 11 Weather Products
10. 11 iii INTRODUCTION Table of Contents Section 2 NEXRAD Overview 12 NEXRAD Description 12 NEXRAD Abnormalities 12 NEXRAD Limitations 12 NEXRAD Intensity 13 Section 3 NEXRAD Operation 14 Requesting NEXRAD Data 14 Data Received Message GDL 49 Only 16 Displaying NEXRAD Data on the Weather Page 16 Customizing NEXRAD Data on the Weather Page 16 Displaying NEXRAD Data on the Map Page
11. TERRAIN FAILED Display Figure 3 8 TERRAIN NOT AVAILABLE Display Five Hundred Aural Alert The purpose of the aural alert message Five hundred is to provide an advisory alert to the pilot that the aircraft is ve hundred feet above terrain When the aircraft descends within 500 feet of terrain the aural message Five hundred is heard There are no display annunciations or pop up alerts that accom pany the aural message TAWS Failure Alert TAWS system continually monitors several system critical items such as database validity hardware status and GPS status Should the system detect a failure the TAWS Page displays TERRAIN FAILED in yellow Figure 3 7 The aural message TAWS System Failure is issued along with the TER FAIL annunciation TAWS Not Available Alert Garmin TAWS requires a 3D GPS navigation solution along with speci c vertical accuracy minimums Should the navigation solution become degraded if the terrain obstacle database is not available or if the aircraft is out of the database coverage area the annunciation TER N A is given in the annunciation window Text is displayed on the TAWS Page as depicted in Figure 3 8 The aural message Terrain Not Available is issued along with the TER N A annunciation 60 Section 3 TAWS Alerts TAWS Alert Summary The aural alert voice gender is con gurable to be either male or female Also there are differ
12. 3 Highlight the desired identi er and press ENT 4 The text box displays the METAR data for the selected identi er 5 To request an updated graphic or textual METAR for this airport press the MENU key to access the page menu and select Request METAR 6 This option will take you to the METAR Request Page The request option is displayed on the Textual METAR Page Use the small right knob and scroll through the list of identi ers to select the desired one The Textual METAR Page See Appendix A for a list of common weather forecast abbreviations 24 Section 5 Temperature Dewpoints and Winds Section 5 Temperature Dewpoints and Winds Displaying Temperature Dewpoints Temperature Dewpoints are displayed on the NAV Weather Page To display Temperature Dewpoints on the NAV Weather Page 1 Select the NAV Weather Page 2 Press CRSR The upper left hand corner data eld ashes 3 Turn the small right knob and select TEMP DP 4 Press CRSR The Temperature Dewpoints are displayed on the NAV Weather Page Displaying Wind Data To display wind data on the NAV Weather Page 1 Select the NAV Weather Page 2 Press CRSR The upper left hand corner eld ashes 3 Turn small right knob and select WINDS 4 Press CRSR The wind icons are displayed on the NAV Weather Page The Weather Legend Page describes the weather symbology used in the Data Link interface Precipitati
13. Track Up display orientation as indicated by the TRK label shown on the display This is the only orientation available on this page To display a 120 view 1 Select the TERRAIN Page and press MENU 2 Select View 120 3 Press ENT To switch back to a 360 view repeat step 1 select View 360 and press ENT 33 Section 2 Terrain Operation Seven display ranges are available allowing for a more complete view of the surrounding area To change the display range 1 Select the TERRAIN Page and press up or down on the RNG key to select the desired range 1 nm 2 nm 5 nm 10 nm 25 nm 50 nm 100 nm Aviation information such as airports VORs and other navaids can be turned on or off from the TERRAIN Page To show or hide aviation data 1 Select the TERRAIN Page and press MENU Figure 2 3 2 Select Show or Hide Aviation Data and press ENT Pressing the CLR key when the TERRAIN Page is displayed can also be used to toggle aviation information on or off Inhibit Mode The Garmin TERRAIN system provides an inhibit mode This mode is designed to deactivate PDA FLTA visual alerts when they are deemed unnecessary by the pilot Flying VFR into an area where unique terrain exists could cause the system to annunciate a nuisance alert Pilots should use discretion when inhibiting the TERRAIN system and always remember to enable the system when appropriate See Section 3 for m
14. Worldwide WW Latitudes S60 to N75 Longitudes W180 to E180 Americas AME Latitudes S60 to N75 Longitudes W180 to W30 Atlantic ATL Latitudes S60 to N75 Longitudes W30 to E90 Paci c PAC Latitudes S60 to N75 Longitudes E60 to E180 United States US Limited to the United States plus some areas of Canada Mexico Caribbean and the Paci c 37 Section 2 TERRAIN Operation Nearest Airport Criteria amp Terrain Phase of Flight Changes to the Nearest Airport Criteria Page Figure 2 8 affect how the TERRAIN system performs The nearest airport list is used to derive the terrain destination airport when there is no loaded active ight plan or when deviating from the active ight plan whenever the terrain algorithms go into estimation mode In turn the nearest airport list is used to determine the terrain phase of ight The terrain phase of ight dictates the Required Terrain Clearance RTC levels at which Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance FLTA alerting occurs as described on page 39 PDA alerting is also affected as described on page 53 As an example if the pilot con gures the unit to include only airports with runways 5000 or longer only these are added to the nearest airport list The terrain phase of ight is affected in that all airport runways under 5000 are NOT included in terrain calculations During a cross country ight with this con guration only airports runways 5000
15. c Advisories The following condition causes TIS to display a Traf c Advisory TA on the 400 500 Series unit The intruder aircraft approaches your aircraft on a course that will intercept de ned by a 0 5 nm horizontal radius and a relative altitude of 500 ft your course within 34 seconds 0 5 nm Intruder Aircraft 500 ft This area within 34 seconds 500 ft 10 TIS Operational Procedures Section 3 Manual Override The user can manually switch between standby STBY and operating OPER mode of operation to manually override automatic operation To place the display into operating mode from the standby mode to display TIS traf c 1 Turn the cursor on and highlight STBY 2 Turn the small right knob to select OPER 3 Press ENT to con rm To place the display into standby mode from operating mode to stop displaying TIS traf c 1 Turn the cursor on and highlight OPER 2 Turn the small right knob to select STBY 3 Press ENT to con rm Flight Procedures Once the aircraft is airborne determined by system con guration at the time of installation the system switches from standby mode to operating mode The 400 500 Series unit displays OPER in the upper right hand corner of the display and begins to display traf c on the Traf c or Map Page The TIS Traf c Advisory TA should alert the crew to use additional vigilance to identify the intrud
16. Operating Criteria 43 GPS Position and GPS MSL Altitude 43 TAWS Alerting using the GPS Position GPS MSL Altitude 44 Baro Corrected Altitude verses GPS MSL Altitude 44 Premature Descent Alerting PDA using GPS MSL Altitude 44 Limitations 45 Section 2 TAWS Operation 46 Power Up 46 TAWS Page 46 Inhibit Mode 48 TAWS Manual Test
17. Visit the Garmin website to check for newer versions of terrain obstacle databases compare database cycle num bers to determine if a newer version is available Updated terrain data cards may be obtained by calling Garmin at one of the numbers listed in the front of this document To update the terrain or obstacle database 1 Acquire a new terrain data card from Garmin 2 Turn off the power to the 400 500 Series unit 3 Remove the old terrain data card from and insert the new card into the right most slot of the 400 500 Series unit 4 Turn on the 400 500 Series unit and verify that the TERRAIN system passes the self test Figure 2 7 TERRAIN Database Information 36 Section 2 TERRAIN Operation Section 2 Terrain Obstacle Database Areas of Coverage The following describes the area of coverage available in each database Regional de nitions may change without notice CAUTION Obstacles 200 and higher are included in the Obstacle Database It is very important to note that not all obstacles are necessarily charted and therefore may not be contained in the Obstacle Database Navigation Database As explained in the Premature Descent Alerting PDA section page 40 the Garmin TERRAIN pre mature descent alerting PDA algorithms utilize data contained in the Navigation Database It is therefore important to also have the latest Navigation Database installed to ensure correct TERRAIN alerting
18. as described on page 55 TAWS Premature Descent Alerting PDA alerting is also affected by nearest airport list con guration airports that are not in the nearest list would not have PDA alerts issued As an example if the pilot con gures the unit to include only airports with runways 5000 or longer only these are added to the nearest airport list The TAWS phase of ight is affected in that all airport runways under 5000 are NOT included in TAWS calculations During a cross country ight with this con guration only airports runways 5000 or greater cause the unit to go into Terminal or Approach Mode from Enroute mode If the pilot makes an emergency landing at an airport that did not show up in the nearest airport list FLTA alerts would be issued throughout the descent TAWS Destination Airport The TAWS destination airport is considered to be the next airport in the ight plan while adhering to the ight plan path If no ight plan is entered or if the aircraft is not adhering to the entered ight plan path the TAWS destination airport is estimated using the Nearest Airport Criteria as described in the section above Figure 2 9 Nearest Airport Criteria Page 54 Section 3 TAWS Alerts Figure 3 1 TAWS Annunciation Field TAWS Annunciation Field Section 3 TAWS Alerts Alerts are issued when ight conditions meet parameters that are set within TAWS software algorithms TAWS alerts typically employ eithe
19. by pressing the small right knob a target pointer will ash on the map display A window also appears at the top of the map display showing the latitude longitude position of the pointer plus the bearing and distance to the pointer from your present position To activate the panning feature and pan the map display 1 Press the small right knob to activate the panning target pointer 2 Turn the small right knob to move up turn clockwise or down counterclockwise 3 Turn the large right knob to move right turn clockwise or left counterclockwise 4 To cancel the panning function and return to your present position press the small right knob When the target pointer is placed on traf c the traf c range and altitude separation are displayed Displaying traf c range and altitude separation using the Map Panning feature 9 TIS Operational Procedures Section 3 Section 3 TIS Operational Procedures Introduction TIS warns the user with voice and visual traf c advisories whenever it predicts an intruder to be a threat see sidebar The user should not start evasive maneuvers using information from the 400 500 display or on a traf c advisory only The display and advisories are intended only for assistance in visually locating the traf c due to the lack in resolution and coordination ability The ight crew should attempt to visually acquire the intruder aircraft and maintain a safe separation in accordan
20. eld indicate the satellite radio ID number A dash separates the satellite radio ID from the currently installed METAR database version in the GDL 69 69A GDL SW This eld shows the currently installed software version for the GDL 69 69A The Data Link Status Page for the GDL 69 69A 28 Section 6 Troubleshooting This page intentionally left blank 29 Section 1 Introduction Figure 1 1 The Garmin TERRAIN system offers many of the features of Garmin TAWS but is non TSO C151b certi ed PART THREE TERRAIN INTERFACE Section 1 Introduction Overview Garmin TERRAIN is a non TSO C151b certi ed terrain awareness system incorporated into 400 500 Series units to increase situational awareness and aid in reducing controlled ight into terrain CFIT TERRAIN functionality is a standard feature found in 400 Series units with main software version 5 01 or above and in 500 Series units with main software version 6 01 or above along with appropriate hardware upgrades Operating Criteria The Garmin TERRAIN system requires the following to operate properly The system must have a valid 3D GPS position solution The system must have a valid terrain obstacle database GPS Position and GPS MSL Altitude Garmin TERRAIN uses information provided by the 400 500 GPS receiver to provide a horizontal position and altitude GPS altitude is derived from satellite measurements GPS altitude is converted to a Mean S
21. 7 0 nm 3 500 ft 3 000 ft 2 Section 1 TIS Operation and Symbology TIS Limitations NOTE This section on TIS Limitations is not comprehensive Garmin recommends the user review the TIS Limitations section of the Aeronautical Information Manual Section 1 3 5 TIS is NOT intended to be used as a collision avoidance system and does not relieve the pilot responsibility to see and avoid other aircraft TIS should not be used for avoidance maneuvers during IMC or other times when there is no visual contact with the intruder aircraft TIS is intended only to assist in visual acquisition of other aircraft in VMC No recommended avoidance maneuvers are provided for nor authorized as a direct result of a TIS intruder display or TIS advisory While TIS is a useful aid to visual traf c avoidance it has some system limitations that must be fully understood to ensure proper use Many of these limitations are inherent in secondary radar surveillance In other words the information provided by TIS will be no better than that provided to ATC TIS will only display aircraft with operating transponders installed TIS relies on surveillance of the Mode S radar which is a secondary surveillance radar similar to the ATCRBS TIS operation may be intermittent during turns or other maneuvering TIS is dependent on two way line of sight communications between the aircraft and the Mode S radar Whenever the structure of the client aircra
22. Ahead alert is also provided 56 Section 3 TAWS Alerts Premature Descent Alerting PDA Garmin TAWS issues a Premature Descent alert when the system detects that the aircraft is signi cantly below the normal approach path to a runway There are three different scenarios to consider with PDA No Approach Loaded PDA alerting begins when the aircraft is within 15 nm of the destination airport and ends when the aircraft is either 0 5 nm from the runway threshold OR is at an altitude of 125 AGL while within 1 nm of the threshold During the nal descent algorithms will set a threshold for alerting based on altitude distance and other parameters Non Precision Approach Loaded PDA alerting begins when the aircraft is within 15 nm of the destination airport and the aircraft is on the ight plan path Again algorithms are used to set a threshold for alerting based upon various parameters Figure 3 2 PDA alerting ends at 0 5 nm from the runway threshold OR at an altitude of 125 AGL while within 1 nm of the threshold ILS Approach Loaded PDA alerting begins when the aircraft is within 15 nm of the destination air port and the aircraft is on the ight plan path Prior to crossing the FAF the pilot will receive a PDA alert if the aircraft descends more than 200 below the FAF crossing altitude Once the aircraft crosses the FAF and is inbound to the runway PDA will alert the pilot if the aircraft descends 0 7 be
23. Graphical METARS on the NAV Weather Page 1 Select the NAV Weather Page 2 Press CRSR The upper left hand corner eld ashes 3 Turn small right knob and select METAR 4 Press CRSR Viewing Graphical METAR Data for a Speci c Airport from the Map Page As a shortcut Graphical METAR Data can be viewed for a speci c airport from the Map Page 1 Select the Map Page 2 Move the Map Cursor and highlight a desired airport Graphical METAR data is displayed for that airport in a thumbnail image NOTE For the GDL 69 69A METAR data is automatically updated every twelve minutes from the time of intital request With the GDL 49 Data Link you can accurately track the location of your aircraft sending position heading ground speed and altitude to the Echo Flight secure web site or any Internet connected E mail address or pager within minutes Graphical METAR data displayed on the Weather Page 22 Section 4 METAR Operation Look at the Weather Legend Page for a description of the Temperature Dew Point and Wind symbology Wind data displayed on the NAV Weather Page Weather Legend Page The symbology unique to Graphical METAR Winds and Temperature Dew Point data is displayed on the Weather Legend Page The Weather Legend Page is accessed from the Weather Page To display the Weather Legend Page 1 Select the Weather Page and activate the cursor This selects the weather selection eld
24. MSL altitude and Baro Corrected altitude typically increase as height above ground level increases due to non standard atmospheric effects In response to PDAs the pilot should always ascertain the appropriate altitude is being own in consideration of atmospheric conditions Limitations The TAWS function displays altitudes of terrain and obstructions relative to the aircraft s altitude and are advisory in nature only Individual obstructions may be shown if available in the database Not all obstructions may be available in the database and data may be inaccurate do not maneuver or navigate to avoid obstacles using this information Terrain information is based on terrain elevation data con tained in a database which may contain inaccuracies Terrain information should be used as an aid to visual acquisition do not use terrain information to navigate or maneuver to avoid terrain 46 Section 2 TAWS Operation Figure 2 1 The TAWS Page Section 2 TAWS Operation Power Up During power up of the 500 Series unit the terrain obstacle database versions are displayed along with a disclaimer to the pilot At the same time TAWS self test begins TAWS gives the following aural messages upon test completion TAWS System Test OK if the system passes the test TAWS System Failure if the system fails the test A test failure is also annunciated for TAWS as shown on page 60 TAWS Page The TAWS Page Fi
25. The NEXRAD REQUEST Page see page 15 is displayed containing the following elds Center this eld allows you to specify reference points for the request Up to ve reference points are available Current Position Request NEXRAD data from your current position Look Ahead Request NEXRAD data ahead of along your current route From ID Request NEXRAD data from a speci c waypoint identi er If From ID is selected for the reference point for the request the WPT eld is displayed This eld is used to enter a waypoint identi er as the reference point for the request From Lat Lon Request NEXRAD data from a speci c latitude and longitude This is only select able when requesting from the map The Position eld displays the position of the map cursor and cannot be edited From Flight Plan Request NEXRAD data from one of the waypoints on the active ight plan This is only selectable when an active Flight Plan has been selected The Flight Plan eld is used to select which waypoint in your active ight plan to use as the reference point for the request Radius This eld selects a request radius from 50 to 250 nautical miles from the selected position Position Current Posn Position is current Look Ahead Position is look ahead position and From Lat Lon Position is Map Cursor position Auto Request GDL 49 Only This eld is us
26. barbs In this example there are two long barbs 10 knots each and one short barb 5 knots each Thus the total wind speed is 25 knots Adding the gust offset to this gure gives winds gusting to 36 knots Data Age 66 Graphical METAR Symbology Appendix B Temperature Dew Points This symbol displays the difference between the reported temperature and dew point Differences are shown in degrees Fahrenheit Temperature Dew Point Temp Dew Point Display Ranges Blank Unknown 11 Green 7 10 Green 0 6 Yellow Ceiling Precipitation Visibility Station Identi er Data Age 2004 2005 Garmin Ltd or its subsidiaries Garmin International Inc 1200 East 151st Street Olathe Kansas 66062 U S A Garmin Europe Ltd Unit 5 The Quadrangle Abbey Park Industrial Estate Romsey SO51 9AQ U K Garmin Corporation No 68 Jangshu 2nd Road Shijr Taipei County Taiwan www garmin com Part Number 190 00140 13 Revision E
27. eld in the Map Setup window 4 Highlight the NEXRAD SMBL eld and use the small right knob to set the desired map range at which to overlay NEXRAD data The range values are Off to 2000 nm miles Press ENT for the desired range selec tion Press CLR to go back to the Map Page 5 Highlight the NEXRAD DENSITY eld use the small right knob to set the density desired i e the transparency of the NEXRAD cells The density values are LOW MED HIGH Press ENT for your selection then CLR to go back to the Map Page NOTE If the pilot changes the NEXRAD DENSITY and or NEXRAD SMBL elds these set tings changes also affect the Weather page For example if the pilot selects Low NEXRAD DENSITY both the Weather Page and the Map Page display the NEXRAD graphics in the Low mode The pilot may use the NEXRAD Off and NEXRAD On elds in the Page Menu to turn off the display of NEXRAD data from the Map Page NEXRAD data displayed on the NAV Weather Page using the 360 degree viewing option You can customize NEXRAD data on the Map Page such as selecting the desired display density for NEXRAD cells 18 Section 3 NEXRAD Operation Displaying NEXRAD Data on the Default NAV Page 500 Series Only When NEXRAD data is received it is displayed on the default NAV Page in addition to the Weather Page and the Map Page To select the Default NAV Page from the Data Link Page 1 Turn the large right
28. in the upper left corner of page 2 Use the small right knob and select METAR WINDS or TEMP DP 3 Press MENU The Weather Page Menu is displayed 4 Turn the small right knob highlight Display Legend and press ENT The Weather Legend Page is displayed for the type of data that was selected Use the small right knob and scroll through the various descriptions for the symbols that are shown Press CRSR to return to the Weather Page NOTE See Appendix B for a complete description of all METAR symbols The following symbology is shown for the various types of data For METAR Data Age of Data in Minutes Ceiling Visibility and Precipitation Ceiling Visual Flight Rules Precipitation For Wind Data Age of Data in Minutes Winds Wind Gust For Temperature Dew Point Data Age of Data in Minutes Temperature Dew Point 23 Section 4 METAR Operation Displaying Textual METARS Once received Textual METARS are displayed on the METARS Text Page To select the METARS Text Page 1 Select the Data Link Page 2 Select Textual Metar 3 Press ENT The Textual METAR Page is displayed for the airport you selected You can enter a different identi er on the Textual METAR Page To enter an identi er 1 Select the Data Link Page Highlight TEXTUAL METAR and press ENT 2 Turn the small right knob and scroll through the list of four letter identi ers
29. knob to the left and move through the Page Groups until the Nav Page Group is selected 2 Turn the small right knob to the left until the default NAV Page is selected OR press CLR and hold for two seconds from any page Customizing NEXRAD Data on the Default NAV Page 500 Series Only The customized NEXRAD data that was con gured on the Map Page appears on the default NAV Page All other default NAV Page options remain accessible from the default NAV Page Request Shortcuts You can quickly select the NEXRAD METAR or Textual METAR Page for a speci c airport from the Airport Location Page To select the Airport Location Page use one of the following three methods 1 Use the inner right knob and select the Airport Location Page from the WPT Group of pages 2 On the Map Page move the map cursor and highlight an on screen airport Press ENT 3 On any page that displays an airport identi er use the cursor and highlight the desired airport identi er Press ENT Once the Airport Location Page is displayed enter the identi er for the desired airport Press MENU The options menu appears listing the following three options Request NEXRAD Request METAR View Text METAR Highlight the desired option and press ENT Request NexRAD and Request METAR options select the NEXRAD and METAR Request Pages respectively View Text METAR selects the Textual METAR Page for the desired airport if
30. not all obstacles are necessarily charted and therefore may not be con tained in the Obstacle Database Navigation Database As explained in the Premature Descent Alerting PDA section page 56 Garmin TAWS Premature Descent Alerting PDA algorithms utilize data contained in the navigation database It is therefore impor tant to also have the latest navigation database installed to ensure correct TAWS alerting Worldwide WW Latitudes S60 to N75 Longitudes W180 to E180 Americas AME Latitudes S60 to N75 Longitudes W180 to W30 Atlantic ATL Latitudes S60 to N75 Longitudes W30 to E90 Paci c PAC Latitudes S60 to N75 Longitudes E60 to E180 United States US Limited to the United States plus some areas of Canada Mexico Caribbean and the Paci c 53 Section 2 TAWS Operation Nearest Airport Criteria amp TAWS Phase of Flight Changes to the Nearest Airport Criteria Page Figure 2 9 affects how TAWS performs The nearest air port list is used to derive the TAWS destination airport when there is no loaded active ight plan or when off the active ight plan or when deviating from the active ight plan whenever the TAWS algorithms go into estimation mode In turn the nearest airport list is used to determine the TAWS phase of ight The TAWS phase of ight dictates the Required Terrain Clearance RTC levels at which Forward Looking Ter rain Avoidance FLTA alerting occurs
31. not refreshed within 6 seconds an age indicator e g AGE 00 06 is displayed in the lower right corner of the display when displaying traf c After another 6 seconds if data is still not received the traf c is removed from the display The pilot should be aware that the quality of displayed traf c is reduced in this condition TRFC CST The TRFC CST traf c coasting banner located above the AGE timer indicates that displayed traf c is held even though the data is stale The pilot should be aware that the quality of displayed traf c is reduced in this condition TRFC RMVD The TRFC RMVD banner indicates that traf c has been removed from the display due to the age of the data being too old to coast for the time period of 12 60 seconds from the last receipt of a TIS message The pilot should be aware that traf c may be present but not shown UNAVAIL When a 60 second period elapses with no data TIS is considered to be unavailable This state is indicated by the text UNAVAILABLE 500 Series and UNAVAIL 400 Series The pilot should be aware that UNAVAIL could indicate a TIS coverage limitation due to a line of sight situation a low altitude condition or a result of ying directly over the radar site providing coverage cone of silence NO DATA NO DATA is displayed when no data is being received from the GTX 330 The pilot should be aware that
32. or greater cause the unit to go into Terminal or Approach Mode from Enroute mode If the pilot makes an emergency landing at an airport that did not show up in the nearest airport list FLTA alerts would be issued throughout the descent TERRAIN Destination Airport The TERRAIN destination airport is considered to be the next airport in the ight plan while adhering to the ight plan path If no ight plan is entered or if the aircraft is not adhering to the entered ight plan path the terrain destination airport is estimated using the Nearest Airport Criteria as descsribed in the section above Figure 2 8 Nearest Airport Criteria Page 38 Section 3 TERRAIN Alerts Figure 3 2 Pop up Terrain Alert Figure 3 1 TERRAIN Annunciation Field TERRAIN Annunciation Field Section 3 TERRAIN Alerts TERRAIN alerts are issued when ight conditions meet parameters that are set within the TERRAIN system software algorithms When an alert is issued visual annunciations are displayed Annunciations appear in a dedicated eld in the lower left corner of the display Figure 3 1 Pop up Alerts On any page except the TERRAIN Page when a terrain or obstacle alert is issured a pop up window is displayed with the appropriate alert Figure 3 2 To acknowledge the pop up alert and return to the currently viewed page 1 Press the CLR button To acknowledge the pop up alert and quickly display the TERRAIN Page 1 Press the EN
33. textual METAR is available for that airport NEXRAD data is displayed on the default NAV Page in addition to the NAV Weather Page and the Map Page for 500 Series units only You can request NEXRAD data or METAR data from the Airport Location Page 19 Section 3 NEXRAD Operation Data Link Request Log Page GDL 49 Only The Data Link Request Log Page is used to display the data that was requested When a request is received a check mark is placed in the box Sending Position Reports GDL 49 Only The Data Link allows for accurate location tracking of your aircraft by sending your position manu ally or automatically to the EchoFlight web site www EchoFlight com for use by third party EchoFlight customers To Send Your Position 1 Select the Data Link Page 2 Highlight Position Report and press ENT The Position Report Page is displayed with the following six elds Nearest VOR Nearest VOR identi er Distance The distance from the nearest VOR Radial The radial from the nearest VOR Position Displays your current position expressed in Latitude and Longitude Auto Request This eld is used to set the time interval for the system to automatically send your position The time options are OFF 10 min 15 min 20 min 30 min 45 min and 1 hr When an auto request time is selected the rst report will be sent after the speci ed time has elapsed from when the el
34. 000 1500 1000 500 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 PULL UP PULL UP SINK RATE Descent Rate FPM Height Above Terrain Feet Figure 3 4 Excessive Descent Rate Graph 58 The Don t Sink pop up terrain alert accompanies the aural message for the NCR alert The aural message Don t Sink or TOO LOW TERRAIN is issued also Section 3 TAWS Alerts Negative Climb Rate After Takeoff Alert NCR The purpose of the Negative Climb Rate After Takeoff alert also referred to as Altitude Loss After Takeoff is to provide suitable alerts to the pilot when the system determines that the aircraft is losing altitude closing upon terrain after takeoff The aural message Don t Sink is given for NCR alerts accompanied by an annunciation and a pop up terrain alert on the display NCR alerting is only active when departing from an airport and when the following conditions are met The height above the terrain is less than 700 feet The distance from the departure airport is 2 NM or less The heading change from the heading at the time of departure is less than 110 degrees Figure 3 5 shows the NCR alerting parameters as de ned by TSO C151b Altitude Loss feet Height Above Terrain Feet 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 200 400 600 800 1000 DON T SINK Figure 3 5 Negative Climb Rate NCR Graph 59 Section 3 TAWS Alerts Figure 3 7
35. 400 500 Series Garmin Optional Displays Pilot s Guide Addendum For GDL 49 Weather Datalink GDL 69 69A XM Satellite Datalink GTX 330 330D TIS Garmin TAWS GPS 500 amp GNS 530 Garmin TERRAIN Foreword Garmin is a registered trademark and GTX and GDL are trademarks of Garmin Ltd or its subsidiaries and may not be used without the express permission of Garmin This Pilot s Guide Addendum is written for Garmin GPS 400 GNC 420 420A and GNS 430 430A Main System Software Version 5 01 Garmin GPS 500 amp GNS 530 530A Main System Software Version 6 01 GTX 330 330D Main Software Version 4 01 GDL 49 Main Software Version 2 03 GDL 69 69A Main Software Version 2 12 Some differences in operation may be observed when comparing the information in this manual to earlier or later software versions Copyright 2004 2005 Garmin Ltd or its subsidiaries All Rights Reserved Garmin International Inc 1200 East 151st Street Olathe KS 66062 U S A Tel 913 397 8200 or 800 800 1020 Fax 913 397 8282 Garmin Europe Ltd Unit 5 The Quadrangle Abbey Park Industrial Estate Romsey SO51 9AQ U K Tel 44 0870 8501241 Fax 44 0870 8501251 Garmin Corporation No 68 Jangshu 2nd Road Shijr Taipei County Taiwan Tel 886 2 2642 9199 Fax 886 2 2642 9099 Except as expressly provided herein no part of this addendum may be reproduced copied transmit ted disseminated downloaded or stor
36. ACE Section 1 TIS Operation and Symbology TIS Operation NOTE Part One of this Addendum assumes the user has experience operating the 400 500 Series units and the Garmin GTX 330 Transponder The Traf c Information Service TIS provides a graphic display of traf c advisory information in the cockpit for non TCAS equipped aircraft TIS is a ground based service providing relative location of all ATCRBS Mode A and Mode C transponder equipped aircraft within a speci ed service volume The TIS ground sensor uses real time track reports to generate traf c noti cation TIS Traf c display is available to aircraft equipped with a Mode S Data Link such as the Garmin GTX 330 Transponder TIS Traf c from a GTX 330 Transponder can then be displayed on a Garmin 400 500 Series unit Surveillance data includes all transponder equipped aircraft within the coverage volume Aircraft without an operating transponder are invisible to TIS TIS displays up to eight traf c targets within 7 nautical miles horizontally from 3000 feet below to 3500 feet above the requesting aircraft How TCAS differs from TIS the main difference between TIS and TCAS is the source of surveillance data TCAS uses an airborne interrogator with a half second update rate while TIS uses the terminal Mode S ground interrogator and its Data Link to provide about a ve second update rate The range accuracy of TIS and TCAS is similar TIS Coverage Volume not to scale
37. L 49 has been lost SATCOM SER NUM This eld shows the serial number assigned to the GDL 49 s internal satellite communicator GDL SW This eld shows the currently installed software version for the GDL 49 The Data Link Status Page GDL 49 27 Section 6 Troubleshooting GDL 69 69A Datalink Status Sat ID Connectivity This eld shows the current activation status and signal strength of the XM Satellite Radio weather service The Sat ID Connectivity eld shows the following Sat ID Field GDL 69 69A 400 500 Series interface communications not yet established XM GDL 69 69A not yet communicating with internal satellite radio hardware normal during power up X0 X1 X2 or X3 X Satellite radio service activated Satellite signal quality is indicated by the numbers 0 1 2 or 3 where 0 none 1 poor 2 good and 3 excellent 0 1 2 or 3 Satellite radio service is not activated Satellite signal quality is indicated by the numbers 0 1 2 or 3 where 0 none 1 poor 2 good and 3 excellent Connectivity Field Searching No satellite is currently in view signal quality is 0 Satellite in view Indicates a signal quality between 1 and 3 SATCOM Operation This eld always indicates Idle for the GDL 69 69A SATCOM SER NUM The rst eight characters of this
38. NEXRAD and press ENT The NEXRAD Request Page is displayed defaulting to the fol lowing elds 4 Change the request parameters as desired 5 Highlight Manual Send for the GDL 49 or Request Update for GDL 69 and press ENT Once the request has been sent the statement MSG Queued is momentarily displayed 6 To exit from the NEXRAD Request Page press CRSR NOTE The pilot may also use the map panning function to request NEXRAD data at a spe ci c map position After panning and selecting a position on the map the pilot can press the MENU key and request the NEXRAD data The NEXRAD Request Page The GDL 49 version shown displays the AUTO REQ eld Requesting NEXRAD data from the Map Page 16 Section 3 NEXRAD Operation Data Received Message GDL 49 Only When the request has been answered the message annunciator MSG will ash to alert you to one of the following messages depending on the type of data received New NEXRAD Received New Graphic METAR Received New Text METAR Received Displaying NEXRAD Data on the Weather Page To select the Weather Page from the Data Link Page 1 Turn the large right knob and move through the Page Groups until the Nav Page Group is selected 2 Turn the small right knob until the Weather Page is selected When the 400 500 Series unit is con gured with the Data Link interface the Weather Page is the third page in the NAV
39. Page Group it is the fourth page if a traf c sensor is also con gured Customizing NEXRAD Data on the Weather Page You can customize the NEXRAD data on the Weather Page from the Page Options Menu To customize the NEXRAD data on the Weather Page 1 From the Weather Page press MENU to display the NAV Weather Page Options Menu 2 Select from the following options to customize the NEXRAD data View 120 View 360 There are two viewing options available each shown relative to the position of the aircraft When the MENU button is pressed the alternate selection will be shown Use this option to switch between a radar like 120 display of the data and the default 360 display Request New Data This option is a link to either the NEXRAD or METAR Request Pages depending on which is currently displayed on the Weather Page Once a request has been sent the words Message Queued are momentarily displayed The Weather Page 17 Section 3 NEXRAD Operation Displaying NEXRAD Data on the Map Page When NEXRAD data is received it is displayed on the Map Page in addition to the Weather Page and the default NAV Page Customizing NEXRAD Data on the Map Page You can customize NEXRAD data on the Map Page by using the Page Menu To customize the Map Page 1 Go to the Map Page in the NAV Page Group 2 Press MENU and select Setup Map from the page menu 3 Select Weather from the GROUP
40. Page and press up or down on the RNG key to select the desired range 1 nm 2 nm 5 nm 10 nm 25 nm 50 nm 100 nm Aviation information such as airports VORs and other navaids can be turned on or off on the TAWS Page Figure 2 3 To show or hide aviation information 1 Press MENU 2 Select Show or Hide Aviation Data and press ENT Pressing the CLR key when the TAWS Page is displayed can also be used to toggle aviation information on or off 48 Section 2 TAWS Operation Inhibit Mode TAWS provides an inhibit mode Figure 2 4 This mode is designed to deactivate PDA FLTA aural and visual alerts when they are deemed unnecessary by the aircrew Flying VFR into an area where unique terrain exists could cause the system to annunciate a nuisance alert Pilots should use discretion when inhibiting the TAWS system and always remember to enable the system when appropriate Only the PDA and FLTA alerts are disabled in the inhibit mode See section 3 for more information on TAWS alerts To inhibit TAWS 1 Select the TAWS Page and press MENU Inhibit Terrain is selected by default 2 Press ENT The TAWS system is inhibited The annunciation is displayed in the terrain annunciator eld whenever terrain is inhibited Figure 2 4 To enable TAWS 1 Select the TAWS Page and press MENU Enable Terrain is selected by default 2 Press ENT The TAWS system is functional again Figure 2 4 Inhibiting
41. Point Unlighted Obstacle Projected Flight Path 1000 AGL 100 Threshold Figure 2 6 TERRAIN Altitude Color Correlation Figure 2 5 Enabling Terrain Table 2 1 TERRAIN Color Symbology 35 Section 2 TERRAIN Operation General Database Information The Garmin TERRAIN system uses terrain and obstacle information supplied by government sources The data undergoes veri cation by Garmin to con rm accuracy of the content per TSO C151b How ever the information displayed should never be understood to be all inclusive Pilots must familiar ize themselves with the appropriate sectional charts for safe ight NOTE The data contained in the terrain and obstacle databases comes from government agencies Garmin accurately processes and cross validates the data but cannot guarantee the accuracy and completeness of the data The terrain obstacle databases are contained on a datacard which is inserted in the right most slot of the 400 500 Series units Database Versions The version and area of coverage of each terrain obstacle database is shown on the Terrain Data base Versions Page located in the AUX Page Group Figure 2 7 Databases are checked for integrity at power up If a database is found to be missing and or de cient the TERRAIN system fails the self test and issues a failure message see page 41 Database Updates Terrain obstacle databases are updated periodically with the latest terrain and obstacle data
42. R and press ENT The METAR Request Page is displayed containing the following elds Format This eld allows the user to select between the type of METAR Data displayed Textual or Graphic Center This eld selects the request position Radius This eld selects a request radius from 50 to 250 nautical miles from the request position graphical requests only Position This eld will display the request position and is not user selectable WPT This eld selects a waypoint identi er to use as the center of the request This is only available if From ID is selected Flight Plan This eld selects a ight plan waypoint to use as the center of the request This is only available if Flight Plan is selected Manual Send This eld is used to send out a current single request for METAR Data METAR data can be requested from the Data Link Page You can also request METAR data from the Map Page Note Textual METARS can only be requested by identi er or by ight plan if the ight plan contains METAR station identi er 21 Section 4 METAR Operation 4 Enter the type of METAR Data you desire and the desired radius graphical requests only 5 Select Manual Send and press ENT The request has been sent Once received Graphical METAR data is displayed on the NAV Weather Page Displaying Graphical METARS on the NAV Weather Page To display
43. T button 39 Section 3 TERRAIN Alerts Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance The Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance alert or FLTA is used by the TERRAIN system and is com posed of two elements Reduced Required Terrain Clearance RTC Avoidance Provides alerts when the aircraft ight path is above terrain yet is projected to come within minimum clearance values outlined in Table 3 1 When an RTC alert is issued a potential impact point see page 34 is displayed on the TERRAIN Page Imminent Terrain Impact ITI Avoidance Provides alerts when the aircraft is below the elevation of a terrain cell in the aircraft s projected path ITI alerts are accompanied by a potential impact point displayed on the TERRAIN Page The alert is given when the projected vertical ight path is calculated to come within minimum clearance altitudes in the following table Phase of Flight Level Flight Descending Enroute 700 ft 500 ft Terminal 350 ft 300 ft Approach 150 ft 100 ft Departure 100 ft 100 ft Table 3 1 Minimum Terrain Clearance Values for RTC ITI Alerts During the nal approach phase of ight RTC ITI alerts are automatically inhibited when the aircraft is below 200 AGL while within 0 5 nm of the approach runway or is below 125 AGL while within 1 nm of the runway RTC ITI TERRAIN Severity TERRAIN AHEAD alert ashing Estimated poten tial impact in approximately 30 seconds af
44. TAWS satis es TSO C151b Class B requirements for certi cation Class B TAWS is required for all Part 91 aircraft operations with 6 or more passenger seats and for Part 135 turbine aircraft operations with 6 to 9 passenger seats FAR Parts 91 223 135 154 Operating Criteria Garmin TAWS requires the following to operate properly The system must have a valid 3D GPS position solution The system must have a valid terrain obstacle database GPS Position and GPS MSL Altitude Garmin TAWS uses information provided from the 500 Series GPS receiver to provide a horizontal position and altitude GPS altitude is derived from satellite measurements GPS altitude is converted to a Mean Sea Level MSL based altitude GPS MSL Altitude and is used to determine TAWS alerts GPS MSL Altitude accuracy is affected by factors such as satellite geometry but is not subject to variations in pressure and temperature that normally affect pressure altitude devices GPS MSL Altitude does not require local altimeter settings to determine MSL Altitude Therefore GPS altitude provides a highly accurate and reliable MSL altitude source to calculate terrain and obstacle alerts 44 Section 1 Introduction TAWS Alerting using the GPS Position GPS MSL Altitude Garmin TAWS utilizes terrain and obstacle databases that are referenced to Mean Sea Level MSL Using the GPS Position and GPS MSL Altitude Garmin TAWS portrays a 2D picture of the surrounding terrai
45. Terrain 49 Section 2 TAWS Operation TAWS Manual Test Garmin TAWS provides a manual test capability which veri es the proper operation of the aural and visual annunciations of the system prior to a ight To manually test the TAWS system 1 Select the TAWS Page and press MENU 2 Select the Test Terrain option Figure 2 5 3 Press ENT to con rm the selection An aural message is played giving the test results TAWS System Test OK if the system passes the test TAWS System Failure if the system fail the test NOTE TAWS System Testing is disabled when ground speed exceeds 30 knots so as not to impede TAWS alerting Figure 2 5 Test Terrain selection 50 Section 2 TAWS Operation TAWS Symbols The symbols depicted in Figure 2 6 are used to represent obstacles and potential impact points on the TAWS Page Note that obstacle symbols are shown on display zoom ranges up to 10 nm Color Interpretation Garmin TAWS uses black yellow and red to depict terrain information relative to aircraft altitude Figure 2 7 Each color is associated with an alert severity level and a suggested course of action Color assignments are used by terrain graphics obstacle symbols and visual annunciations Color TERRAIN Obstacle Loca tion Alert Level Suggested Aircrew Response Red TERRAIN Obstacle is within 100 or above aircraft altitude WARNING Initiate climb and
46. al and the Flight Manual Sup plement and thoroughly practice basic operation prior to actual use CAUTION The Global Positioning System is operated by the United States government which is solely responsible for its accuracy and maintenance The system is subject to changes which could affect the accuracy and performance of all GPS equipment Although Garmin 400 500 Series Units are precision electronic NAVigation AIDS NAVAID any NAVAID can be misused or misinterpreted and therefore become unsafe CAUTION Use the Weather Data Link Interface TIS TAWS and TERRAIN at your own risk To reduce the risk of unsafe operation thoroughly practice basic operation prior to actual use When in actual use carefully compare indications from the Garmin unit to all available navigation sources including the information from other NAVAIDS visual sightings charts etc For safety always resolve any dis crepancies before continuing navigation The GPS altitude format calculated by the Garmin 400 500 Series units is geometric height above mean sea level and could vary signi cantly from altitude displayed by pressure altimeters in aircraft Never use GPS altitude for vertical navigation CAUTION The Jeppesen database incorporated in the Garmin 400 500 Series Units must be updated regularly in order to ensure that its information is current Updates are released every 28 days A database information packet is included in your Garmin 400 500 Series Unit pac
47. altitudes and decision heights are not known for instrument approaches These minimum altitudes as shown on instrument approach procedures are published as MSL altitudes and own by reference to barometric altitude provided on the altimeter Non standard atmospheric conditions as described in the previous section may result in differences between GPS MSL altitude and Baro Corrected altitude These differences may reach a level that can trigger a PDA when ying the published minimum altitude as indicated on the altimeter Operations in below standard temperature environments may require the pilot to compensate for the non standard temperature by increasing the minimum altitude that is de ned in the approach procedure for standard atmospheric conditions Differences between GPS MSL altitude and Baro Corrected altitude typically increase as height above ground level increases due to non standard atmospheric effects In response to PDAs the pilot should always ascertain the appropriate altitude is being own in consideration of atmospheric conditions Limitations The TERRAIN function displays altitudes of terrain and obstructions relative to the aircraft s altitude and are advisory in nature only Individual obstructions may be shown if available in the database Not all obstructions may be available in the database and data may be inaccurate do not maneuver or navigate to avoid obstacles using this information Terrain information is base
48. an path Prior to crossing the FAF the pilot will receive a PDA alert if the aircraft descends more than 200 below the FAF crossing altitude Once the aircraft crosses the FAF and is inbound to the runway PDA will alert the pilot if the aircraft descends 0 7 below the ILS glideslope Figure 3 4 PDA alerting ends 0 5 nm from the runway threshold OR at an altitude of 125 AGL while within 1 nm of the threshold 0 5 nm Runway Threshold Final Approach Fix 200 below FAF Altitude 15 nm CAUTION Figure 3 3 Example of Non Precision Approach PDA alert threshold The threshold for the descent is computed by algo rithms based on varying ight conditions Runway Threshold Final Approach Fix 200 below FAF Altitude 15 nm CAUTION PDA Alert is 0 7 Below Glideslope Glideslope Intercept 0 5 nm CAUTION The above annunciation and pop up ter rain alert are displayed during a PDA alert PDA Severity Levels Figure 3 4 An example of a PDA alert threshold for an ILS 41 Section 3 TERRAIN Alerts TERRAIN Failure Alert The TERRAIN system continually monitors several system critical items such as database validity hardware status and GPS status Should the system detect a failure a message is annunciated TERRAIN has failed Figure 3 5 TERRAIN Not Available Alert The TERRAIN system requires a 3D GPS navigation solution along with speci c vertical accuracy minimums Should the na
49. ce with the regulatory requirements and good operating practice If the ight crew cannot visually acquire the aircraft they should contact ATC to obtain any information that may assist concerning the intruder aircraft Based on the above procedures minor adjustment to the vertical ight path consistent with air traf c requirements are not considered evasive maneuvers Power Up Test The TIS interface performs an automatic test during power up If the system passes the power up test the Standby Screen appears on the Traf c Page If the system passes the power up test and the aircraft is airborne as determined by system con guration at the time of installation see your installer for detailed criteria information traf c is displayable on the Traf c Page in operating mode If the system fails the power up test the NO DATA DATA FAIL or FAILED message is displayed See your installer for corrective action if the DATA FAIL or FAILED message is displayed The FAILED message indicates the GTX 330 has failed The DATA FAIL message indicates data is being received from the GTX 330 but a failure was detected in the data stream The NO DATA message indicates that data is not being received from the GTX 330 NOTE NO DATA may be a normal mode of operation in a dual transponder installation where the GTX 330 with TIS is not the selected transponder Conditions for Traf
50. cell in the aircraft s projected path ITI alerts are accompanied by a potential impact point displayed on the TAWS Page The alert is given when the projected vertical ight path is calculated to come within minimum clearance altitudes in the following table Phase of Flight Level Flight Descending Enroute 700 ft 500 ft Terminal 350 ft 300 ft Approach 150 ft 100 ft Departure 100 ft 100 ft Table 3 1 Minimum TERRAIN Clearance Values for RTC ITI Alerts During the nal approach phase of ight RTC ITI alerts are automatically inhibited when the aircraft is below 200 AGL while within 0 5 nm of the approach runway or is below 125 AGL while within 1 nm of the runway RTC ITI Severity Levels WARNING Estimated potential impact in approximately 30 seconds after pop up alert and annunciation RTC ITI warn ing alerts are accompanied by the aural message Terrain Terrain Pull Up Pull Up OR Terrain Ahead Pull Up Terrain Ahead Pull Up Similarily a Obstacle Obstacle Pull Up Pull Up OR Obstacle Ahead Pull Up Obstacle Ahead Pull Up alert is also provided CAUTION Estimated potential impact in approximately 60 seconds after pop up alert and annunciation RTC ITI cau tion alerts are accompanied by the aural message Caution Terrain Caution Terrain OR Terrain Ahead Terrain Ahead Similarily a Caution Obstacle Caution Obstacle or Obstacle Ahead Obstacle
51. d on terrain elevation data contained in a database which may contain inaccuracies Terrain information should be used as an aid to visual acquisition do not use terrain information to navigate or maneuver to avoid terrain 32 Section 2 TERRAIN Operation Figure 2 1 Power up Sequence Figure 2 2 TERRAIN Page Section 2 TERRAIN Operation Power Up During power up of the 400 500 Series unit the terrain obstacle database versions are displayed along with a disclaimer Figure 2 1 At the same time the TERRAIN system self test begins A failure message is issued if the test fails see page 41 TERRAIN Page The TERRAIN Page is in the NAV group of pages see the 400 500 Series Pilot s Guide for detailed information regarding page groups and pages To display the TERRAIN Page select the NAV group and turn the small right knob until the TERRAIN Page is displayed Figure 2 2 The page displays terrain information aircraft ground track and GPS derived MSL altitude Altitude is shown in increments of 20 feet or in increments of 10 meters depending on unit con guration The G to right of the MSL altitude display reminds the pilot that altitude is GPS derived The TERRAIN Page has two selectable view settings 360 View View from above aircraft depicting surrounding terrain on all sides 120 View View of terrain ahead of and 60 to either side of the aircraft ight path NOTE The TERRAIN Page gives a
52. d was set as opposed to immediately sending a report Note that in order to take advantage of Echo Flight s Automatic Weather Delivery AWD service the time interval must be set to 15 minutes Manual Send This eld is used to send out a current single position report The Data Link Log Page is selected from the Data Link Page for GDL 49 units only The Data Link Request Log Page shows the type of data that was requested and the time of the request 20 Section 4 METAR Operation Section 4 METAR Operation Requesting Graphical METARS Graphical METAR Data can be requested from the Data Link Page Map Page or Airport Page To request Graphical METARS from the Data Link Page 1 Select the Data Link Page 2 Press CRSR Turn the small right knob and highlight Metar Request 3 Press ENT The METAR REQUEST Page is displayed containing the same elds as the NEXRAD Request Page with the exception of the FORMAT eld Format This eld is used to select between requesting the raw METAR text or requesting a graphical summary of several METARS 4 Enter data into the desired eld Enter Auto Request or Manual Send to send request Press CRSR for sending an auto request The Data Link Page is displayed To request Graphical or Textual METARS from the Map Page 1 Select the Map Page 2 Press MENU The Map Page Options Menu is displayed 3 Select Request META
53. e GDL 49 receives the message it is displayed on the 400 500 Series unit GDL 69 69A NEXRAD and METAR data is collected by the National Weather Service and disseminated to WxWorks a weather information provider This data is then delivered to XM Satel lite for rebroadcast Data from two XM satellites is then made immediately available to XM customers The GDL 69 69A receives streaming weather data processes the data then sends it to the 400 500 Series unit for display XM provides Weather to the power of X servicing marine aviation and emergency management needs for real time weather information 12 Section 2 NEXRAD Overview Section 2 NEXRAD Overview NEXRAD Description WSR 88D weather surveillance radar or NEXRAD NEXt generation RADar is a Doppler radar system that has greatly improved the detection of meteorological events such as thunderstorms tornadoes and hurricanes An extensive network of NEXRAD stations provides almost complete radar coverage of the continental United States Alaska and Hawaii The range of each NEXRAD is 124 nautical miles NEXRAD Abnormalities There are possible abnormalities regarding displayed NEXRAD images Some but not all of those include Ground Clutter Strobes and spurious radar data Sun strobes when the radar antenna points directly at the sun Military aircraft deploy metallic dust chaff which can cause alterations in radar scans Interferenc
54. e from buildings or mountains which may cause shadows NEXRAD Limitations Certain limitations exist regarding the NEXRAD radar displays Some but not all are listed for the user s awareness NEXRAD base re ectivity does not provide suf cient information to determine cloud layers or precipitation characteristics hail vs rain etc NEXRAD base re ectivity is sampled at the minimum antenna elevation angle An individual NEXRAD site cannot depict high altitude storms at close ranges and has no information about storms directly over the site Depending on the amount and complexity of the weather data being received the resolution of the displayed NEXRAD data may be as high as 2 km depending on available system memory CAUTION NEXRAD weather data is to be used for long range planning purposes only Due to inherent delays and relative age of the data that can be experienced NEXRAD weather data cannot be used for short range avoidance of weather 13 Section 2 NEXRAD Overview NEXRAD Intensity Colors are used to identify the different NEXRAD echo intensities re ectivity measured in dBZ decibels of Z Re ectivity designated by the letter Z is the amount of transmitted power returned to the radar receiver The dBZ values increase as returned signal strength increases Precipitation intensity is displayed on the 400 500 Series units using colors represented by the dBz values listed in Table 2 1 Dis
55. ea Level MSL based altitude GPS MSL Altitude and is used to determine terrain alerts GPS MSL altitude accuracy is affected by factors such as satellite geometry but is not subject to variations in pressure and temperature that normally affect pressure altitude devices GPS MSL altitude does not require local altimeter settings to determine MSL Altitude Therefore GPS altitude provides a highly accurate and reliable MSL altitude source to calculate terrain and obstacle alerts 30 Section 1 Introduction TERRAIN Alerting using the GPS Position GPS MSL Altitude The Garmin TERRAIN system utilizes terrain and obstacle databases that are referenced to Mean Sea Level MSL Using the GPS Position and GPS MSL Altitude Garmin TERRAIN portrays a 2D picture of the surrounding terrain and obstacles relative to the position and altitude of the aircraft Furthermore the GPS Position and GPS MSL Altitude are used to calculate and predict the aircraft s ight path in relation to the surrounding terrain and obstacles In this manner the Garmin TERRAIN system can provide advanced alerts of predicted dangerous terrain conditions Detailed alert information is given in Section 3 Baro Corrected Altitude verses GPS MSL Altitude Baro Corrected Altitude or Indicated Altitude is derived by adjusting the altimeter setting for the local atmospheric conditions The most accurate Baro Corrected Altitude can be achieved by frequently updating the altim
56. ed in any storage medium for any purpose without the express prior written consent of Garmin Garmin hereby grants permission to download a single copy of this manual and of any revision to this manual onto a hard drive or other electronic storage medium to be viewed and to print one copy of this manual or of any revision hereto provided that such electronic or printed copy of this manual or revision must contain the complete text of this copyright notice and provided further that any unauthorized commercial distribution of this manual or any revision hereto is strictly prohibited Information in this document is subject to change without notice Garmin reserves the right to change or improve its products and to make changes in the content without obligation to notify any person or organization of such changes or improvements August 2005 190 00140 13 Revision E i INTRODUCTION Warnings and Cautions WARNING Terrain data is obtained from third party sources Garmin is not able to independently verify the accuracy of this data which should be used only as an aid for situational awareness Ter rain data must not be used as the sole basis for decisions or maneuvers to avoid terrain or obstacles Terrain data must not be used for navigation CAUTION Use the 400 500 Series Units at your own risk To reduce the risk of unsafe operation carefully review and understand all aspects of the Owner s Manu
57. ed to display a traf c thumbnail window below the VLOC frequency window Unlike other forms of traf c TIS traf c does not require heading data to be valid on the map The only difference between TIS and other traf c data occurs on the Traf c Page If heading is available then the traf c data is compensated and displayed as heading up If it s not available the Traf c Page is a track up display It is labeled on the upper portion of the Traf c Page Traf c Page Display Range Various display ranges can be selected for optimal display of TIS traf c information To change the display range on the Traf c Page 1 Press RNG to zoom through the range selections which are 12 6 nm 6 2 nm and 2 nm Traf c Warning Window Traf c Target Track Vector 7 Controls and Display Section 2 Map Page TIS traf c is displayed on the Map Page in addition to the Traf c Page Con guring TIS Traf c Data on the Map Page To con gure TIS traf c on the Map Page 1 Turn the small right knob to select the Map Page 2 Press the MENU key Turn the small right knob to select Setup Map 3 The ashing cursor highlights the GROUP eld Turn the small right knob to select Traf c and press ENT 4 Turn the large right knob to select the desired Traf c Mode option Turn the small right knob to select the desired option and press ENT Repeat the step for Traf c Symbol and Traf c Labe
58. ed to set the time interval for the GDL 49 to automatically send a NEXRAD data request The time options are OFF 10 min 15 min 20 min 30 min 45 min and 1 hour When an auto request time is selected the rst request will be sent after the speci ed time has elapsed from when the eld was set as opposed to immediately sending a request Data Link Page for GDL 49 500 Series Data Link Page for GDL 69 400 Series 15 Section 3 NEXRAD Operation NOTE It is recommended that the pilot turn the Auto Request function on by setting it to 10 min updates This setting provides best performance for the GDL 49 There is no Auto Request function for GDL 69 Instead weather data is updated automati cally as it becomes available from XM For NEXRAD this occurs every ve minutes for METARs this occurs every twelve minutes Manual Send GDL 49 Request Update GDL 69 This eld is used to request NEXRAD Data 1 Select the desired eld and enter the appropriate data 2 Select Manual Send or Auto Request and press ENT The request has been sent Note that selecting Auto Request and pressing ENT will not send the request until after the auto time period 3 To exit from the NEXRAD Request Page press CRSR The Data Link Page is displayed To request NEXRAD data from the Map Page 1 Select the Map Page 2 Press MENU The Map Page Options Menu is displayed 3 Select Request
59. ent alert text phrases available for several of the alerts as summarized in Table 3 2 See your Garmin installer for further information on con guring the alert system Table 3 2 TAWS Alerts Summary NOTE TAWS Caution Alerts are displayed as constant black text on a yellow background TAWS Warning Alerts are displayed as constant white text on a red background Alert Type TAWS Page Annuciation Pop Up Alert Aural Message TAWS System Failure None TAWS System Failure Terrain Inhibited None None Terrain Not Available None Terrain Not Available Excessive Descent Rate EDR Caution Sink Rate Excessive Descent Rate EDR Warning Pull Up Required Terrain Clearance RTC Caution or Caution Terrain Caution Terrain or Terrain Ahead Terrain Ahead Required Terrain Clearance RTC Warning or Terrain Terrain Pull Up Pull Up or Terrain Ahead Pull Up Terrain Ahead Pull Up Imminent Obstacle Impact IOI Caution or Obstacle Ahead Obstacle Ahead or Caution Obstacle Caution Obstacle 61 Section 3 TAWS Alerts Alert Type TAWS Page Annuciation Pop Up Alert Aural Message Required Obstacle Clearance ROC Caution or Caution Obstacle Caution Obstacle or Obstacle Ahead Obstacle Ahead Required Obstacle Clearance ROC Warning or Obstacle Obstacle Pull Up Pull Up or Obstacle Ahead Pull Up Obs
60. eter setting to the nearest reporting station along the ight path However because actual atmosphere conditions seldom match the standard conditions de ned by the International Standard Atmosphere model where pressure temperature and lapse rates have xed values it is common for the Baro Corrected Altitude as read from the altimeter to differ from the GPS MSL Altitude This variation results in the aircraft s True Altitude differing from the Baro Corrected Altitude Premature Descent Alerting PDA using GPS MSL Altitude The Premature Descent Alert PDA is annunciated when the aircraft is below the recommended minimum altitude for an approach see page 40 for details The aircraft s GPS MSL altitude is compared to a calculated Above Ground Level AGL altitude along the estimated path to the airport When the aircraft descends below the calculated minimum altitude for the estimated path the PDA alert is annunciated PDA alerting is provided for both non published visual approaches and published instrument approaches to airports 31 Section 1 Introduction When an instrument approach is loaded in the active ight plan the PDA function can provide a greater margin of safety by alerting for altitude deviations below minimum approach altitudes Minimum altitudes are typically known for the segment prior to the nal approach x and for step down xes prior to the missed approach point Minimum descent altitudes decision
61. ft comes between the transponder antenna usually located on the underside of the aircraft and the ground based radar antenna the signal may be temporarily interrupted Other limitations and anomalies associated with TIS are described in the AIM Section 1 3 5 Garmin is not responsible for Mode S geographical coverage Operation of the ground stations is the responsibility of the FAA Refer to the Aeronautical Information Manual for a Terminal Mode S Radar Site Map covering the U S NOTE TIS will be unavailable at low altitudes in many areas of the U S particu larly in mountainous regions Also when ying near the oor of radar coverage in a particular area intruders below the client aircraft may not be detected by TIS 3 TIS Operation and Symbology Section 1 TIS information is collected one radar scan prior to the scan during which the uplink occurs Therefore the surveillance information is approximately 5 seconds old In order to present the intrud ers in a real time position the TIS ground station uses a predictive algorithm in its tracking software This algorithm uses track history data to extrapolate intruders to their expected positions consistent with the time of display in the cockpit Occasionally aircraft maneuvering will cause this algorithm to induce errors in the 400 500 display These errors primarily affect relative bearing information and traf c target track vector it will lag i
62. gure 2 1 is in the NAV group of pages see the 400 500 Series Pilot s Guide for detailed information regarding page groups and pages To display the TAWS Page select the NAV group and turn the small right knob until the TAWS Page is displayed Terrain information aircraft ground track and GPS derived MSL altitude are displayed on the page Altitude is shown in increments of 20 feet or in increments of 10 meters depending on unit con guration The G to right of the MSL altitude display reminds the pilot that altitude is GPS derived The TAWS Page has two selectable view settings 360 View View from above aircraft depicting surrounding terrain on all sides 120 View View of terrain ahead of and 60 to either side of the aircraft ight path NOTE The TAWS Page gives a Track Up display orientation as indicated by the TRK label shown on the display This is the only orientation available for the TAWS Page 47 Section 2 TAWS Operation Figure 2 2 120 Viewing Angle on the TAWS Page Figure 2 3 Aviation Data To display a 120 view 1 Select the TAWS Page and press MENU Select View 120 2 Press ENT The TAWS Page displays the 120 view Figure 2 2 To change to a 360 view repeat step 1 select View 360 and press ENT Seven display ranges are available allowing for a more complete view of the surrounding area To change the display range 1 Select the TAWS
63. ing aircraft Any time the traf c symbol becomes a yellow circle or a voice warning is announced conduct a visual search for the intruder If successful maintain visual contact to ensure safe operation See page 5 for a description of pilot responses to TIS display messages After Landing Once the aircraft is groundborne determined by system con guration at the time of installation the system switches from operating mode to standby mode The 400 500 Series unit displays STBY As described previously both the standby and operating modes can be manually overridden by the display controls DATA FAIL Message The NO DATA message indicates that data is not being received from the GTX 330 NOTE This may be a normal mode of operation in a dual transponder installation where the GTX 330 with TIS is not the selected transponder 11 Introduction Section 1 PART TWO WEATHER DATA LINK INTERFACE Section 1 Introduction The Garmin 400 500 Series units provides the display and control interface for the textual and graphi cal weather data link For the GDL 49 satellite up linked textual and graphical weather data is received on a request reply basis Transmissions are made using bursts of compressed data at a rate of 4800 bps With the addition of software version 4 03 and 5 03 400 500 Series units can now interface with the GDL 69 69A Weather data transmissions are streamed directly to the unit from the XM Satel
64. ion District Of ces Flight Standards District Of ces and General Aviation Fixed Based Operations 4 TIS Operation and Symbology Section 1 TIS Symbology TIS traf c is displayed on the 400 500 Series unit according to TCAS symbology graphically displayed on a dedicated graphical page Traf c Page see below and on the moving Map Page A Traf c Advisory TA symbol appears as a solid yellow circle or half circle on the outer range ring if the traf c is outside the range of the dedicated Traf c Page All other traf c is displayed as a hollow white diamond Altitude deviation from own aircraft altitude is displayed above the target symbol if traf c is above own aircraft altitude and below the symbol if they are below own aircraft altitude Altitude trend is displayed as an up arrow gt 500 ft min down arrow lt 500 ft min or no symbol if less than 500 ft min rate in either direction The TIS audio alert is generated whenever the number of Traf c Advisories on the 400 500 display increases from one scan to the next Limit ing Traf c Advisories only reduces the nuisance alerting due to proximate aircraft For example when the rst Traf c Advisories appears on the TIS display the user is alerted audibly So long as a single aircraft remains on the TIS display no further audio alert is generated If a second or more aircraft appears on the display a new audio alert is sounded If the number of T
65. kage Pilots using an out of date database do so entirely at their own risk CAUTION The Weather Data Link TIS TAWS and TERRAIN information contained in this Pilot s Guide Addendum is not intended to replace the documentation that is supplied with the applicable Garmin 400 500 Series Unit and the GTX 330 Transponder The user must know how to operate the 400 500 Series Unit and be knowledgeable of the information in the 400 500 Pilot s Guide TIS CAUTION TIS is NOT intended to be used as a collision avoidance system and does not relieve the pilot responsibility to see and avoid other aircraft TIS should not be used for avoid ance maneuvers during IMC or other times when there is no visual contact with the intruder aircraft TIS is intended only to assist in visual acquisition of other aircraft in VMC Avoidance maneuvers are not recommended nor authorized as a direct result of a TIS intruder display or TIS alert While TIS is a useful aid to visual traf c avoidance it has some system limitations that must be fully understood to ensure proper use Many of these limitations are inherent in secondary radar surveillance In other words the information provided by TIS will be no better than that provided to ATC ii Introduction Table of Contents Contents PART ONE TRAFFIC INFORMATION SERVICE TIS INTERFACE Section 1 TIS Operation and Symbology
66. ks 64 Graphical METAR Symbology Appendix A METAR Graphics The following age symbols are common to METARs Winds and Temperature Dewpoint graphics METAR Winds and Temperature Dewpoints Age Graphics 0 10 minutes Green 11 20 minutes Green 21 30 minutes Green 31 60 minutes Green 61 minutes Yellow Unknown Yellow METARs Precipitation Graphics Light Green Moderate Green Heavy Yellow No Precipitation Rain Snow Unknown Ceiling and Visibility Flight Rules VFR Marginal VFR IFR Low IFR 65 Appendix B Graphical METAR Symbology Winds Wind Vector The wind vector indicates the direction of the surface wind to the nearest 30 incre ment e g 30 60 90 120 etc Wind Speed In general the sum of the wind barbs is the sustained surface wind speed Wind Speed Blank Unkown Short Barb 5 kts Long Barb 10 kts 37 kts Gust Offset Blank Gusts are unknown or lt 5 kts above sustained wind speed G10 Green Wind is gusting 5 10 kts more than sustained speed G11 Yellow Wind is gusting 11 kts or more above its sustained speed Gust Offset Wind Speed Wind Vector The symbol above indicates the surface wind at KFRM is coming from a direction of 300 at a speed of 25 knots gusting to 36 knots or greater To interpret wind speed add the values of each of the wind speed
67. l 5 Press CLR to return the Map Page The traf c mode selection menu allows the user to choose from the following All trfc All traf c is displayed on the Map Page TA PA Only traf c advisories and proximity advisories are displayed on the Map Page TA only Only traf c advisories are displayed on the Map Page From the Map Page you can display traf c in a thumbnail format in any of the top three 400 Series or four 500 Series data elds on the right side of the Map Page To display Thumbnail Traf c on the Map Page 1 Turn the small right knob to select the Map Page 2 Press the MENU key and display the Page Menu 3 Turn the small right knob to select Change Fields and press ENT 4 Select one of the top three 400 Series or four 500 Series con gurable elds Select TRFC from the Select Field Type List and press ENT Note that the thumbnail range defaults to 6 nm and cannot be changed The Map Page displaying traf c Thumbnail Traf c displayed on the GNS 430 NOTE The thumbnail will display traf c coasting TRFC CST or traf c removed TRFC RMVD in the lower right when TIS messages have been missed 8 Controls and Display Section 2 Highlighting TIS Traf c Using Map Page Panning Another Map Page feature is panning which allows you to move the map beyond its current limits without adjusting the map scale When you select the panning function
68. lite Radio network Operational differences are noted between the GDL 69 69A and the GDL 49 Functions provided by the Weather Data Link system include Request for and display of NEXRAD radar imagery Request for and display of text based METAR data Request for and display of a compressed form of METAR data that allows icon representations at reporting stations on a moving map indicating visibility ceiling etc Position tracking services are provided through periodic position report transmissions from the 400 500 Series unit available with GDL 49 only Weather Products The following weather products are available for display on the 400 500 Series unit via the Weather Data Link interface NEXRAD Data Graphical METAR Data Text based METAR Data Graphical Temperature Dewpoint Data Graphical Wind Data How it Works GDL 49 NEXRAD and METAR data is collected by the National Weather Service and disseminated to Meteorlogix a weather information provider This data is then delivered to a weather server in the Echo Flight Message System With the weather data on the system an incoming customer request is lled logged and turned around for delivery to ORBCOMM in less than ve seconds ORBCOMM is a provider of global messaging services using a constellation of 26 low Earth orbiting satel lites The message is relayed from the satellites to the GDL 49 aboard the aircraft Once th
69. low the ILS glideslope Figure 3 3 PDA alerting ends 0 5 nm from the runway threshold OR at an altitude of 125 AGL while within 1 nm of the threshold 0 5 nm Runway Threshold Final Approach Fix 200 below FAF Altitude 15 nm CAUTION Figure 3 2 Example of Non Precision Approach PDA alert threshold The threshold for the descent is computed by algo rithms based on varying ight conditions CAUTION The above annunciation and pop up ter rain alert are displayed during a PDA alert For TAWS the PDA alert is acompanied by the aural message Too Low Terrain PDA Severity Levels Runway Threshold Final Approach Fix 200 below FAF Altitude 15 nm CAUTION PDA Alert is 0 7 Below Glideslope Glideslope Intercept 0 5 nm Figure 3 3 An example of a PDA alert threshold for an ILS approach 57 Section 3 TAWS Alerts Excessive Descent Rate Alert EDR The purpose of the Excessive Descent Rate alert is to provide suitable alerts when the aircraft is deter mined to be closing descending upon terrain at an excessive speed Figure 3 4 shows the parameters for the alert as de ned by TSO C151b Excessive Descent Rate Severity Levels WARNING The annunciation and pop up terrain alert are accompanied by the aural message Pull Up CAUTION The annunciation and pop up terrain alert are accompanied by the aural message Sink Rate 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2
70. n and obstacles relative to the position and altitude of the aircraft Furthermore the GPS Position and GPS MSL Altitude are used to calculate and predict the aircraft s ight path in relation to the surrounding terrain and obstacles In this manner the Garmin TAWS system can provide advanced alerts of predicted dangerous terrain conditions Detailed alert modes are described further in Section 3 Baro Corrected Altitude verses GPS MSL Altitude Baro Corrected Altitude or Indicated Altitude is derived by adjusting the altimeter setting for the local atmospheric conditions The most accurate Baro Corrected Altitude can be achieved by frequently updating the altimeter setting to the nearest reporting station along the ight path However because actual atmosphere conditions seldom match the standard conditions de ned by the International Standard Atmosphere model where pressure temperature and lapse rates have xed values it is common for the Baro Corrected Altitude as read from the altimeter to differ from the GPS MSL Altitude This variation results in the aircraft s true altitude differing from the Baro Corrected Altitude Premature Descent Alerting PDA using GPS MSL Altitude The Premature Descent Alert PDA is annunciated when the aircraft is below the recommended minimum altitude for an approach see page 56 for details The aircraft s GPS MSL altitude is compared to a calculated Above Ground Level AGL altitude al
71. ntruder distance and altitude will remain relatively accurate and may be used to assist in see and avoid Some of the more common examples of these errors follow When client or intruder aircraft maneuvers excessively or abruptly the tracking algorithm may report incorrect horizontal position until the maneuvering aircraft stabilizes When a rapidly closing intruder is on a course that crosses the client aircraft course at a shallow angle either overtaking or head on and either aircraft abruptly changes course within nm TIS may display the intruder on the opposite side of the client than it actually is These are relatively rare occurrences and will be corrected in a few radar scans once the course has stabilized Users of TIS can render valuable assistance in the correction of malfunctions by reporting their observations of undesirable performance Reporters should identify the time of observation location type and identity of aircraft and describe the condition observed the type of transponder processor and software in use can also be useful information Since TIS performance is monitored by maintenance personnel rather than ATC it is suggested that malfunctions be reported in the following ways By telephone to the nearest Flight Service Station FSS facility By FAA Form 8000 7 Safety Improvement Report a postage paid card designed for this purpose These cards may be obtained at FAA FSSs General Aviat
72. on symbology is described on the Weather Legend Page 25 Section 6 Troubleshooting Section 6 Troubleshooting Although it is the responsibility of the facility that installed the GDL 49 or GDL 69 69A to correct any hardware problems you can perform some quick troubleshooting steps to nd the possible cause of a failure First ensure that the owner operator of the aircraft in which the GDL 49 or GDL 69 69A is installed has subscribed to Echo Flight or XM Satellite Radio for a Service Plan and verify that it has been activated Perform a quick check of the circuit breakers to ensure the GDL 49 or GLD 69 69A has power applied If a failure still exists continue to the Data Link Status Page The elds on the Data Link Status Page may provide insight to a possible failure Information dis played at this page should be noted and provided to the repair station The Connectivity Message table should also provide a clear indication of any potential internal failures If no indications exist check the circuit breakers and electrical connections to the GDL 49 or GDL 69 69A and ensure the unit has power applied Repair stations are equipped to repair the system should a hardware failure exist Monitoring the Data Link The Data Link Status Page provides an indication of the integrity of the Data Link The Data Link Page allows you to monitor the system and determine the possible cause of a failure To view the Data Link Status Page 1 F
73. ong the estimated path to the airport When the aircraft descends below the calculated minimum altitude for the estimated path the PDA alert is annunciated 45 Section 1 Introduction PDA alerting is provided for both non published visual approaches and published instrument approaches to airports When an instrument approach is loaded in the active ight plan the PDA function can provide a greater margin of safety by alerting for altitude deviations below minimum approach altitudes Minimum altitudes are typically known for the segment prior to the nal approach x and for step down xes prior to the missed approach point Minimum descent altitudes decision altitudes and decision heights are not known for instrument approaches These minimum altitudes as shown on instrument approach procedures are published as MSL altitudes and own by reference to barometric altitude provided on the altimeter Non standard atmospheric conditions as described in the previous section may result in differences between GPS MSL altitude and Baro Corrected altitude These differences may reach a level that can trigger a PDA when ying the published minimum altitude as indicated on the altimeter Operations in below standard temperature environments may require the pilot to compensate for the non standard temperature by increasing the minimum altitude that is de ned in the approach procedure for standard atmospheric conditions Differences between GPS
74. or turn away from terrain obstacle Yellow TERRAIN Obstacle is within 1000 of aircraft altitude CAUTION Be aware of surroundings Be prepared to take action Black TERRAIN Obstacle is more than 1000 below aircraft altitude NO DANGER No action required Table 2 1 TAWS Color Symbology Potential Impact Point Unlighted Obstacle Projected Flight Path 1000 AGL 100 Threshold Figure 2 7 Terrain Altitude Color Correlation Unlighted Obstacles lt 1000 AGL Lighted Obstacles lt 1000 AGL Unlighted Obstacles gt 1000 AGL Lighted Obstacles gt 1000 AGL Potential Impact Points Figure 2 6 TAWS Symbols 51 Section 2 TAWS Operation General Database Information Garmin TAWS uses terrain and obstacle information supplied by government sources The data under goes veri cation by Garmin to con rm accuracy of the content per TSO C151b However the displayed information should never be understood as being all inclusive Pilots must familiarize themselves with the appropriate sectional charts for safe ight NOTE The data contained in the terrain and obstacle databases comes from government agencies Garmin accurately processes and cross validates the data but cannot guarantee the accuracy and completeness of the data The terrain obstacle databases are contained on a datacard which is inserted in the right most slot of the 400 500 Series units Database Version
75. ore information on terrain alerts To inhibit TERRAIN 1 Select the TERRAIN Page and press MENU Inhibit Terrain is selected by default Figure 2 4 2 Press ENT The TERRAIN system is inhibited The annunciation is displayed in the terrain annunciator eld whenever terrain is inhibited Figure 2 4 Figure 2 3 Show Aviation Data Menu Selection Figure 2 4 Inhibiting Terrain 34 Section 2 TERRAIN Operation Color Terrain Obstacle Location Red Terrain Obstacle is within 100 or above aircraft altitude Yellow Terrain Obstacle is within 1000 of aircraft altitude Black Terrain Obstacle is more than 1000 below aircraft altitude To enable TERRAIN 1 Select the TERRAIN Page and press MENU Enable Terrain is selected by default Figure 2 5 2 Press ENT The TERRAIN system is functional again TERRAIN Symbols The following symbols are used to represent obstacles and potential impact points on the Terrain Page Note that obstacle symbols are shown on display zoom ranges up to 10 nm Unlighted Obstacles lt 1000 AGL Lighted Obstacles lt 1000 AGL Unlighted Obstacles gt 1000 AGL Lighted Obstacles gt 1000 AGL Potential Impact Points Color Interpretation The Garmin TERRAIN system uses black yellow and red to depict terrain information relative to aircraft altitude Figure 2 6 and Table 2 1 Terrain Color Symbology Potential Impact
76. play dBZ Rain inches hour Snow inches hour Remarks GDL 49 GDL 69 Atmos Cloud Rain Snow Sleet Hail lt 10 00 00 10 00 00 5 00 trace 0 00 trace 05 Very Light 5 00 trace 10 Light 10 0 trace 10 Light Light 15 01 1 2 Light Light 20 02 2 3 Light Light 25 05 3 5 Light Light Medium 30 09 5 7 Light Moderate Moderate 35 24 7 1 0 Moderate Heavy 40 48 1 or sleet Heavy Heavy 45 1 25 1 or sleet Heavy Heavy 50 2 5 sleet Intense 55 5 7 sleet Extreme 60 12 7 Extreme 65 Extreme 70 Large 75 Large The information presented in this Pilot s Guide regarding NEXRAD is not meant to be comprehensive The NOAA website contains complete and detailed information regarding NEXRAD weather radar operation and theory You can visit them at www noaa gov Table 2 1 NEXRAD Intensity Colors 14 Section 3 NEXRAD Operation Section 3 NEXRAD Operation Requesting NEXRAD Data NEXRAD data can be requested from the Data Link Page or the Map Page To request NEXRAD data from the Data Link Page 1 Select the Data Link Page from the AUX Page Group 2 Press CRSR NexRAD REQUEST is highlighted 3 Press ENT
77. r a CAUTION or a WARNING alert severity level or both When an alert is issued visual annunciations are displayed Annunciations appear in a dedicated eld in the lower left corner of the display Figure 3 1 Annunciations are color coded according to Table 3 2 page 60 Pop up terrain alerts can also appear during an alert but only when the TAWS Page is not displayed There are two options when an alert is displayed To acknowledge the pop up alert and return to the currently viewed page 1 Press the CLR button To acknowledge the pop up alert and quickly access the TAWS Page 1 Press the ENT button To further capture the attention of the pilot TAWS issues aural voice messages that accompany visual annunciations and pop up alerts Some aural messages are con gurable during installation of the system For a summary of aural messages see Table 3 2 55 Section 3 TAWS Alerts Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance The Forward Looking TERRAIN Avoidance alert or FLTA is used by TAWS and is composed of two elements Reduced Required Terrain Clearance RTC Avoidance Provides alerts when the aircraft ight path is above terrain yet is projected to come within minimum clearance values outlined in Table 3 1 When an RTC alert is issued a potential impact point see page 50 is displayed on the TAWS Page Imminent Terrain Impact ITI Avoidance Provides alerts when the aircraft is below the elevation of a terrain
78. raf c Advisories on the TIS display decreases and then increases a new audio alert is sounded The TIS audio alert is also gener ated whenever TIS service becomes unavailable The volume pitch and duration of the audio alert including the choice between a male or female voice is con gured during installation The following TIS audio alerts are available Traffic TIS traffic alert is received Traffic Not Available TIS service is not available or out of range Own Aircraft Other Traffic This symbol represents traffic detected within the selected display range that does not generate a TA Traffic Advisory TA This symbol is generated when traf fic meets the advisory criteria described on page 9 Traffic Ground Track is indicated on the 400 500 display by a target track vector a short line displayed in 45 degree incre ments This vector shows the flight direction of the traffic 5 Section 2 Controls and Display Section 2 Control and Display TIS Traf c Display Status and Pilot Response STBY When the 400 500 displays STBY in the upper right hand corner of the display the TIS system is in standby mode and cannot display traf c data OPER When the 400 500 displays OPER in the upper right hand corner of the display the TIS system is in operational mode and available to display traf c on the Traf c or Map Page AGE If traf c data is
79. rom the AUX Page Group select the Data Link Page 2 Highlight Data Link Status and press ENT 3 The Data Link Status Page is displayed 26 Section 6 Troubleshooting GDL 49 Datalink Status TX Queue Shows the number of requests in the GDL 49 s transmit queue waiting to be sent to the satellite RX Queue Shows the number of responses in the GDL 49 s receive queue waiting to be sent to the 400 500 Series Sat ID Connectivity Shows the current satellite in view and also indicates the status of the current satellite connection Data Link has failed There is a disconnect inside the GDL 49 Searching No satellite is currently in view Satellite in view Found satellite but have not yet identi ed it Linked to sat Can exchange data with the satellite _ _ _ RS 232 communication with the GDL 49 has been lost SATCOM Operation This eld indicates the current activity being performed by the satel lite communicator within the GDL 49 The following are possible messages that can be displayed including interpretations of the most common ones Idle Waiting to perform the next task Sending message Transmitting a message Sending request Transmitting a request to the satellite Receiving message Receiving a response from the satellite _ _ _ Unknown task is being performed or RS 232 communication with the GD
80. s The version and area of coverage of each terrain obstacle database is shown on the Terrain Database Versions Page located in the AUX Page Group Figure 2 8 Databases are checked for integrity at power up If a database is found to be missing and or de cient the TAWS system fails the self test and displays the TAWS system failure message see page 59 Database Updates Terrain obstacle databases are updated periodically with the latest terrain and obstacle data Visit the Garmin website to check for newer versions of terrain obstacle databases compare database cycle num bers to determine if a newer version is available Updated terrain data cards may be obtained by calling Garmin at one of the numbers listed in the front of this document To update your terrain obstacle databases 1 Acquire a new terrain data card from Garmin 2 Turn off the power to the 500 Series unit 3 Remove the old terrain data card from and insert the new card into the right most slot of the 500 Series unit 4 Turn on the 500 Series unit and verify that the TAWS system passes self test Figure 2 8 Terrain Database Information 52 Section 2 TAWS Operation Terrain Obstacle Database Areas of Coverage The following describes the area of coverage available in each database Regional de nitions may change without notice NOTE Obstacles 200 and higher are included in the Obstacle Database It is very impor tant to note that
81. tacle Ahead Pull Up Imminent Terrain Impact ITI Caution or Terrain Ahead Terrain Ahead or Caution Terrain Caution Terrain Imminent Obstacle Impact IOI Warning or Obstacle Ahead Pull Up Obstacle Ahead Pull Up or Obstacle Obstacle Pull Up Pull Up Premature Descent Alert PDA Caution Too Low Terrain Negative Climb Rate NCR Caution or Don t Sink or Too Low Terrain Altitude Callout 500 None None Five Hundred Table 3 2 continued TAWS Alerts Summary 62 Section 3 TAWS Alerts This page intentionally left blank 63 Appendix A Forecast Abbreviations Standard Aviation Forecast Abbreviations CLR Sky clear CIG Ceiling FEW Few clouds Heavy BR Light fog BLO Below FZ Freezing Missing or separator SCT Scattered clouds AFT After FG Thick fog G Gusts TS Thunderstorm OBSCD Obscured BKN Broken clouds SM Statue Miles DZ Drizzle Trrn Terrain OVC Overcast clouds KT Knots RA Rain FM From VV Vertical Visibility SLP Sea Level Pressure SN Snow TEMPO Occasionally Light PRESFR Pressure falling rapidly Axxxx Altimeter setting xxxx are numbers PRESRR Pressure rising rapidly Pxxxx Hourly Precipitation xxxx are numbers RMK Remar
82. ter pop up alert and annunciation Similarily an OBSTACLE AHEAD alert is also provided TERRAIN ADVISORY advisory Estimated potential impact in approximately 60 seconds after pop up alert and annunciation Similarily an OBSTACLE ADVISORY alert is also provided 40 Section 3 TERRAIN Alerts Premature Descent Alerting PDA The TERRAIN system issues a Premature Descent alert when the system detects that the aircraft is signi cantly below the normal approach path to a runway There are three different scenarios to consider with PDA No Approach Loaded PDA alerting begins when the aircraft is within 15 nm of the destination airport and ends when the aircraft is either 0 5 nm from the runway threshold OR is at an altitude of 125 AGL while within 1 nm of the threshold During the nal descent algorithms will set a threshold for alerting based on altitude distance and other parameters Non Precision Approach Loaded PDA alerting begins when the aircraft is within 15 nm of the destination airport and the aircraft is on the ight plan path Again algorithms are used to set a thresh old for alerting based upon various parameters Figure 3 3 PDA alerting ends at 0 5 nm from the runway threshold OR at an altitude of 125 AGL while within 1 nm of the threshold ILS Approach Loaded PDA alerting begins when the aircraft is within 15 nm of the destination airport and the aircraft is on the ight pl
83. this status may be a normal mode of operation in a dual transponder installation where the GTX 330 with TIS is not the selected transponder DATA FAIL DATA FAIL is displayed when data is being received from GTX 330 but there was a failure detected in the data stream The pilot should see the installer for corrective action FAILED FAILED is displayed when the GTX 330 has indicated it has failed The pilot should see the installer for corrective action Traf c Age Indication showing traf c coasting Traf c Page displaying TRFC RMVD banner 6 Section 2 Controls and Display Traf c Ground Track Traf c ground track is indicated in the 400 500 display by a target track vector a short line displayed in 45 degree increments extending in the direction of target movement Traf c Warning Window When the unit is on any page other than the NAV Traf c Page and a traf c threat is imminent the Traf c Warning Window is displayed The Traf c Warning Window shows a small thumbnail map which can take the user to the Traf c Page by pressing ENT or go back to the previous page by pressing CLR NOTE The Traf c Warning Window is disabled when the aircraft ground speed is less than 30 knots or when an approach is active Traf c Page TIS Traf c data is displayed on two 400 500 Series unit pages the Traf c Page and the Map Page The 500 Series unit can also be con gur
84. vigation solution become degraded if the terrain obstacle database is not available or if the aircraft is out of the database coverage area the annunciation TERRAIN NOT AVAILABLE is displayed on the TERRAIN Page Figure 3 6 Figure 3 5 TERRAIN has failed message Figure 3 6 TERRAIN NOT AVAILABLE display 42 Section 3 TERRAIN Alerts TERRAIN Alert Summary Table 3 2 summarizes the TERRAIN alerts Table 3 2 TERRAIN Alerts Summary Alert Type Annuciation Pop Up Alert TERRAIN Failure None TERRAIN Inhibited None TERRAIN Not Available None Required Terrain Clearance RTC Advisory Required Terrain Clearance RTC Alert FLASHING FLASHING Imminent Terrain Impact ITI Advisory Required Terrain Impact ITI Alert FLASHING FLASHING Required Obstacle Clearance RTC Advisory Required Obstacle Clearance RTC Alert FLASHING FLASHING Imminent Obstacle Impact IOI Advisory Imminent Obstacle Impact IOI Alert FLASHING FLASHING Premature Descent Alert PDA 43 Section 1 Introduction Figure 1 1 Garmin TAWS satis es TSO C151b Class B requirements for certi cation PART FOUR TAWS INTERFACE Section 1 Introduction Overview Garmin s Terrain Awareness Warning System TAWS is an optional feature for the GPS 500 and GNS 530 530A to increase situational awareness and aid in reducing controlled ight into terrain CFIT Figure 1 1 Garmin

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